Clhr  S.  11  Hill  IGtbrary 


North  (Carolina  ^tatp  Uniupraitii 

QH105 
M5 
A3 

no, 5 
v.l 


NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 


S02514726   R 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


lOOM/5-79 


ELIAS   MAGNUS   FRIES 


Cockayne — Boston 


MICHIGAN  GEOLOGICAL  AND   BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

Publication  26 
Biological  Series  5 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 


BY 


C.  H.  KAUFFMAN 


VOL.   I 
TEXT 


PUBLISHED  AS  A  PART  OF  THE  ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  THE  BOARD  OF 
GEOLOGICAL    AND  BIOLOGICAL    SURVEY  FOR  1918. 


LANSING,    MICHIGAN 
WYNKOOP  HALLENBECK  CRAWFORD  CO.,  STATE  PRINTERfs 

1918 


i   ; 


'   i    i 


BOARD  OF  GEOLOGICAL  a:ND  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  1918. 


EX  officio; 


The  Governor  of  the  State^ 
HON.  ALBERT  E.  SLEEPER. 

The  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction^ 
HON.  FRED  L.  KEELER. 

The  President  of  the  State  Board  of  Education^ 
HON.  FRANK  L.  CODY. 


director^ 


R.  C.  ALLEN. 


scientific  advisors. 

Geologists.— Dr.  L.  L.  Hubbard,  Houghton;  Prof.  W.  H.  Hobbs, 
Ann  Arbor;  Prof.  W.  H.  Sherzer,  Y^psiLinti;  Prof.  E.  C.  Case, 
Ann  Arbor. 

Botanists. — Prof.  E.  A.  Bessey,  East  Lansing;  Prof.  F.  C,  Newcomb, 
Ann  Arbor. 

Zoologists. — Prof.  W.  B.  Barrows,  East  Lansing;  Prof.  J.  Reighard, 
Ann  Arbor;  Dr.  Bryant  Walker,  Detroit. 


^^  73499 


LETTERS  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

To  the  Honorable  the  Board  of  Geological  and  Biological  Survey  of 
the  State  of  Michigan: 

Gov.  Albert  E.  Sleeper. 
Hon.  Frank  L.  Cody. 
Hon.  Fred  L.  Keeler. 

Gentlemen : — I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  manu- 
script and  illustrations  of  a  treatise  on  the  Agaricaceae  of  Michigan 
by  Dr.  C.  H.  Kautfman  with  the  recommendation  that  it  be 
printed  and  bound  as  Publication  26,  Biological  Series  5,  in  two 
volumes. 

Respectfully  yours, 

R.  C.  ALLEN, 
Lansing,  Michigan,  February  10,  1918.  Director. 


Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 

Sir: — I  submit  lierewith  a  monographic  report  on  the  Agaricaceae 
of  Michigan  b}'  Di'.  C.  H.  Kauffman.  This  monograph  is  the 
result  of  field  and  laboratory  studies  made  by  Dr.  Kauffman  during 
the  past  ten  years,  and  its  object  is  to  summarize  what  is  Icnown  of 
the  occurrence  and  characteristics  of  the  species  which  have  been 
found  in  the  State.  It  should  be  of  service  to  students  and  teachers 
of  botany,  to  mycologists,  and  to  persons  interested  in  fungi  as 
food.  The  report  is  to  be  considered  as  an  addition  to  the  series 
of  monographs  on  Michigan  plants  and  animals  which  the  Survey 
is  having  prepared. 

Veiy  respectfully, 

ALEXANDER  G.  RUTHVEN, 
Chief  Naturalist. 
R.  C.  ALLEN,  Director, 

Michigan  Geological  and  Biological  Survey. 


PREFACE 

This  report  is  the  result  of  a  series  of  surveys  initiated  in  the 
summer  of  190G.  During  that  season  the  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
was  visited  at  six  points:  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Munising,  Marquette, 
Huron  Mountain,  Houghton  and  Isle  Royale  at  Washington  Island. 
In  the  summer  of  1905  the  region  around  Bay  View  in  Emmet 
County  was  well  covered  in  an  independent  study  and  these  results 
are  also  incorporated.  During  1907,  1908  and  1909,  the  flora  of  Ann 
Arbor,  Jackson,  Detroit  and  neighboring  regions  was  studied.  In 
1910,  1911,  1912  and  1913,  portions  of  the  summers  were  spent  at 
New^  Richmond,  Allegan  County.  Brief  trips  were  made  to  other 
points  in  the  State;  to  Xegaunee,  Alpena,  South  Haven,  etc,  but  due 
to  dryness  or  to  the  time  of  j'ear,  comparatively  little  material  was 
obtained.  At  all  these  places  a  considerable  area  was  covered  so  as 
to  include  all  possible  habitats. 

The  purpose  of  the  report  is  primarily  to  afford  the  people  of 
Michigan  a  comprehensive  account  of  the  Agaric  flora  of  the  State. 
The  extended  studv  necessaiT  to  determine  the  material  soon 
showed  the  need  of  critical  notes  for  many  species.  Hence  the 
report  has  developed  into  a  manual  of  considerable  size  since 
it  seemed  worth  Avhile  to  include  a  large  amount  of  general  as 
well  as  scientific  information,  such  as  is  widely  scattered  in 
books  and  journals  and  is  not  accessible  to  most  readers.  There 
resulted  a  two-fold  arrangement  of  the  commentai';v'  under  the 
diff'erent  species:  first,  an  eft'ort  to  simplify  the  identification  of 
a  species  through  suggestive  comparisons  and  data  of  interest  nor 
given  in  the  formal  descriptions;  second,  critical  discussions,  from 
a  more  purely  scientific  standpoint,  intended  for  advanced  students 
and  mycologists.  Many  species,  especially  those  of  small  size  and 
for  which  a  microscope  is  essential  for  identification,  have  been 
discussed  in  the  notes  solely  for  the  specialist.  But  every  effort 
has  been  made  to  clarify  the  descriptions  of  the  larger  mushrooms 
to  the  advantage  of  the  beginner. 

All  descriptions  of  species  not  in  quotation  marks  were  drawn 
from  fresh  plants  collected  in  most  cases  by  myself  or  sent  to  me 
immediately  after  picking.  Tlie  reported  spore-meamirements  of 
all  mich,  except  a  few  where  noted,  have  been  made  hy  me  and  all 


viii  PREFACE 

errors  are  therefore  to  be  laid  ;it  iiiv  door;  the  same  is  true  of  the 
other  inicroscoideal  details.  Outside  of  the  list  of  species  reported 
by  Longyear,  nearly  all  of  wliicli  I  have  collected  also,  few  Mich- 
ij^aii  species  which  I  have  not  seen  in  fresh  condition  have  been 
included.  It  seemed  safer  not  to  rely  on  oral  information  as  to  the 
occurrence  of  a  particular  species.  All  available  literature  was 
use<l  in  the  final  determinations  and  the  fresh  specimens  were  com- 
pared carefully  with  the  ori<iinal  descrij)tions  of  Peck  and  with 
tho.se  discussed  in  the  works  of  Fries  and  many  other  mycologists. 
Most  of  the  important  works  were  taken  along  wherever  collecting 
was  done  awaj'  from  Ann  Arbor,  and  besides  this  full  descrii)tions 
and  notes  were  written  on  the  day  on  whicli  the  specimens  were 
found.  Usually  sketches  or  colored  drawings  were  also  made  of 
the  fresh  plants.  In  nmny  cases  jdiotographs  were  obtained  al- 
though this  was  not  always  feasible.  The  microscope  was  con- 
stantly at  hand  and  spore-measurements  were  made  on  the  day  of 
collecting. 

The  descriptions  of  many  authors  are  often  very  incomplete. 
Spore-size,  presence  or  absence  of  cystidia,  odor,  taste,  width  or 
closeness  of  gills,  and  many  other  characters  are  often  lacking. 
An  attempt  has  been  nuide  to  complete  all  descriptions  so  that  the 
student  may  have  a  means  to  make  full  comparisons  between  sj)ecies 
of  a  genus.  I  have  found  it  very  discouraging  at  times  to  find  the 
one  decisive  character  in  a  descrijttion  lacking;  in  such  cases  it 
often  becomes  necessaiT  to  look  through  many  books  for  the  in- 
formation wanted.  No  one  can  be  more  fully  aware  than  I  of 
tlie  ])itfalls  lurking  in  such  an  attempt  to  emend  the  traditional 
descriptions.  It  seemed  to  me,  however,  that  the  errors  which  nmy 
have  resulted  from  a  ^Vrong  interpretation  of  some  species  were 
far  outweighed  liv  the  information  added  to  the  numv  others.  The 
principal  claim  for  the  descrii)tions  is  that  (hey  are  relatively  com- 
plete and  accurate  for  the  plants  found  in  Michigan  and  that  the^s 
were  drawn   from    fresh   material. 

The  work  on  the  genus  Coi)rinus  has  been  done  by  Dr.  L.  H. 
Pennington  for  which  I  make  grateful  acknowledgment.  That  this 
<iini(ult  genus  has  been  projicrly  represented  is  entirely  due  to 
his  elforts.  Many  of  the  s]>ecies  were  cultivated  by  him  in  the 
laboratory  and  are  strikingly  shown  in  his  pliotograi)hs.  The  work- 
was  started  while  Dr.  renuingtou  was  still  al  the  T^niversity  of 
Michigan. 

The  genus  Coi'tinarius  has  been  included  in  the  form  of  a  pre- 
liminary monograph   of  the  s]>ecies  of  the  eastern  United   States. 


PREFACE  ix 

JExperieuce  has  shown  that  it  is  scarcely  wise  at  present  to  refer 
more  than  a  few  to  syuonomy  because  of  the  large  number  of 
species.  Hence  I  have  included  the  descriptions  of  those  American 
species  which  I  have  not  yet  seen,  placing  them  in  quotations.  The 
species  found  in  the  State  can  be  easily  separated  by  the  locality 
given. 

Throughout  the  work  on  this  report  I  have  been  indebted  to 
many  individuals  for  help  in  identification,  for  specimens  and  for 
sympathy  and  encouragement.  From  Dr.  Charles  H.  Peck  who  has 
so  long  held  out  a  helping  hand  to  beginner  and  specialist  alike,  I 
have  received  abundant  and  unstinted  help.  To  Professor  Geo. 
F.  Atkinson  I  owe  the  foundation  which  has  made  the  work  pos- 
sible. For  their  many  favors  I  am  deeply  grateful.  For  material 
and  suggestions  I  am  also  indebted  to  Dr.  W.  G.  Farlow,  Dr.  R.  A, 
Harper,  Dr.  C.  E.  Bessey,  Dr.  L.  H.  Pennington,  Dr.  L.  L.  Hubbard, 
Lars  Romell  and  a  number  of  others.  To  Dr.  O,  E.  Fischer  and  Mrs. 
T.  A.  Cahn  of  the  Detroit  Institute  of  Science  I  am  much  indebted 
for  abundant  and  excellent  specimens,  and  especially  to  Dr.  Fischer 
for  the  use  of  some  photographs  and  for  the  chapter  on  Toxicology. 
Miss  Rose  Tavlor  made  many  collections  at  Negaunee. 

I  also  wish  to  thank  here  those  of  my  colleagues  of  the  various  de- 
partments of  the  Fniversit}'  for  their  sympathy  and  interest  and 
especially  those  officials  who  have  so  generously  supplied  the  Uni- 
Tersity  library  with  the  necessary  books  and  plates  for  the  special 
purpose  of  furthering  this  study ;  and  also  the  statf  of  the  Geological 
and  Biological  Survey,  especially  Dr.  A.  G.  Ruthven,  for  their 
patience  and  encouragement  during  the  long  drawn  out  progress  of 
the  work.  Grateful  recognition  is  due  to  my  wife  for  a  helping  hand 
in  much  of  the  detail  work  in  caring  for  material,  assistance  in 
collecting  and  in  the  reading  of  the  manuscript. 

The  photographs  were  taken  and  prepared  throughout  by  myselJ: 
except  those  obtained  from  Dr.  Fischer.  An  effort  was  made  to 
illustrate  as  many  as  possible  of  the  plants  not  before  illustrated. 
For  all  other  plants  full  sets  of  references  will  provide  the  student 
with  the  means  of  comparison. 

Cryptogamic  Herbarium,  University  of  Michigan,  April  1,  1915. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Page 

L2tters  of  Transmittal,  R.  C.  Allen,  A.  G.  Ruthven v 

Preface vii 

General  Introduction 3 

The  Structure  of  Agarics _    3 

The  Mycelium '    3 

The  Fruit  Body 4 

The  Pileus 5 

The  Gills 5 

The  Hymenium 5 

Habitat  and  Growth  Conditions  of  Agarics 10 

The  Distribution  of  Agarics  in  Michigan 13 

Collecting  and  Preserving  Agarics 16 

For  the  Table 16 

For  the  Herbarium 18 

Notes  for  the  Herbarium 18 

Pliotographing  Agarics 21 

The  Cultivation  of  Mushrooms 21 

The  Classification  of  Agarics 23 

The  Keys 23 

Arrangement  of  the  spacies  in  the  text 24 

Nomenclature 24 

An  Outline  of  the  Fungi 26 

Key  to  the  families  of  Agaricalei 26 

Key  to  the  Genera  of  Agaricaceae  of  Michigan 27 

White-spored  Agarics 27 

Ochre-spored  Agarics 28 

Piniv-spored  Agarics 29 

Purple-brown-spored  Agarics 29 

Black-spored  Agarics 30 

Cantherelleae 31 

Nyctalis  Fr 31 

asterophoi  a  Fr 32 

Cantherellus  Fr 32 

Key  to  the  species 33 

Cantherellus  clavatus  Fr 34 

floccosus  Schw 34 

cibarius  Fr 3o 

cinnabarinus  Schw 36 

infundibuliformis 37 

tubaeformis  Fr 38 

umbonatus  Fr 39 

aurantiacus  Fr 40 

Marasmieae 41 

Trogia  Fr 41 

crispa  Fr 41 

alni  Pl{ 42 

Schizophyllum  Fr 42 

commune  Fr 43 

Panus  Fr 43 

Key  to  the  species 44 

PanuB  strigosus  B.  &  C 4.5 

rudis  Fr 46 

torulosus  Fr 47 


xii  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

etipticus  Fr 48 

angUMtatuti  Berk 48 

tialiciuutj  Pk 49 

Lentinus  Fr 49 

Key  to  the  epecies 51 

LeiitinuH  tif;riiiu8  Kr 51 

lepideus  Fr 53 

umhilicatiis  Pk 54 

haematopuB  Berk 54 

micronpei  ma  Pk 55 

cochleatuH  Fr 55 

viilpiiiut^  Fr 56 

ursiiiiiH  Fr.-Bree 56 

Mara«<iniii8  Fr 57 

Key  to  the  species , 59 

Maraemiue  oreadee  Fr 61 

peronatufi  Fr 62 

urene  Fr 63 

eubnmiens  (Ellis)  Pk 64 

viticola  B.  &  C 64 

fagineiis  Morg 65 

epongiofius  B.  &  C 65 

ghil)ellu.^  Pk 66 

delectaiiH  Morg 67 

eemihirtipes  Pk 67 

praKiosmus  Fr 68 

poly[)hyllus  Pk 68 

varicofiut,  Fr 69 

erythropus  Fr.  var 70 

velutipes  B.  &  C 70 

reeinofius  Pk 71 

scorodoniua  Fr 72 

foetidus  Fr 73 

olneyi  B.  &  C ■ 73 

carirola  Kauff 74 

cohaerens  Fr.-Bree 75 

elongatipes  Pk 75 

papillatuii  Pk 76 

siccus  fSohw)  Fr 77 

I  eli.\  Morg   77 

rot  II hi  Fr 78 

graminium  Libert 79 

androsaceiis  Fr 79 

epiphylhis  Fr 80 

capillai  is  Morg 80 

Heliomyces  Lev 81 

nigripes  (Schw.)  Morg 81 

pruinosipes  Pk.  var 82 

Lactarieae 83 

Lactariue  Fr 83 

Key  to  the  species 86 

Lactariufi  turpis  Fr 88 

atroviridis  Pk 89 

ecrobiculatus  Fr 90 

torminosus  Fr 91 

ciHciodes  Fr 91 

velleriiis  Fr 92 

deceptivus  Pk 93 

contro versus  Fr 94 

piperatus  Fr 95 

pyrogahi.s  Fr 96 

chrysorheus  Fr 96 

theiogalus  Fr 97 

insulsue  Fr 98 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  xiii 


Page 

affinis  Pk 99 

hyeginus  Fr 100 

trivialie  Fr 100 

uvidue  Fr loi 

maculatue  Pk 102 

eubpuipureus  Pk 102 

delicioeus  Fr ■. 103 

indigo  Schw 104 

fuliginosus  Fr 105 

lignyotuB  Fr 106 

helvus  Fr ' 106 

rufuB  Fr 107 

griseus  Pk 108 

cinereue  Pk 108 

vietus  Fr ' 109 

croceus  Burl 110 

coloraecene  Pk , 110 

isabellinus  Burl Ill 

parvus  Pk Ill 

varius  Pk 112 

volemue  Fr ■    112 

corrugie  Pk 113 

hygrophoroides  B.  &  C 114 

luteolue  Pk 115 

eubdulois  Fr 115 

oculatus  (Pk.)  Burl 116 

camphoratue  Fr 117 

rimosellus  Pk 117 

Ruesula  Fr 118 

Key  to  the  epeciea 121 

Ruesula  delica  Fr .  125 

nigricans  Fr 126 

densifolia  Seer 127 

adusta  Fr -. 128 

sordida  Pk 129 

compacta  Frost  &  Peck , 129 

virescens  Fr 131 

crustosa  Pk 132 

ochraleucoidee  ep.  nov 132 

lepida  Fr.  (non  Bres.) 133 

pulverulenta  Pk 134 

foetentula  Pk 136 

foetens  Fr 136 

pectinatoides  ,Pk 137 

sororia  Fr 138 

vesca  Fr.-Bree 138 

eubpunctata  sp.  nov 139 

variata  Banning-Pk 140 

cyanoxantha  Fr.  var 141 

athropurpurea  Maire 142 

mariae  Pk 143 

aeruginea  Lindb .  .  .- 144 

xerampelina  Fr 144 

equalida  Pk 145 

decolorans  Fr 146 

flava  Romell 147 

obscura  Romell 148 

rubescens  Beards 149 

borealis  Kauff 150 

alutacea  Fr 150 

emetica  Fr 151 

ruguloea  Pk 152 

fragilis  Fr 153 


xiv  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

falliix  Cke 154 

albidula  Pk 154 

sanguinea  Fr 155 

veteriiosa  Fr 155 

tenuiceps  Kaufl 156 

palustris  Pk 157 

auraiitialutea  Kauff 157 

albida  Pk 158 

subdepallens  Pk 159 

purpuriiia  Quel,  and  Schultz 159 

uncia'lU  Pk 160 

eericeo-nitens  Kauff 161 

Integra  Fr 161 

amygdaloides  sp.  nov 162 

loseipes  Secr.-Brea 163 

puellaiifi  Fr 164 

sphagnophila  Kauff 165 

chainaeleontina  Fr 165 

.    abietina  Pk 166 

lutea  Fr 167 

Hygrophoreae 169 

Gomphidius  Fr •.  ; 169 

i'^     Key  to  the  species .-.-'. 170 

Gomphidius  maculalus  Fr 170 

vinicolor  Pk 171 

flavipes  Pk ; .  :  ; 172 

Hygrophorus  Fr i 172 

Key  to  the  species 175 

Hygrophorus  chrysodon  Fr 178 

eburneus  Fr 178 

laurae  Morg 179 

flavo<iiscu6  Frost 180 

paludosus  Pk .':..■ 181 

epeciosus  Pk 181 

hypothejue  Fr 183 

olivaceoalbus  Fr 184 

Ruseula  Fr 185 

pudorinus  Fr 186 

soididus  Pk 187 

fusco-albuH  Fr.  var.  occidentalis  var.  nov 187 

leporinua  Fr 188 

pratensis  Fr 190 

virgiiieus  Fr.  var 191 

niveus  Fr ., 191 

borealis  Pk 192 

ceraceua  Fr 193 

colemannianus  Blox 193 

pallidus  Pk 194 

rniniatus  Fr 195 

coccineus  Fi 196 

puniceue  Fr 197 

chlorophanua  Fr 198 

maiginal  us  Pk 199 

conicufi  Ff 200 

nitidua  B.  &  C 200 

laetus  Fr 201 

peckii,  Atk 202 

psitticinue  Fr 202 

unguinosue  Fr 203 

Agariceae 205 

Coprinus  Pere 206 

Key  to  the  speciea 207 

Coprinus  comatue  Fr 209 

ovatus  Fr 210 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  xv 

Page 

sterquilinus  Fr •. 210 

atramentarius  Fr 212 

insigiiis  Pk 212 

quadrifidue  Pk 213 

ebulbosus  Pk 213 

laniger  Pk 214 

fimetarius  Fr 214 

flinetariue  var.  raacrorhiza 215 

tomentosue  Fr 215 

lagopidee  Karst 216 

joneeii  Pk 216 

arenatue  Pk 217 

nlveus  Fr 217 

eemilanatuti  Pk 217 

domesticus  Fr 218 

micaceus  Fr 218 

radians  (Desm)  Fr 219 

bulbilosus  Pat 220 

stercorariufi  Fr 220 

eclerotigenuB  E.  &  E 221 

nai  coticus  Fr 222 

brassicae  Pk 222 

patouillardi  Quel 223 

radiatus  Fr 223 

ephemerue  Fr 224 

eilvaticue  Pk 225 

boudieri  Quel 225 

plicatilie  Fr.  . ." 226 

Psathyrella  Fr 226 

disseminata  Fr 227 

crenata  (Lasch)  Fr 227 

Panoeolus  Fr.  . 228 

solidipes  Pk 228 

retirugis  Fr 229 

canipanulatua  Fr 230 

papillionaceue  Fr 231 

ep '. 231 

Psalliota  Fr 232 

Key  to  the  species 233 

Psalliota  cretacella  Atk  234 

rodmani  Pk 235 

arvensis  Fr 236 

abruptibulba  Pk 237 

placomyces  Pk 238 

subiufescens  Pk 239 

campestrie  Fr 240 

silvatica  Fr 242 

haemorrhodaria  Fr 243 

micromegetha  Pk. 243 

comtula  Fr 244 

diminutiva  Pk 245 

echinata  Fr : 245 

Stropharia  Fr 246 

Key  to  the  species 247 

Stropharia  aeruginosa  Fr 247 

ventricosa  Massee 248 

depilata  Fr 249 

albonitens  Fr 250 

coronilla  Brea 250 

stercoraria  Fr 251 

semiglobata  Fr . 252 

umbonatescens  Pk 252 

epimyces  (Pk.)  Atk 253 

Hypholoma  Fr 254 


xvi  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page- 
Key  to  the  species .  . .  .  : 255 

Hypholoina  sublateritium  Fr 256 

peckianum  ep.  nov , 258 

laohrymabundum  (Fr.)  Quel 259 

velulimirn  (Fr)  Quel 260 

populiiuiin  Britz.  var 261 

vinosuiii  sp.  nov 261 

rugocephalum  Atk 262 

incertuin  Pk 263 

appendiculatum  Fr 264 

coronatum  Fr 265 

hydrophilum  Fr.  (Rick.) 266 

hydrophilutn  Fr.    (Sacc.) 266 

saccharinophilum  Pk 267 

Peathyra  Fi 268 

Key  to  the  species 268 

Peathyra  uinbonata  Pk 269 

obtusala  Fr 270 

pereimplex  Britz 270 

eemiveetita  Berk.  &  Br 271 

microsperma  Pk 271 

Psilocybe  Fr 272 

Key  to  the  species 273 

Peilocybe  merdaria  Fr 274 

subviecida  Pk 275 

atrorufa  Fr 275 

canofaciens  Cke 276 

atrobrunnea  Fr 277 

uda  (Fi.)  Battoille.  ; 277 

eiicaea  Fr 278 

larga  sp.  nov 279 

cernua  Fr £80 

murcida  Fr 280 

arenulina  Pk 281 

agrariella  Atk 281 

eubmaculata  Atk 282 

foenieecii  Fr 283 

conissans  Pk 284 

Paxillus  Fi 284 

Key  to  the  species 285 

Paxillus  rhodoxanthus  Schw 285 

involutus  Fr 286 

atrotomenl  osue  Fr 287 

corrugatuB  Atk 288 

panuoides  Fr 288 

Pholiota  Fr 289 

Key  to  the  species 290 

Pholiota  praecox  Fr 293 

capei  ata  Fr 294 

johnsoniana  (Pk)  Atk 295 

aegerita  Fr 296 

howeana  Pk 297 

aggericola  Pk ■. 297 

destruens  (Fr.)  Bree 7 298 

squari  osoides  Pk 299 

albocrenulata  Pk 301 

fulvosquamosa  Pk 302 

curvipes  Fr 302 

erinaceella  Pk 303 

muiicata  Fr 304 

spectabilis  Fr 304 

adiposa  Fr 305 

flammans  Fr 306 

lucifera  (Lasch.)  Bres 307 

luteofolia  Pk 307 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  vii 

Page 

aeruginosa  Pk 308 

acericola  Pk 300 

confragosa  Fr 310 

discolor  Pk.' 310 

unicolor  (Fl.  D.)  Fr 311 

marginata  (Batsch)  Fr 311 

rugosa  Pk 312 

mycenoidee  Fr 314 

Cortinarius  Fr 314 

Key  to  the  species 319 

Cortinarius  raucifluus  Fr 328 

cyliiidripes  KautT ^ 330 

musciseiiuti  Pk 331 

eubniarginalis  Pk 332 

sphaerosporus  Pk 332 

vibratilis  Fr 333 

eterilifi  Kaiiff 334 

iodes  B.  &  C 335 

iodeoides  sp.  nov .- 335 

heliotropicus  Pk 336  ' 

atlviiisoniaiius  Kauff - •.  .  338 

calochrous  Fr 1  339 

velicopia  sp.  nov 339 

herpeticus  Fr 340 

olivaceo-hitramineus  Kauff _ 341 

caesiocyaueus  Britz 342 

ruDens  sp.  nov 343 

elegantoides  sp.  nov 344 

purpurasceus  Fr 345 

eubpurpurascens  Fr 346 

aggregatus  ap.  nov 346 

ephaerosperma  sp.  nov 347 

purpureophyllus  sp.  nov 348 

caerulescena  Fr 349 

raichiganensis  Kauff 350 

caesius  Clements 350 

aleuriosmus  Maire  var 351 

glaucopus  Fr 352 

virentophyllus  sp.  nov 353 

f ulgens  Fr 354 

fulmineue  Fr 354 

elegant ior  Fr.  vat '. 355 

corrugatus  Pk 356 

sublateritius  Pk 357 

multiformis  Fr 357 

intrusus  Pk 358 

albidu.s  Pk 359 

triumphs ns  Fr 360 

maculipes  Pk ' 361 

sphagnophilus  Pk 362 

lanatipes  Pk 362 

claricolor  Fr 363 

lapidophiluB  Pk 363 

copakensifi  Pk 364 

albidipes  Pk 364 

decoloratue  Fr 365 

inf ractus  Brea 365 

Olivaceus   Pk ." 366 

longipes  Pk 366 

glutinosus  Pk 367 

luteo  fuscous  Pk 367 

coloratus  Pk 368 

ophiopuB  Pk .369 

communis  Pk 360 

alboviolaceus  Fr 370 


xviii  TABLE  OP  CONTEXTS 


Page 

subpiilclirifolius  ep.  iiov 371 

pholideii8  Fr 372 

equainulosue  Pk 373 

erraticus  Pk ^ , 374 

bolariH  Pr 375 

annulaUiK  Pk 376 

flavifoliiis  Pk 377 

croceocolor  Kauff 378 

ochraceus  Pk ; 378 

canescens  Pk 379 

equarrosiis  Clenieule 370 

violaceiiti  Fr 380 

lilaciniiii  Pk 381 

argentatue  Fr.  var 381 

obliqmis  Pk . 382 

pulchrifolius  Pk 383 

rimosufl  Pk 383 

braendlei  Pk 384 

rubrocinereus  Pk 384 

clinlonianue  Pk 385 

calliHteuti  Fr 385 

autuinnalifi  Pk 386 

catskillenKiti  Pk 386 

whitei  Pk 387 

caespitofiue  Pk 387 

modestue  Pk 388 

gracilis  Pk 388 

caniiius  Fr 390 

anonialiis  Fr 390 

epilomeue  Fr 391 

subtabularis  ep.  nov .' 392 

brevifisiinuK  Pk 393 

albidifoliuK  Pk ' >.  393 

ochroleiicue  Fr 394 

sericipee  Pk 394 

cafitanelliis  Pk 395 

baealifi    Pk 395 

cinnaiiioineus  Fr 396 

cinnaiiioiiieue  Fr.  var 397 

croceoconus  Fr 397 

luteua  Pk 398 

aureifoliii8  Pk 398 

croceofoliua 399 

malicoriiis  Fr 399 

eemifianpuineus  (Fr.) 400 

cinnabariiuis  Fr 401 

eansiiineus  Fr 402 

raphaiioidee  Fr.  var 403 

torviifi  Fr 404 

pluniiger  Fr 405 

everniuK  Fr 406 

umidicola  Kauff 407 

ecutulaf us  Fr 408 

deceptivus  Kaufif 409 

aduetue  Pk 410 

griseus  Pk 410 

eubflexipee  Pk 411 

flexipes  Fr.  minor 411 

rubipes 412 

arrnillatus  Fr 413 

morrisii   Pk 414 

inaiinrKiKUH  nj).  nov 41.t 

paludoHus  Pk 415 

hiiinuleuK  Fr 410 

castaneoides  Pk 417 


TABLE  OP  CONTENTS  xix 

Page 

badius  Pk ■: 417 

iliopodiu.s   Fr 418 

badiua  Pk.  var 419 

impolitus  sp.  nov 419 

brunneofulvus  Fr 420 

brunneud  Fr 420 

distane  Pk 421 

nigrellus  Pk 422 

rigidus  Fr.  (var.) 423 

rigidus  (Scop.)  Ricken 423 

hemitrichue  Fr 424 

paleaceue  Fr 425 

iinbutue  Fr 426 

saturninuR  Fr.  minor 427 

livor  Fr 428 

caetaneus  Fr 428 

armeniacus  Fr 429 

duracinus  Fr.  var 430 

6p 431 

erugatus  Fr 431 

glabellus  Kauff 432 

privigiius  Fr.  var 433 

subrigens  sp.  nov 433 

rubricosus  Fr.  var 434 

uraceus  Fr 435 

juberinue  Fr.  var 436 

praepallene  Pk 436 

fuscoviolaceue  Pk 437 

erythiinus  Fr -  437 

decipiens  Fr 438 

leucopus  Fr.  (var.) 439 

ecandena  Fr 439 

'              lignarius  Pk , 440 

acutoides  Pk 441 

acutus  Fr 442 

Inocybe 442 

Key  to  the  species 445 

Inocybe  hystiix  Fr 447 

calamistiata  Fr 447 

caesariata  Fr 448 

leptophylla  Atk 449 

caloepora  Quel 450 

pyriodora  Fr 450 

ecaber  Fr 451 

lacera  Fr 452 

infelix  Pk 452 

flocculosa  Berk 453 

decipientoides  Pk 453 

f rumeatacea  Bres 454 

rimoea  Pk 455 

destiicta  Fr 456 

faetigiata  Bres 457 

curreyi  Berk 458 

cookei  Brea 458 

lanatodieca  ep.  nov 459 

eutheloides  Pk 459 

radlata  Pk 460 

fibrosa  Bres 461 

albodisca  Pk 462 

asteroepora  Quel 462 

repanda  Bree 463 

eindonia  Fr 464 

eubochrcea  Pk 464 

geophylla  Fr 465 

C 


XX  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

lilaciiia  (Fr.) 4()(i 

scabella  Fr 4ti() 

trechispora  Berk 467 

glaber  sp.  nov 468 

Hebeloma  Fr 468 

Key  to  the  species 470 

IIel)el()ina  velatuin  Pk 471 

fastibile  Fr 472 

inesophaeum  Fr '. 473 

gregarium  Pk 473 

pa8cuense  Pk 474 

HinapizaiiH  Fr 47.') 

CTiiKtulinifornie  Fr 476 

hieriiale  Hres 477 

loiigicaudum  Fr 478 

albi<liihini  Pk 47!) 

Kiinile  ^p.  nov ■.  .  .  479 

Karropbylliim  Pk 480 

album  Pk 481 

colvini  Pk 481 

ayrjense  Karst 482 

magnimariimuin  Fr 482 

Flammula  Fr 483 

Key  to  the  species ' 484 

Flainimila  polychroa  Berk 484 

hibrica  Fr .  486 

lenta  Fr 487 

carbonaria  Fr.  var , ' 488 

tjpumosa  Fr 489 

flavida  Fr 490 

gummosa  Fr 490 

alnicola  Fr 491 

eapinea .• 492 

Galera  Fr 492 

Key  to  the  species 494 

Galera  antipue  Laseh 49.5 

lateritia  Fr 496 

bulbifera  sp.  nov 496 

pubesceri.s  Gill 497 

sp •:.. 497 

tenera  Fr 498 

crispa  Longyear 498 

teneroides  Pk 499 

capillaiipes  Pk -"iOO 

cyanopes  sp.  nov .' -500 

piicatclla  Pk •'JOl 

hypnoniiii  I"r -"'Ol 

Bolbitius  Fr 502 

Key  to  the  species 502 

BolbitiiH  tenei  Berk 50^ 

fragilifi  Fr 503 

vitellinne  Fr 504 

Pluteolus  Fr 50.t 

Key  to  the  species 50.5 

Pluteolue  coprophilus  Pk 506 

aleuiiatus  gracilis  Pk 506 

expansus  Pk 507 

reticulatus  Fr 508 

Naucoria  Fr 508 

Key  to  the  speciea 509 

Naucoria  nimboea  Fr.  var 510 

centuncula  Fr 5 ii 

horizontalis  Fr 511 

triscopoda  Fr 512 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  xxi 

Page 

ligiiicola  Pk 512 

l)ellula  Pk 51:5 

Meniiorbicularis  Fr 513 

I)latysperina  Pk 514 

pecliades  Fr 51o 

tabacina  Fr 515 

niparia  F"r 510 

Cre|)idotu«  Fr 510 

Key  to  the  species • 51" 

Crepidotus  haerene  Pk 518 

mollis  Fr 510 

albidus  E.  &  E 519 

herbarum  Pk 519 

versul  us  Pk 520 

cinnabarinus  Pk 520 

sepiarius  Pk 521 

f ulvotomentosus  Pk 52 1 

calolepis  Fr 522 

putrigemis  B.  &  C 523 

malachius  B.  &  G 523 

applanatus  Fr 524 

stipitatus  sp.  nov 524 

crocophyllus  Berk 525 

dorsalis  Pk 525 

^'olva^ia  Fr 526 

Key  to  the  species 527 

Volvaria  bombycina  Fr 527 

speciosa  Fr 528 

gloiocephala  Fr 529 

umbonata  Pk 530 

piibesceiitipes  Pk - 530 

hy|)opithy6  Fr 53 1 

pusilla  Fr 53] 

Chameota  Smith,  W.  G .  .  ." 533 

mammillata  (Longyear)  Murrill 533 

sphaerospora   Pic 534 

Pluteus  Fr 535 

Key  to  the  species 536 

Pluteus  cervinus  Fr 537 

umbrosus  Fr 538 

salicinus  Fr.  var 539 

ephebius  Fr.  var 539 

tomentosuluR  Pk 540 

roseocandidus  Atk 541 

•;i  amilaiie  Pk 541 

naiuie  Fr 542 

calocepe  Atk 543 

longistriatus  Pk 543 

admirabilivS  Pk 544 

leoninus  Fr 54.5 

Entoloma  Fr 545 

Key  to  the  species 547 

Entoloma  lividum  Fr 548 

scabrinellum    Pk 549 

sericellum    Fr 550 

cyaneum,    Pk 551 

jubatum    Fr 551 

clypeatuin    Fr 552 

rhodopolium    I'f 553 

nidorosum    Fr.  var 554 

sericatum    Biitz 554 

f,'iis3um    Pk 555 

sericeum    Fr 556 

stiictius    Pk 557 


XX ii  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

griiyaiHim    I'k •'i.'JS 

speculiiin    r"r •"»5!) 

sahnoneiiiri    Pk 560 

peckiaiuini    Jiiirt.  var 560 

cuflpidatuiii    Pk 561 

( Jlitopilua  Fr 562 

Key  to  the  species 563 

Clitopilue  abortiviis  H.  &  C 564 

woodianus  Pk 564 

Bubvilis   Pk 565 

undatus   Fr 566 

micropus   Pk 566 

albogriseuri   Pk : 567 

subplarius   Pk 567 

pninulus   Fr 568 

orcella   Fr 569 

novabor  acensie  Pk 56!) 

caespitofius  Pk 570 

Leptonia  Fr. • 57 1 

Key  to  the  species 572 

Leptonia  placida  Fr 573 

lampropoda  Fr 574 

rosea  Longyear 575 

seticeps  Atk 575 

formosa  Fr 576 

serrulata  Fr 577 

euchroa  Fr 577 

asprella  Fr 578 

Nolanea  Fr 579 

Key  to  the  species 580 

Nolanea  dysthales  (Pk.)  Atk 580 

pasciia  Fr 581 

versatilis  Fr 582 

babingtonii   Berk '. 583 

mammoHa  Fr 583 

papillata  Bres 584 

conica  Pk 584 

f uscogi  ieella  Pk 585 

caelestina  var.  violacea  Kauff 585 

Eccilia  Fr 586 

Key  to  the  species 587 

Eccilia  atrides  Fr '    588 

griseo-rubella  Fr 588 

pirinoides  sp.  nov 580 

pentagonospora  .Mk.  var 580 

niordax  Atk .• 5!<() 

( '^1111101)118  Smith 5'.)() 

Key  to  the  species 5'.t  i 

Claudopus  nidulans  Fr 5'i  1 

depluens  Fr 502 

byssisedus  Fr 502 

Amanita  Fr 593 

Key  to  the  species ..'... 597 

Amanita  caesarea  Fr '• 600 

phalloides  Fr 600 

verna  Fr ■ 602 

bisporiger  Atk 603 

virosa  Fr 603 

porphyria  Fr 604 

peckiana  Kauff 604 

Hpreta  Pk 600 

tomentelhi  Kromb 607 

recutita  Fr.  vur 60S 

inappa  Fr 60U 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  xxiii 


Page 

niuBcaria  Fr OH) 

f rostiana  Pk fi  1 2 

cothurnata  Atk 612 

chryeoblema  Atk.  sp.  nov 613 

solitaria  Fr 614 

chlorinosma  Pk 61") 

russuloides  Pk 616 

rubesceiis  Fr 617 

flavorubescens  Atk 619 

flavoconia  Atk 619 

spieea  Fr 620 

Amanitopeie  Roze 621 

Key  to  the  species 622 

Amanitopsie  volvata  Pk 622 

vaginata  Fr 623 

strangulata  Fr 624 

Lepiota  Fr 625 

Key  to  the  species 626 

Lepiota  ilhnita  Fr 629 

glioderma  Fr 629 

fischeri  sp.  nov 630 

delicata  Fr.  var 631 

clypeolaria  Fr 631 

feliiia  Fr 633 

acutaesquamosa  Fi 633 

f I  iesii  Lasch 634 

asperula  Atk 63.") 

acerina  Pk 63.") 

grancsa  Morg 636 

rugoso-reticulata  Lorin 636 

artnatifolia  Pk 637 

granulosa  Fr 638 

piilveracea  Pk  .■ 638 

pusillomyces  Pk 639 

cepaestipes  Fr 640 

rubrotincta  Pk 640 

crifitata  Fr 64 1 

alluviiiius    Pk. . 042 

rniarnensis    Morg 642 

cristatatelluB'  Pk 643 

procera  Fr 643 

morgani  Pk 644 

americana  Pli 64.') 

naucina  Fr 646 

Aniiillaria  Fr 647 

Key  to  the  epecit^s '. 049 

Aniiillaria  caligata  Vitt.-Urcw or.o 

aurantia  Fr 6") ] 

focalis  Fr.  var 6.")2 

mellea  Fr 653 

dryinus  Fr.-Pat 654 

corticatus  Fr.-Pat 655 

Pleurotus  Fr 656 

Key  to  the  species 658 

Pleurotus  ulmarius  Fr 659 

elongatipes  Pk 601 

sulphuroides  Pk 661 

subpahnatus  Fr : 662 

ofitreatus  Fr 663 

subareolatiis  Pk.  var 664 

sapidus   Kalch 665 

lignatilis  Fr 066 

circinatiis  Fr 066 

fimbriatuR  Fr.  var  regularis,  var.  nov 007 


xxiv  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

eerotiiius  Fr 668 

petaloideg  Fr 669 

tspathulatus  (Fr.)  Pk 069 

candidissimus  B.  &  C -. . .  67(i 

porriKt'lis  Fr 671 

sepi  icus  Fr ()7 1 

albolanatufi  Pk.  sp.  nov 672 

inatitrucatuH  Fr 67.3 

atrocaeruleu«  Fr.  var.  grieeue  Pk 67.3 

applicat  us  Fr 674 

atropellitus  Pk 67.") 

Tricholoma  Fr 67.') 

Key  to  the  species ^ 679 

Tiicholoma  equeiitre  Fr 682 

sejunctuiii  Fr 683 

portentofiuiu  Fr 684 

terriferum  Pk 68.5 

reaplendens  Fr 686 

f  ransmutans  Pk 687 

ustale  Fr 688 

rutilane  Fr 680 

venenata  Atk 690 

nobile  Pk 691 

columbetta  Fr 692 

irabricatum  Fr 693 

vaccinum  Fr 693 

tricolor  Pk '. 694 

acre  Pk - 694 

terreum  Fr 606 

f iimescena  Pk 607 

f iiligineuin  Pk 698 

Hiiponaceiim  Fr ;, 609 

laticeps  ep.  nov 700 

eulphureum  Fr 701 

chrysenteroidcH  Pk 701 

odorum  Pk 702 

carneurn  Fr 702 

unifactiim  Pk.  var '. 703 

album  Fr 704 

acerbum  Fr 70.5 

lateral  itim  Pk , 706 

leucocephaliim  Fr 706 

fumoKJluteuin  Pk 707 

personal um  Fr 707 

inidum  Fr 709 

tuinidr.m  Fr 7in 

finerascena  Fr 711 

[)anoeolum  var.  caesptioaum  Brea 711 

melaleucum  Fr 713 

leucocephaloides  Pk 713 

eordidum  Fr 714 

Clitocybe  Fr '■ 7 1 .5 

Key  to  t lie  species 716 

Clitocybe  gigantea  Fr 710 

Candida  Bree 720 

piceina  Pk 720 

maxima  Fr 721 

nionadelpha  Morg 723 

decora  Fr 724 

praecox  ep.  nov 724 

nebularis  Fr 72.5 

davipee  Fr 726 

media  Pk .". 727 

carnofiior  Pk 727 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  xxv 


I'age 

vilesceuri  Pk . . ._ 727 

odora  Fr 728 

caiidicaiiH  Fr 729 

dealbata  Fr 730 

albiseima  Pk 731 

connexa  Pk 73 1 

truncicola  Pk 732 

illudens  Schw 732 

multicepa  Pk 733 

cartilaginea  Bres 734 

catina  Fr 735 

iiifundibuliformie  Fr 730 

pinophila  Pk 737 

parilis  Fr 737 

fiiiiopica  Fr 738 

pulcherrima  Pk 738 

cyathiforme  Fr 739 

ectypoidee  Pk 740 

adirondackensis  Pk 741 

eccentrica  Pk 741 

albidula  Pk 742 

caespitosa  Pk 743 

metachroa  Fi 743 

ditopoda  Fr 744 

peltigeiina  Pk 744 

morbifera  Pk 745 

compreesipes  Pk 746 

angustiesima  Fr 746 

laccata  Fr 747 

tortilifi  Fr 748 

ochropurpurea  lierk 748 

Collybia  Fr 749 

Key  to  the  species 751 

Collybia  butyracea  Fr 753 

dryophila  Fr 754 

lentinoides  Pk 755 

fltrictipes  Pk 755 

alcalinolens  Pk 756 

familia  Pk 757 

aquosa  Fr.  var r 758 

colorea  Pk 758 

aceivata  Fr 759 

hygrophoroidei?  Pk 760 

myriadophylla  Pk 761 

atrata  Fr 761 

plexipes  Fr.  var 762 

atratoirles  Pk 703 

expalleiis  Pk.  var 763 

albiflavida  (Pk.) 764 

abundans  Pk 764 

Buccinea  Fr 765 

radicata  Fr 766 

platyphylla  Fr 767 

macculata  A.  &  S 768 

velutipes  Fr 769 

longipes  Fr 770 

succosa  Pk 770 

floccipea  Fr 771 

conigenoidee  Ellis 772 

tuberoea  Fr 773 

cirrata  Fr 773 

hariolorum  Fr 774 

confluens  Fr 775 


xxvi  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

zonata  Pk 776 

stipitaria  Fr 776 

campanella  Pk 777 

lacunosa  Pk 777 

Mycena  Fr 778 

Key  to  the  species 780 

Mycena  haeraatopa  Fr 783 

eanguinolenta  Fr 784 

leijana  Berk 785 

vulgaris  Fr 786 

epipterygia  Fr 787 

clavicularifl  Fr 788 

fitylobates  Fr 789 

crystallina  Pk 789 

echinipes  Fr 790 

pelianthina  Fr .  . 790 

rosella  Fr 791 

purpureofusca  Pk _. 792 

denticulata  Pk -. 792 

corticola  Fr .•  ■ ' 793 

setosa  (Sow.)  Fr 794 

pura  Fr 794 

minutula  Pk 795 

immaculata  Pk 796 

galericulata  Fr 797 

inclinata  Fr.  var 798 

excisa  Fr 799 

parabolica  Fr 800 

polygramma  Fr 801 

laeiosperma  Bres 801 

cyaneobasis  Pk 802 

alcalina  Fr 803 

ammoniaca  Fr 804 

metata  Fr 805 

leptocephala  Fr 806 

dissiliene  Fr.  var 806 

airoalba  Fr 807 

atroalboides  Pk 808 

praelonga  Pk 809 

collariata  Fr 810 

cyanotlirix  Atk 810 

subincarnata  Pk 811 

pulcherrima  Pk 811 

acicula  Fr 812 

Omphalia  Fr 812 

Key  to  the  species 814 

Omphalia  scyphoides  Fr 814 

scyphiformie  Fr 815 

olivaria  Pk 815 

lilacifolia  Pk 816 

pyxidata  Fr 816 

rugosodieca  Pk 817 

epichyeium  Fr 818 

onisca  Fr 818 

gerardiana  Pk 819 

albidula  Pk 820 

gracillima  Fr 820 

fibula  Fr ' 821 

Bchwartzii   Fr 822 

fibuloides  Pk 822 

campanella  Fr 823 

umbratilie  Fr .* 824 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  xxvii 

Page 

Muehioom  Poisoning,  by  O.  E.  Fischer  M.  D 825 

Poisoning  by  White-spored  Agarics 82S 

Amanita  phalloides 828 

Treatment  of  A.  phalloides  poisoning 832 

Poisonous  constituents  of  A.  phalloides 833 

Othei  Amanitas 836 

Amanita  muscaria 837 

Poisonous  constituents  of  A.  muscaria 839 

Treatment  for  A.  muscaria  poisoning 841 

Toxic  principles  of  Amanitas 843 

Lepiota 844 

Tricholoma 846 

Clitocybe 846 

Hygropliorus 840 

Lactariue 849 

Russula 8.50 

Marasmius 8.')1 

Poisoning  by  Pinlc-spored  Agarics 853 

Entoloma 853 

Poisoning  by  Brown  or  Ochre-spored  Agarics 8.54 

Pholiota 854 

Inocybe 8.54 

Hebeloma 855 

Poisoning  by  Purple-brown-epored  Agarics 857 

Poisoning  by  Black-spored  Agarics 8.58 

Poisoning  by  Boletus  and  Gyromitra  esculenta 860 

BibUography 86.5 

Abbreviations 876 

Glossary 879 

Index 901 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURES 

Fig.   1.  Structure  of  Agarics 6 

Fig.  2.  Structure  of  Agarics , .  .  8 

Fig.  3.  Types  of  spores 9 

Fig.  4.  Map  of  Michigan  showing  principal  collecting  centers 14 

PLATES 

Portrait  of  Elias  Magnus  Fries Frontispiece 

Plates  I  to  CLXXII Vol.  IL 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 


C.  H.  KAUFFMAN 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


THE   STRUCTURE   OF   AGARICS 


An  Agaric  is  a  plant  which,  considered  morphologically  and 
physiologicall}-,  is  composed  of  two  portions:  the  vegetative,  called 
the  mycelium ;  the  reproductive,  called  the  fruit-'body  or  carpopJiore. 

The  Mycelium 

When  a  spore,  derived  from  the  gills  of  a  fruit-bodj^,  germinates 
it  forms  a  protuberance  on  one  or  more  sides ;  this  elongates  into  the 
fonn  of  a  filament,  always  growing  at  the  apex  and  usually  branch- 
ing abundantl}',  so  that  finally  a  weft  or  mass  of  such  becomes 
visible,  even  to  the  naked  eye.  The  filaments  thus  formed  are  re- 
ferred to  as  liyphae,  or  collectively  as  mycelium.  In  diameter  they 
vary  from  3  to  G  thousandths  of  a  millimetre  and  singly  can  be 
seen  only  with  the  microscope.  Cross-partitions  are  numerous  and 
the  separate  divisions  are  the  ultimate  units  of  structure,  i.  e.,  the 
cells.  Such  mycelium  is  widely  distributed  in  the  soil,  humus, 
decaying  wood,  etc.,  and  once  established  is  doubtless  perennial, 
so  that  new  supplies  from  spores  are  probably  less  common  than 
ordinarily  supposed.  It  absorbs  its  food  directly  through  the  deli- 
cate cell-walls  and  the  interior  of  each  cell  is  thoroughly  saturated 
with  water.  It  appears  capable  of  withstanding  considerable  dry- 
ing, perhaps  for  long  periods,  reviving  and  renewing  its  growth 
after  receiving  a  new  supply  of  moisture.  In  some  cases  the 
mycelium  twines  itself  into  strands  which  become  dark  colored 
and  tough  and  which  are  spoken  of  as  rhlzomorphs ;  or  minute 
tuber-like  masses  may  be  formed,  termed  sclerotia.  These  evidently 
also  serve  as  a  resting  stage  during  diy  weather.  The  mycelium  is 
usually  hyaline  under  the  microscope,  but  massed  together  appears 
whitish  to  the  eye;  it  may  also  have  other  colors,  green,  blue,  red, 
yellow,  etc.,  but  these  are  not  very  common.  When  growing  lux- 
uriantly in  artificial  beds  of  manure  it  becomes  the  ''spawn"  of  com- 
mercial mushroom  growers.  Methods  are  now  in  use  in  laboratories, 
by  Avhich  many  kinds  of  spores  are  germinated  and  the  mycelium 
grown  in  pure  cultures ;  the  "spawn"  obtained  in  this  way  is  called 
"pure  culture  spawn."  D.   H.   HILL  LIBRARY 

The  distribution  of '^fi?%i9?Mi?i?  §f^fi  Q9iliMfil9irbed  soil,  as  for 

u  7 


4  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

example,  in  ;i  paik,  lawn,  fallow  tield,  roadside  or  in  woods,  may  be 
eoiisiderable,  extending-  underground  lor  rods,  so  tliat  the  size  of 
the  plant  in  the  vegetative  stage,  in  a  linear  sense,  is  quite  large. 
Under  such  i>ernuinent  conditions,  quite  a  number  of  species  form 
"fairy  rings"   when   thev  fruit.     The  mycelium  is  started  at  one 
point  and  if  the  soil  is  favorably  homogeneous  in  every  direction, 
growth  continues  radially  from  the  original  point  and  at  the  cir- 
cumference of  this  patch   of  mycelium,   where  growth  activity  is 
greatest,  the  fruit-bodies  ajqjear  each  year.     In  one  case  a  *'ring'^ 
with  a  diameter  of  05  feet  was  observed  by    MacQuan   in    Africa. 
(Grevillea,  18S0-1881.)     The  appearance  of  the  fruit-bodies  of  some 
species  "in  troops''  is  usually  due  to  the  fact  that  only  one  arc  of 
the  circle  is  left.     In  the  forest,  obstacles  are  too  numerous  so  that 
the   "ring"   does   not  remain   perfect   and   the  fruit-bodies  appear 
scattered  promiscously.     Observations  made  in  a  clean  forest  in 
Europe  for  a  period  of  ten  years  showed  that  the  "ring"  of  some  for- 
est species  traveled  radially  for  several  rods  but  the  periphei*}'  at 
length  became  obscure.     The  mycelium  of  many  species  doubtless 
is  more  affected  b}-  irregularities  in  the  food  supply  and  hence  grows 
in  an  unequal  manner,  or  produces  such  few  fruit-bodies  that  the 
radial  growth  does  not  show.    Doubtless  also  where  there  are  scores 
of  different  kinds  growing  in  a  small  area  they  intertwine  or  inter- 
fere with  each  other.    During  continued  wet  weather  the  compressed 
masses  of  fallen  leaves  in  frondose  woods  are  often  found  to  harbor 
patches  or  sheets  of  mycelium  of  many  species,  which  are  easily  ob- 
served by  removing  the  toj)  layers  of  leaves  and  which  are  a  fore- 
runner of  a  good  crop  of  fruit-bodies  if  the  humidity  is  maintained. 
Curious  sheets  of  mycelium,  of  the  appearance  of  sheets  of  paper, 
are  sometimes  found  between  ]danks  or  otlier  i)iled  up  luml)er.  but 
these  usually  l)elong  to  the  I*oly])ore  group  of  fungi. 

The  Fruit  Bodi/ 

The  fruit-body,  or  car]>()]>liorc,  is  tlie  jMirlion  poimhnly  referred 
to  as  the  mushroom,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  it  is  only  a 
temporaiT  product  of  the  plant  as  a  whole,  just  as  is  the  apple 
of  the  tree  which  bears  it.  It  is  usually  composed  of  the  pileu.s  or 
cap,  lamellae  or  gills,  and  a  .s///><'  or  stem  :  in  the  genera  Amanita, 
Amanitopsis  and  \'olvaria  there  is  present  in  addition  a  universal 
veil  which  breaks  away  and  forms  a  volva  on  the  stem.  In  Amanita, 
I^epiota,  Armillaria,  Pholiota,  Cortinarius,  Stropharia,  Chamaeota 
and  slightly  in  a  few  other  genera,  there  is  found  a  partial  veil, 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION  5 

which  on  breaking  away  may  form  an  aivmdus  in  some  of  these. 
For  details  see  the  introduction  to  these  genera.  The  essential 
parts  are  the  gills  and  pileus  and  these  are  present  in  every  species 
described  in  this  book;  the  stem,  however,  is  also  usually  present 
and  such  a  fruit-body  is  a  typical  Agaric.  The  tissue  of  the  fruit- 
body  is  primarily  an  aggregation  of  hyphae,  and  hence  merely  an 
extension  of  the  mycelium,  compacted  to  form  a  specialized  struc- 
ture. When  a  portion  of  the  pileus  is  cut  radially,  or  of  the  stem 
longitudinally,  and  magnilied  with  the  microscope,  it  is  seen  that 
these  are  merely  masses  of  parallel  or  interwoven  hyphae  composed 
of  cells,  very  similar  to  those  of  the  mycelium.  Some  of  it  is  special- 
ized to  be  sure,  as  is  the  cuticle  of  the  pileus  or  stem;  sometimes 
portions  are  gelatinous,  others  hardened  or  encnisted,  but  this  is 
more  evident  in  the  mature  plant.  The  tiny  beginnings  of  the  mush- 
room are  composed  of  much  the  same  kind  of  hyphae  throughout. 

The  Pileus 

The  pileus  is  essential  in  that  it  bears  the  gills.  There  are  only 
a  few  known  species  in  which  the  gills  radiate  out  from  the  top 
of  the  stem  minus  any  cap,  and  these  constitute  the  rare  genus 
Montagnites,  none  of  which  are  known  in  our  state.  The  principal 
parts  of  the  pileus  are  the  surface  layer,  the  margin,  and  the  flesh 
or  trama.  For  the  many  variations  of  the  structure  and  form  of 
these  it  is  necessary  to  consult  the  glossary.  (See  also  Fig.  1.)  The 
trama  may  however,  be  briefly  considered:  in  the  young,  fresh  or 
actively  developing  fruit-body  the  hyphae  of  the  trama  are  usually 
compact  and  appear  like  actual  filaments,  but  as  it  approaches 
maturity  the  hyphae  varies.  In  some,  e.  g.,  Coprini,  the  cells  of  the 
hyphae  quickly  loosen  from  each  other  and  become  rounded,  and  the 
whole  pileus,  if  not  quickly  dried  by>  the  wind,  collapses.  Others 
are  less  evanescent  and  in  these  the  tramal  hyphae,  although 
loosened  considerably,  support  the  pileus  for  some  days.  Many  of 
the  larger  forms,  e.  g.,  Tricholomas,  retain  their  compact  form  for  a 
long  time,  and  in  tough  species  like  Lentinus  the  hyphae  of  the 
trama  appear  to  retain  their  close-lying  position  unchanged.  The 
trama  of  the  Lactariae  is  unique  and  is  described  under  that  group. 
Many  of  the  ismaller  Agarics  like  Mycenas  and  Galeras  have 
comparatively  few  layers  of  hyphae,  often  of  vei-y  large  cells. 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OP"  MICHIGAN 


Figure  1. — Structure  of  Agarics:  (1)  Gills  free;  (2)  Gills  adnate;  (3)  Gills  decurrent; 
(4)  Gills  adnexed;  (5)  Gills  seceding;  (6)  Gills  emarginate  and  uncinate;  (7)  Pileus 
convex;  (8)  Pileus  conical;  (9)  Pileus  campanulate. 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION  7 

The  Gills 

Underneath  the  pileus  the  gills  are  attached  in  the  form  of  knife- 
blades  collectively  called  the  hymenojJhore.  Gravity  appears  to  be 
responsible  for  their  position  on  the  lower  side.  Rarely  one  finds  an 
outgrowth  of  an  abnormal  character  on  the  top  of  the  pileus,  some- 
times in  the  form  of  a  second  mushroom  of  the  same  kind  with  or 
without  a  stem,  sometimes  with  the  gills  groAving  upward  from  a 
small  area  of  the  main  cap.  The  latter  case  has  never  been  satisfac- 
torily explained.  The  gills  are  of  course  attached  all  along  their 
thicker  edge  to  the  pileus.  They  may  be  attached  to  the  stem  at 
their  inner  end,  also  called  the  posterior  end  or  base;  or  they  may 
be  free,  i.  e.,  not  reaching  the  stem  or  at  least  not  attached.  The 
manner  of  attachment  is  shown  in  Fig.  1,  1-6,  as  adnexed,  adnate 
or  decurrent.  These  are  important  characters  for  the  separation  of 
genera.  In  some  cases  all  the  gills  extend  from  the  margin  of  the 
pileus  to  the  stem,  in  many,  however,  they  are  dimidiate  or  with 
very  short  gills  at  the  margin  of  the  pileus.  The  spacing  of  the 
gills  is  quite  important,  but  considerable  variation  occurs  in  the 
same  species;  only  relative  terms  seem  usable:  crowded,  close,  sub- 
distant  and  distant.    The  same  may  be  said  of  their  width. 

It  is  ver^^  important  to  understand  their  structure.  Here  a 
microscope  is  necessary.  A  section  cut  tangentially  across  the 
pileus  and  gills  will  show  a  good  view  of  the  appearance  of  the 
trama,  etc.,  of  each  lamella.  The  interior  is  again  composed  of 
hyphae  and  in  such  a  section  they  lie  either  parallel,  converging 
along  the  median  axis,  diverging,  or  interwoven  irregularly.  In  all 
cases  this  is  the  gill-trama  and  is  bordered  by  the  hymenium. 

The  HymeiHum      (See  Fig.  2,  1.) 

The  border  which  extends  over  the  whole  surface  on  both  sides  of 
the  gills  is  the  hymenium.  While  the  hyphae  may  lie  in  a  general 
way  parallel  to  the  axis  of  our  section,  the  large  club-shaped  cells 
which  form  the  border  extend  outvi'^ard  at  right  angles  to  this  axis 
and  form  a  sort  of  nap  like  that  of  a  BrussePs  carpet.  These  large 
cells  are  the  hasklia,  (singular,  basidium) ,  and  at  its  apex,  as  seen 
in  the  figure,  each  basidium  bears  typically  four  spores;  rarely  it 
may  develop  only  two  spores  or  even  three.  Each  spore  is  attached 
by  a  minute  stalk  called  the  sterigma,  (plural,  sterigmata).  The 
basidia  are  in  turn  continuations  of  the  hyphal  filaments  which  com- 
pose the  trama  of  the  gills.     Often  there  is  a  slight  specialization 


8 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OP  MICHIGAN 


-■■J..i.-jj}} 


Figure  2. — Structure  of  Agarics:  (1)  Vesicular  trama  of  a  section  through  a  gill  of  a 
Russula,  showing  also  the  nymeuium,  basidia,  and  a  cystidiura  (adapted  from  Fayod) ; 
(2)  Parallel  gill-trama-diagramatic;  (3)  Interwoven  gill-trama  diagramatic;  (4)  Diver- 
gent gill-trama  diagramatic;  (5)Section  of  Amanita,  showing  volva,  annullus  and  scales 
on  the  pileus. 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


#%  #%  O    0  ^ 


P         On 
10       li  0 


17 


26 


27 


Figure  3. — Types  of  spores  drawn  to  scale:  (1)  Russula  decolorans;  (2)  Lactarius  nigricans; 
(3)  Lactarius  tortilis;  (4)  Inocybe  galliardi;  (5)  Coprinus  sp.;  (6)  Amanita  por- 
phyria; (7)  Trichloma  laterarium;  (8)  Amanita  pecl<ianium;  (9)  Lepiota  procera;  (10)  Le- 
piota  naucina;  (11)  Tricholoma  equestre;  (12)  Tricholoma  nobile;  (13)  Cantherellus  clava- 
tus;  (14)  Hygrophorus  subborealis;  (15)  Marasmius  sicus;  (16)  Inocybe  infelix;  (17)  Ino- 
cybe caesariata;  (18)  Inocybe  decipientoides;  (19)  Inocybe  leptophylla;  (20)  Inocybe  ca- 
lospora:  (21)  Clitopilus  prunulus;  (22)  Gomphidius  maculatus;  (23)  Coprinus  atramenta- 
rius;  (24)  Coprinus  boudieri;  (25)  Hypholoma  rugocephalum;  (26)  Coprinus  sterquillinus; 
(27)  Hypholoma  hydrophilum;  (28)  Psalliota  arvensis;  (29)  Cropidotus  putrigenus;  (30) 
Pluteolus  coprophilus;  (31)  Phohota  flammans;  (32)  Plueteus  cervinus;  (33)  Entoloraacly- 
peatum;  (34)  Entoloma  cuspicatum;  (35)  Noleana  dystales;  (36)  Cortinarius  annulatus; 
(37)  Cortinarius  atkinsonianus;  (38)  type  of  reticulated  spore;  (39)  Heliomyces  nigripes; 
(40-44)   Cystidia;   (45-46)  Basidia. 


10  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

of  iIk'  liypliae  just  inside  the  hymeiiial  layer  termed  tlie  siih- 
hi/nicnitini. 

The  hynieiiium  may  include,  along  -with  the  basidia,  cells  of 
other  shapes  or  functions;  the  cyst'uUa  (singular,  cystidium),  (see 
Fig.  3,  J:0-44:)  are  ek>ngated,  cells  fusiform,  lanceolate  or  have  vari- 
ous shapes  according  to  the  species,  and  project  at  maturity  above 
the  basidia.  Their  function  apparently  is  to  aid  in  the  exudation 
of  water  from  the  plants.  (F.  Knoll,  Jahrb.  Vol.  50,  p.  453.)  The 
presence  or  absence  of  cytstidia  is  much  used  to  identifj'  certain 
species.  The  observations  must  be  carefully  made,  however,  since 
they  quickly  collapse  at  maturity  in  some  cases,  and  in  others  do  not 
elongate  until  full  maturity  of  the  mushroom.  They  occur  more 
or  less  scattered  over  the  surface  of  the  gills  and  are  often  tipped 
with  oxalate  of  lime  crystals.  Also,  they  may  occur  on  the  edge  of 
the  gills  and  give  this  a  minutely  flocculose  or  fimbriate  appear- 
ance. More  frequently  the  edge  is  provided  with  elongated  sterile 
cells  of  various  shapes  which  produce  the  same  effect  as  cystidia. 
In  this  work  these  are  the  only  ''sterile  cells"  referred  to  in  the 
descriptions. 

The  spores  varj-  in  size,  shape,  color,  structure  of  surface,  etc.. 
and  are  fully  discussed  under  each  group.     (See  Fig.  3,  1-34.) 

The  stem,  volva  and  annulus  are  also  described  under  each  genus 
possessing  them. 

HABITAT    AND    GROWTH    CONDITIONS    OP    THE    AGARICS 

The  Agarics,  like  all  fungi,  are  either  saprophytic  or  parasitic. 
They  are  dependent  on  organic  matter  for  a  large  part  of  their 
food;  this  is  due.  to  the  absence  of  chlorophj^ll  which  makes  them 
incapable  of  manufactunng  carbon-compounds  from  the  air.  As 
saprophytes  they  occur  on  a  great  variety  of  substrata ;  soil, 
humus,  dung,  wood,  fallen  leaves,  bank,  straw,  dead  animal  re- 
mains, decaying  fungi  and  forest  debris  of  all  sorts.  They  can  even 
be  cultivated  in  the  laboratory  on  gelatine  and  agar  with  proper 
addition  of  sugars,  etc.  As  parasites  they  are  found  on  living  trees 
or  shrub.s,  rarely  on  herbs.  The}''  are  often  attached  to  the  rootlets 
of  trees  and  shrubs  on  which  they  cause  formation  of  myci\oliiza] 
some  consider  this  relation  a  parasitic  one. 

The  fleshy  fungi  are  most  abundant  in  woods  and  forests  and 
hence  are  largely  dependent  upon  the  character  of  the  forest. 
When  the  woods  are  cleaned  or  the  forest  cut  down,  there  is  often 
quite  a  change  in  the  flora  of  such  a  place  after  a  few  years.     In, 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION  11 

addition  to  the  proper  food  supply  for  their  growth,  moisture  and 
temperature  are  the  two  most  important  factors  for  the  rapid 
development  of  the  fungi.  The  fruit-bodies  of  mushrooms  contain 
a  very  high  proportion  of  water,  varying  between  70  and  95  per  cent 
according  to  species,  weather  conditions,  age  of  plant,  etc.  The 
mycelium  is  also  composed  of  much  water  which  fills  the  vacuoles 
not  occupied  by  the  protoplasm.  In  spite  of  this  fact,  a  far  greater 
number  of  species  occur  in  the  upland  forest  than  in  wet  swamps 
or  marshes.  It  appears  as  if  either  some  unfavorable  soil  content  of 
a  poisonous  nature  or  too  great  an  abundance  of  water  prevents  the 
mycelium  of  manj-  species  from  growing  in  low  wet  places  or  at 
least  prevents  them  from  fruiting.  Only  certain  kinds  grow  in  marsh 
soil ;  although  where  there  is  an  abundance  of  brush,  logs  or  debris 
which  can  be  used  for  support  the  moist  surroundings  are  very 
favorable  to  forms  which  prefer  such  substrata.  The  largest  num- 
ber of  species  are  found  in  forest  hillsides,  ravines,  etc.,  where  there 
is  a  clay  sub-soil  or  where  the  forest  floor  is  covered  with  sufficient 
humus,  dead  leaves,  thick  moss  or  other  debris  to  hold  the  moisture. 
With  the  moisture  content  neither  too  large  nor  too  small  in  such 
situations  and  where  severe  drying  out  is  prevented,  it  would  appear 
that  the  mycelium  can  vegetate  luxuriantly,  and  after  rains,  es- 
pecially long  continued  rains,  the  fruit-bodies  or  "mushrooms" 
form  abundantl3^ 

The  temperature  must  also  be  favorable  for  each  species.  AVarm 
or  ''muggy''  weather,  continued  for  several  weeks  with  accompany- 
ing rains,  usually  causes  the  woods  and  fields  to  bring  forth  a  good 
crop  of  mushrooms  during  July  and  August.  Later,  in  September 
and  October,  an  entireh^  diff'erent  group  of  species  appears,  often 
in  relatively  cool  weather;  and  some  species  often  appear  after  the 
first  frosts,  always  provided  that  the  soil  has  been  previously 
moist  enough  for  the  mycelium  to  vegetate  sufficiently.  Eomell 
(Hymen  of  Lapland),  reports  that  Agarics  were  abundant  near  the 
tree-line,  and  even  in  the  region  along  the  tree  limit  right  up  to  the 
line  of  perpetual  snow.  This  would  indicate  that  for  some  species 
temperature  is  not  so  important  as  moisture,  although  growers  of 
mushrooms  in  artificial  beds  in  cellars,  etc.,  find  the  temperature  a 
very  critical  factor. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  time  is  also  an  element.  After  a 
drought  it  may  take  several  weeks  of  steady  rains  before  the  fruit- 
bodies  appear  above  ground.  Rotten  wood  and  logs  retain  the 
moisture  and  a  single  rain  is  often  sufficient  to  induce  growth.  A 
single  heavy  rain  or  even  a  number  of  scattered  showers,  if  too  far 


12  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

apart,  are  not  .sutticieiit  ti»  luoduci'  a  vvo])  outdoors.  The  exact  com- 
bination of  temperature,  time  and  moisture  necessary  Is  hard  to  cal- 
cuhite  with  certainty  even  after  much  exi)erieuce.  The  mycelium 
must  be  suniciently  well  develoiK'd  before  it  has  enough  energy  to 
]U()ihu('  fruitl»(»dii's  and  this  development  is  often  slow  for  reasons 
nt»i  clear  lo  llu'  collector.  Eveiy  field  student  of  mushrooms  knows 
that  there  are  "good"  collecting  grounds  and  poor  collecting  places. 
The  conditions  mentioned  above  are  probably  responsible  in  large 
part  and  yet  very  similar  fields  or  woods  may  be  exceedingly  unlike 
iu  the  number  and  abundance  of  forms  which  are  found  in  them 
Just  why  this  is  so  is  not  understood. 

The  species  which  grow  on  li\ing  trees  are  mau3^  The  most 
prominent  are  here  given : 

ArinilUina  mellea.     (On  roots  of  living  trees.) 

ArmiUaria  cortwatus.     (Hickory,  maple.) 

CoUyhia  velutipcs.     (Willow,  birch,  oak,  alder,  elm,  poplar,  etc.) 

Pholiota  adiposa.     (^[aple,  oak,  ash,  etc.) 

PhoUota  alhoorennlata.     (Maple,  birch  and  hemlock.) 

Pholiota  destruens.     (Yellow  birch,  willow.) 

Pholiota  spectabilis.     (Birch,  oak,  etc.) 

Pholiota  squarrusoidcs.     (Maple,  birch,  beech.) 

Pholiota  squarrosa.     (Birch,  beech,  willow,  poplar,  alder,  etc.,  in 

Europe.) 

Pleurotus  applicatus.     (Maple,  poplar,  birch,  etc.) 

Pleurotus  atrocueruliiis.     (Mountain  ash,  sorbus,  etc.) 

Pleurotus  ostreatus.  (Willow,  birch,  basswood,  beech,  oak,  wal- 
nut, locust,  etc.) 

Pleurotus  sapidus.     (Similar  to  ostreatus.) 

Pleurotus  suhareolatus.     (Maple,  basswood.)  i 

Pleurotus  ulmarius.     (Maple,  elm,  basswood,  hickoiy,  etc.) 

Yolraria  l)omhycina.     (Maple,  beech,  elm.  horse-chestnut,  etc.) 

These  species  are  probably  all  cajtable  of  some  degree  of  para- 
sitism, i.  e.,  can  affect  living  tissue.  Direct  evidence  as  to  the 
extent  of  this  power  in  each  species  is  hard  to  get.  The  spores  prob- 
ably ell'ect  an  entrance  at  a  wound,  the  plant  first  growing 
on  the  dead  tissue  at  the  wound,  then  pushing  through  the  heart- 
wood  which  becomes  rotten  as  a  result  and  finally  affecting  the 
sapwood  and  cambium  and  so  injuring  the  vitality  of  the  tree. 
Even  if  not  killed  by  the  fungus,  the  decayed  interior  is  a  source  of 
mechanical  weakness  and  the  tree  is  eventually  blown  down  by 
storms. 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION  13 

The  rotting  of  cut  or  structural  tiniber  by  the  mycelium  of  some 
Agarics  is  perhaps  equally  important.  Bridge  timbers,  railroad 
ties  and  even  house  timbers  may  be  attacked.  PJioliota  acriKjinosa 
is  perhaps  a  much  greater  enemy  of  railroad  ties  than  the  rare 
occurrence  of  its  fruit-bod}^  would  indicate.  Lentimis  lepideus  has 
long  been  known  as  a  destructive  agent  to  all  sorts  of  timber.  Fire- 
wood left  in  the  woods  in  moist  situations,  even  if  piled  up,  may  be, 
attacked  by  a  great  variety  of  the  smaller  Agarics.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  fungi  of  all  sorts,  including  Agarics,  are  extensive 
agents  of  deca}^  and  are  much  more  effective  than  bacteria  in  bring- 
ing about  the  disintegration  of  dead  vegetable  matter  and  thus 
returning  it  to  the  soil ;  it  is  only  in  the  later  stages  of  decay  that  the 
bacteria  play  the  greater  role. 

Agarics  may  show  a  decided  preference  for  a  certain  substratum, 
e.  g.,  kind  of  wood,  kind  of  dung,  kind  of  leaves,  etc.,  on  which  they 
grow.  Some  are  sharply  limited  to  coniferous  wood  and  are  never 
found  on  wood  of  broad-leaved  trees.  Others  seem  to  thrive  well 
on  a  great  variety  of  substrata.  A  few  are  parasitic  on  other  mush- 
rooms. (See  Nj'ctalis.)  The  field  mushroom  PsalHota  arvensis  and 
the  common  mushroom  PsalUota  campestris  are  scarcely  ever  found 
in  the  woods,  just  as  Cortinarius  armillatus  is  never  found  in  the 
field.  Some  consider  that  the  soil  is  here  the  controlling  factor.  It 
must  be  remembered,  however,  that  it  is  decaying  vegetable  food, 
which  is  the  foundation  of  the  subsistance  of  the  mushroom,  and 
the  presence  of  barnyard  manure  or  the  fact  that  sheep  have  pas- 
tured in  a  field  is  after  all  more  effective  than  the  mineral  content, 
This  question  is  not  yet  settled  and  French  mycologists  lay  quite 
a  little  stress  on  the  mineral  content  of  the  soil,  insisting  that  cal- 
careous soil  and  clay  soil  are  the  homes  of  different  species.  With 
regard  to  Michigan  species,  the  data  are  not  sufficiently  clear. 

THE  DISTRIBUTION  OP  AGARICS   IN    MICHIGAN 

Any  attempt  to  give  a  definite  account  at  the  present  time  of  the 
distribution  of  species  in  the  state  is  fraught  with  difficulties. 
Many  localities  have  not  been  visited,  and  only  a  prolonged  study 
of  a  locality  reveals  an  approxiiiiation  of  the  species  occurring 
there.  The  very  fascination  of  the  search  for  fungi  consists  in  their 
sporadic  appearance.  The  species  appearing  one  season  may  be 
absent  the  next.  Some  species  fruit  apparently  only  at  long  in- 
tervals; others  only  under  special  weather  conditions. 

The  principal  points  in  the  state  around  which  sufficient  collect- 


14 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 


ing  lias  been  done  to  be  of  any  use  in  sutli  a  suniniaiy  are  shown 
on  the  accompanying-  map.  By  far  the  largest  part  of  the  material 
of  this  report  has  been  collected  by  myself,  assisted  at  Ann  Arbor 
by  some  of  my  students.     Entire  seasons  have  been  spent  at  Ann 


DOMlNrON     OF    CANADA 


I  L  L  I  N  0    IS 


Figure  4. — Map  of  Michigan  showing  centers  of  principal  collecting  areas. 


Arbor,  New  Richmond,  Bay  View  and  along  the  shore  of  Lake 
Sujierior  and  the  flora  of  these  regions  is  now  partly  known. 
The  activity  of  members  of  the  Detroit  Mycological  Club  has  re- 
sulted in  a  good  survey  of  the  region  around  Detroit.  Between  the 
years  1890-1908,  Longjear  and  his  co-workers  studied  the  flora  of 
East  Lansing,  and  also  obtained  material  from  Greenville,  Chatham 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION  15 

and  other  points.  A  few  species  have  been  received  from  isolated 
points  but  usually  such  are  common  and  of  wide  distribution.  The 
main  central  portion  of  the  Southern  Peninsula  north  of  latitude 
43°  has  not  been  touched;  and  from  the  iron-bearing  regions  of  the 
northern  Peninsula  there  are  no  records.  Isle  Eoyale  was  visited 
in  a  dry  season  and  there  were  few  important  finds.  Houghton. 
Marquette,  Munising  and  Sault  Ste.  Marie  were  the  centers  of  one 
season's  extensive  collecting  and  we  have  a  fair  idea  of  their  summer 
flora;  concerning  the  many  autumn  species  which  assuredly  grow  in 
the  coniferous  regions  of  the  northern  half  of  the  state,  we  have 
little  information,  as  most  students  and  collectors  must  return  to 
their  school  duties  before  October. 

The  principal  species  of  field  and  lawn  seem  to  be  equally  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  state;  here  may  be  mentioned  PmUiota 
campestris  and  Psalliota  arvensis,  Marasmius  oycades,  Psilocy'be 
foencsicii.,  Lepiota  naiicina  and  the  Coprini.  It  apj)ears  that  La- 
piota  Morgani  begins  to  disappear  in  the  latitude  of  Lansing;  that 
Amanita  caesarea  scarcely  enters  our  southern  border.  The  species 
which  grow  only  on  distinctly  sand}^  soil  are  apparently  distributed 
throughout  the  sandy  regions  of  the  state  although  in  many  cases 
the  records  are  not  complete;  for  example,  Amanita  russuloides 
and  Amanita  spreta  have  been  found  only  at  New  Kichmond  whereas 
Russula  dclica  is  abundant  in  sand  under  copses  and  groves  all 
along  the  Great  Lakes,  but  less  abundant  in  the  interior  of  the  state. 
Many  species  doubtless  prefer  a  clay  soil  and  are  distributed  accord- 
ingly. By  far  the  larger  number  of  species  are,  however,  dependent 
for  their  distribution  on  the  character  of  the  forest.  This  is  most 
sharply  illustrated  by  the  dift'erence  between  the  flora  of  the  coni- 
ferous regions  north  of  latitude  44°  and  along  the  eastern  and 
western  border  of  the  state  where  conifers  have  existed  in  the  past, 
and  of  the  hardwood  forests  and  woodlots  of  the  southern  portion. 
The  genus  Cortinarius  is  composed  of  seven  large  subgenera.  Of 
these,  the  subgenera  Bulbopodium  and  Phlegmacium  have  a  large 
number  of  representatives  in  the  hardwood  region,  but  are  poorly 
represented  in  the  north ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  subgenera  Tela- 
monia  and  Hydrocybe  occur  in  large  quantities  in  the  coniferous 
regions.  Whatever  factors,  therefore,  influence  distribution  of  con- 
ifers doubtless  aft'ect  also  the  distribution  of  certain  Agarics.  It 
is  much  to  be  regretted  that  Ave  have  so  little  data  concerning  the 
original  mushroom  flora  of  the  15,000  square  miles  of  the  central- 
portion  of  the  Southern  Peninsula  once  covered  by  white  pine 
forests.    The  nearest  approach  to  original   conditions,    recorded  in 


16  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

this  report,  was  found  by  the  exploration  of  the  white  pine  lands 
around  New  Richmond.  None  of  the  virgin  pine  forest  is  left  at 
this  place,  but  second  growth  groves  still  yield  characteristic  fungus 
forms.  Many  of  the  sand  plains  at  New  Richmond  remain  uncultivat- 
ed and  are  covered  with  scrub  oak ;  here,  however,  the  pine  flora  is  no 
longer  in  evidence  except  as  isolated  species.  Alternating  with  the 
sand  plains  are  clay  lands  originally  covered  by  hemlock  and  hard- 
woods. In  the  ravines  bordering  the  river  bottoms,  there  are  still 
remnants  of  these  forests  and  these  yield  a  flora  which  is 
comparable  with  that  of  Bay  View,  Marquette,  and  wherever  such 
forests  exist.  The  flora  of  the  tamarack  bogs  seems  to  be  vei-y 
similar  throughout  the  state.  In  the  tamarack  bogs  around  Ann 
Arbor,  we  find  the  same  species  which  are  found  in  the  northern 
bogs. 

It  is  still  an  open  question  to  what  extent  the  formation  of 
mycohiza  may  influence  the  distribution.  If  certain  species  can 
thrive  only  within  reach  of  the  roots  of  the  beech  tree  for  example, 
then  those  species  are  to  be  looked  for  only  in  beech  woods.  P>i- 
dence,  however,  is  at  hand  to  show  that  some  species  can 
form  mj^corhiza  on  a  number  of  hosts.  Every  collector  has  ex- 
perienced the  feeling  that  many  species  growing  on  the  ground  in 
the  woods  are  always  to  be  looked  for  in  the  neighborhood  of  cer- 
tain tree  species.  Perhaps  collectors  exaggerate  this  impression 
but  in  any  case  the  subject  needs  clearing  up.  With  regard  to 
species  found  regularly  occurring  on  wood,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
they  follow  more  or  less  the  distribution  of  their  specific  substrata. 
In  some  cases,  to  be  sure,  a  species  may  have  a  wide  selection  of 
material  on  which  it  can  grow,  and  hence  its  distribution  is  not 
limited  in  such  a  manner.  The  species  which  have  a  parasitic  ten- 
dency, like  Plcurotus  ulnimhis,  must  have  their  distribution  con- 
trolled to  a  large  extent  by  the  presence  of  the  foster  plant,  al- 
though no  Agaric  which  requires  a  living  host  at  all  times  seems 
to  be  known  with  .certainty. 

COLLECTING  AXD  PRESERVING  AGARICS 

For  the  Tahlc 

A  basket,  clean  white  tissue  paper  cut  a  foot  square,  a  large  pocket 
knife,  a  knowledge  of  mushrooms,  favorable  weather  and  the  right 
place — these  are  the  essentials.  Of  these  the  possession  of  accurate 
information  is  most  important,  since  ignorance  may  mean  sickness 
or  death.     If  inexperienced  and  dependent  on  others  for  guidance, 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION  17 

proceed  cautiously  and  do  not  become  over-confident.  Collect  first 
in  meadows,  pastures  and  open  grounds  away  from  thickets  and 
woods.  Always  take  every  part  of  a  mushroom  of  which  you  wish 
to  make  a  study.  As  soon  as  you  have  advanced  sufficiently  to  be 
able  to  recognize  different  kinds  always  wrap  up  the  species  sepa- 
rately. If  you  are  learning  how  to  identify  by  means  of  this  book, 
it  will  be  well  to  run  down  and  compare  the  description  after  every 
collecting  trip  so  as  to  become  versed  in  the  meaning  of  temis  and 
also  as  a  check  on  the  correctness  of  your  own  or  others'  opinions. 

Avoid  the  genus  Amanita.  Also  at  the  first  avoid  anything  that 
appears  to  belong  to  the  genera  Entoloma,  Tricholoma,  Hebeloma 
and  Inocybe.  Avoid  all  which  are  no  longer  fresh  and  firm,  or 
which  have  small  burrows  due  to  grubs.  Avoid  the  large,  colored 
forms  until  you  are  well  advanced  in  the  subject.  All  except 
Amanitas  may  be  tasted  without  swallowing  with  entire  safety; 
avoid  all  that  have  a  powerful  peppery  or  nauseous  taste.  Dr. 
Peck  states  that  he  has  always  found  those  with  a  taste  of  fresh 
meal  (farinaceus)  to  be  edible.  Avoid  the  green-gilled  Lepiota. 
Avoid  those  with  a  milky  juice  until  you  know  a  great  deal  about 
them. 

Try  the  large  white  forms  which  grow  on  tree-trunks,  Pleurotus 
ostreatus,  mpidus  and  ulmarius.  Try  the  meadow,  field  and  street 
mushrooms:  Psalliota  campestris,  arvensis  and  rodniani.  Tvj  the 
inky  caps,  Coprinus  nvlcaceus,  atramentarius  and  cotnatus.  From 
the  woods,  always  after  a  thorough  study,  try  Russula  mrescens, 
Hygrophorus  russula,,  Tricholoma  personatum  and  nudum.  Hygro- 
phorus  sordidus  and  Tricholoma  resplendens  are  two  white  mush- 
rooms of  excellent  flavor,  but  beware  of  mixing  them  with  the 
white  Amanita.  If  you  live  among  evergreen  woods  try  Cortinarius 
violaceus,  if  in  southern  Michigan  Cortinarius  michiganensis.. 
After  a  start  is  made,  others,  one  at  a  time,  should  be  thoroughly 
studied  until  finally  every  trip  will  yield  a  meal. 

My  advice  to  all  beginners  and  amateurs  is:  Collect  and  study 
the  deadly  Atiianitas  first.  I  have  found  many  people  who  had 
known  and  eaten  a  few  kinds  for  a  long  time,  who  were  entirely 
ignorant  of  any  Amanita ;  such  people  are  always  in  danger  in 
spite  of  and  often  because  of  their  self-confidence.  Fatal  poisoning 
does  not  infrequently  occur  to  just  such  people. 

The  specimens  should  in  all  cases  be  carefully  gone  over  again 
before  cooking.    An  excess  supply  can  be  kept  on  ice  for  a  day  only. 
Samples  from  the  basket  can  be  laid  overnight  with  gills  down  on 
3 


IS  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

white  paper  and  covered,  so  that  the  spore  priut  mixy  be  used  uext 
day  to  check  auy  error  before  cooking'. 

For  the  Herhai'niiii 

.The  rteshy  Agarics  maj^  be  placed  in  alcohol  but  if  the  container 
is  much  handled  the  specimen  soon  becomes  mushy  or  crushed; 
if,  however,  it  is  carefully  mounted  and  fastened  on  a  glass  plate 
and  immersed  in  a  stationary  glass  jar  it  may  retain  its  shape  a 
long  time.  The  alcohol  will  dissolve  the  color  and  extract  it.  The 
best  way  to  make  a  herbarium  of  these  plants  is  to  dvj  them  on  a 
square  piece  of  wire-netting  suspended  over  a  kerosene  or  other 
flame.  In  this  way  the  mushroom  gradually  dries  without  cooking 
or  scorching.  The  color  may  or  may  not  change  and  this  fact 
itself  is  useful  to  distinguish  between  species.  The  dried  specimens 
are  xevj  fragile  and  should  be  transferred  for  a  day  to  a  moist  at- 
mosphere where  they  will  absorb  moisture  enough  to  become  pliant. 
They  can  then  be  straightened  or  gently  flattened  but  should  not  be 
pressed.  Placed  in  a  box  with  a  proper  label  and  a  handful  of 
naphthalene  or  moth  balls  they  will  last  indefinitely.  If  beetles 
attack  them  they  must  be  fumigated  in  a  closed  box  with  carbon-  < 
bisulphide;  but  if  the  naphthalene  is  constantly  kept  with  the  speci-  ' 
men  the  beetles  seldom  find  their  way  thither.  The  use  of  boxes 
of  valuing  size  is  much  to  be  preferred  to  the  method  of  pressing 
and  mounting  on  sheets  practiced  by  the  older  herbarium  men. 
In  either  case,  if  specimens  are  \qvj  valuable  beetles  can  be  kept 
away  with  greater  certainty  by  Peck's  method  of  the  use  of  strych- 
nine. This  is  dissolved  in  wann  water  and  sufficient  alcohol  added 
to  enable  one  to  spread  the  mixture  easily. 

Sulphate  of  strj-chuia  Vs  ^'^^ 

Warm  water  5  oz. 

Alcohol   about  2  oz. 

! 

Notes  for  the  herbarium.  Specimens  dried  and  prepared  as  above 
are  of  little  value  unless  they  were  correctly  identified  when  fresh  | 
by  a  mycologist,  or,  in  case  they  remain  unidentified,  they  be  ac-  j 
companied  by  full  notes  of  the  characters  in  the  fresh  condition. 
The  taking  of  good  notes  is  in  itself  a  sign  of  a  trained  mycologist. 
But  amateurs  can,  by  care  and  patience,  sufficiently  describe  a  plant 
so  that  the  specialist  can  identify  it.  It  is  advisable  that  they  fol- 
low an  outline,  of  which  many  have  been  published.  The  better  way 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION  19 

is  to  write  a  formal  description,  but  if  this  is  too  difficult  for  the 
amateur  the  following  outline  may  be  used: 

(If  you  wish  the  best  attention  from  the  specialist,  do  this  part 
well.     See  glossary.) 

LOCALITY. 

DATE. 

FINDER. 

WEATHER. 

HABITAT:  ground,  leaves,  humus,  woods,  open  grove,  field, 
lawn,  wood  (kind),  tree  (kind),  moss,  dung  (kind),  etc. 

HABIT :  solitary,  gregarious,  caespitose,  subcaespitose,  scattered, 
etc. 

ODOR:  farinaceous,  pungent,  nauseous,  amygdaline,  nitrous, 
earthy,  mild  or  slight,  etc. 

TASTE :  bitter,  acrid,  peppery,  farinaceous,  agreeable,  mild  or 
slight,  etc. 

PILEUS:  size.  Shape  ivhen  young;  conical,  campanulate,  acorn- 
shaped,   cylindrical,   convex,  etc. 

Shape  when  expanded:  plane,  convex,  obtuse,  umbonate,  um- 
bilicate,  depressed,  etc. 

Surface:  viscid,  dry,  hygrophanous,  moist,  glabrous,  silky,  fibril- 
lose,  virgate,  floccose,  tomentose,  scaly  (kind  of  scales  as: 
loose,  innate,  erect,  squarrose,  pointed,  fibrillose,  large,  super- 
ficial, appressed,  etc.),  even,  rough,  wrinkled,  rugose,  striate, 
furrowed,  etc. 

Margin:  (when  young),  incurved,  straight,  inrolled,  glabrous 
(when  older),  regular,  irregular,  wavy,  tomentose,  hairy, 
striate,  rimose,  etc. 

Color:  (when  fresh  and  moist)  (after  lying  a  while) .  hnportant. 

GILLS :    attachment:    adnate,  adnexed,   decurrent,  uncinate,  free, 

remote. 
Width,  relative  to  thickness  of  pileus,  relative  to  species  you 

know,  or  in  millimeters. 
Shape,  linear,  equal  width  throughout,  ventricose,  attenuated 

in  front  or  behind,  broadest  in  front,  etc. 


20  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Spaein-g,  (relative)  crowded,  close,  subdistant,  distinct,  few. 
Texture,  waxy,  deliquescent,  dissolving,  dry,  arid,  fleshy. 
Variatio'iis,  forked,  crisped,  veined,  intervenose,  anastomosing, 

dimidiate. 
Edge,  acute,  obtuse  and  thick,  serrate,  eroded,  entire,  fimbriate, 

flocculose,  wavy,  etc. 
COLOR :    very  important  to  give  the  color  of  the  gills  in  the  young 

plant,    (e.   g.,  Cortinarius,  etc.),  also  when    mature,    after 

bruising  or  touching. 

STEM :    size,  length,  thickness  above  and  below. 

Shape,  cylindrical,  tapering  up  or  down,  bulb  (clavate,  round- 
ed, marginate,  or  abruptly  depressed,  large  or  small),  flexu- 
ous,  straight,  equal,  ventricose,  rooting. 

Texture,  fleshy,  cartilaginous,  tough,  flaccid,  brittle,  flexible, 
fragile,  spongy,  fibrous,  rigid,  etc. 

Interior,   hollow,    tubular,    cavernous,    stuffed   by   pith,   solid, 
spongy,  etc. 

Surface,  (see  Pileus.) 

Color,  difference  at  base  and  apex,  within  and  withoul  after 
handling,  etc. 

.  FLESH  OF  PILEUS:    consistency:  rigid,  compact,  spongj',  soft, 
.  brittle,  etc. 
Color:  when  moist,  under  cuticle. 

Juice:  taste  and  color,  abundance,  changing  after  exposure  to 
air. 

MYCELIUM:     color,  abundance. 

UNIVERSAL  VEIL  in  young  specimens,  method  of  rupturing. 

VOLVA:    size,  texture,  color,  present,  absent. 

PARTIAL  VEIL:    in  young  specimens. 

ANNULUS :  texture,  color,  present,  absent,  fugacious,  persistent, 
ample,  slight,  etc. 

SPORES:  color  of  spore  print,  drawing  of  spores,  size, 

CYSTIDIA :  shape,  abundance,  present,  absent. 

SKETCH:  a  good  sketch  or  diagram  of  plant  or  its  parts. 

REMARKS. 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION  21 

PHOTOGRAPHING  AGARICS 

Use  a  basket  to  collect  for  this  purpose.  It  is  well  to  have  tiii 
boxes,  e.  g.,  cocoa  boxes,  so  that  each  specimen  can  be  kept  un- 
harmed, wrapped  separately  in  tissue  paper  and  placed  upright 
in  the  box.  Amanitas  especially  become  deformetl  or  lose  some  of 
their  surface  tissue  if  not  properly  protected.  The  specimens  can 
be  set  upright  on  decapitated  pins  in  a  row  as  in  the  photographs 
in  this  report.  Natural  size  photographs  are  by  far  the  best  since 
comparisons  are  then  easily  made.  For  identification  purposes 
such  photographs  are  much  more  useful  than  those  taken  in  the 
natural  surroundings  and  reduced  in  size;  the  latter  may  be  good 
pictures  but  are  rarely  helpful.  Every  part  and  eveiy  character 
used  in  a  description  that  can  be  shown  in  a  photograph  ought  to 
be  brought  out;  to  this  end  the  specimens  must  be  properly  arranged 
and  the  details  emphasized.  Besides  its  value  in  this  respect  the 
photographing  of  Agarics  yields  much  pleasure  and  entertainment. 

THE    CULTIVATION   OF    MUSHROOMS 

The  history  of  this  business  and  the  methods  in  use,  whether 
on  a  commercial  scale  or  for  home  use,  have  been  so  often  described 
that  the  reader  is  referred  to  those  works.  The  best  and  most  com- 
plete account  is  to  be  found  in  Bulletin  No.  85,  Bureau  of  Plant 
Industry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  entitled:  The  Principles  of 
Mushroom,  Ch'ounng  and  Mushroom  Spaimi  Making,  by  Dr.  B.  M. 
Duggar.  For  other  papers  see  Bibliography,  part  (d),  and  the 
mushroom  books  of  Atkinson,  Hard,  Mcllvaine,  etc. 


THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS 

The  plant  kingdom  consists  of  two  large  groups;  the  seed-hearing 
plants  or  Phanerogams  and  the  spore-foi-ming  plants  or  Ci^pto- 
gams.  The  latter  are  sometimes  referred  to  as  "the  lower  plants" 
although  they  include  also  the  large,  tree-like  ferns.  The  Crypto- 
gams include  the  green  plants  like  the  Algae,  Mosses  and  Ferns; 
they  also  include  an  enormous  number  of  plants  which  do  not  pos- 
sess the  ordinary  green  color  and  these  are  the  FUNGI.  In  the 
following  outline  of  the  fungi  the  grouping  is  given  in  a  scientific 
manner,  since  this  is  the  only  arrangement  sufficiently  accurate. 
For  the  terms  which  are  strange  to  the  beginner,  reference  must 
be  made  to  the  glossary.  Consistent  perseverance  and  the  use  of 
elementary  books  on  botany  are  the  only  self-helps  that  can  be 
advised  when  one  is  first  plunged  into  the  subject.  The  best  way 
to  begin  the  study  is  by  the  help  of  a  teacher  or  of  a  companion 
who  is  already  somewhat  informed  and  is  enthusiastic  enough  to 
help  others.  Mycological  clubs  are  of  great  value  in  this  respect. 
This  work  treats  only  of  a  single  one  of  the  many  families  of 
Fungi,  and  for  others  the  student  is  referred  to  the  books  dealing 
with  the  other  groups. 

The  Keys 

The  arrangement  of  the  species  of  each  genus  in  the  form  of  keys 
or  synopses  is  entirely  artificial  and  arbitrary ;  hence  these  keys  are 
merely  guide-boards  to  point  the  student  in  the  right  direction  by 
the  use  of  selected  characteristics  of  each  species.  A  specimen  is 
not  to  be  considered  identified  when  it  is  "run  down"  in  the  key, 
but  the  name  so  obtained  should  be  referred  to  in  the  text  and  the 
description  of  the  plant  carefully  applied  to  the  specimen  in  hand. 
Such  keys  cannot  be  constructed  so  as  to  be  perfect  since  plants  of 
this  class  are  quite  vai-iable  and  one  often  finds  specimens  not  at 
all  typical  and  hence  they  do  not  fit  into  the  key  at  the  right  place. 
An  amateur  should  use  the  glossary  constantly  at  first  until  the 
meanings  of  the  terms  become  fixed.  Many  of  these  keys  were  tried 
out  for  years  on  fresh  plants  and  continually  revised  and  it  is 
hoped  they  will  seldom  mislead  very  far.  The  keys  are  mostly 
dichotomous ;  starting  on  the  left,  the  plant  must  agree,  for  example 


24  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

with  either  (a)  or  (aa).  This  leads  to  (b)  and  (bb)  or  to  the 
name  of  the  plant.  Sometimes  the  letters  are  tripled,  etc.,  as 
(aaa),  (aaaaj.  In  that  case  there  are  three  or  more  possibilities 
to  choose  from. 

Arrmigement  of  Species  in  the  Text 

The  student  will  find,  besides  the  kej's,  another  means  of 
identification.  This  is  an  arrangement  in  the  text,  by  which 
the  species  which  are  the  most  doseh'  related  are  grouped  side  by 
side.  This  is  called  a  "natural  classification"  and  is  supposed  to 
represent  a  relation  according  to  the  laws  of  evolution.  Authori- 
ties differ  on  many  points  involved  in  such  an  arrangement,  and 
hence  it  was  necessary  to  follow,  according  to  my  best  judgment, 
the  order  which  appeared  to  be  at  the  present  time  most  acceptable. 
Our  knowledge  of  many  species  is  still  too  imi>erfect  to  expect  any 
final  arrangement.  Furthermore,  the  number  of  species  of  such  a 
small  area  of  the  world's  surface  as  Michigan,  is  not  representative 
of  a  like  arrangement  if  applied  to  all  the  species  of  Agarics  the 
world  over.  In  view  of  this  fact  it  seemed  useless  to  try  to  be  en- 
tirely consistent  throughout  the  work.  The  genera  are  therefore 
subdivided  in  the  way  best  adapted  for  each,  although  a  general  uni- 
formity is  approximated.  The  genera  may  be  divided  into  subgenera 
and  sections,  and  sometimes  the  sections  are  subdivided.  In  this 
way  the  most  closely  allied  species  are  usually  found  together  under 
the  last  subdivision. 

H^ometiclature 

The  rules  of  tlie  International  Botanical  Congress  held  at  Brus- 
sels in  1910,  have  been  used  (see  Authorities  and  Abbreviations). 
Synonyms  have  been  purposely  omitted  except  in  so  far  as  they  are 
mentioned  in  the  commentaries.  The  study  of  synonymies  is  apt 
to  become  a  ''wild  goose  chase''  and  often  offers  nothing  of  im- 
portance for  those  who  wish  to  become  acquainted  with  the  living 
plants;  it  is  well  adapted  for  those  who  prefer  to  make  their  my- 
cological  studies  in  the  herbarium  and  library.  There  is  little  doubt 
that  in  the  course  of  time,  some  of  our  American  plants  which  were 
supi)osed  to  be  different  and  were  given  names,  will  be  found  to  be 
synonyms  of  European  species.  But  there  is  no  need  of  passing 
judgment  on  such  till  the  evidence  is  all  in.  Undue  haste  in  con- 
sidering species  identical  has  often  brought  about  more  error  than 
existed  in  the  first  place.  The  field  mycologist  is  constantly  finding 
species  which  he  had  given  up  as  hopeless  synonyms,  and  much  col- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  25 

lectiug-  will  make  a  mycologist  cautious.  A  keen  observer,  like 
Dr.  Peck,  will  ofteu  be  quite  certain  of  the  distinctness  of  two 
species  but  fails  in  the  description  to  make  the  distinction  clear  or 
strong-  enough  to  others.  In  such  a  case  herbarium  material  may 
not  show  the  facts  and  only  the  finding  of  fresh  plants  can  settle 
the  question. 

The  making  of  new  species  in  haste  is  equally  unfortunate.  In 
the  preparation  of  this  work,  scores  of  unidentified  species  accumu- 
lated, and  many  still  remain  unidentified.  In  many  cases,  how- 
ever, the  repeated  finding  of  the  same  thing,  often  in  better  condi- 
tion, perhaps  with  the  necessary  young  stage,  and  further  and 
better  study  on  each  occasion,  resulted  finally  in  its  determination. 
Except  in  a  few  genera  where  I  had  made  more  extensive  collec- 
tions and  a  more  exhaustive  study,  for  example  in  Russula  and 
Cortinarius,  I  felt  it  unwise  to  describe  as  new  more  than  a  few 
striking  species.  In  spite  of  the  accumulation  of  synonyms  and  the 
great  possibility  that  more  American  species  will  end  as  synonyms, 
I  believe  that  there  are  still  quite  a  few  Agarics  in  the  United  States 
which  are  unnamed.  But  it  is  hoped  that  such  an  expression  of  my 
view  will  not  cause  every  amateur  to  give  names  to  those  he  is 
unable  to  identify.  In  the  recent  German  work  of  Ricken  (Die 
Blatterpilze)  over  1500  species  of  Agarics  are  given  for  Germany, 
Austria  and  Switzerland  alone,  and  very  few  new  species  are  in- 
cluded. This  is  a  good  example  of  conservatism  with  reference  to 
the  making  of  new  species. 

Credit  has  been  given  to  Fries  wherever  possible  in  the  use  of 
names  of  European  species,  even  where  the  species  is  reported  under 
Agaricus  in  the  Systema  Mycologia.  In  certain  genera  only,  where 
sufficient  critical  work  has  been  done,  e.  g.,  Inocybe,  has  this  pro- 
cedure been  varied.  If  inconsistencies  occur  it  is  because  the 
methods  of  mycologists  past  and  present  have  been  inconsistent. 
Outside  of  possible  errors  each  case  has  been  treated  with  regard 
to  the  Brussels  Rules  on  the  one  hand  and  the  latest  facts  obtain- 
able on  the  other.  An  attempt  is  made  under  many  of  the  species 
to  present  as  much  material  as  possible  for  the  further  study  of  the 
species. 


D.  H,  KILL  LIBRARY 
North  Carolina  State  College 


26  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 


AN    OUTLINE    OF   THE   FUNGI 

I.     Mycelium  lacking.  Bacteria. 

Mycetozoa. 
.  Chytrids, 

I.  Mj'celiuin  forming  the  vegetative  part  of  tlie  plant.    II. 

II.  Mycelium  non-septate,  (i.  e.,  without  cross-walls). 

PJiy  corny  cctes. 

II.  Mycelium  septate,  (i.  e.,  composed  of  many  cells).    III. 

III.  Spores  not  borne  on  a  differentiated  hymenium,  not  in  asci 

nor  on  basidia.  Fungi  ImperfectL 

III.  Spores  usually  borne  on  a  differentiated  hymenium.     IV. 

IV.  Spores  borne  in  asci,  usually  eight  in  an  ascus. 

Ascomycetes. 
IV.     Spores  borne  on  basidia,  usually  four  on  a  basidium  . 

Bas  idiomyce  tes . 

The  Basidlomycetcs 

(1)     Basidia  not  forming  a  hymenium;  spores  borne  on  a  four- 
celled  basidium  arising  from  resting-spores ;  parasites. 

Smuts  and  Rusts. 

(1)  Basidia  arranged  so  as  to  form  a  hymenium (2) 

(2)  Hymenium  not  in  a  special  fruit-body  but  developed  directly 

from  the  vegetative  hyphae  in  the  host.  Exohasidii. 

(2)  Hymenium  on  or  within  a  special  fruit-body (8) 

(3)  Hymenium  concealed  within  the  fruit-body  till  spores  are  ma- 

ture.    (See  10th  Kep.  Mich.  Acad,  of  Sci.,  p.  63.) 

Gasteromycetes. 

(3)  Hymenium  exposed   (Hymenomycetes.)    (4) 

(4)  Basidia  forked  or  divided  into  four  cells;  plants  usually  gela- 

tinous, horny  when  dry.  Tremellales. 

(4)     Basidia  clavate  or  subcylindrical.  Agaricales. 

Key  to  the  Families  of  Agaricales 

(1)     Hymenophore*  not  differentiated;  basidia  scattered  on  a  loose 
subiculum  of  hyphae.  Hypochnaceae. 

(1)     Hymenophore  even,  not  forming  special  branches,  tubes,  gills, 
etc.  Theleplioracede. 

(1)     Hymenophore  in  the  form  of  wrinkles,  warts,  spines  or  tooth- 
like plates,  usually  on  the  under  side  of  fruit-body. 

Hydnaceae. 

*The  term  "hymenophore"  is  here  used  to  designate  that  part  of  the  fruit-body  which  bears 
the  hymenium,  e.  g  ,  gills,  tubes,  spines,  etc. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  27 

( 1 )  Hymeuophore  in  the  form  of  erect  branches  or  an  erect,  simple, 
club.  Clavariaceae. 

(1)  Hymenophore  in  the  form  of  tubes  or  reticulations,  usually 
on  the  lower  side  of  the  fruit-body.  Polyporaceae. 

(1 )  Hymeuophore  in  the  form  of  knife-blades  (gills)  ;  mostly  fleshy 
plants.  Agaricaceae. 

KEY   TO   THE   GENERA   OF   THE   AGARICACEAE   OP    MICHIGAN 

(a)     Spores    mostly    white    in    mass     (ochraceous-colored    in 

some  species  of  Russula  and  Lactarius) (1) 

(a )  Spores  ochraceous,  cinnamon  or  rusty-yellow  in  mass. .  .  .  (21) 
(a)     Spores  flesh-color  to  roseate  or  salmon-color  in  mass. ...  (32) 

(a)     Spores  purple-brown  in  mass (39) 

(a)     Spores  black  in  mass (43) 

White-Spored  Agarics 

1.     Gills  of  waxy  consistency :  Hygrophorus. 

1.  Gills  not  truly  waxy (2) 

2.  Fruit-body,  soft  and  fleshy,  decaying (3) 

2.  Fruit-body  toughish,  corky  or  woody;  thin  plants  shrivel 

on  drying,  revive  when  moistened  (15) 

3.  Gills  thick  on  edge (4) 

3.  Gills  thin    (5) 

4.  Gills  decurrent  and  forked  dichotomously :  Cantherellus. 

4.  Gills  not  decurrent;  plants  parasitic  on  other  mushrooms: 

Nyctalis. 

5.  Trama  of  fruit-body  of  two  kinds  of  tissue,  i.  e.,  of  globular 

and  filamentous  cells;  spores  globose,  echinulate (6) 

5.  Trama  filamentous  throughout  (7) 

6.  With  milky  juice:  Lactarius. 

6.  Not  with  milky  juice:  Russula. 

7.  Stem  eccentric,  lateral  or  wanting :  Pleurotus. 

7.  Stem  central (8) 

8.  Gills  free (9) 

8.  Gills  adnexed  (10) 

9.  Volva  and  annulus  present:  Amanita. 
9  Volva  only  present:  Amanitopsis. 
9.  Annulus  only  present :                                                            Lepiota. 

10.     With  annulus  only :                                                           Ar miliaria. 
10.     Neither  annulus  nor  volva  present (11) 


28  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

11.     Stem    fleshy    or    fibrous,    sometimes    outer    riud    subcar- 

tilaginous    (12) 

11.  Stem  cartilaginous,  mostly  throughout (13) 

12.  Gills  decurrent  or  broadly  adnate,  not  sinuate  at  stem : 

Clito{?i/he. 

12.  Gills  at  length   sinuate  or  emarginate  on  stem;  mostly 

large  plants  on  the  ground:  Tricholoma. 

13.  Gills  decurrent,  pileus  umbilicate:  Omphalm. 

13.  Gills  not  decurrent (14) 

14.  Fruit-body   small;   pileus  thin,  tending  to  remain  unex- 

panded  and  bell-shaped  :  Mycena. 

14.  Fruit-body   small,   medium   or  large;   pileus   usually   ex- 

panded when  mature,  somewhat  fleshy:  Gollyhia. 

15.  Fruit-body  usually  small,  toughish,  thin,  not  woody (16) 

15.  Fruit-body  larger;  stem  central,  eccentric  lateral  or  want- 

ing    (17) 

16.  Trama  of  pileus  gelatinous  :  Heliomyces. 

16.  Trama    fleshy-membranous;    pileus    usually    small,    not 

woody :  Marasmius. 

17.  Plant  woody  or  corky:  {Lenzites). 

17.  Plant  fleshy-leathery (18) 

18.  Gills  of  the  usual  kind  (19) 

18.  Gills  longitudinally  grooved  or  split  on  edge (20) 

19.  Edge  of  gills  serrate-torn  :  Lentinus. 

19.  Edge  of  gills  entire :  Pcmus. 

20.  Edge  of  gills  split  lengthwise:  Schizophyllum. 

20.  Edge  of  gills  obtuse,  crisped :  Trogia. 

Ochre-Spored  Agarics 

21.  Gills  easily  separable  from  the  trama  of  the  pileus ;  margin 

of  pileus  involute:  Paxillus. 

21.  Gills  not  separating  easily  from  the  pileus (22) 

22.  Trama  of  pileus  vesiculose;  spores  globose  and  echinulate. 

(See  Rnssula  and  Lactarius.) 

22.  Trama  more  or  less  filamentous (23) 

23.  Inner  veil  cobweb-like  (cortinate)  :  gills  at  length  dusted 

dark  cinnamon  or  rusty;  terrestrial:  Cortinarius. 

23.  Inner  veil  membranous,  fibrous  or  floccose (24) 

24.  Annulus  present:  Pholiota. 

24.  Annulus  lacking   (25) 

25.  Stem  lateral  or  wanting:  Crepidotus. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  29 

25.  Stem  central (26) 

26.  Stem  fleshy  or  fleshy-fibrous (27) 

26.  Stem  cartilaginous  or  fragile (29) 

27.  Gills  at  length  yellow,  yellow-rusty,  etc.;  lignicolous: 

Flammula. 

27.  Gills  alutaceus  to  sordid  brown ;  terrestrial (28) 

28.  Pileus    fibrillose,    silky    or   innately    scaly;    spores   often 

angular;  cystidia  often  present:  Inocyhe. 

28.  Pileus  more  or  less  viscid  when  moist,  smooth :  Heheloma. 

29.  Gills  decurrent :  Tubaria. 

29.  Gills  not  decurrent   (30) 

30.  Pileus  convex  or  plane,  margin  at  first  incurved;  stem 

rather  short :  Xaiicoria. 

30.  Pileus  bell-shaped  or  conical ;  stem  slender (31) 

31.  Pileus  subviscid  or  viscid;  plant  very  fragile: 

Bolbitius  and  Pliiteolus. 

31.  Pileus  not  viscid:  Galera. 

Pink-Spored  Agarics 

32.  Stem  lateral  or  lacking;  on  wood:  Claudopus. 

32.  Stem  central (33) 

33.  Volva   present   only:  .  Volvaria. 
33.     Annulus  present  only :                                                    Chamaeota. 

33.  Volva  and  annulus  lacking (34) 

34.  Gills  free :  Pluteus. 

34.  Gills  adnexed,  adnate  or  decurrent (35) 

35.  Stem  fleshy  or  fleshy-fibrous   (36) 

35.  Stem  cartilaginous,  slender  (37) 

36.  Gills  at  length  sinuate :  Entoloma^ 

36.  Gills  decurrent  or  broadly  adnate:  Clitopilus^ 

37.  Gills  decurrent;  pileus  urabilicate:  Eccilia. 

37.  Gills  not  decurrent (38) 

38.  Pileus  convex,  margin  at  first  incurved :  Leptonia. 

38.  Pileus  bell-shaped  to  conical,  margin  at  first  straight:  Nolanea. 

Purple-Brown-Spored  Agarics 

39.  Annulus  present ;  veil  distinct   (40) 

39.  Annulus  and  volva  lacking (41) 

40.  Gills  free:  PsaUioUi. 
40.     Gills  attached  to  stem  :                                                     Stropharia. 


30  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

41.     Veil   present,    remaining   attached    to    margin    of   i^ileus, 

rare]}'  forming  an  annulus:  Hyplioloma. 

41.  A'eil,  if  at  tirst  present,  qnickly  evanescent  or  none  at  all; 

slender-stemmed (42 1 

42.  Margin  of  ])ileus  at  lii-st  straight;  hygrophanous:        Psathyra. 

42.  Margin  of  pileus  at  first  incurved ;  gills  adnexed  to  adnate- 

subdecurreut :  Psilocybc. 

Black-Spored  Agarics 

43.  Gills  delinqnescing  into  a  black  mass  when  mature:     Coprinus. 

43.  Gills  not  delinqnescing  (44) 

44.  Spores    elongate-fusiform;     gills    decurrent;     soft- waxy; 

pileus  viscid :  Gomphidius. 

44.  Spores  globose  to  elliptical   (45 ) 

4.").     Pileus  with  striate  or  sulcate  margin,  fragile;         Psatliyrella. 

45.  Pileus  not  striate,  rather  fleshy,  exceeding  the  gills;  gills 

variegated-dotted  by  the  spores:  Panoeolus. 


CANTHERELLEAE 

Fruit-body  fleshy  or  submembranous.  Stem  central  or  lateral. 
Oills  thick,  obtuse  on  edge,  fold-like  or  ridge-form,  usually  forked, 
narrow.    Veil  none. 

By  the  inclusion  of  Trogia  and  several  tropical  or  subtropical 
genera,  the  group  is  extended  by  some  authors  to  include  sessile 
and  reviving  or  arid  plants.  As  limited  above  the  group  approaches 
the  Thelepharaceae  on  the  one  side,  the  genera  Clitocybe  and  Hygro- 
phorus  on  the  other.  The  genus  Dictyolus  Quel,  belongs  here,  but 
no  species  have  been  found  within  the  state.  It  is  characterized  by 
plants  having  a  lateral  stem  arising  from  the  larger  mosses,  and  by 
vein-like,  forked  gills.  D.  retirugus  is  probably  a  native  of  the 
state.     The  group  includes  Cantherellus,  Dictyolus   and  Nyctalis. 

Nyctalis  Fr. 

(From  the  Greek,  nyx,  night,  referring  to  the  black  color  of  the 
host-mushroom.) 

White-spored ;  chlamydo-spores  abundant;  gills  thick,  distinct, 
obtuse  on  edge;  stem  central;  ixirasitic  on  otJier  Agarics;  vejl  none. 

Fleshy,  putrescent,  not  large-sized  mushrooms,  developing  on  the 
pileus  and  stem  of  the  fruit-bodies  of  Russula,  Lactarius,  Cantherel- 
lus, etc.,  after  the  latter  have  become  well  developed  or  are  partially 
decayed.  The  gills  and  basidiosi)ores  in  our  species  are  often 
dwarfed  or  entirely  undeveloped.  The  propagation  of  the  plant  is. 
instead,  dependent  on  the  presence  of  secondary  spores  which  are 
formed  in  abundance  over  large  parts  of  the  surface  of  the  plants. 
These  spores  are  elliptical,  brownish,  long-spiny,  12-18  micr.  in 
diameter.  They  are  formed  from  the  loosened  hyphae  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  pileus,  etc.,  which  break  up  into  chains  of  spores,  and 
because  of  this  method  of  formation,  are  called  clilamydospores. 


32  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

1.  Nyctalis  asterophora  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  183G-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1132,  B. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  19.7. 

Alichael,    Fiihrer    f.    Pilzfreunde,    Vol.    II,    No.  81     (as    A'. 

lycoperdioides ) . 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  2,  Fig.  6. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  G,  PI.  129. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  p.  204,  Fig.  162. 
Plate  I  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  at  first  subglobose  then  hemispherical, 
tvhitish,  floccose,  at  length  dingy  hroicnish  and  pulverulent.  FLE8H 
pallid,  moist,  rather  thick.  GILLS  adnate,  distant,  rather  narrow 
and  thick,  obtuse,  sometimes  forked,  whitish  or  ding\',  frequently 
not  developed.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  thick,  relatively  stout, 
stuflfed  then  hollow,  pruinose  or  silky,  whitish  then  brownish,  often 
curved.  SPORES  often  lacking  by  reason  of  the  undeveloped 
hymenium,  elliptical,  smooth,  6  xl  micr.,  white.  CHLAMYDO- 
SPORES  on  surface  of  pileus,  etc.,  abundant,  brownish,  spiny. 
12-18  micr.,  globose.    ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous. 

Parasitic:  on  Russula  nigricans,  Bay  View.  August-September. 
Infrequent  or  local. 

An  interesting  case  of  a  parasitic  mushroom ;  it  has  an  entirely 
different  structure  from  that  of  the  host  mushroom  on  which  it 
grows.  For  other  instances  of  parasitic  mushrooms  see  Stropharia 
epimyces,  Volvaria  Loveana,  Boletus  parasiticus,  etc. 

Cantherellus   Fr. 

(From  the  Greek  kdntharos,  a  vase  or  cup,  referring  to  the  shape 
of  the  mature  pileus.) 

Spore-mass  white  or  yellowish-tinged ;  Gills  forked,  fold-like  or 
almost  ridge-form  (except  G.  aurantiacus),  obtuse  on  edge;  stem 
central,  confluent  with  the  pileus;  veil  none. 

Fleshy,  putrescent,  terrestrial  mushrooms,  with  a  more  or  less 
turbinate,  or  vase-shaped  pileus,  in  some  species  almost  membran- 
ous, on  whose  outer  side  the  reduced  gills  run  down  the  stem  in 
the  form  of  fold-like,  thick  ridges  or  elevations,  sometimes  markedly 
dichotomously   forked,    sometimes   almost   entire.      They   approach 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  33 

Craterellus,  a  genus  of  the  Tlielephoraceae,  whose  hymenial  surface 
is  merely  wrinkled  and  not  gill-like.  The  fleshy  species  are  much 
sought  after  for  the  table,  and  all  of  them  are  edible.  Fries,  in 
Epicrisis,  included  species  whose  stems  are  lateral  or  lacking ;  these 
have  been  segregated  under  other  genera. 

The  PILEUS  may  be  dull  yellow,  orange,  red,  cinereous  or  lilac- 
tinged.  Sometimes  it  is  deeply  infundibuliform,  as  in  the  mature 
G.  floccosus,  or  it  may  remain  obtuse  as  in  G.  cinnabarmus.  In  the 
ashy  or  ashy-brown  species  the  FLESH  is  thin  and  almost  mem- 
brauaceus  and  these  approach  species  of  Craterellus;  in  the  others 
the  flesh  is  thick.  The  GILLS  afford  the  best  means  of  recognizing 
the  genus.  In  G.  aurantiacus,  however,  the  gills  are  thin,  and,  ex- 
cept for  their  marked  dichotomous  character,  this  species  might  be 
placed  in  the  genus  Clitocybe.  The  STEM  is  moderately  stout  in 
most  species.  In  the  fleshy  forms  it  is  solid,  while  in  the  cinereous- 
colored,  thinner  species  it  tends  to  become  hollow,  and  in  G.  in- 
funcUbuliformis  the  pileus  is  perforated  so  as  to  form  an  open  tube 
down  through  the  stem.  The  SPORES  are  usually  elliptical  or 
elongated,  smooth,  mostly  white  or  whitish,  but  in  some  species 
tinged  with  yellow  or  ochraceous  in  mass.  The  BASIDIA  are  un- 
usually elongated  and  a])j)roach  those  of  Hygrophorus  in  this  re- 
spect ;  they  are  said  to  be  sometimes  six  or  eight-spored.  The  ODOR 
and  TASTE  of  our  species  is  mild  and  agreeable. 

Key  to  the  fipecies 

(a).     Plant  cinnamon-red,  fading,  medium  size.     5.     C.  cinnabarinus  Schw. 
(aa)     Plant  not  red. 
(b)     Pileus  and  gills  some  shade  of  yellow  or  orange. 

(c)     Gills   orange,    thin,    crowded.     9.     C.    aurantiacus   Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  not   crowded,   ridge-form, 
(d)      Stem  solid,  firm, 
(e)     Plant    markedly    vase-shaped;     pileus     deeply    funnel-form, 

firm,    rufous-orange.      3.     floccosus    Schw. 
(ee)     Plant     somewhat    top-shaped,     entirely     chrome-yellow     or 

fiavus.    4.    C.  cibarius  Fr. 
(dd)     Stem  hollow,  pileus  thin,  funnel-form.     6.     C.  infundihuli- 
foj'mis  Fr.     7.     C.  tuhaeformis  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  and  gills  not  both  yellow, 
(c)     Gills    flesh-color    to    purplish-lilaceus,    ridge-form;     stem    solid. 

2.     C.  clavatus  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  not  fiesh-color. 
(d)     Pileus  infundibuliform,  cinereous  or  brownish  cinereous, 
(e)     Pileus    perforated    in    center,    stem    hollow.     6.     C.    infundi- 

buliforviis  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  not  perforated;   stem  stuffed  or  solid.     7.     C.  tuhae- 
forviis  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  obtuse,    or    depressed;     subumbonate,    brownish-gray. 
8.     C.  iimbonatus  Fr. 


34  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

*  Gills  in  form  of  thick  ridijcs,  rather  distant. 

2.     Cantherellus  clavatus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustratious:    Fries,  Sverig.  Atl.  Svamp,  PI.  91. 

Michael,  Fiilirer  f.  I'ilzfi'euude,  Vol.  IT.  No.  19  (as  Craterel- 

lus). 
Bresadola,  I,  ruiiyli.  :\laiiii.  e.  vel.,  PI.  82. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  1,  Fig.  1. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  4:)1  (as  C.  lieurophyllus) . 
Plate  II  of  this  Report. 

PILET^S  3-5  cm.  broad,  turbinate  to  truiicate-obclavate,  de- 
pressed to  concave-cyatliiform,  often  irregular  and  lobed,  narrowed 
into  the  stem,  at  first  purplish-flesh  color,  soon  greenish-yellow, 
surface  floccose  or  slightly  scaly.  FJyESH  thick  hehind,  white^ 
(■oiiij,-act  at  first,  at  length  toughish.  GILLS  in  form  of  thick. 
dichotomouSy  narroiv  but  distinct  ridges,  connected  hy  cross-ridges. 
anastomosing  below,  long  decurrent  from  the  elevated  margin  of 
the  pileus,  rather  distant,  flesh-color  to  pale  purplish  umber. 
STIvM  ex])anding  into  tlie  ]jileus.  nol'id,  xhovt,  ratlier  firm,  fleshy,  at 
first  incarnate-purplish,  then  pallid,  below  densely  wfiite-floccose, 
4-8  mm.  thick,  usually  tapering  downward.  Whole  plant  4-9  cm, 
tall.  SPOi\ES  subcyliudrica]  oi-  naiiow  elli])tcal,  10-12x4-5  micr., 
smooth,  pale  ochraceus  in  mass.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious,  on  the  ground  in  hemlock  forests  of  northern  Micli- 
igan.     Bay  View,  Marquette.     July-August.     Infrequent. 

Well  marked  by  its  color  and  shape.  In  his  later  works  Fries 
referred  it  to  tlie  Theloj^horoceae  under  Craterellus.  Its  thick  flesli 
and  the  well-marked  ridges  of  the  Gantherellus-type,  seem  to  be  suf- 
ficient reason  to  refer  it  back  to  Cantherellus. 

3.     Cantherellus  floccosus  Schw.     (Edible) 
Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  TI,  4,  1832. 

Illustrations :     Peck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  55,  Fig.  9-13. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  33.  PI.  1,  Fig.  18-20. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PI.  23,  Fig.  100,  ]>.  201,  1908. 
White,  Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.,  No.  15, 
PI.  19. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  35 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad  (rarely  broader),  vase-shaped  or  trumpet- 
shaped,  truncate  when  young,  at  length  deeply  excavate-fumiel-form, 
firm,  superficially  floccose  or  subscaly,  yellow  at  first,  at  lemjth 
rufescent  to  orange,  margin  becoming  undulate  at  times.  FLESH 
rather  thick,  confluent  with  the  stem,  white.  GILLS  deeply  decur- 
reut,  ridge-form,  close  to  subdistant,  dicliotomously  forked,  anas- 
tomosing throughout,  ochraceus  to  rufous-yellowish,  sometimes 
darker.  STEM  short,  whole  plant  6-15  cm.  high  (rareh'  20  cm.), 
1-2.5  cm.  thick,  solid,  glabrous,  pallid-ochraceus,  whitish  at  base, 
firm,  sometimes  abruptly  short-attenuate  at  base,  often  deep  in  the 
ground.  SPORES  elliptical,  "12-15x7-7.2  micr.",  smooth,  ochra- 
ceous  in  mass.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild  and  pleasant. 

On  the  ground  in  hemlock  forests  of  northern  Michigan,  Mar- 
quette, Huron  Mountains.     July-August.     Infrequent. 

A  most  striking  plant  when  in  full  luxuriance,  forming  a  large 
vase  with  considerable  capacity  to  its  deep  interior.  It  occurs 
gregariously  but  sometimes  several  arise  at  one  place  or  apparently 
from  the  same  stem.  I  have  not  seen  it  in  the  portion  of  the  state 
where  hemlock  and  pine  are  unknown.  Like  the  preceding,  it  is 
scarcely  possible  to  confuse  it  with  any  other  species. 

4.     Cantherellus  cibarius  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Sverig.  atl.  Svamp.,  PL  7. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  1103. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  88. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  1,  Fig.  2. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  1,  No.  26. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  15,  Fig.  3-5. 
Atkinson,  :Mushiooms,  Fig.  123,  p.  128,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PL  22,  Fig.  128,  p.  199. 
Gibson,  Edible  Toadstools  &  Mushrooms,  PL  19,  p.  175,  1903. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PL  32. 
Plate  III  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  firm  convex  then  expanded,  soon 
depressed  in  center  or  margin  elevated,  often  irregular,  sometimes 
top-shaped,  infundibuliform  or  one-sided,  margin  thick  and  at  first 
involute,  clvrome-yelloiv  or  pale  egg  yeUoic,  glabrous,  not  striate. 
FLESH  compact,  thick,  white  or  yellowish  toward  surface.  GILLS 
long,  decurrent,  thick,  dichotomously  forked  or  anastomosing,  nar- 


36  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

row,  rather  distant,  chrome-yellow,  edge  blunt.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long, 
stout,  G-12  mm.  thick,  uarrower  downwards,  solid,  liesliy,  glabrous, 
chA'ome-yellow  to  pale  yellow,  often  tunneled  by  larvae.  SPOKES 
elliptical,  7-9  x  4-5  micr.,  smooth,  faintly  ochraceous-tinged. 
"BASIDIA  50-75x7-8  micr.,  4-spored,  sometimes  5-6  spored." 
ODOK  and  TASTE  mild  and  pleasant. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose,  often  scattered.  On  the  ground  in 
frondose  or  conifer  forests  .  Throughout  the  state,  from  the  south- 
ern border  to  Isle  Koyale.  Julj'-September  (rarelj^  earlier  or  later). 
Frequent  only  in  certain  seasons. 

This  is  the  famous  '^Chatitarelle"  of  Europe,  where  it  is  highly 
prized,  both  on  account  of  its  flavor  and  from  the  fact  that  its  Hesh 
is  free  from  larvae.  In  Michigan,  and  probably  elsewhere  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  United  States,  the  fastidious  lovers  of  mush- 
room meat  are,  alas,  not  so  fortunate  as  their  European  brethren. 
During  many  years  of  collecting,  I  have  rarely  found  this  mushroom 
free  from  larvae  and  I  have  a  large  number  of  records.  Occasion- 
ally, immediately  after  its  rapid  development  due  to  favorable 
weather,  I  have  found  unattacked  specimens.  The  color  is  often 
much  paler  yellow  than  that  mentioned  above  and  a  white  form  is 
sometimes  found.  It  is  not  easily  confused  Avith  C.  aurantiacus^ 
which  has  thin  and  crowded  gills  and  ditferent  shades  of  yellow. 

5.     Cantherellus  cinnabarinus  Schw.     (Edible) 
Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  4,  1832. 

Illustrations :    Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  55,  Fig.  1-8. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  5,  PL  92,  Fig.  3. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  161,  p.  202,  1908. 
Plate  II  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1.5-3  cm.  broad  (rarely  up  to  7  cm,),  firm,  convex  and 
obtuse  or  expanded-depressed,  often  irregular,  glabrous,  cinnabar- 
red,  often  faded,  entirely  faded  in  dried  specimens.  FLESH  rather 
thin,  whitish  or  tinged  reddish  toward  surface.  GILLS  long- 
decurrent,  dichotomously  forked,  rather  distant,  narrow  and  ridge- 
form,  intervenose,  cinnabar-red,  yellowish  or  pinkish.  STEM  2-4 
cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  solid  or  subcavernous,  terete  or  compressed 
at  apex,  equal  or  tapering  downward,  tough-fleshy,  glabrous,  even, 
cinnabar-red  or  paler.  SPORES  oblong-elliptical,  8-10  x  4-5.5  micr., 
smooth,  Avhite  or  faintly  pink  in  mass.  BASIDIA  long  and  narrow, 
4-spore(l.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  37 

Gregarious,  on  the  gTound  in  open  frondose  woods  or  on  bare 
soil  along  woodroads.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  New  Richmond,  at 
least  throughout  the  Southern  Peninsula.    July-October.    Frequent. 

Easily  known  by  its  color  and  size.  When  fresh  the  color  is  cin- 
nabar-red but  after  exposure  to  wind  and  sun  the  color  may  be  lost. 
Often  the  stem  is  diluted  and  compressed  toward  the  apex,  in  which 
case  it  is  found  to  be  somewhat  hollow.  Typically  the  stem  is  solid. 
Some  think  C.  friesil  Quel,  is  the  same,  but  that  species  is  said  to 
have  a  velvety-flocculose  cap,  different  colors  and  probably  smaller 
spores.  Both  fade,  and  the  dried  specimens  probably  look  much 
alike.    Our  plant  seems  to  be  a  distinct  American  form. 

6.     Cantherellus  infundibuliformis  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  1109. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  1,  Fig.  4. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  41. 
White,  Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  No.  3,  PL 

15,  op.  p.  35. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PL  56,  Fig.  9-16. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  umbilicate  to  infundibuliform,  margin 
undulate  or  lohed,  pruinose-flocculose,  glabrescent,  cinereus-yellow- 
ish  to  watei-y-brown,  paler  when  dry.  FLESH  thin,  concolor. 
GILLS  decurrent,  narrow,  ridge-form,  dichotomously  or  irregularly 
forked,  pruinose,  distant,  cinereous,  STEM  3-9  cm.  long,  3-7  mm. 
thick,  slender,  equal  or  subequal,  glabrous,  holloio,  terete  or  com- 
pressed, yelloio.  SPORES  globose-  elliptical.  9-11x7-9  micr.,  smooth, 
pale  yellowish  in  mass.    ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Gregarious  on  the  ground  in  wet  swampy  places,  especially  in 
conifer  woods.  ^larquette,  Houghton,  New  Richmond.  August- 
October. 

Distinguished  from  all  the  preceding  by  its  thinner  somewhat 
pliant  pileus  and  darker  colors;  it  often  has  a  sooty  or  ashy 
shade.  The  center  of  the  cap  is  usually  perforated  so  as  to  expose 
the  hollow  cavity  of  the  stem  from  above.  Its  spores  are  quite  char- 
acteristic and  set  it  off  from  its  near  relatives,  which  Murrill  ( N.  A. 
Flora,  Vol.  9,  p.  168)  has  seen  fit  to  include  in  this  single  species. 


38  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

7.     Cantherellus  tubaeformis  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustratious :     Michael,  Fiilii-er  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  41. 
(?)  Cooke,  111.,  ri.  1108. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  couvex  and  obtuse,  at  leugth  depressed 
and  mai-j^iu  irregular  and  recurved,  sometimes  subinfundibuliform, 
not  perforated  hi  center,  browuisli-yellow  to  yellowish  ochraceus, 
sUky-tomentulose,  even,  scarcely  fading.  FLESH  thin  at  least  to- 
ward margin,  whitish-ochraceus.  GILLS  arcuate-decurrent,  mod- 
erately thick,  narrow  and  ridge-form,  dichotomously  forked,  inter- 
venose,  rather  distant,  not  pruinose,  flesh-gray  to  j^ellowish- 
ochraceus,  often  slightly  deeper  in  color  than  pileus  and  stem. 
STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  3-0  mm.  thick  (sometimes  thicker),  fulvous- 
j-ellow  to  ochraceous,  coucolor  within,  terete  or  canaliculate, 
sometimes  compressed,  subequal,  solid  or  stuffed  at  first,  sometimes 
at  length  hollow,  glabrous,  often  curved,  white  at  the  veiy  base. 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  7-9.5x5-0  micr.  punctate-granular,  pale 
creamy-white  in  mass.  BASIDIA  00-05x0-8  micr.  long,  slender,  at- 
tenuate downward.     ODOK  and  TASTE  none. 

On  the  ground  or  debris  of  froudose  woods  of  southern  Michigan. 
Ann  Arbor  and  surroundijig  region.    Juh'-August.     Infrequent. 

Characterized  primarily  by  its  spores  and  its  stutfed  stem.  It 
differs  from  the  preceding  also  in  its  rather  constant  colors.  Most 
of  our  plants  were  entirely  yellowish-ochraceous  when  fresh  and  the 
stem  Avas  not  hollow.  The  thin  structure  of  the  cap  separates  it 
from  other  yellowish  species.  Its  name  is  misleading,  since  in  its 
near  relative,  C.  infundihuliformis,  the  tube  is  continuous  from  the 
stem  to  the  surface  of  the  pileus,  while  here  the  cap  is  not  per- 
forated, and  the  stem  usually  not  hollow  except  in  age.  My  ob- 
servations agree  with  those  of  Ricken  in  these  respects.  CoAitherel- 
lus  lutescens  is  a  related  species,  with  an  orange-yellow  stem,  black- 
ish-brown, floccose-scaly  cap  and  orange  gills.  Its  spores  are  said 
to  measure  10-12x7-8  micr. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS    -  39 

**Gills  approaching  the  Jonn  of  those  of  true  Agwrics,  close  or 
crowded. 

8.     Cantherellus  umbonatus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PL  HOG. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  :N'o.  94. 
Krcken,  Bliitterpilze,  1*1.  '1,  Fig.  1. 
Michael,  FiVhrer  f.  Pilzfrennde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  51. 
Peck,  N.   Y.   State  Mus.  Bull.   67,  PL  81,  Fig.*  8-21    (as  C. 
dichotomous  Pk.). 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  top-shaped,  convex  to  plane  and  depressed, 
droicnish-gray  to  hlackish  or  smoky-gray,  luith  or  without  a  slight 
umbo,  pruinose  or  flocculose,  dry,  pliant,  margin  regular  or  wavy. 
FLESH  thin,  white,  becoming  reddish  with  age  or  some  time  after 
picking.  GILLS  decurrent,  rather  narrow,  thick,  dichotomously 
branched,  not  ridge-form,  close,  white,  then  stained  yellowish  or  red- 
dish, even  on  edge.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  thick,  equal  or 
attenuated  up  or  down,  elastic,  pallid  or  pale  gray,  sometimes 
smoky  above,  appressed-silky,  stuffed,  soft  fleshy-fibrous  within. 
SPORES  narrow,  subfusiform-elliptical,  9-11x3-4.5  micr.,  smooth, 
white  in  mass. 

Gregarious,  attached  to  moss,  especially  Polytrichum,  around 
peat-bogs  or  in  swampy  woods. 

Houghton,  Ann  Arbor,  probably  in  lake  districts  throughout  the 
state.     July-October.     Frequent  in  fall  till  frosts  or  later. 

Distinguished  from  the  preceding  two  by  the  more  highly  de- 
veloped gills,  the  slight  umbo  and  the  tendency  for  the  flesh  and 
gills  to  assume  reddish  stains  after  being  collected.  In  many  cases 
it  is  attached  directly  by  its  mycelium  to  the  stems  and  leaves  of 
living  mosses.  There  is  no  doubt  that  C.  dichotomous  Pk.  is  the 
same  species,  since  the  descriptions  of  (7.  umbonatus  with  which 
Peck  compared  his  plant  were  incomplete,  as  Saccardo  omitted  the 
fact  that  the  gills  are  dichotomously  forked. 


40  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

9.     Cantherellus  aurantiacus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Sverig.  jitl.  Svamp,  PL  79. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1104. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  86. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  1,  No.  27. 
Eicken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  2,  Fig.  2. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PL  37,  Fig.  124-125,  p.  129,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  159,  ]).  200,  1908. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad  (rarely  7)  pliant,  convex-plane,  depressed, 
at  length  often  concave-subinfundibulilorm  with  elevated  margin, 
margin  at  first  involute  at  length  undulate,  orange-ochraceus  to 
brownish-orange,  sometimes  pale,  subtomentose  or  subsquamulose 
on  disk,  even.  FLESH  soft,  somewhat  thick,  thin  on  margin,  pallid 
or  tinged  ochraceous.  GILLS  arcuate-decurrent,  thin,  edge  blunt, 
dichotomously  forked,  croicded,  rather  narrow,  not  ridge-form, 
bright  orange  or  tinged  wdth  salmon-color.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long, 
4-10  mm.  (or  more)  thick,  spongy,  thickened  downwards,  or  sub- 
equal,  stuffed  sometimes  hollow,  minutely  tomentose,  pale  orange 
varying  brownish  or  pallid-yellowisli.  SPORES  elliptical,  5-7x3-4 
micr.,  smooth,  whitish  in  mass.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious,  on  the  ground,  much  decayed  logs  or  wood,  among 
debris,  in  conifer  and  frondose  woods,  more  abundant  northward. 
Throughout  the  state.     July-October.     Frequent. 

Distinguished  from  C.  cibarius  by  its  thin,  crowded  gills  and 
orange  colors.  A  form  occurs  with  pale  yellowish-white  cap  and 
stem ;  this  I  have  seen  in  Sweden  where  it  is  more  common  than 
with  us.  Fries  says  a  white  form  also  appears.  It  is  marked  pois- 
onous or  suspected  by  many  European  authors,  although  Peck,  Mc- 
Ilvaine  and  others  have  eaten  it  without  bad  results,  but  the  flavor 
is  said  to  be  poor.  It  occurs  mainly  in  conifer  woods  but  also  in 
low  frondose  woods,  perhaps  where  tamarack  once  grew. 


MARASMIEAE 

Fruit-body  reviving  in  moist  weatlier,  becoming  shriveled  when 
dry;  fleshy-leatheiy,  tough  or  toughish,  j^ersistent,  normally  not 
putrescent.  Stem  when  present,  confluent  with  the  pileus.  Par- 
tial veil  or  universal  veil  lacking. 

'The  species  of  this  subfamily  are  well-marked  b}^  their  ability  to 
cease  growing  and  to  shrivel  up  in  dry  weather,  and  by  their  rejuve- 
nescence and  further  development  when  they  become  wet  again. 
The  gills  are  never  corky  or  woody  and  only  slightly  fleshy,  usually 
arid  and  toughish.  It  is  possible,  however,  to  find  forms  which 
approach  Collybia,  ^Nlycena  and  Pleurotus  and  which  represent 
connecting  links  between  those  genera  and  Marasmius.  The  follow- 
ing genera  are  included:  Trogia,  Schizophyllum,  Panus,  Leutinus, 
Marasmius,  and  Heliomvces. 


'-7 


Trogia  Fr. 

(After  Trog,  a  Swiss  botanist.) 

White-spored.  Flesh  toughish,  arid,  reviving  in  wet  weather. 
Gills  arid,  fold-like,  obtuse.     Pileus  sessile,  or  resupinate-reflexed. 

Small,  liguicolous,  reviving  plants,  usually  attached  to  dead 
]>ranches  of  frondose  trees.  Belated  to  Cantherellus  by  the  plicate, 
i.  e.,  fold-like  gills,  but  tougher  and  reviving,  as  in  Schizophyllum. 
The  genus  is  placed  under  the  Canthereleae  by  some  authors  but  the 
persistent,  reviving  and  arid  characters  ally  it  equally  close  to  the 
Marasmieae.  The  pileus  is  either  attached  at  a  more  or  less  eccen- 
tric point  or  resupinate  for  some  distance  and  the  gills  are  exposed 
in  moist  weather,  but  the  dried  pileus  usually  infolds  on  the  margin 
so  as  to  hide  the  gills  which  are  mostly  irregular  or  crisped. 

10.     Trogia  crispa  Fr. 

Monographia,  1833. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1114. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  708. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  14. 

Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  2,  Fig.  5. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms.  PI.  39,  Fig.  131,  op.  p.  137,  1900. 


I 


42  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

PILKUS  l-l*  eui.  broad,  tough,  *t'.s'.y//('.  soiuetinies  couchate  or 
shelving,  ofteu  resupiiiate  wlieu  moist,  sometimeis  subimbricate,  per- 
sistent, reviving  wheu  moist,  irreguhirly  incurved  when  dry,  surface 
tinged  reddish-yellow  with  wliitish  hairs,  bccoiiiiin/  tan  or  hiijf- 
broivnish  lohen  dry,  margin  lohed.  FLESH  thin,  tieshy-membrana- 
ceous.  GILLS  very  narrow,  irregularlj-  yein-like,  interrupted  or  en- 
tire, often  forked,  crisped,  white  or  bluish-grey.  SPOKES  cylin- 
drical, smooth,  o-t  X  1-1.5  micr.,  white. 

Scattered,  gregarious,  often  closely  crowded  on  limbs  or  bark 
of  frondose  trees,  especially  beech,  birch  and  cherry.  Throughout 
the  state.    Frequent. 

When  dry  the  plants,  roll  up  irregularly  and  almost  hide  the  gills, 
the  white  color  of  Ayhich  when  fresh  is  rather  sharply  contrasted  in 
most  cases  with  the  color  of  the  pileus.  It  has  been  placed  in  the 
genus  Plicatura  by  some  authors. 

11.     Trogia  alni  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872  (as  Plicatura  alni). 

"PlLErs  l.,"')-2.5  cm.  broad,  coriaceous,  rcstipitKttc-rcflc.rrd.  geuer- 
ally    imbricated,    silky-tomentulose,    hroiniish-fainn/,    the    margin    ■ 
sterile.      GILLS   narrow,    irregular,    interru])ted    wavy    or   crisped,   " 
angular,  white,  becoming  inconsi)icuous  on  drying." 

"On  alder,  etc." 

This  species  has  not  been  reported  in  the  state,  but  is  included 
for  the  sake  of  comparison.  Some  consider  it  identical  with 
Merujius  niveiis  Fr.,  but  tliat  species  is  said  to  be  i)ure  white. 

Schizophyllum  Fr. 

(From  the  Greek,  scJtizo,  to  si)lit  and  idiijJlon,  a  leaf,  referring  to    1 
the  split  edge  of  the  gills.) 

White-spored.  Leathery-tough,  arid,  reviving  in  wet  weather. 
Gills  split  halfway  from  the  edge  inwards.  Trama  of  pileus  thin. 
Veil  none. 

Only  one  species  is  known  in  our  region,  but  this  is  veiw  common. 
It  grows  on  wood,  on  dead  branches  and  trunks  of  standing  trees 
or  more  rarely  on  fallen  limbs.  The  gills  are  very  characteristic, 
differing  markedly  from  those  of  other  genera  by  being  split  and  the 
halves  recurved,  and  the  structure  of  the  Two  layers  is  continued 
upwards  almost  through  the  pileus  so  that  a  thin  pellicle  covers 
the  surface. 


A 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  43 

12.     Schizophyllum  commune  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1114  B. 

Gillet,  Champiguons  de  France,  Xo.  611. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  130,  p.  136,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  187,  p.  233,  1908. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  thin,  tough,  pliant,  sessile  by  the  nar- 
rowed base,  from  which  it  extends  in  a  fan-shaped  manner,  often 
suborbicular  and  lobed  on  the  incurved  margin,  tinged  with  brown- 
ish-gray when  moist,  ichitish  tohen  dry,  very  hairy  or  tomentose, 
reviving.  GILLS  radiating  from  the  point  of  attachment  of  the 
pileus,  leathery-tough,  split  on  edge,  white  or  gray,  sometimes  with 
other  tints,  tomentose,  on  the  inner  side  of  the  split.  SPORES 
minute,  cylindrical,  3-4x1-1.5  micr. 

Scattered  or  gregarious  on  dead  branches  or  trunks  of  frondose 
trees,  especially  of  hickory;  also  on  carpinus,  walnut,  elm,  maple, 
sycamore,  locust,  apple  and  probably  others.  Throughout  the 
state.     Very  common. 

This  is  a  pretty  fungus  when  growing  iu  luxuriance  and  can  not 
be  easily  mistaken  for  anything  else.  Some  species  of  Pleurotus 
have  a  similar  habit,  but  are  different  iu  texture  and  especially  in 
the  structure  of  the  gills. 

Panus  Fr. 

(From  the  Latin,  panus,  a  tumor.  Fries  says  the  name  was  used 
by  Pliny  for  a  tree-inhabiting  fungus.) 

White-spored.  Fleshy  leathery,  reviving,  tough,  persistent;  the 
texture  fibrous,  radiating  into  the  hymenium.  Stem  eccentric,  lat- 
eral or  lacking,  confluent  with  the  pileus.  Gills  at  length  coriace- 
ous, edge  entire. 

Not  putrescent,  but  arid  and  tough  as  in  the  genera  Lentinus, 
Marasmius,  etc.  They  approach  Pleurotus  and  some  species  have 
been  described  under  that  genus.  They  are  wood-inhabiting. 
P.  stipticus  has  poisonous  properties,  the  others  are  harmless. 

The  PILEUS  is  eccentric,  lateral  or  at  jirst  resupinate;  none  of 
the  last  section  has  been  distinguished  iu  the  state.  The  erect 
forms  often  have  very  irregular  and  crowded  and  depressed  pilei 
which  are  somewhat  thick.    Their  surface  is  usually  strigose,  villose 


44  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

or  slightly  scaly.  The  color  is  various.  The  FLESH  varies  from 
quite  tough  in  some  species  to  somewhat  fleshy  in  others ;  the  latter 
may  become  more  tough  with  age  so  that  several  species  are  easily 
confused  with  Pleurotus  in  the  young  stage.  It  is  advisable  to 
compare  specimens  with  both  genera  where  the  texture  is  in  doubt. 
The  GILLS  have  an  entire  edge  which  distinguishes  them  from  those 
of  the  genus  Lentinus  which  have  lacerate,  serrate,  thin  edges.  They 
become  tough  with  age  and  are  thickish.  Intermediate  forms  occur, 
especially  among  typical  species,  so  that  some  authors  combine 
Panus  with  Lentinus.  In  our  plants,  however,  the  character  of  the 
edge  of  the  gills  is  the  best  means  of  separation.  The  STEM  is 
short,  as  a  rule,  sometimes  continuous  with  the  pileus,  so  that  the 
pileus  is  not  margiuate  behind.  It  is  usually  hairy  or  scaly.  The 
SPOBES  vary  in  shape  and  size;  they  are  smooth  and  white.  CYS- 
TIDIA  are  present  in  P.  rudis  and  P.  angustatus. 

Several  of  the  species  are  very  common,  growing  on  stumps,  de- 
cayed branches,  etc.,  in  the  cities,  or  on  any  sort  of  dead  timber  in 
the  woods  and  fields.  The  harmless  species  are  rather  tough  for  the 
table,  but  can  be  used,  according  to  Mcllvaine,  to  flavor  soups  and 
gravies. 

The  genus  is  divided  into  three  sections,  of  which  the  following 
include  the  species  described  below : 

I.     Conchati. 

II.     Stiptici. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus  sessile  or  prolonged  laterally  into  a  stem-like  base, 
(a)     Pileus  with   a  gelatinous   layer,   whitish   or   yellowish,   spathulate 
to  fan-shaped.    16.    P.  angustaUis  Berk.     (Syn.  Pleurotus  stratosus 
Atk.) 
(aa)     Pileus  without  a  gelatinous  layer. 

(b)     Gills  when  young  covered  by  a  fugaceous  veil;   pileus  about  1 
cm.,  cupulate,  rufous.     On  alder  bushes.     P.    ojierculatus    B.  & 
C. 
(bb)     "Without  a  cortina. 

(c)     Pileus    hygrophanous,    small,    pinkish-gray;     gills    dark    fer- 
ruginous; on  willows.     17.     P.  salicinus  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus    not    hygrophanous,    small,    heaped    in    clusters,    pale 
brownish;    taste   very   disagreeable,    astringent.     15.     P.    slip- 
ticus  Ft. 
(AA)     Pileus  with  an  eccentric  stem;  1.  e.  pileus  marginate  behind, 
(a)     Pileus    white    or    creamy-white    when    fresh,    becoming    yellowish 
when  drying. 
(b)     Pileus  often  very  large,  densely  strigose-hairy;   whole  plant  be- 
comes dull  yellow  when  dried.     12a.     P.  strigosus  B.  &  C. 
(bb)     Pileus   up   to   6   cm.   broad,   surface   with   long,   delicate   hairs, 
margin  reticulated.     P.  laevis  B.  &  C. 
(aa)     Pileus  reddish-brown  to  alutaceous-tan,  medium  size,   margin   at 
first  inrolled. 
(b)     Pileus    rough    with    tufted   hairs,     tawny-alutaceous,     etc.,     gills 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  .45 

crowded  and  narrow.     13.     P.  rudis    Ft.      (Syn.    P.    strigosus 
Schw.) 
(bb)     Pileus  glabrous  or  obscurely  fibrillose-scaly. 
(c)     Gills  crowded  and  narrow.     14.     P.  toriilosus    var.    conchatus 

Ft. 
(cc)     Gills  close  to  subdistant.     14.     P.  torulosus  Ft. 

(Other  species  have  been  described  by  Peck,  P.  hetulinus  ou  birch, 
from  Ke^^foundland,  with  a  dimidiate,  grayish-brown  pileus;  P. 
nigrifoUus  from  Alabama,  with  distant,  dark-brown  gills.  P.  deal- 
hatus  Berk,  was  described  from  Ohio ;  it  has  an  umber  color  through- 
out, with  the  shape  of  P.  angustatus.  P.  alhotomentosus  Cke.  & 
Massee,  reported  by  Mcllvaine,  is  probably  the  same  as  Pleurotus 
albolanatus  Pk.  of  this  report.  P.  dorsalis  Bosc.  is  the  same  as 
Claudopus  nidulans.) 

Section  I.  Conchati.  Stem  eccentric;  pileus  irregular  or  con- 
chate. 

12a.     Panus  strigosus  B.  &  C.     (Edible) 

^^orth  American  Fungi,  iSo.  99. 
Illustration:    Plate  IV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  large,  varying  from  10  to  40  cm.  broad,  subcentral, 
strongly  eccentric  or  lateral,  marginate  behind,  fleshy-fibrous  to  sub- 
coriaceous,  convex,  subexpauded,  reniform,  covered  with  a  dense, 
thick,  strigose-villose  nap  composed  of  hairs  up  to  2  mm.  long  in 
large  specimens,  creamy -ichite  when  fresh,  becoming  yellow  on  dry- 
ing. FLESH  firm,  somewhat  tough,  up  to  2  cm.  thick,  tapering  to 
the  very  thin  margin,  yellowish  when  fresh,  white  when  dry.  GILLS 
subdecurrent,  hroad,  close  to  subdistant,  heterophyllous,  thick, 
white,  changing  to  yellow  on  drying,  edge  entire.  STEM  short  or 
long,  stout,  2-15  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  thick,  strigose-villose,  eccentric 
or  almost  lateral,  whitish  to  yellowish,  sometimes  tinged  cinereous. 
SPORES  elougated-obloug,  11-13  x  3l^-4l^  micr.,  smooth  white  in 
mass.    CYSTIDIA  none.    ODOR  stronger  in  age,  rather  agreeable. 

(Dried:  Strigosity  and  cuticle  are  dull  golden-yellow,  flesh  whit- 
ish, gills  ferruginous.) 

Solitary  or  caespitose,  subimbricate,  growing  from  the  wounds  of 
maple  and  yellow  birch ;  also  on  apple  trees  and  other  deciduous 
trees.  Probably  throughout  the  state;  Houghton,  New  Richmond. 
August- September.     Infrequent  or  rare.     Edible  when  young. 

This  is  the  largest  Panus  we  have ;  the  pileus  is  often  a  foot  and 


46  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

more  iu  diameter  and  the  stem  very  stout.  The  descriptions  in  the 
books  are  veiy  meagre,  and  no  mention  is  made  of  the  change  of 
color  on  drying.  The  dried  specimens  are  elegant.  Its  flesh  is  not 
verj'  tough  and  it  is  easily  mistaken  for  a  Pleurotus.  The  gills  are 
ve'ry  broad  in  large  specimens,  not  truly  distant,  and  are  usually 
distinct  on  the  stem  or  anastomose  onl}-  in  an  obscure  manner  if 
at  all.  Some  specimens  are  almost  lateral,  growing  in  a  somewhat 
ascendiug-subhorizoutal  position,  but  with  a  marginate  pileus; 
others  have  a  subcentral  stem.  This  is  not  Lentiniis  strigosus 
Schw.,  a  species  which  seems  to  be  synonymous  with  Parvus  rudis. 
Some  consider  P.  laevis  B.  &  C.  to  be  the  same  as  P.  strigosus. 

13.     Panus  rudis  Fr.     (Edible) 
Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  179,  p.  224,  1908. 
Eicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  26,  Fig.  1. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  Xo.  637. 
Plate  V  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  irregular,  eccentric  or  sublateral,  ascend- 
ing, depressed  or  vase  shaped,  sometimes  infundibuliform,  cuneate- 
rounded  when  young,  tough,  villose-velvety  or  strlgose,  alutaceous 
to  reddish  brown,  margin  often  lohed,  incurved.  GILLS  narrow, 
crowded,  decurrent,  pallid  or  tinged  with  the  color  of  pileus,  pube- 
scent, edge  entire.  STEM  sliort.  eccentric,  sometimes  almost  lack- 
ing, villose,  concolor.  SPORES  elliptical-oval,  5-6x2-3  micr., 
smooth,  white.     TASTE  slightly  bitter  at  times.     ODOR  none. 

Caespitose-crowded.  EveryAvhere  in  toA\Ti  and  country,  on 
stumps,  logs,  dead  branches,  tranks,  etc.,  of  frondose  trees.  Through- 
out the  state.    ]\Iay  to  November.     Yery  common. 

This  is  Lentiniis  lecomtei  of  many  American  notices,  not  the  true 
L.  lecomtei  Schw.  which  has  serrate  gills.  Our  plant  has  entire 
gills.  Schweinitz  described  the  true  L.  lecomtei  from  a  specimen 
sent  from  Georgia  by  Lecomte.  (See  Lloyd,  Myc,  Notes,  Vol.  I, 
p.  60.)  It  is  also  Lentinus  strigosus  Schw.  to  which  Peck  refers  his 
specimens.  Peck  says  it  was  found  iu  one  case  on  a  balsam  fir 
trunk,  wliile  ordinarily  it  is  limited  to  deciduous  trees.  Patouil- 
lard says  the  gills  of  P.  rudis  are  serrate,  which  is  a  rather  remark- 
able statement.  It  can  be  used  for  flavoring  gravies  and  dries  well 
for  winter  use,  but  is  readilv  attacked  bv  beetles. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  47 

14.     Panus  torulosus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1S21.     (As  Pleurotus  torulosus.)     Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  180,  p.  225,  1908. 
Gillet,  Champignous  de  France,  Ko.  511. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plate  1119. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  or  broader,  fleshy-pliant  at  first  then 
tough,  from  plane  to  infundibuliform,  eccentric  or  almost  lateral, 
marginate  behind,  livid  flesh  color  or  tinged  violet  or  reddish^  sur- 
face when  young  and  fi'esh  with  a  delicate,  detersile  tomentum; 
soon  (jlattroiis,  sometimes  slightly  scaly  in  the  center  of  the  cup., 
even  on  the  margin,  sometimes  wavy.  FLESH  pallid,  thickish,  be- 
coming thinner  when  full-grown.  GILLS  decurrent,  close  to  suh- 
distant,  narrow,  simple,  occasionally  forked,  sometimes  anastomos- 
ing on  the  stem,  pallid  to  violet  rufescent  then  alutaceous,  edge  even. 
STEM  short,  2-3  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  thick,  stout,  solid,  tough,  eccentric 
or  lateral,  covered  with  a  violaceous  or  gray  tomentum.  SPORES 
elliptical,  6x3  niicr.,  smooth,  white. 

Caespitose,  on  decaying  stumps,  logs,  trunks,  etc.,  of  frondose 
trees.     Ann  Arbor.     September.     Infrequent. 

Var.  conchatus  Fr.  Pileus  thinner,  alutaceous  and  not  with  violet 
tints;  gills  closer.  On  beech  log,  Bay  View.  Infrequent.  Becom- 
ing quite  large,  up  to  15  cm.  broad. 

The  species  of  Fries,  Panus  concliatus,  does  not  seem  to  me  speci- 
fically distinct,  as  the  characters  which  he  emphasizes  occur  also  in 
P.  torulosus.  Specimens  of  the  latter  can  be  found  whose  pileus 
becomes  minutely  scaly  at  length,  and  whose  gills  vary  forked  and 
anastomosing,  although  never  markedly  so.  The  closeness  of  the 
gills  depends  somewhat  on  the  expansion  of  the  pileus  and  this 
varies  not  a  little.  LTnder  certain  weather  conditions,  the  violet 
and  reddish  tints  of  P.  torulosus  are  lacking,  and  then  the  plant 
could  be  referred  to  the  other  species.  The  spores  of  the  two  species, 
if  I  have  interpreted  correctly,  are  exactly  alike,  and  unless  struc- 
tural differences  can  be  shown  it  w^ere  better  to  make  P.  conchatus 
a  synonym  of  P.  torulosus  as  was  done  by  Quelet.  (Enchiridion 
Fuugoram.)  If  collected  in  diy  weather,  they  may  be  confused  with 
infundibuliform  species  of  Clitocybe. 

Section  II.  Stiptici.  Pileus  sessile  or  prolonged  behind  into  a 
stem-like  base. 


48  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

15.     Panus  stipticus  Fr,     (Poisonous) 

Syst.  My  col.,  1821.     (As  Pleurotus  stipticus.)     Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  178,  p.  222. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  26,  Fig.  3. 
Midiael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  3,  No.  66. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  510. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  venj  tough,  pale  cinnamon,  fading  to 
wliitish,  convex,  subreniform,  depressed  and  abruptly  narrowed  be- 
hind, surface  breaking  up  into  minute,  furfuraceous  scales,  even. 
GILLS  thin,  determinate,  i.  e.,  abrupt  behind,  venose-connected, 
crowded,  cinnamon,  STEM  lateral,  short,  distinct  below,  solid 
often  compressed,  pruinose,  paler  than  gills.  SPORES  minute,  nar- 
rowly oblong,  1-.5  X  2  micr.,  smooth,  while.  TASTE  vcrij  astringent. 
CYSTIDIA  none  on  sides  of  gills. 

Caespitose.  On  wood ;  stumps,  logs,  trunks,  etc.  Throughout  the 
state.    May  to  October.    Common. 

This  little  Panus  is  not  edible,  because  of  its  toughness  and 
its  very  disagreeable  taste.  It  is  said  to  be  a  violent  purgative. 
When  fresh  it  is  slightly  phosphorescent  in  a  dark  room.  On  the 
under  side  it  appears  to  have  a  very  definite  stem,  ending  abruptly 
at  the  gills ;  above,  the  stem  is  not  distinguishable.  It  revives  when 
moistened,  so  that  a  cluster  may  be  seen  in  place  during  the  whole 
season.  | 

16.    Panus  angustatus  Berk. 

Lea's  Catalogue  of  Plants,  1849. 

See  also  Pleurotus  stratosus  Atk.=syn,  Jour,  of  Mycol.,  Vol,  8, 
1902.  i 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  ohovate  to  hroadly  cuneate,  sessile  or  pro- 
longed into  a  stem-like  base,  convex  or  depressed,  sordid  white  to 
pale  tawny,  trama  composed,  under  the  microscope,  of  four  layers 
(a)  the  surface  layer  of  erect  hyphae  which  form  a  minute  tomen- 
tum;  beneath  this  (b)  a  thin,  compact  layer;  (c)  a  gelatinous  layer 
of  open,  slender,  distant,  palisade  threads;  (d)  a  compact,  floccose- 
interwoven  layer,  about  half  the  thickness  of  the  pileus;  margin 
crenate-wavy.  FLESH  thin,  tough,  soft.  GILLS  converging,  very 
narrow,  crowded,  white  or  yellowish.  SPORES  minute,  spheroid- 
oval,  3  micr.  diam.,  smooth,  white  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  numerous, 
fusoid  or  lanceolate,  45-60x10-14  micr.     BASIDIA  4-spored. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  49 

Caespitose,  often  imbricate,  sometimes  solitary,  on  very  rotten 
wood  of  birch,  hemlock,  etc.,  of  northern  Michigan.  Bay  View, 
Houghton,  Neganuee.     Jiily-Angiist.     Infrequent.     Probably  edible. 

This  species  has  much  the  appearance  of  Pleicrotus  petaloides  and 
Pleurotiis  alholanatus.  When  fresh  it  is  hard  to  tell  whether  it 
ought  to  be  referred  to  Panus  or  Pleurotus.  I  have  found  it  only  in 
the  region  of  conifer  or  mixed  woods. 

» 

17.    Panus  salicinus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

'TILEUS  8-12  mm.  broad,  firm,  thin,  convex,  deflexed  or  subpen- 
dant,  liiifjroplianous^  minutely  farinaceus-tomentose,  pinkish-gray. 
GILLS  moderately  broad  and  close,  converging  to  an  eccentric 
point,  dark  ferruginous.  STEM  very  short  below  or  obsolete,  obli- 
quely attached  to  the  vertex  of  the  pileus." 

''Gregarious.    Trunks  of  dead  willows." 

This  was  reported  by  Longyear  in  4th  Report  Michigan  Academy 
of  Science.    I  have  given  Peck's  description. 

Lentinus  Fr. 
(From  the  Latin,  lentus,  tough.) 

White-spored.  Fleshy-leathery,  tough,  reviving,  persistent,  often 
becoming  hard  when  old.  Stem  eccentric,  lateral  or  none,  confluent 
with  pileus.  Gills  concrete  with  pileus,  thm,  membranous,  edge  be- 
coming serrate  or  lacerate. 

Tough,  even  somewhat  woody  in  age,  lignicolous  and  polymorph- 
ous. They  approach  the  fleshy  Pleuroti  on  one  side,  and  the  woody 
Lenzites  on  the  other.  From  Panus  the  thin,  lacerate  edge  of  the 
gills  alone  distinguishes  them.  They  are  very  abundant  in  the 
tropics  but  there  are  relativel}^  few  species  with  us. 

The  PILELTS  varies  in  size,  being  quite  large  in  L.  lepidens  and 
L.  vulpimis,  or  only  about  a  centimeter  broad  in  our  small  forms. 
It  is  often  scaly  spotted,  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  cuticle.  Thq 
GILLS  are  thin  as  compared  with  our  species  of  Panus,  and  be- 
come lacerated-serrate  on  the  edge.  Their  texture  is  homogeneous 
with  the  trama  of  the  pileus  and  not  at  all  separable  from  it,  as  is 
the  case  with  the  section  Paxil loideae  of  the  genus  Clitocybe.  They 
are  white  but  often  become  dingy  and  arid  with  age,  and  are  usually 
decurrent  or  become  so  at  maturity.  The  STEM  is  tough,  often 
7 


5U  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

hard  and  woody  ai  the  base  where  it  is  inserted,  i.  e.,  iustititious, 
on  tlie  ligneous  substratum.  Although  normally  eccentric  or  lateral 
in  our  species,  it  may  become  central,  especially  when  growing  on 
top  of  the  substratum.  Some  species  have  adapted  themselves  to 
the  debris  or  humus  on  the  ground,  so  as  to  appear  terrestrial.  In 
one  section  there  is  often  a  definite  veil,  as  in  L.  lepideus  and  L. 
tigrinus  but  it  soon  disappears  or  only  rarely  remains  on  the  stem 
or  on  the  margin  of  the  young  pileus  as  shreds  or  fibrils.  The 
SPOKES  vary  in  shape,  in  our  species  mostly  elongated-oblong  or 
elliptical.  Fries  in  characterizing  the  genus  (Hymen.  Europ.),  as 
well  as  Quelet  (Enchiridion)  and  Patouillard  (Les  Hymen. 
d'Europe),  say  the  spores  are  subglobose.  This  is  not  at  all  the 
case  with  all  of  our  species,  although  it  iwaj  apply  to  the  majority 
of  tropical  ones.  Massee  (Agaricaceae,  Eur.  Fung.  Flora)  records 
comparatively  few  spore-measurements,  so  that  the  statement  of  the 
above  authors  seems  remarkable.  The  spores  are  white,  smooth  and 
often  no  longer  present  in  old  specimens.    CYSTIDIA  are  lacking. 

\This  is  a  troublesome  genus  because  of  the  fact  that  the  nature 
of  the  context,  determines  largely  its  place  in  the  classification. 
Hence  various  species  have  been  referred  here  by  mycologists  only 
to  be  later  removed  to  genera  with  fleshy  or  fibrous  context.  Orig- 
inally the  genus  Panus  was  included  and  some  authors  still  include 
it.  Panus  rudis  is  commoulv  called  Lentinus  Lecomtei,  the  latter 
being  a  species  we  do  not  have  with  us.  Lentinus  strigosus  Schw.  is 
also  Panus  rudis.  Collybia  lacunosa  Pk.  is  often  mistaken  for  a 
Lentinus,  and  was  erroneously  referred  to  L.  chrysopeplos  B.  &  C. 
in  the  8th  Eep.  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  34.  Others  have  referred 
OmphaJia  umheUijera  var.  scabriuscula  Pk.  to  L.  chrysopeplos. 
(See  White's  2nd  Eep.  on  Hymeuiales  of  Conn.,  p.  22.)  Certain 
S])ecies  of  Clitocybe,  like  C.  piceina  are  often  quite  tough,  but  differ 
in  the  gills  being  discrete  from  pileus.  Again,  species  of  Paxillus 
might  be  confused  with  this  genus.  It  is  well  for  the  amateur  to 
compare  the  prominent  characters  of  these  different  genera  before 
deciding  on  a  determination.  None  are  reported  poisonous;  their 
toughness  yields  only  to  thorough  cooking.  They  are  hardly  to  be 
considered  delicacies,  but  according  to  Mcllvaine  may  be  used  to 
(lavnr  soups.  The  large  L.  lepideus  is  often  common  on  railroad  ties 
and  cut  timber,  and  doubtless  is  an  important  agent  in  the  decay 
of  wood  thus  attacked. 

Tlie  key  will  include  also  such  species  as  may  be  looked  for  in 
the  state.    The  genus  is  represented  by  two  sections : 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  51 

I.  Mesopodes. 

II.  Pleuroti. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus   subentire;    stem   distinct. 

(a)  Pileus  more  or  less  scaly. 

(b)  Pileus   umbilicate,   with   blackish-brown   scales   in   the   umbilicus; 
often  deformed  with  aborted  gills.     18.     L.  tigrinus  Fr. 

(bb)     Pileus  convex,  or  plane  and  obtuse. 

(c)     Pileus  commonly  rather  large,  5-1.5  cm.  broad, 
(d)     Gills   anastomosing   on   the   stem;    spores   12-15x5-6   micr.; 

pileus  large,  at  first  glabrous.     L.  underwoodii  Pk. 
(dd)     Gills  not  anastomosing, 
(e)     Pileus    with     spot-like,    brownish    scales,     gills    sinuate; 

spores  11-13  x  4-6  micr.     19.     L.  lepideus  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus   rimose-scaly;    gills   not   sinuate;    spores    8-10x4-5 
micr.     L.  spretus  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  5  cm.  or  less  in  width. 

(d)     Pileus  thin,  rufous-tinged,  sulcate  on  margin,  1-2  cm.  broad. 

L.  sulcattis  Berk, 
(dd)     Pileus    thick,    obconic,    not    sulcate;    gills    long-decurrent. 
L.  obconicus  Pk. 
(aa)     Pileus  glabrous,  not  large. 

(b)     Caespitose,  rarely  solitary;  pileus  subinfundibuliform. 

(c)     Stem    furrowed,    confluent-caespitose.     23.     L.    cocMeatus    Fr. 
(cc)     Stem  not  furrowed;  on  the  ground.    L.  americana  Pk. 
(bb)     Not  caespitose  or  rarely  so;  pileus  plane,  or  slightly  depressed 
to  umbilicate. 
(c)     Pileus    hygrophanous,   umbilicate;    stem   central   or   eccentric. 

20.     L.  uviMlicaUis  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 
(d)     Pileus  reddish-brown;  stem  whitish;  spores  minute,  globose, 

3-4  micr.     22.     L.  microspervia  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  ochraceous  to    cream-color;    stem    short,    blood-red 
to  reddish;  spores  oblong.     21.     L.  haematopus  Berk. 
(AA)     Pileus  dimidiate,  sessile. 

(a)     Pileus  large,  5-15  cm.  broad,  imbricate,  coarsely  hairy  and  rough- 
ribbed,  flesh-color.     24.     L.vulpinus  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  less  than  5  cm. 
(b)     Taste   peppery;    pileus  thick,   whitish,   becoming   reddish-brown, 

hairy.     25.     L.  ursinus  Fr. 
(bb)     Taste  pleasant;    pileus  thin,   whitish  or  yellowish     L.   suavis- 
sivius  Pk. 

Section  I.    Mesopodes :    Pileus  subentire,  stem  distinct. 

^Pileus  scaly.    Provided  when  young  tvith  a  veil. 

18     Lentinus  tigrinus  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821.     (As  Omphalia  tigrina.)     Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :     Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  406. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  26,  Fig.  2. 
Gillet,  Cliampiiiiions  de  France,  No.  406. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plate  1138  and  1139. 
Lvman,  G.  R.  Proc.  Boston.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  33,  Plate 


52  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

23  et  al.     (Illustrating  the  abnormal  form,  Lentodium  squa- 
mtilosum.) 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  llesb^'-leathery,  at  first  orbicular,  con- 
vex then  plane  and  um^ilicate,  white  but  covered,  especially  at  the 
center,  with  bJacMsh-hroimi,  hairy  scales,  margin  at  length  wavy 
and  often  split.  FLESH  white,  thin.  .  GILLS  decurrent,  some- 
what narrow,  close,  white,  edge  eroded-serrate.  STEM  1-3  cm.  long 
slender,  tapering  downward,  solid,  minutely  scaly,  whitish,  white 
within,  often  darker  at  base.  At  first  with  a  delicate  veil,  which 
may  form  an  evanescent  annulus.  SPOKES  elliptical-oblong,  6-7  x 
3-31/2  micr.,  smooth,  white  in  mass,  often  copious. 

Gregarious.  On  dead  wood,  which  is  usually  hard.  Ann  Arbor, 
]S'ew  Pichmond.     September,    lufrequeur. 

The  umbilicate,  thin,  pileus,  different  scales,  and  much  shorter 
spores,  distingTiish  it  from  L.  Icpideus.  It  is  at  first  soft,  but  be- 
comes coriaceous  in  dr\^  weather.  Ricken  gives  the  spore-length 
almost  twice  that  of  the  American  plants. 

A  monstrous  form  occurs,  which  is  often  more  common  than  the 
normal  form  or  may  be  the  only  one  found.  This  was  placed  by 
Morgan  in  a  new  genus,  Lentodium  squanuilosum.  Prof.  Lyman 
raised  this  form  in  the  laboratory  from  spores  and  considered  it 
definitely  distinct  from  L.  tigriivm,  as  indeed  his  results  strongly 
indicate.  (See  reference  above  to  Lyman's  paper.)  Peck,  however 
(N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  131),  points  out  that  the  monstrosity  and 
L.  tigrinus  itself  appear  on  the  same  log  and  considers  this  to  show 
that  they  are  one  and  the  same.  Lyman  never  obtained  the  normal 
form  from  his  cultures  of  spores  from  basidia  of  Lentodium. 

The  collection  which  I  made  at  jS'cav  Richmond  was  observed  for 
several  weeks,  and  all  stages  were  seen  on  the  same  pieces  of  wood 
lying  on  the  ground,  both  the  perfect  form  with  regular  gills,  and 
the  deformed  form.  The  latter  has  the  gills  obliterated  by  an  over- 
growth of  mycelium,  so  that  the  under  side  of  the  pileus  presents  an 
even  surface,  much  as  in  one  form  of  Xyctalis  asteropliora.  In  the 
light  of  Lyman's  researches,  tliis  form  must  be  considered  as  a 
regular  variation  o'f  this  mushroom,  whose  tramal  hyphae  may 
produce  basidia  and  spores  without  the  development  of  true  gills. 
The  monstrosity  often  becomes  quite  hard  and  woody  in  dry  weather 
and  is  unique  among  our  fungi. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  53 

19.     Lentinus  lepideus  Fr.  .  (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1S21,     (As  Omphalia  lepidea.)     Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

IllustratioDS :    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  182,  p.  228,  1908. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  p.  56,  1905. 
Freeman,  Miuu.  Plant  Diseases,  Fig.  116,  p.  237.    1905. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plate  1140. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  105. 
Plate  VI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-15  cm.  or  more  broad,  compact  and  -firm,  toughish, 
regular  or  irregular,  convex  or  obtuse,  at  length  plane,  buff  to  pale 
ochraceous,  variegated  with  subconcentric,  brownish,  adpressed. 
spot-like  scales,  even  or  sometimes  areolate-cracked.  FLESH  white, 
pliant  when  fresh,  hard  when  dry.  GILLS  decurrent,  sinuate  be- 
hind, broad,  subdistant  behind,  close  in  front,  white,  often  fer- 
ruginous-stained, transversely  rivulose  or  striate,  serrately-eroded, 
covered  when  young  by  a  membranous  white  VEIL.  STEM  short, 
2-5  cm.  or  longer,  l-2i/^  cm.  thick,  stout,  solid,  hard,  pointed  at  base. 
scaly,  irregular  in  cross-section,  at  first  ringed  at  apex  b}^  the  veil. 
SPORES  elongated-oblong,  10-13x1-51/^  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
ODOR  pleasant,  rather  faint. 

Solitary  or  somewhat  caespitose.  On  old  timbers  of  bridges,  side 
walks,  railroad  ties,  fence  posts,  or  on  sun-exposed  logs,  stumps,  etc., 
in  woods,  preferably  on  wood  of  conifers,  hemlock,  pine,  tamarack, 
but  also  on  oak,  etc. 

Throughout  the  state.  May-October.  Common.  Edible  when 
voung. 

A  species  has  been  segregated  from  this  one  by  Peck,  who  has  de- 
scribed a  new  form  with  gills  which  are  decurrent  but  not  sinuate 
and  which  has  spores  71/2-10x4-5  micr.,  under  the  name  Lentinus 
spretus.  It  has  a  more  slender  habit,  thinner  pileus,  and  smaller 
scales.  This  doubtless  occurs  also  with  us.  Lentimis  lepideus,  in 
the  happy  phrase  of  Mcllvaine,  "is  a  sort  of  commercial  traveler." 
It  is  found  everywhere  on  railway  ties,  whose  decay  it  accelerates. 
Its  ability  to  grow  in  rather  dry  situations  makes  it  a  dangerous 
enemy  of  exposed  timbers,  especially  of  coniferous  wood.  Speci- 
mens found  on  old  tamarack  logs  measured  20  cm.  across  the  pileus, 
and  had  a  well  developed  veil  which  formed  a  membranous  ring  at 
the  apex. 


54  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

**Pileuii  glairous;  veil  lacking. 

20.    Lentinus  umbilicatus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  28,  1876. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  Plate  I,  Fig.  15-19. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  tough,  convex,  loith  a  deep  umbilicus 
Jil/gropJtaiioii.s,  water-brown,  (mofst),  fading,  glabrous,  even.  FLESH 
tliin.  GILLS  adnate  or  slightly  decurrent,  close,  broadest  behind, 
narrower  in  front,  whitish,  edge  serrate.  STEM  1-21/2  cm.  long, 
2-3  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  glabrous,  stuffed  or  hol- 
low, tough,  slifjJttlij  ic  rill  hied  or  lacunose,  central  or  eccentric, 
concolor  or  paler.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  6  x  3.5-4  micr., 
smooth,  white.    ODOR  none.    TASTE  tardily  acrid. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  among  leaves,  in  mixed  woods  of 
pine,  beech,  etc.     New  Richmond.     September.     Rare. 

This  little  Lentinus  has  the  liabit  of  a  Clitocybe.  Our  specimens 
had  a  central  stem  and  grew  from  the  ground.  It  is,  however,  said 
to  grow  on  wood,  where  it  has  an  eccentric  stem.  Its  serrate  gills 
and  tough  texture  separate  it  from  Clitocybe.  It  is  close  to  L.  ompha- 
lodes  Fr.  and  may  be  its  American  form. 

21.     Lentinus  haematopus  Berk. 
Grevillea,  1872. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  orbicular  or  wider  than  long,  sometimes 
lobed,  umhilicate  or  depressed,  pale  or  sordid  yellow,  glabrous,  even. 
FLESH  tough,  whitish,  tinged  yellow,  fliiii.  GILLS  decurrent,  nar- 
row, subdistant,  white  to  dull  yellowish,  edge  toothed  to  nearly 
entire.  STEM  short,  4-6  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  eccentric  to  sub- 
lateral,  firm,  glabrous  blood-red  or  reddish.  SPORES  oblong-ellip- 
tical, inequilateral,  7-9  x  3  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
ODOR  aromatic-pleasant.     TASTE  bitterish. 

Solitary.     On  wood.     Ishpeming.     August.     Rare. 

The  specimen  from  which  most  of  the  above  description  was 
made,  w^as  sent  to  Peck  Avho  identified  it  as  this  species..  It  was 
first  sent  to  Berkeley  from  an  unknown  locality  in  North  America. 
Peck  refiorts  it  twice  from  New  York.  In  our  plant  the  pileus  is 
laterally  extended  on  the  short  sublateral  stem,  and  the  gills  and 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  55 

flesh  have  a  distinct  dull  yellow  tiuge.    It  was  found  in  mixed  woods 
in  the  Northern  Peninsula. 

22.    Lentinus  microsperma  Pk. 
.    Torr.  Bot.  Club.  Bull.  33,  1906. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex,  ohtuse,  soft-pliant,  glabrous, 
even,  hroionish-tan,  darker  on  disk,  margin  spreading.  FLESH 
white,  thin.  GILLS  adnexed-emarginate,  rather  narrow,  attenuate 
in  front,  close,  white,  becoming  dingy  creamy-yellowish,  edge 
laeerate-cr&nulate.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  thick,  varvdng 
slender  or  rather  stout,  hollow,  terete  or  compressed,  eccentric, 
sometimes  grooved,  glabrous,  equal,  whitish.  SPORES  minute, 
globose,  3-1.5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none.  BASIDIA 
clavate,  about  25  x  5  micr.     TASTE  bitterish. 

Caespitose.  On  decayed  wood.  New  Richmond.  September. 
Rare. 

This  species  was  first  sent  to  Peck  from  Missouri.  It  seems  to 
be  quite  distinct  although  rare.    I  have  collected  it  but  once. 

23.     Lentinus  cochleatus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821.     (As  Omphalia  cochleata.)     Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations*    Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  103. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  26,  Fig.  1. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  126. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plate  1142. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  183,  p.  229,  1908. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  tough,  flaccid,  irregularlif-compressed  or 
lohed,  variable  in  shape,  depressed  to  infundihuUform,  glabrous, 
pale  reddish  ochraceous  to  brownish-isabelline.  FLESH  thin,  whit- 
ish. GILLS  decurrent,  rather  broad,  close,  whitish  tinged  flesh- 
color,  edge  serrate.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  thick,  glabrous, 
central,  eccentric  or  sublateral,  confluent  at  'base,  deeply  sulcate, 
solid,  variously  and  irregularly  thickened,  concolor.  SPORES 
minute,  subglobose,  4-5  micr.  diam.,  smooth,  white  in  mass.  ODOR 
somewhat  aromatic. 

Confluent-caespitose,  in  dense  tufts.  On  stumps,  decaying  wood 
of  birch,  ash,  chestnut,  etc.,  sometimes  on  wood  buried  in  the  ground, 
in  mixed  and  frondose  woods.  Throughout  the  state.  July  to  Sej)- 
tember.    Common  locally. 


56  THE   A.GARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

The  densely  tufted  furrowed  stems  and  irregular  oue-sided  vase; 
shaped  pilei  distinguish  this  at  once.  Often  there  are  many  short 
undeveloped  pilei  around  the  base  of  large  tufts.  The  plant  is  rare 
in  some  localities,  and  in  others  it  may  be  veiy  plentiful. 

Section  II.    Pleuroti.     Stem  lateral  or  none.     Pileus  dimidiate. 

24.     Lentinus  vulpinus  Fr. 
Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations :  Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Figs.  128,  129,  p.  134-5,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Plate  2G,  Fig.  181,  p.  227,  1908. 
Fries,  Icones,  Plate  176. 

PILEUS  5-15  cm.  broad,  sessile,  multiple-imbricated,  conchate- 
reniform,  joined  at  their  bases,  coarselij  hairy  or  scritpose,  radiateljj 
rough  Hhhcd,  flesh  color  to  alutaceous,  margin  strongly  incun'ed. 
FLESH  rather  thin,  tough-fleshy,  whitish.  GILLS  decurrent,  broad 
toward  front,  na'irowed,  to  the  'base  of  the  pileus,  crowded,  simple, 
white  or  tinged  flesh  color,  edge  coarsely  serrate.  SPORES  sub- 
globose,  3-4  X  2-3  micr.,  veiy  minute,  smooth,  white  in  mass,  copiously 
shed  on  the  pilei.    ODOR  and  TASTE  rather  strong,  pungent. 

Densely  connate-imbricate.  On  decaying  logs,  stumps  and  trunks 
of  various  deciduous  trees.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  New  Richmond, 
Houghton,  Marquette.     Records  from  July  25-Oct.  *19.     Infrequent. 

It  reappears  on  the  same  log  in  successive  years.  The  veiy  rough 
and  peculiarly  colored  pileus  is  not  easily  mistaken.  It  grows  in 
shelving  masses  of  many  individuals,  almost  equalling  Pleurotus 
ostreatus  in  this  respect,  and  is  by  far  the  largest  of  the  dimidiate 
species  of  the  genus. 

25.     Lentinus  ursinus  Fr. — Bres. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821.     (As  Pleurotus.)) 
Illustration :    Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  1,  PI.  66. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  sessile,  ascending,  subimbricate,  subreni- 
form,  convex,  pale  reddish-'broicn,  vaiying  glabrous  to  sub-tomen- 
tose,  even,  fading.  FLESH  thickish,  very  thin  on  margin,  tough- 
ish.  GILLS  subdecurrent  or  radiating  from  the  stem-like  base. 
rather  broad,  close,  dingj'  white  to  whitish-alutaceous,  edge  lacerate- 
dentate.     SPORES  sp7?erof rf,  5.5  x  4   micr.,    almost    smooth,   white. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  57 

CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR  mild.  TASTE  none  or  slightly  disagree- 
able. 

On  prostrate  tmnks  in  woods  of  beech  and  hemlock.  New  Eich- 
mond.    September.    Infrequent. 

Known  by  the  sessile,  rufous-brown  pileus,  which  is  somewhat 
tomentose  or  at  least  pruinose  behind.  Fries  (Monographia)  gives 
the  size  of  the  pileus  as  about  7  cm.  broad ;  our  plants  agree  better 
with  Bresadola's  description,  averaging  even  smaller.  Peck  (!N.  Y. 
State  Bull.  131)  reports  the  larger-sized  plant  but  says  the  taste  is 
acrid  and  the  margin  of  the  pileus  costate-corrugate. 

Marasmius  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  maraino,  to  wither  or  shrivel.) 

White-spored.  Flesh  tough,  arid,  shriveling  in  dry  weather,  re- 
viving  again  in  wet  loeatlier.  Stem  central,  confluent  with  the 
pileus,  but  of  different  texture,  often  horny.    Veil  none.   Gills  arid. 

Terrestrial  or  lignicolous,  frequently  on  midribs  or  veins  of  fallen 
leaves,  on  grass,  etc.  Except  in  the  texture  of  the  pileus,  it  is  sim- 
ilar and  closely  related  to  the  genera  Oollybia  and  Mycena,  and 
with  the  same  habit.  A  few  are  highly  prized  for  the  table.  M. 
oreades,  is  one  of  our  best-flavored  mushrooms,  especially  delicious 
when  used  in  gravy  or  soups.  M.  scorodomus,  because  of  its  garlic 
flavor,  is  used  to  season  various  dishes,  although  31.  alliacens  which 
has  the  same  odor  is  mentioned  as  not  edible.  The  latter  has  not 
been  found  with  us  so  far.  Several  are  reported  as  poisonous,  e.  g., 
M.  urens  and  M.  peronatus.  It  is  worth  while  to  become  acquainted 
with  M.  oreades,  even  if  one  goes  no  further.  The  genus  is  a  large 
one,  comprising  over  four  hundred  and  fifty  species,  of  which  the 
larger  part  occur  in  the  tropics. 

Tlie  PTLEUS  is  not  putrescent,  as  it  is  in  Collybia  and  Mycena, 
but  is  composed  of  a  toughish  substance  which  revives  in  wet 
weather  and  this  is  a  fundamental  character  by  which  this  genus 
along  with  Panus,  Lentinus  and  Schizophyllum  is  to  be  separated 
from  the  Agarics  with  a  putrescent  pileus.  The  size  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  species  of  Mycena.  It  is  usually  soon  expanded  as  in 
Collybia  and  may  be  depressed  or  umbilicate.  The  two  main  groups 
correspond,  with  regard  to  the  position  of  the  margin  in  the  young 
plant,  to  Collybia  and  Mycena  respectively,  and  have  the  same  name. 
The  GILLS  are  arid,  flexible,  almost  leathery  at  times,  often  crisped 
on  drying,  the  edge  entire.     They  are  sometimes  joined  behind  in 


58  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

the  form  of  a  collar  which  loosens  (secedes)  from  the  stem.  Often 
they  are  almost  free,  or,  when  adnate  or  adnex^d  they  have  a 
tendency  to  secede.  It  is  often  confusing  to  find  that  authors  use 
the  term  "free"  or  "becoming  free,"  when  they  mean  that  the  gills 
become  loosened  from  the  stem  after  they  have  been  attached.  It 
is  better  to  use  the  term  '"secede"  and  retain  "free"  for  the  u^^ual 
purpose  of  indicating  that  they  never  were  attached  to  the  stem. 
In  the  smaller  species  the  gills  are  often  few  and  therefore 
very  distant.  The  width  is  often  quite  reliable  to  separate  species^ 
although  in  some  it  varies.  The  STEM  is  cartilaginous  or  hornv; 
in  a  few,  e.  g.,  M.  oreades  it  is  merely  tough-fibrous  or  with  a  sub- 
cartilaginous  cuticle.  The  nattire  and  presence  or  absence  of  the 
villose,  tomentose,  etc.,  covering  of  the  stem  is  used  to  distinguish 
some  of  the  sections.  The  mode  of  attachment  to  the  substratum, 
whether  rooting  or  instititious,  also  helps  to  separate  the  subdi- 
visions. Many  of  the  smaller  species  have  a  black  stem,  and  usually 
the  color  of  the  stem  in  most  s}»ecies  is  darker  below  and  paler  or 
white  at  the  apex.  With  the  exception  of  a  small  number  of  our 
species,  like  C.  oreades,  C.  uretis,  G.  peronatus  and  C.  suhnudus^  the 
stem  is  hollow  or  slightly  stuffed  at  first.  In  the  small  species  the 
stem  is  almost  bristleform  and  inserted  by  the  attenuated  base.  The 
SPOEES  are  white  in  mass,  hyaline  under  the  microscope,  varying 
in  shape  from  subspheriod  to  lanceolate.  The  majority  have  a  sim- 
ilarity in  form  which  is  rather  striking:  round-enlarged  at  one 
end  and  tapering  to  a  pointed  apiculus  at  the  attached  end.  The 
reviving  ability  of  the  gills  explains  the  variability  in  size  which  is 
found  at  dift'erent  times  in  separate  plants  of  the  same  species. 
One  must  be  cautious  in  taking  the  spore-measurements  as  in  some 
cases  it  is  clear  that  the  spores  continue  to  grow  after  the  plant  is 
revived  bj-  rains.  CYSTIDIA  are  rarely  present.  In  M.  cohoerens 
they  occur  in  great  abundance  in  the  form  of  relativel}^  large  brown 
spicules  of  the  same  kind  as  occur  on  the  surface  of  the  pileus  and 
stem.  In  M.  delectmis  they  are  colorless.  The  ODOR  is  strong  and 
often  like  garlic  as  in  M.  scorodonius,  M.  prasiosnius,  M.  pohjpliyllus 
and  M.  calopus.  In  M.  foetidus  it  is  very  disagreeable,  but  not  of 
garlic.  The  TASTE  is  acrid  or  bitter  in  a  few  species,  otherwise  not 
important. 

The  arrangement  of  species  is  that  of  Fries.  Until  the  develop- 
ment is  carefuUj'  studied  for  each  species,  any  new  arrangement  is 
likely  to  be  unsatisfactory.  The  genus  is  divided  into  two  sub- 
genera:     r'ollybia  and  Mycena  with  the  following  sections: 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  59 

I.     COLLYBIA 

(1)  Scortei 

(2)  Tergini 

(3)  Calopocles 

II.     MYCENA 

(4)  Chordales 

(5)  Kotulae 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Stem  velvety,  tomentose,  floccose,   pruinose  or   minutely  pubescent, 
at  least  downwards.     [See   (AA).] 
(a)     Gills  arcuate-decurrent;  plant  glandular-pubescent,  white.     41.     M. 

resinosus  Pk. 
(aa)     Gills  not  decurrent,  sometimes  uncinate. 

(b)     Stem  rooting  or  attached  by  a  floccose  or  strigose  base, 
(c)     Plants  with  a  strong  odor, 
(d)     Odor  like  garlic. 

(e)     Pileus  3-5  cm.  broad;  gills  very  crowded;  spores  5-6  x  3-4 

micr.     37.     M.  poJypliyUus  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  1-2.5  cm.  broad;  gills  not    crowded;   spores  12-15  x 
3-4  micr.     36.     M.  prasiosmus  Fr. 
(dd)     Odor   very   disagreeable,   not   of  garlic.     Pileus   umbilicate, 
plicate-striate.     43    M.  foetidus  Fr. 
(cc)     Plants  not  ill-smelling. 
(d)     Taste  acrid  or  bitterish;   pileus  2-5  cm.  broad,  brownish-red 
to  alutaceus. 
(e)     Stem  clothed  everywhere  by  a  whitish  or    grayish    pube- 
scence, 
(f)     Taste  bitter;    spores   10x4.5    micr.      29.     M.    subnudus 

(Ellis)  Pk. 
(ff)     Taste  acrid;    spores  7-8.5x3.28.     M.  urens  Fr. 
(ee)     Stem    with    yellow    strigose    hairs    towards    base;     taste 
acrid.     27.     M.  peronatus  Fr. 
(dd)     Taste  not  acrid  nor  bitter. 
(e)     Stem  solid;  plants  growing  in  rings  in  grassy  places,  dull 

reddish-brown  to  dull  yellowish.     26.    M.  oreades  Fr, 
(ee)      Stem  stuffed  or  hollow. 

(f)     Stem  dark  blood-red  within;  gills  very  crowded  and  nar- 
row; pileus  red-brown.     38.     M.  varicosus  Fr. 
(ff)     Stem  not  with  blood-red  flesh. 

(g)     Gills  soon  reddish-brown   from  abundant  dark-colored 
cystidia;     stem    horny,    bay    brown,    subvelvety.     46. 
M.  coJiaerens  Fr. 
(gg)     Gills  without  brown  cystidia. 
(h)     Pubescence    or    tomentosity    of    stem    dark-colored, 
brown,  reddish,  tawny  or  blackish,  especially  down- 
ward. 
(1)     Pileus     subzonate,     umbilicate,     tawny-hairy     like 

the  stem.      (828.    CollyUa  zonata.) 
(ii)     Pileus  not  zonate,  glabrous. 

(k)     Growing  on  bark  of  grape-vines;   pileus  2-3  cm. 
broad,  sulcate-striate.     30.     M.  viticola  B.  &  C. 
(kk)     Growing  among  fallen  leaves  in  woods. 

(I)  Stem   spongy-thickened   at   base;    gills   broad; 

pileus  fuscous-pallid.     32.     M.  spongiosus  B. 
&  C. 

(II)  Stem   equal. 


60  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

(m)     Stem     minutely    pruinose,     horny,     almost 
black  below;   pileus  dark  rose-madder.     39. 
M.  erythropus  Fr.  var. 
(mm)     Stem  densely  tomentose. 

(n)     Stem  dark  reddish-brown  throughout,  2-8 

cm.  long,  35.     M.  semihirtipes  Pk. 
(nn)      Stem    brown    or    fawn    color,    5-12    cm. 
long.     47.     M.   elongatipes  Pk. 
(hh)     Pubescence    etc.    of   stem    grayish    or    whitish,    at 
least  when  dry. 
(i)     Growing    on    tree-trunks,    bark,    stumps,    logs,    etc. 
(k)     Slender;    pileus   1-1.5   cm.  broad,  papillate,   dull 
pinkish-white;    on  mossy  logs.     48.     M.  papil- 
latus  Pk. 
(kk)     Short-stemmed;   pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  fulvous- 
alutaceus;    caespitose-gregarious.     31.     M.   fag- 
ineus  Morg. 
(ii)     Among   fallen   leaves,   etc.,   in   woods;    stem   5-12 
cm.  long, 
(k)      Stem   2-5  mm.   thick,   reddish  under    the    dense 
whitish    pubescence;     gills    very    narrow    and 
crowded.      (See   827   Colhjbia  confluens  Fr.) 
(kk)     Stem    1-2    mm.    thick;    covered    with    grayish 
pruinosity  or  tomentose. 

(I)  Gills    very   narrow   and    crowded,    whitish    or 

grayish.     40.     21/.   velutipes  B.   &   C. 

(II)  Gills   distant,   at   length   reddish-spotted.     47. 
M.  chordalis  Fr. 

(bb)     Stem  inserted  at  the  base,   instititious,   short;    plants  small, 
(c)     Gills    attached    to    a    collar,    distant;    pileus    rufescent;    stem 

white.     44.     M.  olneyi  B.  &  C. 
(cc)     Gills  attached  to  stem. 

(d)     Pileus  glabrous,  rarely  subpruinose. 

(e)     Pileus  milk-white,  not  sulcate  nor  plicate;    gills   distant; 

stem  reddish-brown.     54.     M.  epiphyllus  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus   rufescent,    striate    when    dry;    stem    brownish    to 
blackish-brown.     50.     M.  felix  Morg. 
(dd)     Pileus   pruinose,    chalk-white,   stem   black,   white   pruinose 
on  surface;  spores  angular.     (See  56.     Heliomyces  nigripes 
(Schw.)    Morg.) 
(ddd)     Pileus  hairv  or  strigose-hairy. 
(e)     On  cedar  twigs;  pileus  conic,  papillate,  dark  tawny.    (See 

830  Collybia  campanella  Pk.) 
(ee)     On   twigs,   chips,   acorns   etc;    pileus   umbilicate;    whitish 
to  dark  grayish.     (See  829  Collybia  stipitaria  Fr.) 

(AA)      Stem  glabrous  (except  sometimes  at  the  very  base). 
(a)     Stem  villose-rooting  or  attached  by  a  floccose  tubercle. 

(b)     Gills  soon  reddish-brown  from  the  dark-colored   cystidia;    stems 
usually   coherent,   bay-brown,   densely   w^aite-hairy   at   base.     46 
M.  cohaerens  (Fr.)  Bres. 
(bb)     Gills  white  or  slightly  tinged, 
(c)     Stem  4-8  cm.  long;  pileus  sulcate,  ochraceus-red;  spores  large. 

49.     M.  siccus  Schw.=  (  M.  campanulatus  Pk.) 
(cc)     Stem  2-5  cm.  long. 

(d)     Pileus,  gills  and  apex  of  stem  white,  stem  dark -brown  below, 
attached    by    a    spreading    mycelium.      34.      M.    delectans 
Morg. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  white, 
(e)     Stem  reddish-brown  to  chestnut  downwards;   pileus  dingy 

ochraceus.     33.     M.   glabellus  Pk. 
(ee)     Stem  wine-purple  or  pink  upwards;    pileus  tawny-brown 
to  purplish  or  pink.     33.     M.  bellipes  Morg. 


J 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  61 

(aa)     Stem  inserted  at  the  naked  base,  very  slender;  on  twigs,  leaves 
etc. 
(b)     Odor  more  or  less  strong,  of  garlic;  pileus  rufous  to  whitish, 
(c)     Gills   adnata,  narrow;    stem   attenuated   at  the  blackish  base. 

Odor  strong.     42.     M.  scorodonius  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills   adnexed,    rather   broad;    odor   faint;    stronger   as   plant 
dries.     42.    31.  calopus  Fr. 
(bb)     Odor  not  of  garlic. 

(c)     Gills  attached  to  a  free  collar. 
(d)     Pileus  umbilicate,  plicate  on  sticks,  wood,  etc.,  filiform, 
(e)     Umbilicus  white,  elsewhere  cap  is  darker;  stem  black.     55. 

M.  cap  ill  (iris  Morg. 
(ee)     Umbilicus  darker,  cap  white;  stem  black.     51.     M.  rotula 
Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  umbonate,  sulcate,  pale  rufous;  stem  black,  on  grass. 
52.     M.  graminum  Libert, 
(cc)     Gills  adnate  or  adnexed. 

(d)     Plant   entirely    white;    pileus    obtuse,    4-S    mm.    broad,    stem 

very  short.     45.    M.  caricicola  Kauff. 
(dd)     Pileus  reddish-brown-purplish,  iimbilicate;   stem  black.     53. 

M.  androsaceus  Fr. 
(ddd)     Pileus  fuscous-cinereous;   stem  short;   on  bark    of    living 
tree-trunks.     (See  845.    Mycena  corticola.) 

SUBGENUS  COLLYBIA.  Margin  of  pileus  at  first  incurved; 
stem  somewliat  cartilaginous;  pileus  fleshy-pliant,  at  length  tough 
and  sulcate  or  wrinkled. 

Section  I.  Scortei.  Stem  solid  or  fibrous  stuffed^  externally  cov- 
ered by  a  deter sile  villosity,  i.  e.,  an  easily  removable  villosity. 

^Stem  not  strigose  at  the  hase. 

26.     Marasmius  oreades  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1118. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  444. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt,  No.  328. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Figs.  101  and  102 ;  p.  136,  1908. 

Gibson,  Our  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  PL  8,  p.  105, 

1903. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  9,  Fig.  3. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PL  19,  Fig.  3. 
White,  Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Bull.  15,  PL  4,  1910. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  48,  PL  33,  Fig.  7-12,  1896. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  tliicUish,  pliant,  campanulate-convex,  ob- 
tuse or  broadly  umbonate,  dull  brick-red  when  young  or  moist,  fad- 
ing to  vellowish-flesh-color,  or  yellowish-buff  when  dry,  glabrous, 
even  or  substriate  when  moist.    FLESH  rather  thick  on  disk,  pallid. 


62  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

GILLS  rounded  behind  or  almost  free,  broad,  rather  distant,  whit- 
ish or  tinged  yellowish,  interspaces  often  venose.  STEM  3-7  cm. 
long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  equal,  solid,  even,  tough,  whitish,  covered  with 
a  fine,  interwoven,  dense,  detersile,  villosity.  SPORES  ovate-fusi- 
form, 7-9  X  4-5  micr.,  smootli,  white.  ODOK  somewhat  fragrant, 
agreeable.    TASTE  pleasant. 

Gregarious,  usually  growing  in  rings  or  arcs,  in  grassy  places, 
lawns,  roadsides,  pastures,  etc.,  attached  to  grass,  or  roots  of  other 
plants.  Throughout  the  state,  more  abundant  in  sandy  regions. 
June-October.     Common. 

One  of  our  best  edible  mushrooms,  and  very  plentiful  in  some 
localities  during  a  wet  season.    Its  flavor  is  delicious  and  it  can  be 
used  for  this  reason  to  add  character  to  other  dishes.    Its  toughness 
disappears  by  long  cooking,  a  reversal  of  what  happens  in  the  case 
of  many  other  species.    When  diy  from  sun  or  wind,  its  pale-honey- 
yellowish  color  and  reviving  ability  are  good  marks  of  recognition; 
its  tendency  to  form  circles  of  close-growing  individuals  and  its 
preference  for  grassy  ground  aid  one  to  recognize  it.     Its  gills  are 
scarcely  as  arid  as  in  other  species  of  Marasmius,  and  this  charac- 
ter, along  with  its  fleshy  cap  indicate  a  close  relationship  with  Col- 
lybia.     The  "fairy  rings"  caused  by  this  and  other  mushrooms  are 
due  to  the  regularity  of  radial  growth  which  the  underground  my- 
celium makes  from  year  to  year,  starting  from  a  central  infection. 
It  is  believed  by  some  that  this  mycelium  excretes  a  substance  which 
injures  the  grass  so  that  the  interior  of  the  circle  shows  a  poor 
growth  of  grass,  but  on  the  other  hand  some  favorable  influence 
from  the  actively  growing  portion  along  the  "ring"  causes  the  grass 
of  this  portion  to  grow  better. 

**Stem  with  a  looolly  or  strigose  base. 

27.    Marasmius  peronatus  Fr.     (Poisonous) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Eicken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  25,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1117   (var.). 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  445. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PI.  14,  Fig.  4. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  411. 
Gibson,  Our  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  PI.  9,  p.  Ill, 

1903. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  112,  p.  149,  1908. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGAJRICS  63 

^TILEUS  2-G  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  obtuse,  opaque,  pliant, 
pale  reddisli-brick  color  fading-  to  alutaceus,  at  length  lacunose. 
margin  striate  at  first,  wrinkled  when  old.  FLESH  thin,  leathery- 
membranacens.  GILLS  adnexed-.seceding,  ratlier  thin,  at  first  whit- 
ish then  rufescent,  close  to  subdistant.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
thick,  fibrous-stutfed,  subequal,  sometimes  compressed,  with  a  villose 
covering,  yellowish  then  rufescent,  toward  base  with  yellow  sirigose 
hairs.  SPORES  oval,  6-8  x  3-5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  ODOR  none. 
TASTE  acrid/' 

Gregarious  on  the  ground  among  leaves  and  sticks  in  frondose  and 
coniferous  woods.  Probably  throughout  the  state.  July-October. 
Infrequent. 

The  description  is  adapted  from  Saccardo.  This  species  seems 
less  common  with  us  than  J/,  ureiis.  Its  acrid  taste,  habit,  and  the 
yellow  hairs  on  the  lower  part  or  base  of  stem  are  good  characters 
for  its  indentification.  Its  size  corresponds  to  that  of  Collybia 
dryophila.  The  stem  is  said  sometimes  to  become  hollow.  It  is 
said  to  be  poisonous. 

28.    Marasmius  urens  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

.Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1116. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  448. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PI.  14,  Fig.  3. 
Gibson,  PL  9,  p.  111. 
Plate  VII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  at  first  convex,  then  almost  plane,  obtuse 
or  subumbonate,  reddish -brown  to  alutaceus,  darker  on  center,  at 
first  even,  at  length  wrinkled,  glabrous,  opaque,  pliant,  margin  at 
first  incurved.  FLESH  thin,  toughish-membranaceus.  GILLS  be- 
coming free,  at  length  remote,  joined  behind  in  places,  thickish, 
subintervenose,  close,  at  first  crowded,  narrow,  whitish  or  pallid 
then  tinged  reddish.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick,  equal, 
solid,  terete,  pale  reddish-brown,  paler  above,  almost  blackish  at 
base,  covered  throughout  hy  a  close,  toMte  pulescence,  composed  of 
cohering  minute  hairs,  whitish  within,  attached  by  an  oblique  sub- 
strigose  base.  SPORES  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  curved,  7-8.5  x  3 
micr.     CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR  none.     TASTE  acrid;  poisonous. 

Gregarious  or  scattered,  on  the  ground  in  frondose  woods,  among 
leaves,  debris  and  grass.    Ann  Arbor.    July-October. 


64  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

This  species  is  considered  identical  with  the  preceding  by  Ricken^ 
Mas!«!ee  and  Koniell.  l^lvcu  Fries  was  loalli  to  separate  it,  and  con- 
sidered it  a  var.  of  M.  peroimtus.  (See  note  under  M.  urens.  Epi- 
crisis,  p.  373.)  According  to  Mcllvaine,  M.  peronatus  is  edible^ 
while  M.  urens  is  marked  poisonous.  If  the  two  are  identical  this 
can  hardly  be  true.  There  is  a  remote  possibility  that  CoUi/hia 
hariolorum  has  been  confused  with  31.  peronatus  while  testing  its 
edibility.  In  any  case  one  needs  to  be  careful.  M.  urens  if  distinct, 
seems  more  abundant  locally  than  M.  peronatus.  The  latter  alone 
seems  to  have  been  dilferentiated  by  Peck,  who  does  not  report  the 
first.  Moffatt  (Kat.  Hist.  Surv.  Chicago;  reports  only  M.  urens  and 
says  it  is  frequent.    Morgan  (Alyc.  Flora.  Miam.)  reports  both. 

29.    Marasmius  subnudus  (Ellis)  Pk. 
X  .Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  51. 

''PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  glabrous,  tough, 
flexible,  often  somewhat  irregularly^  uneven,  dull  brotcnish  red  or 
dingy  hay,  more  or  less  striate  on  margin.  FLESH  thin,  GILLS 
rounded  behind,  nearly  free,  narrow,  subdistant,  lohitish  or  creamy- 
yelloio,  becoming  darker  on  drying.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
thick,  slender,  equal,  tough,  inserted,  solid,  reddish-brown  above^ 
blackish-brown  below,  everywhere  clothed  with  a  grayish  down  or 
tomentum,  which  is  commonly  a  little  more  dense  near  the  base. 
SPORES  10  X  4.5  micr.  (Pennington.)     TASTE  of  dry  plant  bitter." 

On  the  ground  in  mixed  woods.  New  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor. 
August-September. 

This  is  apparently  a  variety  of  the  preceding,  if  that  species  is 
distinct,  and  not  of  M.  peronatus  as  Ellis  considered  it.  It  is  prob- 
able that  all  three  run  into  each  other.  The  description  is  that  of 
Peck.  Our  plants  had  a  bitter  taste  when  fresh,  otherwise  not  very 
ditterent  from  M.  urens  Fr.  Glatfelter  (Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis, 
^'ol.  10)  gives  spores  (5-8x4-5  micr.  wliicli  agree  with  those  of 
M.   nrens. 

30.     Marasmius  viticola  B.  &  C. 
Ann.  &  Mag.  N.  H.,  1859. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  at  length  depressed, 
sulcate-striate,  pale  rufous  to  alutaceus-brownish,  glal)rous.  FLESH 
thin,  subcoriaceus.     (JILLS  slightly  adnate,  not  broad,  v-entricose, 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  65 

siihdistanf,  pallid  or  tinged  aliitacens.  STE.M  2-4  em.  long,  1-2  mm. 
thick,  eqnal,  tongh,  pruiiiose-furfurarciis,  .stuffed,  dark  broimi, 
slightly  enlarged  and  curved  at  very  base.  SPORES  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 8-9x3-4  micr.,   smooth,   white.     ODOIJ  none.      TASTE   mild. 

Gregarious  or  scattered,  on  rotten  wood,  debris,  etc.    Infrequent. 

This  is  referred  here  with  some  hesitancy,  although  it  is  clearly 
distinct  from  the  following,  which  differs  in  its  subcaespitose  habit, 
its  short  stem  and  long  spores.  It  was  named  by  Berkeley  from  ma- 
terial sent  him  by  Curtis  who  collected  it  from  grape-vines  in  Ala- 
bama. 

31.     Marasmius  fagineus  Alorg. 
Ciun.  Soc.  Xat.  Hist.  Jour.,  Vol.  YL,  1883. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  at  first  convex-campanulate,  then  plane, 
obtuse,  pliant,  striatulate  when  moist,  radiately  iiigose  when  dry. 
at  length  repand,  pale  fulvous-alutaceus,  appressed-silky,  sometimes 
scaly-lacerate,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  thin,  submem- 
branaceu^.  GILLS  narrowly  adnate,  seceding,  rounded  and  sub- 
joined behind,  close,  not  broad,  attenuate  in  front,  crisped,  whitish 
at  first,  hecomhuj  hroirti — spotted  or  stmned  reddish^  edge  subentire. 
STEM  short,  1-2  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  curved,  sometimes  straight, 
subequal,  apex  enlarged,  with  a  narrow  stuffed  axis,  terete  when 
fresh,  compressed  when  dry,  rufous  or  chestnut-alutaceus,  fading 
to  fuscous-alutaceus,  apex  paler,  covered  bij  a  whitish,  villose 
tomentositp  when  dry,  strigose  brownish-hairy  where  attached. 
SPORES  subcylindrical,  narrow,  with  curved  apiculus,  9-12  (rarely 
13)  X  3.5-4  micr.,  with  many  immature  of  all  sizes,  smooth,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Gregariously  caespitose,  usualh'  abundant,  on  bark  near  base  of 
living  elm,  beech  and  maple,  or  on  stumps,  etc.,  sometimes  ascending 
the  trunk  five  to  six  feet  or  more.  Ann  Arbor.  Julj'-August.  Not 
infrequent. 

Known  by  its  caespitose,  crowded  habit,  short  stems,  relatively 
broad  pileus  and  spores.  This  may  be  the  true  M.  viticola,  but  that 
species  is  poorly-  known. 

32.     Marasmius  spongiosus  B.  &  C. 

Jour.  Botany,  1849. 

"PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  plane,  obtuse,   rrhitish-fuscous.  darker 
on  center.     GILLS  slightly  adnate,  broad,  close,  whitisli.     STTOM 
9 


66  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

3.5  cm.  long,  thickened  at  the  base  where  it  is  spongy  aud  fulvous- 
hairy,  elsewhere  furfuraceus-pulverulent."'  SPOKES  7-9  x  3-4  micr. 
(Morgan)  ;  4-5x3  micr.     (Glatfelter). 

Reported  by  Lougj-ear,  as  under  oak  trees  among  grass.  Also 
said  to  grow  among  fallen  leaves,  aud  around  stumps  in  rich  soil. 
I  have  not  seen  it. 

Section  IF.  Terglni.  STEM  tubular,  rooting,  cartilaginous. 
Pileu.s  Injgroplianous.    Gills  seceding. 

*Stem  glahroiis  except  the  mycelioid-hairy  tase. 

33.     Marasmius  glabellus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  often  distantly 
striate,  dingy  ochraceous,  uneven  on  disk.  FLESH  membranaceus. 
GILLS  adnate-seceding,  broad,  distant,  ventricose,  white  or  whit- 
ish, iuterveuose.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  0.6-1  mm.  thick,  slender, 
equal,  horny,  tubular,  glabrous,  shining,  whitish  at  apex,  reddish- 
brovm  or  chestnut  elsewhere,  mycelioid-thickened  at  base.  SPOKES 
(10x4.5  micr.,  from  one  of  Peck's  collections). 

^  Tar.  bellipes={M.  beUipes  Morg.)  Jour,  of  Myc,  Vol.  XI,  1905. 

PILEUS  pa7e  taicny-broicn  to  pink-purplish,  distantly  sulcate  or 
plicate,  subpapillate,  glabrous  or  minutely  velvety.  STEM  w^ith  di- 
lated apex,  varying  above  from  whitish  to  bright  loine-purple  or 
pink.  SPORES  elliptical  oval,  curved-apiculate,  10-12x4-5.5  micr., 
smooth,  white.  BASIDIA  30-42x6  micr.,  slender.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  none.     (Otherwise  like  J/,  glabellus.) 

Gregarious  or  scattered,  among  fallen  leaves  on  the  ground  in 
frondose  woods.    Ann  Arbor.    August-September.     Infrequent. 

As  no  authentic  spore-measurements  are  published,  it  is  impos- 
sible to  say  whether  M.  bellipes  is  entirely  distinct.  The  latter, 
however,  seems  to  be  the  form  that  occurs  in  our  region.  Inas- 
much as  the  plant,  as  it  occurs  here,  varies  considerably  in  color,  it 
would  not  be  surprising  if  Peck's  species  had  the  colors  men- 
tioned for  both.  The  variety  is  a  beautiful  plant  when  in  the  fresh 
state,  due  to  the  highly  colored  stem.  M.  pulcherripes  Pk.  differs 
from  the  latter  apparently  only  in  its  narrow^  gills  and  very  filiform 
stem ;  the  spore-size  is  not  given. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  67 

34.  Marasmius  delectans  jVIorg. 
Jour,  of  Myc,  Vol.  XI,  1905. 

Illustration :     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  114,  p.  151,  1908. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  pliant,  convex-expanded,  depressed  or 
subumbonate,  glabrous,  ichite  or  tvhitish,  pale  tan  in  age,  rugulose- 
striate.  FLESH  subcoriaceous.  GILLS  adnexed,  unequal,  moder- 
ately broad,  suhdistant,  icliite,  intervenose.  STEM,  3-5  cm.  long, 
1-1.5  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  even,  hollow,  cartilaginous-tough, 
glabrous,  shining,  pure  white  ahove,  darker  downwards,  to  dark 
brown  below,  mycelioid  at  tase,  mycelium  forming  wide,  white  mats 
over  the  fallen  leaves  where  it  grows.  SPORES  narrow  elliptical, 
7-9x3-4  micr.,  smooth,  acuminate-apiculate,  white.  CYSTIDIA 
rather  abundant  on  sides,  especially  on  edge  of  gills,  slender,  spine- 
like, 36-45x3-5  micr.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Among  fallen  leaves  in  mixed  and  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor, 
New  Richmond.    August-September.. 

Easily  known  by  the  white,  mycelioid  mats  which  it  forms  among 
the  leafy  covering  of  the  ground  in  woods,  by  the  white  color  of  the 
cap  and  gills  and  apex  of  stem,  and  by  its  shining  stem.  It  is  quite 
frequent  during  continued  rainy  weather. 

""Stem  glabrous  at  apex  only. 

35.  Marasmius  semihirtipes   Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  25,  1873. 

Illustration :    Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  15,  PI.  6. 

PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  pliant,  tough,  convex,  soon  plane,  or  de- 
pressed, glabrous,  hygrophanous,  even  or  rugulose,  reddish-brown 
when  moist,  fading  to  pale  alutaceus,  disk  darker.  FLESH  thin, 
submembranaceus.  GILLS  adnexed-seceding,  rather  narrow,  close 
to  subdistant,  whitish,  somewhat  intervenose,  edge  subfimbriate. 
STEM  2-8  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  tough,  subequal,  tubular,  some- 
times compressed,  substriate,  dark  reddisJi-brown  throughout,  glab- 
rous at  apex,  densely  velvety-tomentose  nearly  to  apex,  tomentum 
of  same  color.  SPORES  ovate,  curved-apiculate,  8-9x4-5  micr., 
smooth,  white.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

On  the  ground  in  frondose  or  mixed  woods  among  leav'es  and 


68  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

debris.    Aim  Arbor,  New  Riclimoiid,  etc.    Probably  throughout  the 
state.     June-September.     Frequent. 

Known  by  the  reddish  covering  of  the  stem.  Hard  says  the  phmts 
are  very  small,  which  is  scarcely  correct.  The  name  is  deceptive, 
since  the  tomentose  covering  of  the  stem  more  often  extends 
nearh'  or  quite  the  whole  length  of  the  stem  and  the  species  could 
with  equal  propriety  be  referred  to  the  next  division. 

36.  Marasmius  prasiosmus  Fr. 

'  Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1120. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  IIT. 

PILEUS  2-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded  or  depressed,  ob- 
tuse, pule  'brown  with  tiiifje  of  flesli  color,  to  pale  isabelline,  rugose- 
sulcate,  glabrous.  FLESH  submembranaceus,  toughish.  GILLS 
adnate,  seceding,  sometimes  with  tooth,  rather  narrow,  close  to 
subdistant,  concolor  or  paler  than  pileus,  thick  somewhat 
crisped.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  horny- 
tough,  dilated  at  apex,  dark  rufous-brown  downwards,  white  and 
glabrous  above,  clothed  by  a  whitish  or  pallid  villosity  which  is 
denser  below,  attached  by  incurved  or  straight  base  to  veins  of  oak 
leaves.  SPOKES  narrowly  lanceolate,  curved,  accuminate  at  one 
end,  12-15  x  3-4  micr.,  smooth,  white.     ODOR  strong,  of  garlic. 

On  midribs  of  fallen  oak  leaves,  in  rich  woods.  Ann  Arbor. 
September.     Infrequent. 

This  differs  from  M.  scorodonius  in  the  villose  coating  of  the 
stem,  and  from  M.  alliaceus  by  its  habitat  on  leaves  and  by  the 
spores;  both  of  those  have  a  garlic  odor.  Cooke  (111.)  gives  the 
width  of  sj)ores  as  8  micr.,  and  this  appears  to  have  been  copied  by 
most  autliors  who  give  the  spore  size.  Ricken  departs  from  this  in 
assigning  to  it  minute  spores,  7x4  micr.  This  last  discrepancy 
points  to  a  different  species,  and  may  represent  M.  polyphyllus  Pk. 
in  Europe. 

37.  Marasmius  polyphyllus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  51,  1898. 


"PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  even,  whitish  to 
pale  reddish,  often  reddish  brown  on  disk.     FLESH  thin.     GILLS 


I 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  69 

adnexed  or  almost  free,  ver-y  numerous,  narrow,  crowded,  pure 
white.  STEM  3-7.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  tliiek,  equal,  hollow,  reddish- 
broimh  clothed  below  aud  upwards  by  a  whitish  down  or  tometitum, 
denser  at  base,  sometimes  absent  at  apex.  SPOKES  minute,  ellip- 
tical, 5-6x3-4  micr.  '  ODOR  and  TASTE  of  garlic,  persistent  in  the 
mouth, 

"On  damp  shaded  ground.     July." 

Reported  by  Longyear.  It  is  evidently  related  to  M.  prasiosmus, 
from  which  it  differs  markedly  in  the  size  of  the  spores  and  the 
crowded,  narrow,  pure  white  gills.  It  approaches  Richen's  idea  of 
M.  prasiosmus  more  closely  than  the  preceding.    I  have  not  seen  it. 

38.    Marasmius  varicosus  Fr. 
Epicrisis,  1836-38.- 
Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1121. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm,  broad,  pliant,  campanulate  then  plane,  obtuse, 
sometimes  with  shallow  umbilicus,  at  first  dark  reddish-'brown,  al- 
most purplish,  opaque,  somewhat  paler  in  age,  radiately  rugulose- 
striatulate,  innately  silky.  FLESH  concolor,  slightly  fleshy, 
GILLS  adnate-seceding,  sometimes  sinuate-subdecurrent,  very 
croivded,  very  narroio,  whitish  at  the  very  first,  soon  stained  dilute 
reddish,  finally  darker,  scarcely  reaching  margin  of  pileus.  STEM 
3-5  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick,  stuffed  soon  tiihular,  equal  above,  some- 
what spongy-thickened  at  base,  glabrous  above  or  with  slight  gray- 
ish pubescence,  towards  hase  covered  hy  spreading  or  strigose  rusty- 
fnlvons  hairs,  dark  hlood-red  ivithin,  attached  by  rooting  hairs. 
SPORES  minute,  narrowly  ovate,  6-8x2.5-3  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
ODOR  none.     TASTE  slightly  acrid  or  mild. 

Gregarious  or  solitary  among  fallen  leaves  and  debris  in  frondose 
woods.     Ann  Arbor.     September.     Infrequent. 

Characterized  by  the  dark  reddish-umber  to  purplish  pileus,  the 
crowded  and  narrow  gills  and  the  ferruginous  covering  of  the  stem. 
When  wet  the  hairs  at  the  base  of  stem  are  almost  black.  By  re- 
moving the  tomentum  of  the  stem  the  dark  red  flesh  is  revealed  be- 
neath. Ricken  combines  this  species  with  31.  fuscopurpurea  Fr., 
but  our  plants  certainly  fit  the  old  conception  of  M.  varicosus.  It 
must  not  be  confused  with  the  black  species  of  Collybia:  C.  atrata 
has  broad  gills;  C.  plexipes  var,  lacks  the  hairy  covering  on  the 
stem ;  C  ewpallens  has  a  farinaceus  taste.   The  interior  of  the  stem 


70  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

of  31.  varicosus  seems  to  secrete  a  dark-red  juice,  but  it  is  quite  dif- 
ferent from  Mycena  haematopoda. 

**Stem,  at  least  ichen  dry,  everywhere  pru'mose-velvety. 

39.    Marasmius  erythropus  Fr.  var. 

Syst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1123. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  441. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt,  No.  577. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt,  No.  125   (as  M.  calopus). 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  hemispheric-campanulate,  then  plaue, 
obtuse  or  subumbonate,  pruinate,  dark  rose-madder,  darker  on  disk, 
rugulose  when  dry,  margin  at  first  incuryed.  FLESH  white,  thin. 
GILLS  narrowly  adnate,  seceding,  suhdistant,  yentricose,  rather 
hroad,  white  or  tinged  ochraceus,  scarcely  interyenose,  edge  yery 
entire.  STEM  4-5  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  horny,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  dark  reddish-hroioii  to  'blackish  below,'  tough,  flexuous. 
pallid  at  apex,  minutely  pi^inose,  with  an  enlarged  mycelioid  base. 
SPORES  elliptical-lanceolate,  curyed-apiculate,  7-9x3-3.5  micr. 
CYSTIDIA  none.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

On  decaying  leayes  and  twigs,  on  the  ground  in  frondose  woods, 
especially  of  beech.    Ann  Arbor.    July-September.    Rare. 

This  approaches  M.  glahellus  and  M.  calopus  Fr. ;  from  the  former 
it  is  separated  b}'  its  different  spores  and  gills,  from  the  latter  by 
its  pruinose  stem.  Some  specimens  seem  to  haye  an  entirely  glab- 
rous stem,  thus  being  close  to  M.  calopus.  The  color  of  pileus  does 
not  change.  The  pileus  is  not  sulcate  as  in  M.  siccus.  It  departs 
from  the  descriptions  of  EiTropean  authors  in  the  spore-size  and 
the  less  distant  gills. 


&^ 


40.     Marasmius  velutipes  B.  &  C. 
Ann.  &  Mag.  N.  H.,  1859  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  23,  Peck). 
Illustration :    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  105,  p.  140,  1908. 

"PILEUS  1.5-3.5  cm.  broad  convex  or  expanded,  glabrous,  gray- 
ish-rufous when  moist,  cinereus  when  dry.  FLESH  thin,  submem- 
branaceus.    GILLS  very  narrow,  crowded,  whitish  or  gray.    STEM 


1 

I 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  71 

7-12  cm.  long,  slender,  equal,  hollow,  clothed  with  a  dense  grayish, 
velvety  tomentum  throughout." 

Peck's  description,  given  above,  differs  from  Berkley's  in  Sac- 
cardo,  in  that  the  cap  does  not  have  an  umbilicus,  and  in  the  much 
longer  and  slender  stem,    No  spore-measurements  are  published. 

Among  fallen  leaves  in  woods,  on  the  ground.    Ann  Arbor. 

Our  specimens  were  verified  by  Peck.  The  spores  measure  6-7x4 
micr.,  oval  to  ovate,  smooth. 

41.     Marasmius  resinosus  (Pk.)     Sacc. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Pep.  24,  1872  (as  M.  decurrens  Pk.). 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  67,  1903   (as  var.  niveus  Pk.). 
Sylloge  Fungorum,  Sacc,  Vol.  V.,  p.  522. 

PILEUS  5-12  mm.  broad,  convex,  then  expanded  and  depressed, 
pliant,  tough,  d'ull  white,  rarely  grayish  or  tawny,  sometimes 
umbilicate  or  subinfundibuliform,  even  or  suhrugulose,  glandular- 
pulescent.  FLESH  thin,  submembranaceus.  GILLS  arcuate- 
decurrent,  close  to  subdistant,  narrow,  white  or  whitish,  often  veined 
or  forked,  edge  flocculose.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  0.5-1  mm.  thick, 
slender,  equal,  tough,  cartilaginous,  glandular-pruinose,  tubular, 
not  striate,  white  then  pallid,  attached  hy  floccose  dase,  rarely  con- 
fluent. SPOKES  oval-lanceolate,  6-7x3-4  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  numerous,  narrowly  clavate,  ob- 
tuse, 30x6-7  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose,  attached  to  grass,  sticks,  leaves,  etc., 
in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  July-September.  Frequent  locally 
after  heavy  rains. 

The  pubescence  of  cap  and  stem  is  due  to  minute,  short  hairs 
which  are  often  glandular-tipped  as  seen  under  the  microscope. 
When  rubbed  between  the  fingers  the  fresh  plant  feels  resinous.  The 
'decurrent  gills  suggest  an  Omphalia,  but  the  reviving  and  tough 
substance  of  the  plant  are  characteristics  which  place  it  here.  It 
was  first  named  J/,  decurrens  by  Peck,  who  hai)pened  on  specimens 
which  were  not  at  all  typical  as  to  the  color  of  the  cap.  vSaccardo 
changed  the  specific  name  to  resinosus,  because  decurrens  was  pre- 
occupied. Later,  Peck  named  the  common  form  var.  niveus,  which 
still  later  he  changed  to  var.  candidisimus.  All  these  names  should 
be  dropiied,  since  the  plant  is  practically  always  white. 


72  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Section  III.  Calopodes.  Stem  instititious,  (i.  e.,  inserted,  the 
mycelium  liiddeu),  sliort,  not  rooting. 

^Stem  entirely  glahrous. 

42.     Marasmius  scorodonius  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1125. 
Ricken,  Bltitterpilze.  PI.  24,  Fig.  G. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  109,  p.  111. 

Michael,    Fiihrer    f.    Pilzfreunde,    Vol.    II,    No.    44    (as    M. 
alliatus). 

PILEUS  5-12  mm.  hroad,  pliant,  convex  then  plane,  margin  at 
length  elevated,  rufous-tinged  at  first,  then  u-hitish,  glahrous, 
wrinkled  in  age,  crisped  on  margin.  FLESH  thin,  membranaceus. 
GILLS  adnate,  narrow,  close  to  subdistant,  whitish,  crisped,  edge 
minutely  flocculose.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  tapering 
downward,  horny,  tubular,  terete  or  compressed,  reddish,  apex  whit- 
ish, glabrous,  inserted  hy  the  naked,  hlackish  base,  somewhat  shin- 
ing. SPORES  narrowly  oval-lanceolate,  pointed-apiculate,  6-8x3-4 
micr.,  smooth,  white.    ODOR,  when  bruised,  strong  of  garlic. 

Attached  to  base  of  grass,  herbs  and  rootlets  in  fields,  roadsides, 
grassy  places  in  or  near  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond,  etc. 
Probably  throughout  the  state.  June-September.  Infrequent,  but 
abundant  locally. 

Var.  calopus  [M.  calopus  Fr.). 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustration :    Plate  YIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-10  mm.  GILLS  adnewed,  rather  hroad,  emarginate. 
subdistant.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  1  mm.  thick,  reddish-bay  color  be- 
low, pallid-brownish  above.  ODOR  faint  or  none,  more  noticeable 
when  drying.     (Spores,  etc.,  same  as  M.  scorodonius.) 

Attached  t(»  grass  stalks,  etc.,  in  woods.    Ann  Arbor. 

M.  scorodonius  is  known  by  its  glabrous,  tapering  stem,  narrow 
gills  and  strong  odor  when  the  ydant  is  crushed.  M.  calopus  is  con- 
sidered identical  by  some,  but  its  slight  odor,  and  different  gills 
show  it  to  be  at  least  a  variety.  Hard's  figure  scarcely  represents 
either  i)lant  as  it  occurs  liere.     This  species  has  long  been  used  in 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  73 

Europe  as  a  seasoning  for  mutton-roasts,  for  other  mushrooms  and 
gravies. 

**8tem  minutely  velvety  or  pruinose. 

43.     Marasmius  foetidus  Fr. 
Syst.  Mtc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1134. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  442. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  104,  p.  139,  1908. 

"Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  pliant,  convex  then  expanded  and  um- 
lilicate,  fulvous-bay  color  or  rufescent,  plicate-striate,  pallid 
alutaceus  when  dry,  margin  incurved.  FLESH  submembranaceus. 
GILLS  adnexed,  joined  in  a  collar  behind,  distant,  rufescent  or  yel- 
lowish, somewhat  subdecurrent.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick, 
tubular,  chestnut-brown  or  paler,  velvety -pruinose,  inserted  by  the 
floccose  base  on  wood.  ODOR  very  disagreeable,  but  not  of  garlic 
similar  to  M.  performs."    Spores  7-8x3.5-4  micr.  (Pennington). 

I  have  not  seen  this  species  within  the  borders  of  the  state,  but 
do  not  doubt  that  it  occurs.  It  is  not  Heliomyces  foetans  Pat.,  as 
some  think.  It  occurs  on  wood,  fallen  branches,  etc.  The  descrip- 
tion is  adapted  from  Eicken. 

44.    Marasmius  olneyi  B.  &  C. 
Ann.  &  Mag.  N.  H.,  1859.  ■ 

PILEFS  1-1.5  cm.  broad,  pliant,  convex,  soon  expanded-plane  and 
depressed,  glabrous,  rufescent,  striate  when  moist,  at  length  radi- 
ately  rugose,  dull  luster.  FLESH  membranous,  concolor.  GILLS 
attached  to  a  collar  u-hicli  secedes  from  stem,  subdistant,  narrow, 
u-Jiite,  arid,  edge  somewhat  crenulate.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  1  mm. 
thick,  dilated  at  apex,  tubular,  even,  tvJiite  to  pallid,  minutely 
pubescent-floccose,  attenuated  doionward  and  inserted  at  base. 
SPORES  narrowly  elliptic-lanceolate,  pointed  at  one  end,  9-11x4-5 
micr.,  smooth,  white.    ODOR  none. 

On  fallen  leaves  and  twigs,  in  frondose  woods  of  beech,  maple,  etc. 
New  Riclimond.     September. 

This  and  -1/.  leptopus  Pk.  seem  closely  related,  the  latter  differing. 


74  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

accortliug  to  the  descnptiou,  by  its  glabrous  stem  and  the  spores 
which  measure  7-9x34  micr. 

45.     Marasmius  caricicola  Kauff. 
X.  A.  F.,  Vol.  IX,  p.  277,  1915. 

PILEUS  4-8  mm.  broad,  conveco-ex paneled^  oh  fuse,  radiately  and 
broadly  sulcate  or  alveolate,  pure  ichitc,  toughisli.  jiliant,  reviving. 
priiinose.  FLESH  very  thin,  membranaceus.  GILLS  adnate,  thick. 
very  distant,  rather  broad,  pure  white.  STEM  very  short,  about 
2  mm.  long,  0-7  mm.  thick,  terete,  equal,  central,  subgiabrous,  pure 
icliite,  horizontal  or  ascending,  inserted  hy  a  naked  hase.  SPORES 
elliptical-ovate,  narrowed  toward'  apiculus,  obtusely  rounded  at  op- 
posite end,  15-18x0-0.5  micr.  when  mature,  smooth,  white.  BASIDIA 
2  or  4-spored,  about  45x7  micr.,  elongated-clavate.  STERIGMATA 
stout,  awl-shaped,  7-8  micr.  long.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious,  on  lower  portion  of  Carex  stems,  in  marshes,  Avillow 
swamps,  etc.     Ann  Arbor.     October-November.     Common  locally. 

Differs  from  AI.  candidiis  Fr,  in  the  sense  of  all  authors,  in  that 
the  pileus  is  not  umbilicate  nor  hemispherical,  in  its  naked,  inserted 
base  of  the  stem,  and  probably  in  the  spores.  Quelet  (Jura  et.  Vos- 
ges)  gives  the  spores  of  the  same  length  for  M.  candidus.  Cooke 
(111.)  gives  minute  spores,  and  Patouillard  (Tab.  Analyt.)  figures 
them  fusiform  for  M.  candidus.  Hard's  photograph  (Mushrooms. 
Fig.  107,  p.  142,  1908)  can  scarcely  be  considered  as  the  M.  candidus 
of  Fries,  whose  plant  is  described  as  minute,  but  is  a^^parently  M. 
magnisporus  Murr.  Manifestly,  31.  candidus  Fr.  is  not  well  under- 
stood. 

Tlie  trama  of  the  pileus  is  composed  of  compact  long,  thickish. 
hyaline  hyphae,  differentiated  at  the  surface  into  globose,  hyaline 
cells  0-7  micr.  in  diameter, 

SUBGENUS  MYCEKA:  Maryin  of  pUvus  at  first  straiyht  and 
appressed.  Stem  horny,  tubular,  sometimes  stuffed,  tough  and  dry. 
Pileus  sul)membranaceus. 

Section  IV.  Chordales.  Stem  radicating  or  attached  by  floccose- 
radiating  hairs. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  75 

46.    Marasmius  cohoerens  Fr. — Bres. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38  (as  Mycena). 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  80,  Fig.  1  (as  Mycena  cohoerens). 
Eicken,  Bliltterpilze,  PI.  25,  Fig.  .4. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  127,  p.  133,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  106,  p.  141. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate-expanded,  obtuse,  some- 
times umbouate,  even,  or  striatulate  when  moist,  soft-velvety,  vina- 
ceus-cinnamon  to  chestnut  color,  fading  to  alutaceus,  margiti  at 
length  repand-wavy.  FLESH  thin,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate, 
rounded  behind  or  sinuate,  seceding,  moderately  broad,  ventricose, 
close  to  subdistant,  pallid  at  first,  soon  colored,  brown,  brick  red 
to  reddish-brown  from  the  dark-colored,  spiculate  cystidia,  some- 
times intervenose.  STEM  5-15  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  elongated, 
subequal,  lioriiy,  tubular,  even,  glabrous  and  shining,  sometimes  ob- 
scurely velvety  from  spicules,  hay-hrotvu  to  chestnut,  pallid  at  di- 
lated apex,  base  darker  and  densely  floccose  with  interwoven  hairs 
which  join  the  stems  and  attach  them  to  substratum.  SPORES 
variable  in  size,  6-8.5x4-5  micr.,  oval-elliptical,  smooth,  white.  CYS- 
TIDIA numerous  over  entire  surface  of  gills,  lanceolate-aciculate. 
65-95x8-10  micr.,  reddish-'brown.  ODOR  "somewhat  disagreeable." 
(Ricken.) 

Caespitose  and  coherent,  on  the  ground  or  much  decayed  wood, 
in  frondose  woods.  Throughout  the  state.  July-September.  Not 
infrequent. 

The  rigid,  horny,  dark  stems,  joined  at  base  by  a  mass  of  white 
mycelial  threads,  the  numerous  cystidia  and  the  size,  disting-uish 
this  well-marked  plant.  Sometimes  they  grow  singly.  Collyhia 
lachnophylla  Berk  and  Collybia  spinulijera  Pk.  have  been  shown  by 
Atkinson  to  be  identical  with  it.  It  is  often  referred  to  as  Mycena 
cohoerens.  The  surface  of  the  pileus  and  of  the  stem  are  usually 
covered  by  dark  spicules  like  those  of  the  gills,  and  the  color  of  any 
of  these  parts  varies  in  proportion  to  their  abundance.  These 
spicules  are  microscopic  in  size. 

47.     Marasmius  elongatipes  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874  (as  M.  longipes  Pk.). 

"PILEUS  8-12  mm.  broad,  convex,  glabrous,  finelv  striate  on  the 


76  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

margin,  taicny-rcd.  FLESH  membranaceus.  GILLS  aduate,  close, 
white.  STEM  5-12  cm.  long,  filiform,  tall,  straight,  equal  hollow, 
pruinose-tomentose,  radicating,  brown  or  fawn  color,  apex  white." 
SPORES  7-8x0..")  niicr.  (  Pennington. )  Among  fallen  leaves  in  woods. 
Rare. 

It  has  been  snggested  that  this  is  identical  with  M.  chordalis  (Fr.) 
Bres.  I  will,  therefore,  append  Bresadola's  description  of  that 
species  : 

'Tileus  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex,  soon  umbilicate,  then  expanded, 
dry,  limber,  then  livid-whitish,  marked  with  reddish  sjiots,  pruinose 
under  a  lens,  with  an  incurved,  at  first  striate  then  sulcate  margin. 
FLESH  membranaceus.  GILLS  adnate  to  subdecurrent,  distant. 
whitish,  at  length  straw  yellow  and  reddish  spotted.  STEM  7-10 
(rarely  15)  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  straight,  stuffed  by  a  pith,  (then 
hollow),  (Zoie-6roH-H,  apex  whitish,  densely  gray  pruinose,  in  wet 
weather  the  surface  is  shiny  from  yellowish  watery  drops.  SPORES 
fusoid-ventricose,  8-10x0  micr.,  hyaline  under  microscope.  CYS- 
TIDIA  fusoid.    BASIDIA  clavate,  40x4-0  micr.     ODOR  none." 

It  is  evident  that  here  are  two  forms  of  Marasmius,  clearly  dis- 
tinguishable by  tlie  colors.  Specimens  have  been  sent  from  Europe, 
according  to  Pennington  (information  by  letter)  marked  M.  chor- 
dalis, which  had  the  color  of  our  JA.  elongatipes.  It  seems  probable 
that  there  are  tvv^o  species  in  Europe  which  are  confused  under  the 
one  name.  Bresadola's  figure  does  not  illustrate  our  plants  and 
Peck's  name  should  be  retained.  It  was  originally  called  M.  longipes, 
a  name  which  had  been  pre-empted. 

48.     Marasmius  papillatus  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

PILEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  markedly  papillate, 
striatulate  on  margin,  dingy  whitish  with  pink  tinge,  opaque, 
slightly  subtomentose  or  glabrous.  FLESH  submembranaceus. 
GILLS  broadest  behind,  decurrent  by  tooth,  narrow  in  front,  closq 
to  subdistant,  whitish  or  tinged  yellowish.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  1 
mm.  thick,  equal,  elastic,  toughish.  hollow,  pruinose,  pallid,  tinged 
flesh  color,  slightly  darker  below,  distinctly  rooting.  SPORES  10-11 
x.3-4  micr.,  subcylindrical,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  few,  scat- 
tered, narrowly  lanceolate,  about  50x5-6  micr.,  acuminate. 

Gregarious,  on  decayed,  mossy  logs  in  coniferous  regions.  Bay 
Mew,  Xew  Richmond.     July-September.     Infrequent. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  i  77 

Easily  known  by  its  habitat,  the  small  rounded  umbo  on  the  cap 
and  the  incarnate  tinge  of  cap  and  stem. 

49.     Marasmius  siccus  (Schw.)  Fr. 

Synop.  Fung.  Car.,  1822  (as  Mycena  siccus). 

S.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  23,  1870  (as  M.  campanulatus  Pk.). 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  105,  1906. 

Illustration:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  PI.  17,  Fig.  110,  p.  146,  1908. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  or  sometimes  smaller,  at  first  subcon- 
ical,  broadly  campanulate,  at  length  often  depressed  in  center,  drj^, 
glabrous,  distantly  radiately  striate-sulcate  to  the  disk,  ochraceus- 
reddish  to  bright  rose-madder,  darker  on  disk,  in  age  sometimes  fer- 
ruginous. FLESH  membranaceus.  GILLS  free  or  slightly  attached^ 
narroiced  toward  stem,  broad  in  front,  distant,  white  or  tinged  by 
color  of  pileus,  subvenose.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  slender,  horny,  glah- 
rous  and  shining,  blackish -brown,  often  pallid  to  white  at  apex, 
tubular,  attached  to  leaves,  etc.,  by  small  mycelioid  base.  SPORES 
elongated  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  pointed  apiculus, 
variable  in  size,  13-18  (up  to  24)  x3-4.5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  ODOR 
mild. 

Gregarious,  on  fallen  leaves,  twigs  and  debris  in  frondose  woods. 
Throughout  the  State.     July-September.     Frequent. 

One  of  our  most  beautiful  species  of  Marasmius,  due  to  its  bright 
colors  when  in  full  luxuriance.  The  color  varies  considerably  and  in 
age  is  often  rusty-reddish  on  the  cap.  The  stem  is  paler  at  times 
when  young.  The  spores  are  very  variable,  and  either  continue  to 
mature,  or  in  wet  weather  become  elongated  by  the  first  stages  of 
germination.  Peck  referred  it  to  the  species  of  Schweinitz,  whose 
specimens  of  if .  siccus  are  preserved  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Science.  This  species  has  been  reported  by 
De  Seynes  as  occurring  in  the  region  of  the  Congo  in  Africa. 

50.    Marasmius  felix  Morg. 
Jour.  Mycol.,  Vol.  12,  1906. 

PILEUS  3-8  mm.  broad,  convex-plane,  diw,  glabrous,  striate- 
rugulose  when  dry,  rufescent.  FLESH  membranaceus.  GILLS 
adnate,  not  broad,  distant,  white,  venose,  sometimes  forked.  STEM 
2-8  cm.  long,  filiform,  brownish  to  blackish-brown,  sometimes  whit- 


7S  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

isli   at    apex,    minutely    browu-pubescent    or    velv^y,    iustititious, 
sliglitlv  browu-baii'y  at  insertion,  base  a.ttacbed  to  veins  of  fallen 
oak  leaves.     SPORES  elliptical,  7-9x4-5  micr.,  smootb,  white. 
In  froudose  woods.    Ann  Arbor. 

Section  V.  Rotulae.  Stem  instititious,  filiform,  horny  or  rigid- 
setaceous.     (Attached  to  leaves,  twigs,  etc.) 

51.    Marasmius  rotula  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1129. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  443. 

Berkeley,  Outlines,  PI.  14,  Fig.  7. 

Pvicken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  25,  Fig.  10. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  108,  p.  143. 

Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  15,  PL  5. 

PILEUS  4-10  mm.  broad  (rarely  broader),  pliant,  hemispherical- 
convex,  suhumhona.te-um'bilicate,  white  or  whitish,  uiubilicus 
darker,  radiately  plicate,  glabrous,  margin  crenate.  FLESH  mem- 
branaceus.  GILLS  attached  to  a  free  collar  behind,  distant, 
broad,  whitish-pallid.  Stem  2-5  cm.  long,  filiform,  horny,  tubular, 
black  or  brownish-black,  whitish  at  apex,  entirely  naked,  institi- 
tious. SPORES  lanceolate-fusiform,  6-0x3-4  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
ODOR  none. 

On  fallen  twigs,  leaves  and  around  base  of  living  trunks,  gre- 
garious.   Throughout  the  State.    May-September.    Very  common. 

Often  in  great  abundance  after  rains  in  woods,  around  shade 
trees,  thickets,  etc.,  and  is  our  commonest  Marasmius.  Its  beauti- 
fully pleated  white  cap  and  black  stem  cause  it  to  be  a  striking 
little  jilant  when  moist  and  fully  expanded.  Sometimes  the  plants 
arise  in  series  along  a  prostrate  black  strand,  and  are  then  often 
sterile. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  79 

52.    Marasmius  graminum  Libert. 

Plant.  Crypt.,  1837. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1129. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PI.  14,  Fig.  8. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  443. 
Ricken,  Bliltterpilze,  PI.  25,  Fig.  9. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  325. 

^'PILEUS  minute,  2-4  mm.  broad,  nearly  plane,  umbonate,  j^ale 
rufous,  salcate,  the  furrows  paler,  umbo  brown.  GILLS  few,  sub- 
ventricose,  cream-colored,  intervenose,  attached  to  a  free  collar. 
STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  capillary,  shining-black,  apex  white,  entirely 
naked.*'  SPOEES  obovate,  5-6  micr.  long  (Sacc.)  ;  lanceolate,  12-15 
x3-4  micr.  (Ricken)  (Schroeter)  ;  globose,  3-4  micr.  diam.  (Masses) 
(Cooke). 

Gregarious,  attached  to  grass-leaves.     Southern  Michigan. 

The  description  is  adapted  from  Berkeley.  Ricken  and  Schroeter 
describe  it  somewhat  differently:  'TILEUS  bright  reddish-yellow 
or  brownish-orange,  depressed  and  darker  in  center.  GILLS  vevj 
distant,  all  the  same  length,  white  or  whitish.  STEM  entirely 
brownish-black  or  whitish  at  apex,  hair-like  in  form,  tough  and 
hard."  (Otherwise  as  above,  but  Avith  long  spores.)  The  very  dif- 
ferent sizes  reported  for  the  spores,  show  it  to  be  as  yet  an  uncer- 
tainly understood  species.    I  have  no  record  of  the  spores. 

53.     Marasmius  androsaceus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PL  1129. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  439. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  25,  Fig.  6. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  103,  p.  138,  1908. 

PILEUS  6-12  mm.  broad,  at  first  subhemispherical,  soon  ex- 
panded and  depressed-umbilicate,  reddish -'broum  or  with  purplish - 
tint,  sometimes  whitish,  distantly  sulcate-striate  or  radiately 
wrinkled,  glabrous.  FLESH  membranaceus.  GILLS  adnate,  thick- 
ish,  distant,  moderately  broad,  sometimes  forked,  flesh-color  or 
rufesceut.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  capillary,  tubular,  tough  and  hard, 
glabrous-shining,  hJacIv,  apex  paler,  equal  or  dilated  at  apex,  insti- 


80  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

titious.  SPOEES  lanceolate,  6-8x2.5-3  niicr.,  smooth,  white.  ODOR 
none. 

Gregarious,  attached  to  fallen  leaves,  twigs,  pine  needles,  etc. 
Houghton,  New  Richmond  and  probably  throughout  the  state. 
July-September. 

Not  to  be  confused  with  M.  perforans  Fr.  which  has  a  similar  ap- 
pearance, but  differs  in  possessing  a  strong,  specific  odor  (not  of  gar- 
lic), and  in  its  minuteh-velvety  stem  covering. 

54.     Marasmius  epiphyllus  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1137. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analvt.,  No.  219. 

PILEUS  2-8  mm.  broad,  convex,  at  length  flattened  and  depressed 
or  subumbilicate,  subpruinpse  or  glabrous,  niilk-white  rugulose. 
FLESH  membranaceus.  GILLS  adnate,  few,  very  distant,  white. 
STEM  14  cm.  long,  filiform,  equal,  reddish-hroivn,  jmler  or  whitish 
at  apex,  prumose,  pubescent  toward  base,  instititious,  tough. 
SPORES  narrowly  fusiform-lanceolate,  9-12x3-4  micr.,  smooth, 
Avhite.  CYSTIDIA  moderately  abundant,  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills, 
40-50x7-8  micr.,  subacuminate,  narrowly  lanceolate.  BASIDIA  30x7 
micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious,  on  fallen  leaves  of  oak,  etc.,  attached  to  midrib  and 
veins.     Ann  Arbor.     October. 

Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the  piniinose  stem.  M.  i>i- 
stititious  Fr.  is  said  to  dift'er  by  the  sulcate-plicate  pileus  and  the 
thicker  stem  which  tapers  downward.  The  spore-sizes  given  by 
various  authors  clash  here  as  in  many  other  cases.  Massee  and 
Cooke  give  them  as  3x2  micr. ;  Morgan  (ex  Saccardo)  as  6-7x2.  Our 
plants  appear  to  be  those  of  Ricken. 

55.     Marasmius  capillaris  Morg. 
Ann.  Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.  Jour.,  Vol.  6,  1883. 

PILEUS  2-6  mm.  broad,  convex,  umbilicate,  plicate-sulcate.  alu- 
taceus  sometimes  darker,  with  white  unihilicus,  glabrous.    FLESH 
membranaceus.     GILLS  adnate  to  a  'free  collar^  moderately  broad.  • 
white,  distant.     STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  capillary,  equal,  long,  black, 
scarcely   whitish   at   ver}^   apex,   glabrous-shining,   tubular,    tough, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  81 

instititious.  SPORES  oblong-lanceolate,  8-10x4-5  micr.,  smooth, 
white.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  on  fallen  leaves  of  oak,  etc.,  twigs  and  sticks  in  woods. 
Ann  Arbor.     September. 

Known  by  its  long,  filiform  black  stem  and  the  white  nmbilicus 
which  is  in  marked  contrast  to  the  color  of  the  rest  of  pileus. 

Heliomyces  Lev. 
(From  the  Greek,  helios,  the  snn,  and  myphes,  a  fungus.) 

Flesh  tremelloid,  subcoreaceous,  reviving  in  moist  weather.  Pileus 
rugose,  sulcate  or  reticulate-ridged.  Stem  central,  confluent  with 
the  pileus,  tough.    No  veil.     Gills  with  acute  edge. 

Marasmius-like  plants  with  a  gelatinous  trama,  usually  lignicol- 
ous.  The  species  are  few  and  have  been  poorly  studied;  probably 
most  of  them  occur  in  the  tropical  regions.  It  is  highly  desirable 
to  know  the  microscopic  structure  of  the  species  so  far  referred 
here.  Pleurotus  suhpalmatus  is  closely  related  to  this  genus,  and 
should  perhaps  be  included.  Only  two  species  are  represented  in 
my  collections. 

56.     Heliomyces  nigripes  (Schw.)     Morg. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  115,  p.  152,  1908. 
Lloyd,  Myc.  Notes,  No.  5,  Fig.  19  and  20,  p.  46. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  very  thin,  pure  cTmlk-ialiite,  convex  then 
expanded,  pruinose,  rugulose-subsulcate ;  trama  composed  of  suh- 
gelatinmis  hypliae  much  interwoven.  GILLS  adnate  or  adnato- 
decurrent,  subdistant,  unequal,  intervenose,  some  forked,  ivhite, 
rufescent.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  enlarged  and  usually 
compressed  above,  tapering  downward,  instititious,  cartilaginous- 
tough,  Mack,  white-pruinose  at  first,  minutely  tubular,  black  within. 
SPORES  coarsely  stellate,  3-5  rayed,  hyaline,  8-9  micr.  diam.  CYS- 
TIDIA  none. 

On  sticks,  stems  of  Equisetum,  fallen  leaves,  etc.,  in  mixed  woods. 
New  Richmond.     September. 

In  age  the  colors  of  the  whole  plant  change  to  alutaceous.  This 
species  has  usually  been  referred  to  Marasmius.  It  is  an  American 
plant  and  was  placed  in  that  genus  by  de  Schweinitz.  In  his  North 
11 


82  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

American  Species  of  Mai-asmius  (Jour.  MvcoL,  Vol.  12,  p.  98),  Mor- 
gan included  it  under  Heliomyces,  where  it  probably  belongs,  al- 
though the  gelatinous  character  of  the  trania  is  not  vei*}^  strongly 
developed.  Its  peculiar  spores  set  it  off  from  all  others;  Lloyd  has 
given  us  a  photograph  showing  their  stellate  character. 

57.     Heliomyces  pruinosipes  Pk.  var. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  167,  1913. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  trcmelloid,  convex  then  plane,  minutely 
pubescent,  hygrophanous,  dark  chestnut-brown,  becoming  paler, 
siirface  marked  hij  convolute,  crowded,  obtuse  ridges,  not  viscid. 
FLESH  thick,  becoming  tough  and  slightly  horny  when  dry, 
reddish-pallid.  GILLS  adnate  running  down  the  stem  by  short 
lines,  medium  broad,  close,  thin,  pallid  to  dingy  ochraceous,  becom- 
ing l)rownish-yellow  on  dicing,  edge  entire.  STEM  3-4.5  cm.  long. 
3  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  compressed,  somewhat  twisted  and, 
canaliculate  on  drying,  fibrous,  tough,  dark  chestnut  brown,  fading, 
clothed  by  a  short  tomentose  pubescense.  SPORES  minute,  oblong, 
5x2.5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  TKx\MA  of  cap  of  large,  gelatinous,  in- 
terwoven hyphae,  which  in  cross-section  have  a  very  refractive  cen- 
ter; that  of  gills  of  similar  but  more  slender  hyphae.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild. 

The  specimen  was  sent  by  Mrs.  Cahn,  from  Detroit,  in  July.  The 
description  applies  only  to  our  plant.  It  departs  from  the  descrip- 
tion of  Peck  in  that  the  cap  does  not  at  first  possess  the  bright 
orange-red  colors  and  although  our  specimens  were  rather  fresh 
such  a  loss  of  color  by  fading  might  be  expected.  A  more  import- 
ant difference  is  the  distinct  cerebrose  surface  of  the  pileus  in  our 
])lant,  not  mentioned  at  all  by  Peck;  for  the  present  it  may  be  ccm- 
sidered  var.  cerebrosus,  until  furtlier  data  are  at  hand.  It  is  evi- 
dently rare,  but  there  is  a  curious  coincidence  in  its  discovery  in  the 
same  year  at  three  separate  localities,  viz.,  Vaughns  and  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  and  Detroit,  Michigan. 


LACTARIE^ 

Context  of  fruit-body  fleshy,  putrescent,  vesiculose;  stem  con- 
fluent with  pileus  and  gills,  central ;  gills  brittle,  attached,  acute  on 
edge,  mostly  Avith  cj'stidia  in  the  hymenium;  spores  sphoeroid, 
rough,  white,  yellowish  or  ochraceous. 

This  subfamily  is  sharply  set  off  from  the  others  by  the  vesiculose 
trama  of  the  fruit-body  and  the  echinulate  or  otherwise  roughened, 
globose  spores.  With  the  exception  of  the  Cortinarii,  no  other 
groups  develop  such  a  variety  of  bright-colored  pilei.  Many  of 
them  possess  a  strong  acrid  taste,  and  nearly  all  of  them  have 
specially  differentiated  hyphae  scattered  through  the  trama,  which 
in  the  Lactarii  secrete  a  milky  or  colored  Juice.  The  hymenium  is 
composed  of  cylindric-clavate  basidia  intermingled  with  cystidia ; 
the  latter  often  extend  into  or  below  the  subhymenium,  and  in  the 
young  plant  project  above  the  basidia;  later  they  are  often  even 
with  the  rest  of  the  hymenium.  In  a  few  cases  the  cystidia  are 
scanty  or  lacking.  The  subhymenium  is  differentiated  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent  in  the  different  species,  consisting  of  a  tissue  of  small 
roundish  cells  between  basidia  and  trama. 

The  group  is  apparently  derived  from  Hygrophorus,  probably  by 
several  paths.  The  gills  have  a  somewhat  w^axy  consistency  in  some 
species,  reminding  one  of  the  gills  of  that  genus.  There  are  two 
well-marked  genera : 

Lactarius,  exuding  a  milky  juice  when  wounded. 

Russula,  without  this  juice. 

Lactarius  Fr. 
(From  the  Latin,  lac,  milk.) 

Veil  none;  the  trama  composed  of  vesiculose  tissue,  and  icith  a 
milky  or  coloi'ed  juice  which  exudes  when  plant  is  broken;  gills 
rigid,  fragile,  acute  on  edge ;  stem  central,  confluent  with  the  pileus ; 
spores  globose  or  subgiobose,  usually  echinulate  or  verrucose,  white 
or  yellowish. 

Fleshy  and  putrescent  fungi,  often  of  large  size,  mostly  terrestrial, 
sometimes  on  much  decayed  wood.    The  genus  is  very  distinct  and 


84  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

most  closely  related  to  Kussula,  from  which  it  differs  by  the  exuda- 
tion of  a  milky  or  colored  juice  from  the  gills  and  elseAvhere  when 
wounded.  The  abundance  and  size  of  many  species  which  are  edible 
makes  this  an  important  genus  economically ;  but  a  number  of 
species  are  believed  to  be  poisonous  and  must  be  carefully  dis- 
tinguished. 

The  PILEUS  may  be  white,  yellow,  orange,  green,  blue,  reddish, 
tan,  gray,  etc.,  often  with  the  colors  in  variegated  zones  of  related 
hues.  It  is  either  dry  or  viscid,  glabrous,  velvety  or  tomentose,  and 
the  margin  which  is  at  first  involute  is  usually  much  more  velvety 
or  tomentose  than  the  center  of  the  pileus ;  in  some  species,  however, 
the  margin  is  naked.  The  GILLS  are  usually  aduate  at  first  or 
acuminate  on  the  stem,  becoming  spuriously  decurrent  in  many 
cases  as  the  margin  of  the  pileus  is  elevated  at  maturity  or  in  age. 
They  are  usuall}^  rigid-brittle,  and  exude  the  milky  juice  to  best 
advantage  when  quickly  cut  by  a  sharp-pointed  instrument.  They 
are  usually  of  unequal  length  and  often  forked,  sometimes  dicho- 
tomously  as  in  L.  piperatiis.  The  color  of  the  gills  varies  from 
white  to  yellowish  or  grayish,  and  in  many  cases  they  become  dis- 
tinctly darker  in  age,  a  cliaracter  on  which  the  main  division  has 
been  based.  In  one  group  they  become  dusted  by  the  spores  and  are 
said  to  be  pruinose  in  age.  The  STEM  has  a  rigid  cortex  with  a 
spong;\^-stutfed  interior,  and  becomes  rather  brittle.  It  is  never 
fibrous  but  may  become  hollow  or  cavernous  with  age.  It  is  either 
white  or  has  the  color  of  the  pileus,  but  often  diluted.  Its  rigid, 
stiff-looking  appearance,  which  is  due  to  the  vesiculose  stnicture  of 
the  flesh,  gives  both  the  species  of  this  genus  as  well  as  those  of 
Russula  a  characteristic  pose  b}^  which  these  two  genera  are  soon 
easily  recognized.  The  TRAMA  has  a  structure  which,  along  with 
that  of  the  Russulas,  is  unique  among  the  Agaricaceae.  The  hyphae 
of  the  usual  slender,  filamentous  tj-pe  of  other  genera  are  rather 
scanty,  and  interweave  among  clusters  of  thin-walled,  parenchyma- 
like, isodiametric  cells,  forming  the  so-called  vesiculose  tissue. 
Mixed  with  the  filamentous  are  the  milk-bearing  hyphae,  called 
"latex-tubes"  or  "lactiferes."  These  extend  longtitudinally  up 
through  the  stem,  spread  out  in  the  pileus  and  extend  through  the 
gills.  The  "MILK,"  as  it  is  called,  is  usually  Avhite  as  it  comes  from 
a  sudden  wound,  but  in  several  species  it  is  colored  blue,  orange  or 
red.  After  the  white  milk  is  exposed  to  the  air  for  a  few  minutes,  it 
either  remains  unchanged  or  becomes  yellow,  lilac,  pink,  greenish 
or  grayish.  In  many  species  this  change  is  only  noticeable  where 
the  milk  touches  the  flesh,  and  the  latter  takes  on  the  corresponding 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  85 

color.  In  a  few  species  the  juice  is  watery  or  a  diluted  white;  this 
was  considered  by  Fries  as  a  degenerate  condition  due  to  tlie  hab- 
itat. During  very  dry  weather  or  in  old  specimens  the  juice  is  dried 
up  and  does  not  respond  to  the  wounding  of  the  tissue.  Some  species 
of  Mycena  are  also  supplied  with  a  colored  juice,  but  these  lack  the 
vesiculose  trama  and  are  very  slender-stemmed  plants.  The  TASTE 
of  the  milk  and  flesh  is  often  very  acrid  in  fresh  plants  and  con- 
tinued sampling  of  mau}^  specimens  the  same  day  is  apt  to  produce 
a  sore  tongue.  It  is,  however,  necessary  to  know  whether  a  species 
is  acrid  or  mild,  hence  cautious  tasting  of  minute  pieces  of  the 
gills  is  not  objectionable  and  if  kept  in  the  mouth  but  a  short  time 
and  not  swallowed,  no  harm  results.  This  character  is  of  great 
importance  in  determining  the  si3ecies  of  this  genus.  Some  species, 
usually  called  mild,  have  a  woody  or  bitterish  taste.  The  SPORES 
are  globose  to  almost  broadly  elliptical  in  some  species.  The 
epispore  is  decorated  with  minute  spines,  reticulations,  etc.  The 
color  varies  from  white  to  yellowish,  not  nearly  as  variable  as  in 
the  genus  Russula.  The  size  of  the  spore  is  not  sufficiently  different 
to  be  of  much  use  in  ordinary  diagnosis  of  species.  CYSTIDIA  are 
abundant  in  many  of  the  species,  and  are  apparently  of  the  same 
nature  as  in  Russula. 

Many  species,  especially  those  with  a  mild  taste,  are  EDIBLE. 
and  are  much  prized  by  mycophagists ;  such  are  L.  deliciosus,  L. 
volemus,  L.  hygroplioroides,  L.  indigo,  etc.  The  very  acrid  species 
should  be  tried  cautiously.  Some  are  considered  poisonous  and 
have  been  so  marked.  The  poison  is,  however,  not  of  the  same  order 
as  in  the  Amanitas,  and  there  is  a  growing  belief  that  if  properly 
prepared  most,  if  not  all  of  them,  may  be  eaten  with  impunity, 
L.  piperatus,  whose  milk  has  a  most  excruciatingly  biting  eft'ect  on 
the  tongue  when  taken  from  a  fresh  plant,  is  known  to  be  perfectly 
safe  after  it  is  cooked.  All  serious  accidents  which  have  come  to  my 
notice  in  the  state,  have  been  traced  with  fair  certainty  to  the 
Amanitas.  Any  mushroom,  however,  especially,  if  fried,  maj'  cause 
illness  to  people  with  poor  digestion  in  the  same  way  as  many  other 
delicious  articles  of  food. 

The  Lactarii  are  most  abundant  during  July  and  August,  with  a 
similar  seasonal  range  as  the  Russulas.  They  often  occur  in  large 
numbers  in  the  open  woods  of  higher  ground,  although  some  species 
are  mostly  limited  to  swamps,  bogs  and  low  rich  woods.  I  have  seen 
hundreds  of  individuals  of  several  species,  including  L.  vellereus. 
in  au' area  several  rods  in  extent.  Others  like  L.  indigo  are  mostly 
few  in  a  place  and  occur  in  widely  separated  localities.  • 


86  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

The  Friesian  ai-raugement  into  two  main  groups  is  liere  retained. 
Otber  groupings  which  luive  been  attempted,  seem  to  me  to  have 
brought  out  no  clearer  relationships  and  tend  only  to  complicate 
matters.  Tlie  main  divisions  are  here  considered  as  subgenera. 
These  have  been  subdivided  into  sections,  depending  on  the  char- 
acter of  the  surface  of  the  pileus,  and  on  the  taste.  The  key  includes 
only  the  species  so  far  identified  from  plants  gathered  Avithin  the 
state. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Milk  brightly  colored  from  the  first.     [See  also   (AA)   and   (AAA)], 
(a)     Young  gills  and  milk  indigo-blue.     78.    L.  indigo  Schw. 
(aa)     Not  indigo-blue. 

(b)     Young  gills  and  milk  dark  red.     76.     L.  suljimrpureus  Pk. 
(bb)     Young  gills  and  milk  orange.     77.     L.  deliciosus  Fr. 
(AA)     Milk  at  first  white,  changing  color  on  exposure  to  the  air,  at  least 
on  the   flesh. 
(a)     Milk  becoming  lilac  or  violet-lilac,  at  least  on  the  bruised  flesh, 
(b)     Pileus  zonate,  8-12  cm.  broad;   stem  spotted.     75.    L.    maculatus 

Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  azonate,  3-7  cm.  broad;  stem  not  spotted.     74.     L.  uvidus 
Fr. 
(aa)     Milk  not  changing  to  lilac. 

(b)     Milk  becoming  pinkish-red,  at  least  on  the  bruised  flesh. 
(c)     Pileus  chocolate-brown  to  pale  sooty-brown,  usually  rugose.    80. 

L.  Ugnyotus  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  grayish-brown  to   isabelline,  even.     79.     L.  fulginosus 
Fr. 
(bb)     Milk  not  changing  to  pinkish  red. 

(c)     Milk  becoming  yellow,  at  least  on  the  bruised  flesh, 
(d)     Margin  of  pileus  tomentose-hairy. 

(e)     Stem  spotted;    pileus   straw-color  to   ochraceous.     60.       L. 

scrobiculatus  Fr. 
(ee)     Stem  not  spotted;  pileus  buff  tinged  with  flesh  color.     62. 
L.  cilicioides  Fr. 
(dd)     Margin  of  pileus  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

(e)     Pileus  azonate,  dry  or  scarcely  viscid,  some  shade  of  red- 
dish-brown, 
(f)     Odor  strong,  disagreeable.     69.     L.  theiogalus  Fr. 
(ff)     Not  with  marked  odor. 

(g)     Pileus  substriate  on  margin,  fading  to  isabelline.     88. 

L.  isabellinKS  Burl, 
(gg)     Pileus  even  on  margin,  color  of  L.  comphoratus.     87. 
L.  colorascens  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  zonate,  at  least  toward  margin. 

(f)      Pileus  very  viscid  when  moist,    orange-yellow.     86.     L. 

croceus  Burl. 
(ff)     Pileus  subviscid. 

(g)     Pileus  distinctly  spotted-zoned  with  dull-orange  zones; 

milk  very  acrid.     68.    L.  cTirysorheus  Fr. 
(gg)     Pileus  faintly  zonate;  milk  tardily  acrid  or  bitterish. 
69.     L.    theiogalus   Fr. 
(cc)     Milk  not  changing  to  yellow. 

(d)     Milk  becoming  greenish  on  the  bruised  flesh. 

(e)     Pileus  dark  <  live-green,  rather  rigid,  zonate.     59.     L.  atro- 

virides  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus    livid-smoky-gray,    azonate.     73.     L.    trivialis    var. 
viridiUictis. 
(dd)     Milk  not  changing  to  green  or  brownish  on  flesh. 
(e)     Gills  stained  gray  where  bruicod. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  87 

(f)     Pileus  olive-brown  to  umber,  rigid,  6-12  cm.  broad.     58. 

L.  turpis  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  drab-colored  to  lilac-grayish,   3-6   cm.  broad.     85. 
L.   vietus  Fr. 
(ee)     Milk  changing  to  brown  on    the    flesh.     94.     L.    luteolus 
Pk. 
(AAA)     Milk  white,  unchanging. 
(a)     Pileus  viscid  when  moist. 
(b)     Margin    of   pileus   distinctly   tomentose-hairy ;    pileus    incarnate- 
tinged.     61.     L.  torminosus  Fr. 
(bb)     Margin  of  pileus  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

(c)     Pileus  distinctly  zonate,  more  or  less  copper-orange  color.     70. 

L.  i?isulsus  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  or  obscurely  zonate. 

(d)     Pileus  large,  usually  8-15  cm.  broad. 

(e)     Pileus   pale  yellowish  or  subochraceous;    gills  broad.     71. 

L.  affinis  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus   white   soon    spotted-stained;    gills   becoming  flesh- 
colored.     65.    L.  controversus  Fr. 
(eee)     Pileus    livid-smoky   gray   or   tinged    slightly    with    lilac- 
purplish.     73.     L.   trivialis   Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  medium  to  small,  less  than  8  cm.  broad, 
(e)     Pileus  drab  or  lilac-gray;     gills    pruinose.     85.    L.    vietus 

Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  some  other  color. 

(f)     Pileus  and  stem  cinereus,  glabrous,  small.     84.     L.   cin- 

ereus  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  reddish. 

(g)     Pileus     unbonate-papillate,     reddish-fulvous,     1-2     cm. 

broad.     96.     L.  oculatus    (Pk.)    Burl, 
(gg)     Pileus    umbilicate-depressed,    reddish-brown,    5-7    cm. 
broad.     72.     L.  hysginus  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  viscid. 

(b)     Pileus  minutely    tomentose,    scaly,    pubescent    or    with    velvety- 
bloom, 
(c)     Taste  mild,  never  acrid;    pileus  reddish-brown  to  pale  tawny, 
(d)     Gills   close;    pileus   rugose-reticulate,   velvety-pubescent.     92. 

L.  corrngis  Pk. 
(dd)     Gills  distant;   pileus  even  or  slightly  rugulose,  almost  gla- 
brous.    93.     L.   liygroplioroides  B.  &  C. 
(cc)     Taste  acrid  or  slowly  acrid,  if  mild  then  pileus  not  reddish- 
brown, 
(d)     Odor   aromatic,   rather   strong. 

(e)     Pileus  ashy  to  smoky-brown.     L.  glyciosmus  Fr. 
(ee)    .Pileus  tawny  to  isabelline;  in  swamps  and  bogs.     81.     L. 
helvus  Fr. 
(dd)     Odor  none. 

(e)     Pileus  white  or  whitish. 

(f)     Pileus   persistently  velvety-tomentose   on   entire   surface. 

63.     L.  vellereus  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus    glabrous    on    center,    margin    densely    cottony- 
tomentose.     64.     L.  deceptivns  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  not  white, 
(f)     Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  gray;  often  on  much  decayed  wood. 

83.     L.  griseus  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  2-7  cm.  broad;  flesh  reddish  or  flesh-color  where 
bruised, 
(g)     Pileus  chocolate-brown  to  pale  sooty-brown,  rugose  on 

center.     80.     L.   lignijotiis  Fr. 
(gg)     Pileus  grayish-brown  to  isabelline.     79.     L.  fuUgino- 
sus  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  glabrous. 

(c)     Pileus   etc.   white;    gills   very   crowded,   dichotomously    forked. 


88  THE  AGARICACEAE  OP  MICHIGAN 

66.     L.  pipei-atus  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  white. 

(d)     Pileus  some  shade  of  gray  or  brown. 

(e)     Gills  becoming  dingy  greenish-brown  where  bruised, 
(f)     Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  pale  lilaceous-umber.     89.     L.  par- 
vus Pk. 
_  (ff)     Pileus   3-6   cm.   broad,   grayish-buff.     90.     L.  varius   Pk. 
(ee)     Gills    not    changing    to    greenish-brown    when    wounded; 
pileus    zoned,    gray    to    brownish-gray.     67.     L.    pyrogalus 
Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  some  shade  of  red  or  yellow, 
(e)     Gills  distant;  pileus   pale   brownish-orange.    93.    L.  hygro- 

phoroi6.es  B.  &  C. 
(ee)     Gills  close  or  subdistant. 
(f)     Taste  acrid. 

(g)     Pileus  bay-red  to  rufus.     82.     L.  rufus  Fr. 
(gg)     Pileus    pale    yellowish    to    subochraceus.        71.        L. 
affinis  Pk. 
(ff)     Taste  mild  or  nearly  so. 

(g)     Odor  aromatic,  sometimes  faint, 
(h)     Pileus   even,   brown-red;     color    persisting.     97.     L. 

camphoratus  Fr. 
(hh)     Pileus    rimulose.    areolate,   brown-red,    fading.     98. 
L.  rimosellus  Pk. 
(gg)     Odor  none. 

(h)     Pileus  5-12  cm.  broad,  brownish-orange  to  fulvous; 

stem  solid.     91.     L.  voletmis  Fr. 
(hh)     Pileus   2-5   cm.   broad,   brownish-red   to   isabelline; 
stem   stuffed  to   hollow.     95.     L.   suhdulcis   Fr. 

PIPERITES:  Gills  not  becoming  darker  nor  pruinose-sprinkled 
in  age. 

In  this  group  the  milk  is  either  colored  or  white.  In  some  species 
it  changes  on  exposure  to  the  air  and  stains  the  gills  so  that  they 
assume  a  different  color  than  at  first;  such  species  must  not  be 
referred  to  the  second  group,  since  there  the  gills  assume  a  darker 
color  without  reference  to  the  milk. 

Section  I.  Pileus,  especially  on  margin,  shaggy,  scabrous,  tomen- 
tose  or  hairj^-fringed ;  taste  acrid.  .     .  • 


58.     Lactarius  turpis  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :     Fries,   Sverig.   Svamp.,  PL  GO. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  987. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  397. 
Ricken,  Bliittei-pilze,  PI.  9,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  6-12  cm.  broad,  rigid,  convex-umbilicate,  then  expanded 
and  depressed,  olive-hroum  to  umher,  darker  on  disk,  azonate,  some- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  89 

what  roughish-floccose,  -fibrils  glutinous  when  moist,  at  length  sub- 
glabrous,  margin  at  first  involute  with  an  olivaceus-yellow  villosity. 
FLESH  whitish,  compact,  thick.  GILLS  adnate,  decurrent,  narrow, 
close  to  crowded,  dingy  cream-colored,  stained  gray  or  nearly  Mack 
ivhere  bruised.  STEM  34  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  thick,  stout,  short, 
firm,  scarcely  viscid,  glabrous,  concolor  or  paler  than  pileus,  often 
simtted  icith  darker  spots,  even,  stuffed,  sometimes  hollow.  SPORES 
"globose,  echinulate,  6.5-8  micr."  (Burl.)  MILK  white,  unchanging, 
causing  gray  stains  on  gills,  acrid.    ODOR  slight.    Edible. 

Gregarious  or  solitaiy.  On  the  ground  in  the  north,  in  mixed 
woods  of  hemlock,  balsam,  poplar,  maple,  etc.  Presque  Isle,  Mar- 
quette.   August-September.    Rare  or  frequent  locally. 

It  is  very  distinct  from  L.  atroviridis  in  its  colors  and  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  surface  of  the  pileus,  etc.  Dried  specimens  are  grayish- 
black.  Lactarius  sordidus  Pk.  is  without  doubt  the  same.  It  is 
said  to  be  eaten  in  Europe,  although  as  Fries  remarks,  it  has  a  loath- 
some appearance.  It  has  somewhat  the  habit  of  Paxillus  involutus 
and  like  the  latter,  prefers  coniferous  woods. 

59.    Lactarius  atroviridis  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus:  Rep.  42,  1889. 

Illustration:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  139,  p.  175,  1908  (not  typ- 
ical). 

PILEUS  6-15  cm.  broad,  subrigid,  convex-expanded,  soon  de- 
pressed, dry,  rough-scabrous  to  scabrous-hairy,  often  rugose,  dark 
olive-green,  becoming  blackish-green,  sometimes  obscurely  mottled- 
zonate  toward  margin,  which  is  at  first  involute  then  spreading  and 
thin.  FLESH  whitish,  thick  and  compact  on  disk.  GILLS  adnate 
or  subdecurrent,  close,  distinct,  rather  narrow,  whitish  at  first 
stained  with  dark  green  u'here  bruised  or  in  age,  intervenose,  few 
forked.  STEM  short,  2-5  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  thick,  stout,  subrigid. 
equal,  dry,  glabrous,  dark  greenish,  soon  hollow  or  cavernous. 
SPORES  "subglobose,  echinulate,  7-8  micr.,  white."  (Burl.)  MILK 
white,  unchanging,  causing  dark  green  stains  on  gills,  acrid. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  De- 
troit.    August.     Infrequent. 

Blackish  when  dried.  A  veiy  curious  and  repellent  mushroom, 
concerning  whose  edibility  nothing  is  known.  It  is  quite  distinct 
and  easily  recognized  by  its  blackish-green  colors,  rigid  flesh  and 


90 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 


short  Stem.  The  pileus  is  rekitively  much  broader  than  the  stem 
aud  is  often  exceedingly  rqugh-scabrous  on  the  surface,  especially 
in  dry  Aveather.  It  seems  distributed  over  the  northeastern  portion 
of  the  United  States,  but  is  not  often  collected.  The  stem  is  often 
.spotted  with  darker  spots. 

60.    Lactarius  scrobiculatus  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  971. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  Xo.  392. 
Patouillavd,  Tab.  Analyt.,  Xo.  109. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  53. 
Hard,  ^klushrooms,  Fig.  133,  p.  169,  1908. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  9,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  7-17  cm.  broad,  convex-depressed,  at  length  infundibuli- 
form,  varying  azonate  to  markedly  zonate,  viscid  ivhen  moist,  often 
covered  by  a  thin,  hairy  tomentum,  straw-yell oio  to  dark  ochraceus. 
becoming  subferruginous  aud  areately  cracked  when  dry,  margin,  at 
first  involute  and  tomentose-hairy  or  densely  fringed.  FLESH  com- 
I»act,  firm,  white,  changing  to  yellowish  from  the' milk.  GILLS  ad- 
nate,  subdecurrent,  narrow,  crowded,  sometimes  forked  or  anas- 
tomosing on  stem,  whitish  or  yellowish,  darker  where  wounded. 
STEM  3-G  cm.  long,  2.5-3  mm.  thick,  stout,  short,  equal,  stuffed  then 
liollow,  glabrous,  concolor  or  paler  than  pileus,  'mith  depressed^ 
roundish  spots  of  a  brighter  color.  SPORES  subglobose-elliptical. 
''minutely  echinulate,  6.5-7x8-10  micr.,  white."  (Burl.)  MILK  white, 
changing  quickly  to  sulpliur-yellow,  acrid.    Poisonous. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  moist  woods,  or  along  mossy  mar- 
gins of  swamps,  mostly  in  coniferous  regions.  Bay  View,  Huron 
Mountains,  New  Richmond.     July-August.     Infrequent. 

The  well-marked  depressed  spots  on  the  stem  and  the  tomentose- 
hairy  margin  distinguish  it.  The  margin  finally  becomes  spread- 
ing or  elevated  and  the  tomentosity  gradually  disappears.  The 
zones  of  the  i)ileus  may  be  very 'obscure  or  quite  distinct;  in  one 
large  si)ecimen  I  counted  seventeen  zones.  It  is  a  magnificent 
mushroom  wlien  in  full  luxuriance,  but  is  not  often  found. 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  91 

61.    Lactarius  torminosus  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Sverlg.  Svamp.,  PI.  28. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  972. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  395. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  38. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  127,  p.  165,  1908. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  118,  p.  119,  1900. 
Kicken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  9,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  convex,  depressed  to  subinfundibuli- 
form,  viscid  when  young  or  moist,  ochraceus-buff  tinged  toith  rosy- 
flesh  color,  spotted-zoned,  sometimes  paler  and  azonate,  margin  at 
first  involute  and  persistently  tomentose-hmry  or  fringed,  disk 
glabrous.  FLESH  rather  soft,  thick,  white  or  tinged  incarnate. 
GILLS  decurrent,  narrow,  thin,  close,  some  forked  at  base,  whitish 
to  creamy,  at  length  incarnate  or  reddisli-yellow.  STEM  3-(3  cm. 
long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick,  short,  equal  or  tapering  downwards,  glabrous 
or  pruinose,  even,  stuffed  then  hollow,  flesh-color,  paler  below,  some- 
times spotted.  SPORES  "elliptical,  echinulate,  8-10x6-8  micr., 
white."  (Burl.)     MILK  white,  unchmiging,  very  acrid.    Poisonous. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  mixed  forests  of  birch  and  hemlock, 
etc.,  and  in  frondose  woods  of  oak,  maple,  elm,  etc. 

Throughout  the  state,  from  the  southern  limits  to  Isle  Royale. 
July-September.     Frequent. 

Known  by  the  tomentose-fringed  margin  of  the  pileus,  the  zones 
on  the  surface,  the  white,  acrid  milk  which  remains  unchanged,  and 
the  pinkish-yellow  or  ochraceus  color.  It  must  be  carefully  dis- 
tinguished from  the  edible  species  like  L.  deliciosus.  It  is  usually 
much  paler  than  the  latter,  but  occasionally  approaches  it  in  its 
colors,  and  L.  deliciosus  has  colored  milk  and  the  margin  of  pileus  is 
naked.  L.  torminosus  is  poisonous,  yet  the  Russian  peasants  are 
said  to  preserve  it  and  eat  it  seasoned  with  oil  and  vinegar, 

62.    Lactarius  cilicioides  Fr.     (Poisonous) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 
Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  973. 

"PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  or  nearly  plane,  umbili- 


92  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

cate  or  ceutrally  depressed,  occasionally  subinfundibiiliform,  cov- 
ered imth  long  matted  hairs  or  tomentum,  the  center  sometimes 
naked  with  age,  azonate,  viscid  when  moist,  white,  reddish,  buff  or 
dingy  incarnate.  FLESH  soft.  GrILLS  adnate  or  slightly  decur- 
reiit,  thin,  rather  narrow,  close,  some  forked,  white  or  tinged  with 
yellow  or  incarnate.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  short, 
equal  or  tapering  downward,  pruinose,  stuffed  then  hollow,  not 
spotted,  white  or  whitish.  SPORES  globose-elliptical,  6-8  micr., 
wiiite.    MILK  white,  sparse,  slowly  changing  to  pale  yellow,  acrid. 

"In  pine  woods.     September-October." 

The  description  is  adapted  from  Peck  (N.  Y.  Mus.  Rep.  38)  who 
remarks  that  it  is  distinguished  from  all  others  by  its  conspicuously 
woolly  pileus.  The  hairs  or  fibrils  are  long  and  intricately  matted, 
and  very  viscid  in  wet  weather.  The  milk  is  said  to  be  very  sparse, 
and  in  a  white  variety,  sometimes  wanting.  I  have  not  yet  found  it 
in  the  state,  but  as  it  is  said  to  be  poisonous  like  the  preceding,  to 
whicli  it  is  closely  related,  it  seemed  desirable  to  include  it.  The 
A\hite  variety  might  be  mistaken  for  a  Russula. 

63.    Lactarius  vellerius  Fr.     (Suspected) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  980. 

Bresadola,  Fungh.  Mang.  e.  Yel.,  PI.  67. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  400. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  10,  Fig.  2. 
.   Hussey,  Illust.  Brit.  Myc.  I,  PI.  63. 
Wliite,  Conn.  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  15,  PI.  13. 

PILEUS  6-12  cm.  broad,  subrigid,  convex-umbilicate,  at  length 
expanded  and  concave-depressed,  dry,  white  or  tvhitish,  entirely 
minutely  tomentose,  velvety  to  the  touch,  margin  at  first  involute 
then  spreading  or  elevated.  FLESH  compact,  thick  vfhite  or  stained 
from  the  milk.  CILLS  adnate-subdecurrent,  suMistant  to  dis- 
tant, moderately  broad,  somewhat  forked,  whitish  to  creamy-yellow 
becoming  brownish-stained.  STEM  1..5  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm.  thick, 
equal  or  tapering  downward,  short,  stout,  pruinose-pu'bescent,  white, 
rigid,  solid.  SPORES  subglobose  to  broadly  elliptical,  nearly 
smooth,  7-9  micr.,  white.  MILK  white,  unchanging  or  temporarily 
cream-colored,  sometimes  lacking,  acrid.    Poisonous. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  mixed  and  frondose  woods,  ofte» 
very  abundant. 


CLASSIFICATICN  OP  AGARICS  93 

Througliout  the  state  from  the  southern  limits  to  Lake  Superior. 
July-September.     Bather  frequent  locally. 

This  differs  from  L.  pvperatus  in  the  velvety-tomentose  pileus  and 
rather  distant  gills.  L.  deceptivus  has  a  thick,  cottony  tomentum  on 
the  involute  margin,  but  is  almost  glabrous  elsewhere.  Sometimes 
the  milk  of  L.  vellerius  seems  to  be  lacking,  when  it  might  be  mis- 
taken for  Russula  delica;  the  latter,  however,  lacks  the  tomentosity 
of  the  pileus  as  a  rule,  and  often  has  a  greenish  tinge  on  the  apex 
of  the  stem  and  the  edge  of  the  gills.  Its  edibilty  is  questioned, 
but  Mcllvaine  ate  it  for  years.  Others  also  consider  it  edible  since 
it  loses  its  acridity  when  cooked.  Without  doubt  it  can  be  eaten 
by  some,  but  like  Lepiota  morgani,  causes  bad  effects  in  others.  The 
nature  of  its  harmful  principle  should  be  investigated. 

64.    Lactarius  deceptivus  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  38,  1885. 

Illustrations:    Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  54,  PL  70,  Fig.  7-1, 
1901. 

White,  Conn.  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  3,  PI.  8,  op.  p.  30. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  129,  p.  167  (poor). 

PILEUS  7-15  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-umbilicate,  then  expanded- 
depressed  or  subinfundibuliform,  dry,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  except 
the  margin,  white  or  whitish,  often  with  dingy  rusty  stains,  margin 
at  first  involute  and  densely  cottony-tomentose,  then  spreading  or 
elevated  and  fibrillose.  FLESH  compact,  thick,  white.  GILLS 
adnate-subdecurrent,  rather  hroad,  subdistant,  some  forked,  white 
or  cream-yellow.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  thick,  stout,  short, 
solid,  equal  or  tapering  downward,  pruinose-pubescent,  white. 
SPORES  subglobose  to  broadly  elliptical,  9-12  micr.,  echinulate, 
white.     MILK  white,  unchanging,  acrid.    Edible. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  especially  in  coniferous  woods,  occa- 
sionally in  frondose  woods. 

Isle  Royale,  Huron  Mountains,  Marquette,  Houghton,  Detroit; 
throughout  the  state.  July-September.  Sometimes  very  abundant 
in  the  north. 

Easily  confused  with  L.  vellerius,  from  which  it  differs  in  the 
thick,  cottony  inrolled  margin  of  the  pileus  and  its  glabrous  surface 
elsewhere.  It  has  also  large  spores  as  compared  with  L.  vellerius. 
It  has  been  eaten  in  quantity  by  Peck  who  pronounces  it  of  fair 
quality,  since  the  acrid  taste  disappears  in  cooking;  with  us  it  is  far 


^J^  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

more  abundant  in  the  Northern  Peninsula,  apparently  prefering 
the  eokler  latitude  or  altitude.  It  is  said  to  be  most  abundant  in 
the  mountainous  regions  in  the  eastern  United  States. 

65.     Lactarius  controversus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Sverig.  Svamp.,  PL  29. 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PL  61. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  381. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  1003  (extreme  form). 

I'lLEUS  8-20  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  and  broadly  umbilicate  or 
depressed,  at  length  infundibuliform,  viscid  when  moist,  appressed 
subtomentose  or  flocculose,  wMte  at  first,  at  length  tinged  incarnate 
and  stained  with  'brownish  flesh  colored  spots,  obscurely  zoned  to- 
ward margin  which  is  at  first  involute  but  soon  spreading  and  ele- 
vated or  reflexed.  FLESH  white  or  at  length  slightly  incarnate. 
GILLS  attenuate  behind,  at  length  ascending-decurrent,  abrupt, 
narrow,  crouded,  whitish  at  first  then  strongly  incarnate  to  pink- 
incarnate,  thin,  rather  easily  separable  from  pileus.  STEM  3-4  cm. 
long,  1-3  cm.  thick,  often  eccentric,  equal  or  narrowed  downward, 
solid,  firm  or  spongy,  subflocculose,  glabrescent,  even,  not  spotted, 
white  within  and  without.  SPORES  subglobose,  echinulate,  5-7 
micr.,  white  or  slightly  incarnate-tinged.  MILK  white,  unchanging, 
slowly  acrid,  often  rather  scanty. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  low,  moist,  frondose  woods.  Ann 
Arbor,  Jackson,  Detroit,  etc.  August-September.  Frequent  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  state. 

This  interesting  species  I  have  seen  frequently  and  it  appeared 
to  l)e  undescribed.  A  comparison  of  figures  and  descriptions  has 
convinced  me  that  it  is  an  American  form  of  L.  controversus.  The 
spots  on  the  cap  do  not  become  so  deeply  colored  as  described  for 
tlu*  I^uropean  plant,  but  otherwise  there  is  very  little  discrepancy. 
"NVIu'ii  young  the  plants  are  white  and  are  easily  mistaken  for  L. 
pipvratvs,  but  soon  the  gills,  etc.,  take  on  the  characteristic  flesh- 
cohu".  Tlie  color  of  the  gills  is  often  bright  incarnate  while  that  of 
tl»e  cap,  flesh  and  stem  is  slightly  so  only  in  age.  The  stem  is  some- 
times somewhat  ])roemorsely  rooted.  The  European  plant  is  said 
to  be  edible.  A  form  occurs  which  has  a  hollow  stem  but  otherwise 
not  very  distinct;  this  may  be  L.  pubescens  Fr.  The  latter  is  said 
to  be  mucli  smaller. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  95 

Section  II.    Pileus  glabrous,  dry;  taste  acrid. 

66.     Lactarius  piperatus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Sverig.  Svamp.,  PL  27. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  979. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Aualyt.,  No.  119. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreuude,  Vol.  I,  No.  37. 
Rickeu,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  10,  Fig.  3. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PL  36,  p.  92,  1905. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  119,  p.  120,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  128,  p.  166,  1908. 
White,  Conn.  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Sur\\,  Bull.  3,  PL  9,  op.  p.  30. 
Plate  IX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-12  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-umbilicate,  then  expanded- 
depressed,  at  length  infundibuliform,  dry,  glahrcms,  azonate,  white, 
even,  margin  at  first  involute  and  naked,  at  length  spreading  or 
elevated.  FLESH  white,  compact,  thick.  GILLS  attenuate-sub- 
decurrent,  narrow,  very  crowded,  dichotomously  forked,  white  then 
,cream-yellow.  STEM  2-6  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering 
downward,  dry,  firm,  solid,  glabrous  or  -pruinose,  white.  SPORES 
subgiobose,  nearly  smooth,  6-7.5  micr.,  white.  MILK  white,  unchang- 
ing, very  acrid,  copious.    Edible. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods  of 
maple,  oak,  etc. 

Throughout  the  Southern  Peninsula,  less  frequent  northward. 
July-September.     Common. 

This  has  the  most  intensely  biting  taste  of  all  Lactarii.  The 
acridity  disappears  in  cooking  and  it  can  then  be  eaten  with  impun- 
ity. Mcllvaine  advises  its  use  in  gravy.  This  species  is  distinguished 
from  its  near  relatives  bv  its  naked  margin  and  veiw  crowded  and 
dichotomously  forked  gills  which  become  dingy  pale  yellowish  in 
age.  The  photograph  of  Marshall  and  the  figure  of  Michael  show 
extreme  forms  if  they  refer  to  this  plant.  L.  pergcmiemis  Fr.  is  said 
to  differ  in  its  longer  and  stuffed  stem,  and  the  pileus  is  thinner  and 
wrinkled,  and  is  not  umbilicate  at  first;  some  consider  it  only  a 
variety.  A  form  occurred  near  Marquette  with  merely  close  gills, 
and  in  which  the  milk  changed  to  pale  sulphur-yellow;  it  had  a 
pleasant  odor  and  is  var.  fragrans  Burl.  (See  Torr.  Bot.  Club  Bull. 
14,  p.  20,  1908.) 


90  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

67.    Lactarius  pyrogalus  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

Syst.  Myc,  1S21. 

Ulustratious:     Gillet,  Cliampiguons  de  France,  2s o.  390. 
Kickeu,  Blatterpilze,  PL  11,  Fig.  2. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  ]^o.  121. 

I'lLEUS  id  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane  and  depressed,  gray  to 
livkl-ijray  or  hroioiiish-gray,  darker  in  the  center,  zoned  toward 
margin,  moist  in  wet  weather  but  not  viscid,  glabrous,  margin  at 
first  involute  then  spreading.  FLESH  white,  compact,  thick. 
GILLS  adnate-subdecurrent,  subdistant  to  distant,  firm,  thin,  mod- 
erately broadj  yellowish.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick,  equal 
or  tapering,  downwards,  glabrous,  becoming  hollow,  concolor  or 
paler,  white-mA'celioid  at  base.  SPORES  subglobose,  echinulate, 
6-8  micr.,  pale  ochraceous.  CYSTIDIA  abundant,  subcylindrical, 
67-70x9  micr.  MILK  white,  very  acrid,  abundant,  persisting  as 
coagulated  yellowish  globules  on  the  edge  of  the  gills.    Poisonous. 

On  the  ground  in  woods.  Baj'  View,  Marquette,  Ann  Arbor. 
July-August.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  its  distant  gills  which  become  yellowish,  the  subzonate 
gray  pileus  and  the  milk.  The  milk  often  remains  as  coagulated 
drops  on  the  gills. 

68.    Lactarius  chrysorheus  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  981. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  379. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  13,  Fig.  4. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  123,  1900. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  convex  and  broadly  umbilicate,  then  ex- 
pa  n(lod-dei)ressed  to  subinfuudibuliform,  dry  or  suhviscid,  glabrous, 
color  variable,  tchitish  to  yellowish  tinged  incwrnate,  zoned  ivith 
dull  orange  or  yelloto,  sometimes  almost  fulvous,  spotted,  margin 
at  first  involute  then  pruinose-tomentose,  then  elevated.  FLESH 
whitish  then  yellowish  from  the  milk,  medium  thick.  GILLS  ad- 
nate-decurrent,  crowded,  less  so  in  age,  narrow,  some  forked  at  base, 
thin,  white  at  first,  soon  dingy  yellowish,  stained  darker  in  age. 
STEM  4-6  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  pruinose, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  97 

glabrescent,  even,  stuffed  then  hollow,  white,  changing  to  color  of 
pileus  with  age,  sometimes  spotted.  SPORES  subglobose,  echinu- 
late,  7-8  micr.,  white.  MILK  white,  changing  to  sulphur-yellow^ 
copious,  very  acrid.    Poisonous. 

Subcaespitose  or  gregarious.     On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods. 

Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  Marquette,  etc.,  throughout  the  state. 
August-September. 

Closely  related  to  L.  theiogdlus.  The  latter  has  a  more  truly  viscid 
pileus  which  is  usually  not  zoned,  and  an  odor  which  is  well-marked 
and  disagreeable.  L.  chrysorheus  is  sometimes  frequent  locally  but  I 
have  so  far  not  happened  upon  it  in  many  localities.  It  may  be 
that  it  is  quite  strongly  restricted  to  certain  seasons.  Fries,  Ricken 
and  other  European  authors  describe  the  pileus  as  always  dry  but 
in  the  United  States  it  is  often  subviscid  in  moist  weather.  The 
milk  sometimes  turns  slowly  and  the  taste  is  occasionally  bitter- 
acrid. 

69.    Lactarius  theiogalus  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  396. 
Ricken,  Bliltterpilze,  PL  13,  Fig.  5. 
Burlingham,  Torr.  Bot.  Club  Mem.  14,  Fig.  12,  p.  70,  1908. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  umhofiate,  ohtuse 
or  depressed,  dry  or  subviscid,  even  or  wrinkled-uneven,  glabrous, 
incarnate-isahellinc  to  pale  tawny-reddish  or  fulvous,  obscurely 
zonate  to  azon'ate,  margin  at  first  involute  soon  spreading,  FLESH 
medium  thick,  compact,  white  then  yellowish  from  the  milk.  GILLS 
adnate-subdecurrent,  close,  rather  narrow,  some  forked  near  base, 
pallid  to  yellowish-flesh  color,  reddish-brown  where  bruised  or  in 
age.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  subequal,  firm,  undulate- 
uneven,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glabrous,  concolor  or  paler,  substrigose 
at  base.  SPORES  "subglobose  to  broadly  elliptical,  minutely 
echinulate,  8-9x6-7  micr.,  whitish."  (Burl.)  MILK  white,  changing 
to  sulphur-yelloic,  tardilj^  but  very  acrid.  ODOR  strong,  pungent, 
disagreeable.     Suspected. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  coniferous  woods,  sometimes  in 
swampy  places.  Marquette,  Huron  Mountains,  Houghton,  Bay 
View,  New  Richmond.     July-October.     Frequent  locally. 

This  species  differs  as  a  rule  from  the  preceding  by  its  umbonate 
or  obtuse  pileus,  but  this  is  not  always  reliable.  It  is  necessary  to 
13 


98  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

take  iulo  account  the  odor  of  tlie  fresh  plaut,  the  undulate  surface 
of  the  stem  aud  the  color  of  the  pileus.  Usually  it  lacks  the  zones 
which  are  marked  in  L.  chrysorlieus,  but  I  have  specimens  from  a 
sphagnum  swamp  which  show  the  zones  quite  well.  Miss  Burling- 
ham  states  that  it  is  more  zonate  in  wet  places.  L.  hrevis  Pk.  and 
L.  hrevipes  Longyear,  are  considered  by  Miss  Burlingham  as 
eco-logical  forms  of  this  species.  Kicken  refers  this  to  the  group 
with  i>ruiuose  gills;  it  is,  however,  too  close  to  the  preceding  to  be 
placed  so  far  away.    Its  taste  is  sometimes  bitter  at  first. 

Section  111.    Pileus  glabrous^,  viscid;  taste  aotid. 

70.    Lactarius  insulsus  Fr.     (Suspected) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  975. 

Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  62. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  386.  . 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  135,  p.  171,  1908. 

Ibid,  Fig.  132,  p.  168  (as  L.  rcgalis  Pk.). 

Plate  X  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  rigid,  convex-umbilicate,  then  expanded- 
depressed  to  infundibuliform,  coppery-orange,  with  alternate  zones 
of  deeper  or  lighter  tones,  sometimes  paler  throughout,  viscid,  glab- 
rous, somewhat  uneven,  margin  at  first  involute  then  elevated  and 
arched,  naked.  FLESH  scarcely  compact,  thick,  white.  GILLS  ad- 
nate  then  decurrent,  thin,  narrow,  some  forked  at  base,  white  then 
pallid.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  down- 
ward, glabrous,  stutfed  tlien  hollow,  paler  than  pileus.  SPORES 
globose,  strongly  echinulate,  7-9.5  micr.,  pale  yellowish.  MlLK 
white,  unchanging,  very  acrid. 

<ii'egariou8  to  caespitose.  On  the  ground  in  open  froudose 
woods.     Ann  Arbor.     July-October.     Frequent. 

This  species  does  not  yet  seem  to  be  clearly  understood.  Ricken 
describes  a  plant  which  is  scarcely  zoned  except  on  the  margin  and 
whidi  has  very  large  spores — 12-15x10-12  micr.  The  spore-measure- 
ments of  Bresadola  and  Saccardo,  on  the  other  hand,  agree  with 
ours.  Peck's  description  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  38,  p.  122)  is  that 
of  the  paler  form  and  has  been  copied  by  Mcllvaine.  Our  plants  are 
mostly  of  the  dark  yellow  to  orange  type  as  described  by  Miss  Bur- 
lingham, but  paler  forms  also  occur.     Specimens  of  the  dark  form 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  99 

"svere  sent  to  Peck  who  referred  them  to  L.  regalis  Pk.  aucl  Dr.  Fisch- 
er's photograph  of  it  is  so  named  in  Hard's  book.  It  is  possible  that 
some  of  our  forms  represent  L.  zonarius  Fr.  which  is  said  to  have  a 
solid  stem,  pale  orange  to  yellow-gilvus  pileus  with  a  thinner  mar- 
gin. According  to  Fries  (Monographia)  L.  irisulsus  has  the  habit 
and  size  of  L.  deliciosus,  differing  in  paler  colors,  acrid  taste  and 
white  unchangeable  milk.  Cooke's  figure  represents  our  plants 
well  except  that  they  may  become  darker  with  age.  L.  regalis  is 
referred  by  Peck  to  a  variety  of  L.  resimus  Fr.,  and  is  said  to  be  an 
almost  entirely  white  plant  with  scarcely  noticeable  zones,  not  at  all 
related  to  L.  insulsus;  its  milk  changes  to  sulphur-yellow.  The  gills 
of  our  form  of  L.  insulsus  sometimes  become  dingy  yellowish  in  age 
or  where  bruised,  but  the  milk  is  unchangeable.  The  plants  referred 
to  L.  insulsus  by  Mcllvaine  were  edible. 

71.    Lactarius  afiinis  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  23,  1872. 
Ibid,   (as  L.  platyphyllus  Pk.). 

PILEUS  6-15  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-umbilicate  then  expanded- 
depressed,  pale  yellowish  to  yellowish-incarnate  or  ochraceous-yel- 
low,  azonate,  viscid,  glabrous,  even,  margin  involute  at  first  spread- 
ing and  arched.  FLESH  white,  moderately  thick.  GILLS  adnate- 
subdecurrent,  broad  or  moderately  broad,  close  to  subdistant,  forked 
toward  base,  creamy-yellowish.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick, 
equal,  glabrous,  stufted  theji  hollow,  yellowish  to  whitish,  often 
spotted.  SPORES  globose  to  broadly  elliptical,  9-11  micr.,  echinu- 
late,  whitish.    MILK  white,  unchanging,  acrid. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  mixed  or  frondose  woods.  Mar- 
quette, Ishpeming,  South  Haven,  New  Richmond,  Detroit.  July- 
September.     Ratlier  rare. 

Often  a  very  large  plant,  whose  pale  yellow,  zoneless  cap  and 
broad  subdistant  gills  set  it  apart  from  others.  The  whole  plant  has 
a  tendency  to  be  unicolorous,  sometimes  dark,  sometimes  paler. 
Miss  Burlingham  states  that  the  milk  sometimes  dries  to  a  pale  dull 
green  shade  on  the  gills.    Whether  it  is  edible  is  unknown. 


100  THE  AGARICACEAE  CF  MICHIGAN 

72.     Lactarius  hysginus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1S21. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PL  169,  Fig.  2. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  989. 
liickeii,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  12,  Fig.  4. 

''I'lLEUS  5-7.5  cm.  broad,  rigid,  convex,  then  plane,  umbilicate  or 
slightly  depressed,  even,  visoid,  obscurely  zonate  or  aaonate,  red- 
dish-incarnate, tan-color  or  hroicnislirred,  becoming  paler  with  age, 
the  thin  margin  involute,  GILLS  adnate-subdecurrent,  close,  whit- 
ish, becoming  yellowish  or  cream-colored.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  6-15 
mm.  thick,  equal,  glabrous,  stuffed  or  hollow,  colored  like  the  pileus 
or  a  little  paler,  sometimes  spotted.  SPORES  subglobose,  whitish 
or  yellowish,  9-10  micr.    MILK  white,  acrid." 

On  the  ground,  mixed  woods.    Houghton.    July. 

Til  is  was  found  onh-  in  the  locality  mentioned.  The  description 
is  that  of  Peck,  with  which  the  fresh  plants  agreed,  except  that  the 
gills  were  almost  subdistant.  The  pileus  was  obscurely  zonate. 
It  was  found  several  times,  always  solitary. 

73.    Lactarius  trivialis  Fr.     (Suspected) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  976. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  134,  p.  170,  1908. 

PILEUS  5-15  cm.  broad,  convex,  soon  nearly  plane  and  depressed, 
glabrous,  viscid,  azonate,  color  varable,  livid-graij  to  smoky-gray 
or  with  a  lilac-purplish  tint,  lead-colored  or  pinkish-brown,  margin 
soon  arched,  at  first  pruinose,  thin.  FLESH  thickish,  rigid-fragile, 
pallid.  GILLS  adnate-subdecurrent,  close,  thin,  moderately  broad 
or  ratlu'i-  narrow,  some  forked,  cream-yellowish,  'becoming  dingy- 
greenish  stained  ichen  bruised  or  in  age.  STEM  4-12  cm.  long,  1-2 
cm.  thick,  equal,  or  irregularly  undulate,  glabrous,  even,  not  spotted, 
stuffed  then  hollow,  firm,  concolor  or  paler  than  pileus,  of  ten  pallid. 
SPORES  elliptical,  echinulate,  8-10  micr.,  yellowish.  MILK  white 
or  creamy-white,  unchangeable,  acrid.    Suspected. 

Gregarious,  subcaespitose  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  fron- 
doso  and  coniferous  woods. 

Througliout  the  state,  from  the  southern  limits  to  Isle  Royale. 
.July-October.     Common. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  101 

This  is  one  of  our  commouest  Lactarii  during  some  seasons, 
usually  among  the  tii'st  to  appear,  especially  in  the  frondose  regions. 
It  is  found  in  pine,  hemlock,  mixed,  or  oak  and  maple  woods 
throughout  the  state.  The  northern  form  varies  somewhat  and 
needs  further  study ;  a  variety  also  occurs  in  the  north  whose  milk 
turns  sordid  green  after  exposure  to  the  air,  with  broader  and  more 
distant  gills  and  a  spotted  stem.  This  may  be  called  var.  viridilac- 
Us  var.  nov.  Peck  has  described  var.  maculatus  with  zonate  pileus 
and  spotted  stem,  and  var.  gracilis  which  is  quite  a  small  and  slender 
plant.  The  common  form  is  a  rather  large  plant;  the  pileus  is 
sometimes  up  to  18  cm.  broad  with  a  dark  livid  or  lurid,  indescrib- 
able color,  and  white  or  creamy-yellowish,  acrid  milk.  When  old  or 
faded  the  pileus  becomes  much  paler  and  is  often  pale  leather-colored 
€r  incarnate-tan.  The  flesh  of  the  pileus  though  rigid  is  rather 
fragile  and  the  stem  is  firm  but  soon  hollow  or  cavernous. 

74.    Lactarius  uvidus  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  991. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  399. 
Eicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  11,  Fig.  4. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt,  No.  209. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  144,  p.  180,  1908. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane  and  depressed,  rather 
firm,  often  subumbonate,  viscid,  obscurely  or  not  at  all  zonate,  some- 
times spotted,  cinereus  with  lilac  tinge  or  livid  brotmiish-gray,  mar- 
gin at  first  involute  and  subpruinose,  thin  and  spreading.  FLESH 
whitish,  becoming  lilac  or  violet  when  cut,  usually  rather  soft  when 
moist.  GILLS  adnate-subdecurrent,  thin,  close,  rather  narrow, 
white  or  yellowish,  quickly  becoming  violet  or  lilac  when  bruised. 
STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  subequal,  glabrous,  uneven- 
undulate,  viscid,  white  or  dingy  yellowish,  stuffed  then  hollow  or 
cavernous.  SPORES  subglobose  or  broadly  elliptical,  8-10  micr., 
echinulate,  white.  MILK  white,  changing  quickly  when  in  contact 
tvith  the  flesh  to  lilac-violet,  bitterish-acrid. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  low,  mossy  places  in  swamps, 
thickets,  etc.  Bay  View,  Hotighton,  Marquette.  August-September. 
Infrequent.  ' 

Known  by  the  flesh  changing  to  lilac  or  violet  when  cut  or  bruised. 
It  is  found  in  rather  wet  places,  sometimes  attached  to  moss  and 


102  THE  AGARICACEAE  OP  MICHIGAN 

fspha^Miuiii  and  ilieii  ihc  liase  of  the  stem  is  Avliite-tomentose.  It 
seems  to  be  most  frequent  iu  the  Northern  Peninsula.  Its  edibility 
is  uncertain;  it  is  considered  poisonous  in  Europe. 

75.  Lactarius  maculatus  Pk.     (Susp:ected) 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888. 

IMU'^US  8-12.5  cm.  broad,  convex-umbilicate,  then  expanded- 
depressed  to  inlundibuliform,  grayish-buff  to  grayish-lilac,  distinctly 
zoned  with  concentric  darker  spots,  viscid  when  moist,  glabrous, 
margin  at  first  involute,  naked,  then  spreading  and  substriate. 
FLEir^H  grayish,  becoming  lilac  where  bruised,  rather  compact. 
(ilLLS  adnate-subdecurreut,  close,  broadest  in  the  middle,  attenuate 
beliiiid.  whitisli  to  cream-color,  lllac-vinaceous  where  loounded. 
BTEM  3-7  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm.  thick,  subequal,  ventricose  or  tapering, 
liollow,  sometimes  compressed,  spotted-variegated,  concolor,  glab- 
rous. ^>PORES  ^'subglobose,  echinulate,  10-12.5  micr."  (Peck.) 
MILK  at  tirst  white  to  cream  color,  unchanged  or  becoming  lilac  on 
the  tlesli,  acrid. 

On  sandy  ground,  oak  and  maple  hillside  along  Lake  Superior, 
Marquette.     August.     Rare. 

This  is  closely  related  to  L.  uvidus,  differing  from  it  in  its  dis- 
tinctly zonate  pileus,  larger  size  and  spotted  stem.  The  milk  in  our 
specimens  remained  unchanged.  It  is  likely  that  the  milk  in  both 
L.  uvidus  and  L.  maculatus  sometimes  turns  lilac-vinaceous,  that 
at  other  times  it  remains  unchanged  except  to  cause  the  broken 
flesli  where  it  is  touched  by  the  milk  to  assume  a  lilac-vinaceous 
color. 

Section  IV.  Pileus  glabrous,  viscid;  taste  mild;  milk  bright- 
colored  from  the  first. 

76.  Lactarius  subpurpureus  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  1878. 

Illustrations:    Peck,  Ibid,  54,  PI.  70,  Fig.  1-6. 

Burlingham,  Torr.  Bot.  Club  Mem.  14,  Fig.  8,  p.  61,  1908. 

PILET'S  convpx-umbilicatp,  then  expanded-depressed  to  subin- 
fuudil)ulifoT-m.  dark  red.  pink-zoned,  with  a  grayish  lustre,  spotted 
with  emerald-gi-een.  subviscid  when  moist,  glabrous,  margin  at  first 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  103 

involute,  pruinose,  then  spreading.  FLESH  whitish  to  pinkish, 
hecoining  red  lohen  broken  especially  next  to  the  gills.  GILLS 
adnate-siibdecurrent,  close  to  subdistant,  broadest  in  middle, 
medium  broad,  dark-red,  fading  and  greenish  icith  age.  STEM  3-7, 
cm.  long,  6-15  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upwards,  glabrous, 
sometimes  pruinose,  stuffed  then  hollow,  dark  red,  spotted  more 
deeply,  floccose-haii'j''  at  base.  SPORES  ''broadly  elliptical 
echinulate,  8-10x7-8  micr.,  yellowish."  (Burl.)  MILK  dark  red, 
mild.    Edible. 

Gregarious.  Low  moist  woods  of  hemlock  or  mixed  with  hemlock. 
Bay  View,  Huron  Mountains.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

Easily  distingniished  by  its  dark  red  milk  which  stains  the  flesh 
of  the  broken  plant ;  later  the  stains  assume  a  greenish  hue.  Pried 
specimens  do  not  show  this  character  well,  since  they  become 
much  paler. 

77.    Lactarius  deliciosus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Sverig.  Svamp.,  PI.  6. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  382. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  982. 

Bresadola,  Fungh.  manger,  e.  vel.,  PL  61. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PI.  29,  1896. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.  35,  Fig.  1,  1900. 
Gibson,  Edible  Toadstools,  PI.  18,  p.  169,  1903. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  37. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  15,  Fig.  6-7. 
Plate  XI  of  this  Report. 

I'lLEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex-umbilicate,  then  expanded-de- 
pressed  to  subinfundibuliform,  viscid  when  moist,  glabrous,  orange 
or  grayish-orange,  fading  to  grayish  in  age,  zoned,  zones  or  spots 
brighter-colored,  involute  at  first  then  arched-spreading.  FLESH 
white  soon  stained  orange  when  broken,  then  greenish,  especially 
at  junction  of  gills  and  pileus.  GILLS  adnate-decurrent,  close, 
rather  narrow,  intervenose  and  more  or  less  forked,  bright  orange 
with  yellowish  sheen,  becoming  greenish  in  age  or  where  bruised. 
BTEM  3-8  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  equal,  even,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
pruinose,  glabrescent,  orange-yellow,  orange-spotted  or  at  length 
greenish-variegated.  SPORES  subglobose,  echinulate,  8-10x7-8  micr., 
yellowish.     MILK  orange  or  saffron-yellow,  mild. 


104  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Gregariou.s-subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  moist  mossy  Avoods 
in  coniferous  regions,  under  liemlock,  balsam-fir,  sprace,  cedar, 
birch,  etc.  Isle  Koyale,  Huron  Mountains,  Marquette,  Munising, 
Houghton,  Bay  View.    July-September.     Frequent  locally. 

The  most  desirable  perhaps  of  all  the  Lactarii  for  tlie  table,  but 
not  very  common  in  southern  Michigan  at  least.  Its  orange  milk 
and  ilie  beautiful  zones  of  the  cap  have  frequently  attracted  the 
artist,  and  it  has  often  been  illustrated.  Its  range  with  us  seems 
to  be  mostly  northward.  Tliis  statement  is  based  on  seven  years  of 
collecting  in  southern  Michigan,  but  does  not  exclude  the  possibil- 
ity of  the  api)earance  of  L.  deliciosus  when  least  expected  and  per- 
hai)S  in  quantity.  Such  sporadic  fruiting  is  not  infrequent  in  other 
mushrooms  after  they  seem  to  be  absent  from  a  region.  Peck  says 
it  occurs  in  all  kinds  of  woods,  but  so  far  it  has  been  found  in  quan- 
tity only  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  Michael  says  that  be- 
cause of  its  strong  aromatic  taste  it  is  not  so  desirable  as  food 
when  served  alone  but  as  an  addition  to  other  dishes  it  is  excellent. 

78.     Lactarius  indigo  Schw.     (Edible) 

Syn.  Fung.  Carol.  Super..  1818. 
(Fries,  Epicrisis,  1838). 

Illustrations:    Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PL  35,  Fig.  3,  1900. 
Mcllvaine,  Thousand  Amer.  Fungi,  PL  41,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  convex-subumbilicate,  then  expanded- 
depressed  to  infundibuliform,  indigo-hlue  or  palei-,  fading  when  dry, 
with  a  silvery-gray  lustre,  zonate,  glabrous.  FLESH  blue,  green- 
ish in  age.  GILLS  adnate-decurrent,  close,  rather  broad,  indigo- 
blue  or  paler,  at  length  pale  greenish.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  1-2  cm. 
thick,  equal  or  tapering  downward,  glabrous,  even,  stuffed  then 
ho]h)w,  iiidif/o-hlue,  often  paler  and  spotted.  SPOKES  "globose  to 
broadly  elli]»tical,  echinulate,  7  micr.,  yellowish."  MILK  darh  hlue, 
mild.     Edible. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  oak  and  maple  woods,  and  sandy 
pine  forests.  Ann  Arbor,  Huron  Mountains.  Evidently  through- 
out the  state.    August.    Bather  rare. 

No  one  can  mistake  this  mushroom  as  it  has  no  double.  It  occurs 
sparingly,  but  is  widely  distributed.  Schweinitz  should  be  given 
full  credit  for  naming  this  striking  plant.  It  seems  to  be  exclusively 
North  American. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  105 

RUSSULARIA:    Gills  becoming  darker  iu  age,  aud  then  pruinose. 

Section  V.     Pileus  minutely  scaly,  tomentose,  pruiuose-velvety, 
dry;  taste  slowly  or  slightly  acrid. 

79.     Lactarius  fuliginosus  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  996. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  384. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  322. 
Eicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  12,  Fig.  5. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  117,  p.  119,  1900. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm,  broad,  convex,  soon  expanded-plane  or  obtuse, 
sometimes  depressed,  dry,  even,  minutely  velvety-tomentose  or  glab- 
rous, azonate,  isabelline  or  grayish-brown,  clouded  with  a  smoki/ 
shade,  margin  at  length  crenate-wavy.  FLESH  thin  on  margin, 
whitish,  becoming  tinted  ivith  flesh-pink  to  salmon-color  tohen 
broken.  GILLS  adnate,  at  length  subdecurrent,  distinct,  close  to 
subdistant,  moderately  broad,  pruinose,  pallid  then  pale  ochraceus. 
becoming  pinkish  or  salmon  ivhen  hruised.  STEM  2-6  cm.  long, 
often,  short,  3-10  mm.  thick,  subequal  or  tapering  downwards,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  minutely  pruiuose-velvety  or  glabrous,  pallid-grayish- 
isabelline  or  smoky-clouded,  pinkish-stained  where  bruised. 
SPOEES  globose,  echinulate,  7-9  micr.  with  long  sterigmata,  /Ja?e 
oclwaceous-yelloiD.  MILK  white  at  first,  then  changing  slowly  to 
flesh-pink  or  salmon  where  in  contact  with  the  flesh,  sloicly  acrid. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods  of  oak  and  maple. 
Ann  Arbor.     August.     Infrequent. 

In  Europe  it  is  said  to  occur  also  in  pine  woods.  It  is  known  by 
its  smoky-clouded  often  "snuff-brown"  pileus,  and  the  tendency  of 
the  flesh  to  assume  a  flesh-pink  or  pale  salmon  color  where  bruised. 
Dry  weather  plants  often  respond  slowly  to  bruising.  The  margin 
of  the  pileus  in  age  is  apt  to  be  wavy  or  scalloped.  L.  gerardii  Pk. 
is  considered  hj  Atkinson  as  probably  a  variety. 


106  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

80.     Lactarius  lignyotus  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

M(»ii(»jii;i|ilii;i.  lyCto. 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  171,  Fig.  1. 

31i(li;i('l.  Fiilirer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  Xo.  58. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  116,  p.  117,  1900. 
Hard.  Mushrooms,  PL  21,  Fig.  236,  p.  172,  1908. 
Peck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  l.")0,  PI.  123,  1911. 

PILEUS  8-7  cm.  broad,  convex,  soon  almost  plane,  umhonate, 
sometimes  slightly  depressed  and  then  obsoletely  umbonate,  dry, 
azonate,  pruinosevelvety,  even  or  mostly  uncvGn-rugulose  toward 
///('  cetvter,  chocolate  or  seal-brown  to  sooty,  margin  wavy  or  sub- 
plicate  in  age.  FLESH  white,  slowly  pinkish  or  reddish  where 
wounded.  GILLS  adnate-subdecurrent,  close  to  subdistant,  mod- 
erately broad,  at  first  pure  ichite,  then  ochraceus,  reddish  or  pinkish 
where  bruised.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  1-12  mm.  thick,  equal  or  ah- 
nijttly  plicate  at  apex,  pruinosevelvety,  sometimes  scarcely  velvety, 
sooty-hrown,  spongy-stuffed.  SPORES  globose,  8-9  micr.,  echinulate, 
yelk) wish,  sterigmata  long.  MILK  wliite,  changing  slowly  to  red- 
dish-pink where  in  contact  with  flesh,  miUl  or  subacrid.    Poisonous. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  woods,  especially  in  coniferous 
regions.  Marquette,  Huron  Mountains,  Bay  View,  Ann  Arbor. 
July-September.     Infrequent. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  darker  color,  the  rugose  pileus 
and  longer  and  more  velvety  stem.  Efforts  which  I  made  to  differ- 
entiate the  two  by  microscopical  characters  remained  abortive. 
Both  possess  slender,  cylindrical,  aculeate  sterile  cells  on  the  edge 
of  the  gills,  about  4  micr.  in  diameter.  The  trama  of  the  gills  in 
the  specimens  examined  was  more  fflamentous  in  L.  lignyotus  and 
had  a  floccose  structure  of  spherical  cells  in  L.  juJigiiiosa.  The  two 
species,  however,  appear  to  run  into  each  other  at  times. 

81.     Lactarius  helvus  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  994. 

Brosadola.  Fung.  Trid.,  PI.  127  and  39. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  13,  Fig.  2. 

PILEI'S  4-12  cm.  broad,  fragile,  convex  then  plane  and  depressed 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  107 

with  decurved  margin,  with  or  without  an  obscure  umbo,  azonate, 
dry,  floGCOse-scaly,  taiunij-iscihelUne,  fading,  margin  at  first  involute 
then  spreading.  FLESH  somewhat  watery.  GILLS  subdecurrent, 
thickish,  close  to  subdistant,  rather  narrow,  broadest  behind,  whit- 
ish then  ochraceous  tinged  incarnate,  pruinose.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long, 
(up  to  15  cm.  long  on  sphagnum),  5-15  mm.  thick,  subrigid-fragile, 
subequal,  pi'uinose-puljescent,  stuffed  then  cavernous,  concolor, 
white-mycelioid  at  base.  SPORES  globose,  7-9  micr.,  echinulate. 
MILK  tiKitery,  rarely  white,  sparse,  mild  or  scarcely  acrid.  ODOR 
fragrant,  like  that  of  L.  camj)Jioratus. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  or  on  moss  in  low 
swampy  woods,  or  on  sphagnum  in  peat-bogs,  sometimes  among 
moss  along  exposed  borders  of  lakes,  etc.  Ann  Arbor  and  elsewhere 
in  the  lake  regions  of  the  interior.    July-Sept.    Frequent  locally. 

This  is  for  the  most  part  included  under  var.  aquifluus  by  Peck 
but  the  watery  character  of  the  milk  is  apparently  merely  a  result 
of  the  moist  habitat. 

82.    Lactarius  rufus  Fr.     (Poisonous) 
Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Sverig.  Svamp.,  PI.  11. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  985. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  Xo.  391. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  13,  Fig,  3. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  36. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  7,  Fig.  3-1. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded-depressed  to  in- 
fundibuliform,  wnibonate,  flocculose-silky,  glahresceut,  azonate.  dry, 
hay-red  to  rufous,  not  fading,  subshiniug,  margin  at  first  involute. 
FLESH  rather  thin,  rather  soft  when  moist.  GILLS  adnate-decur- 
rent,  close,  at  length  pruinose,  narrow,  ochraceous  then  rufous. 
STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  (longer  in  moss),  6-12  mm.  thick,  equal,  diy, 
glabrous,  sometimes  pruinose,  stuffed  then  hollow,  firm,  riofous  or 
paler,  often  strigose-hairy  at  base.  SPORES  sub-globose,  7-8  micr., 
slightly  echinulate,  white.  MILK  white,  unchanging,  very  acrid. 
ODOR  none.    Poisonous. 

On  the  ground  in  hemlock  and  pine  woods.  Xew  Richmond.  Sep- 
tember.    Infrequent  or  local. 

Known  by  its  red-brown  color,  umbonate  pileus,  very  acrid  taste 


lOS  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

and  ralluT  laryi'  size  a!s  compared  with  others  of  the  same  color. 
Peek  has  segregated  a  species  on  the  lack  of  the  umbo,  the  hollow 
stem  and  scanty  milk;  it  is  edible.  This  he  named  L.  houghtoni 
Pk.  (.see  N.  Y.  State  Mns.  Bull.  150,  p.  32,  and  PI.  6,  Fig.  1-7).  It 
seems  to  be  an  extreme  form  of  L.  rufus  and  may  be  referred  to  as 
var.  houifhtoui  Pk.  Longyear  has  reported  L.  rufus  from  a  swamp 
near  Lansing  wliere  it  occurred  in  large  numbers.  I  have  seen  it 
only  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York. 

83.     Lactarius  griseus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Kep.  23,  1872. 

Illnstrations:     Burlingham,  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Mem.  14,  Fig.  14, 
p.  18,  1908. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  138,  p.  174,  1908. 

PILEUS  14  cm.  broad,  soon  flaccid,  convex  then  depressed  to  in- 
fundibuliform,  papillate,  dry.  azonate,  minutely  tomentose,  becom- 
ing floccose,  fjrayish  or  bro^v^^ish-gray,  variegated  smoky-gray,  mar- 
gin at  first  incurved.  FLESH  white,  thin.  GILLS  adnate-decur- 
rent,  close  to  subdi.stant.  pruinose,  broader  than  the  thickness  of  the 
pileus,  white  then  cream-colored  to  honey -yelloio.  STEM  1-5  cm. 
long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  equal,  dry,  glabrous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  whit- 
ish to  grayish.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical  to  subglobose,  8-9x6-7 
micr.,  echinnlate.  white.    MILK  white,  unchanging,  slowly  acrid. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  'On  the  ground  or  on  much  decayed  logs 
in  woods  of  the  coniferous  regions  of  the  state.  Marquette,  Hough- 
ton, Huron  Mountains,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Bay  View,  New  Richmond. 

Distinguished  by  its  small  size,  gray  color  and  tomentose-floc- 
culose  cap.  It  difll'ers  from  L.  cinereus  in  its  dry,  non-glabrous 
pileus  and  in  the  gills  becoming  cream-yellow  in  color.  It  seems  to 
be  limited  to  regions  with  conifer  trees,  although  it  is  also  found  in 
frondnsp  woods  of  such  regions. 

Section  VT.    Pileus  glabrous,  viscid;  taste  acrid. 

84.     Lactarius  cinereus  Pk, 

N.  Y.  State  Mns.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

Illn.«?trations:     Burlingham,  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  14,  Fig.  11, 
p.  07.  100,9. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  137.  p.  173,  1008. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  109 

PILEUS  1-5  cm.  broad,  lax,  convex-umbilicate,  soon  expanded- 
depressed  to  subinfuudibuliform,  viscid  when  moist,  azonate  or  sub- 
zonate,  glabrous,  even,  cinereous,  margin  involute  at  first  tben 
spreading.  Thin.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  adnate,  close,  narrow, 
ivhite,  not  yellowish  in  age,  often  pruinose.  STEM  2-6  cm.  long,  6-12 
mm.  thick,  subequal  or  tapering  slightly  upwards,  stuffed-spongy 
then  hollow,  glabrous,  cinereus,  tomentose  at  base.  SPORES  sub- 
globose,  echinulate,  6-7.5  micr.,  white.  MILK  white,  unchanging, 
acrid. 

Gregarious.  On  tlie  ground  in  coniferous  and  mixed  woods  of  the 
hemlock  regions  of  the  state.  Isle  Roy  ale,  Huron  Mountains,  Mar- 
quette, Houghton,  New  Richmond.    July-September.     Infrequent. 

Miss  Burlingham  distinguishes  a  distinct  species  which  is  named 
L.  mucidus  Burl.,  which  differs  from  L.  cinereus  in  its  putty-colored 
cap  with  sepia  center,  and  in  that  the  milk  stains  the  flesh  and  gills 
blue-grayish-gray.  It  is  said  to  occur  under  hemlock  but  accord- 
ing to  this  author  the  true  L.  cinereus  is  said  to  be  restricted  to 
beech  woods.  Our  plants  grew  under  hemlock,  birch,  maple  and 
pine.  I  have  no  record  concerning  beech.  It  is  probable  that  our 
plants  are  to  be  referred  to  L.  mucidus;  in  that  case  I  have  no  record 
of  L.  cinereus  to  which  I  have  always  referred  these  collections. 
My  notes  are  not  sufficient  to  settle  the  matter. 

85.    Lactarius  vietus  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  170,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1009. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  401. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  71. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  14,  Fig.  1. 

•  PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  convex  then  depressed  or  subinfuudibuli- 
form, viscid  when  moist,  azonate,  minutely  silky-tomentose  when 
dry,  drah-colored  or  lilac-grayish,  margin  involute  at  first  then  ele- 
vated and  arched.  FLESH  whitish.  GILLS  adnate-decurrent,  close, 
narrow,  pruinose,  cream  color  then  drab  or  dingy  yellowish,  stained 
grayish  when  'bruised.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or 
tapering  upwards,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glabrous  or  glaucous,  rivu- 
lose-wrinkled,  concolor,  tinged  drab  within.  SPORES,  globose, 
echinulate,  6-8  micr.,  cream-buff  in  mass.  MILK  white,  unchanged, 
very  slowly  acrid. 


liy  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Gregarious  ou  the  ground,  mixed  hemlock,  beecli  and  maple  woods. 
Ni'w  Kicljmoiul.     Inl'requeut. 

Sometimes  the  wh<.le  plaut  iucludiug  the  gills  is  piukish-buff  or 
incarnate.  The  grayish  hue  is  more  marked  in  age.  It  is  said 
to  be  under  suspicion. 

86.     Lactarius  croceus  Burl. 

Torr.  Bot.  Club.  Mem.  14,  1908. 
lllu.stralion:     Ibid,  Fig.  3,  p.  38. 

PILEUS  5-10  em.  broad,  broadly  convex-umbilicate  then  de])ressed 
to  infundibuliform,  viscid,  azonate  or  obscurely  zonate,  micaceous 
wlien  dry,  orange  to  mljjron-yelloiv,  glabrous,  margin  at  first  in- 
volute and  pruinose-downy.  FLESH  rather  thin,  whitish,  staining 
yelloio  or  ocliraceous  where  cut.  GILLS  adnate-decurrent,  close 
to  suhcUstant,  moderately  broad,  rarely  forked,  pallid  to  pale  yellow 
or  incarnate-tinged,  changing  to  cadmium-yellow  ivJiere  hruised. 
STEM  3-n  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glab- 
rous, pale  orange-yellow,  spotted.  SPORES  globose  to  broadly 
elliptical,  echinulate,  OS  micr..  pale  yellow.  MILK  white,  scanty, 
slowly  changing  to  yellow,  acrid  or  bitter,  often  slowly  acrid. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  woods  of  oak,  maple, 
elm,  etc.    Detroit.    August-September.    Local. 

This  approaches  />.  aurantiacus  Fr.  if  indeed  it  is  not  identical. 
That  species  is  said  to  be  poisonous.  The  milk,  flesh  and  gills  of  the 
European  species  do  not  change  color  like  ours.  I  have  found  it  at 
d liferent  times,  always  in  the  same  woods  near  Detroit.  Miss 
Burlingham  reports  it  from  Vermont  and  North  Carolina,  and 
ideiitificd  our  specimens  as  the  same. 

Hcctinn  VU.  Pileus  glabrous,  dry;  taste  acrid  or  hitter-astring- 
f^n  t.  . 

87.    Lactarius  colorascens  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  94,  1905. 

i'l  LET'S  2-(i  cm.  broad,  nearly  plane,  then  depressed,  whitish  at 
fii-st,  tlien  reddish-huff  to  hroionish-red,  azonate,  dn-  or  subviscid, 
glabrous.  FLESII  thin.  GILLS  adnate,  narrow,  crowded  to  close, 
whitish  siooti   hroinii shred.     STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick, 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  111 

glabrous,  equal,  stuffed,  ofteu  compressed,  even,  wliitisli,  soon  con- 
color.  SPOKES  "globose,  echiuulate,  8  micr."  (Peck.)  MILK 
white,  changing  to  sulplmr-yellow,  bitter  or  slightly  astringent. 

On  the  Ground  in  inixed  woods.  Marquette,  New  Richmond, 
August-September,     Rare  or  local. 

It  has  the  color  of  L.  camplioratus  when  mature,  but  the  milk 
turns  decidedly  sulphur-yellow.     Found  so  far  only  in  coniferous 


regions. 


88.     Lactarius  isabellinus  Burl. 

Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  34,  1907. 
Illustration :    Ibid,  Fig.  15,  p.  103. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded-depressed,  sub- 
umbonate,  azonate,  dry,  glabrous,  wrinkled  on  disk,  red-fulvous 
when  moist,  paler  on  margin,  fading,  margin  at  length  short-striatu- 
late.  FLESH  thin,  white,  staining  yellotvish  from  the  milk.  GILLS 
adnate-subdecurrent,  thin,  close,  narrow,  forking  toward  base,  pale 
yellowish,  soon  ochraceous-ftilvous.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  4-6  mm. 
thick,  equal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glabrous,  concolor,  white-tomentose 
at  base.  SPORES  ^'slightly  echinulate,  Avhite,  7-8.5x0-7,5  micr." 
(Burl.  I  MILK  white  or  watery,  at  length  sulphur-yellow  on  flesh, 
abundant,  slowly  aci'id  or  astringent. 

On  the  ground  in  mixed  woods,  in  coniferous  regions.  Mar- 
quette.    August,     Rare  or  local. 

Could  easily  be  mistaken  for  a  large  form  of  L.  suhdulcis,  but  the 
striations  of  the  pileus,  the  taste  and  the  changing  milk  differentiate 
it.  No  specimens  were  retained.  In  age,  the  milk  seems  to  be  sparse 
and  its  change  can  not  then  be  noticed. 

^  89.     Lactarius  parvus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  1878. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  then  expanded,  sub- 
depressed,  obsoletely  papillate,  dry,  azonate,  glabrous,  pale  lilaceus- 
umher,  fading,  margin  at  first  involute.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS 
adnate-decurrent,  close  to  crowded,  narrow,  few  forked  at  base, 
dingy  white  or  ochraceus-tinged,  hecoining  ohscurely  greenish  then 
(Ungy-hrown  where  bruised.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick, 
^ibequal,  glabrous  or  pruinose  above,  stuffed  then  hollow  and  often 


112  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

compressed,  sometimes  sulcate,  tinged  with  same  color  as  pileus. 
►SPOKES  siibglobose,  slightly  echiiiulate,  white,  6.5-8  micr.  MILK 
white,  uuchaiigiug,  sometimes  slightlj'  changed  on  flesh,  acrid, 
(.)DC)lv  none. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  or  much  decaj^ed  wood 
in  forests  of  hemloclc  and  pine  or  in  cedar  sw  amps.  New  Kichmond. 
August-September,     Frequent  locally. 

Tills  is  one  of  our  smallest  Lactarii.  The  umber  color  of  cap  and 
stem,  and  the  peculiar  dingy-greenish  tints  assumed  by  the  wounded 
gills  characterize  it.    It  closely  approaches  L.  varius. 

90.     Lactarius  varius  Pk, 
N.  y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  38. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane  and  depressed,  grayish- 
huff  or  darker,  with  tinge  of  lilac,  dry,  inicaceous-shining,  azonate 
(»r  slightly  zonate  on  margin.  Flesh  thiu,  white.  GILLS  adnate- 
subdecurrent,  close,  narrow,  subventricose,  whitish  to  cream-colored, 
stained  dingy  greenish-hrown  ichere  hruised.  STEM  2-5  cm,  long, 
4-fi  mm.  thick,  equal,  glabrous,  firm,  spongy-stuffed,  concolor  or 
paler.  SPOKES  globose,  white,  7-8  micr.  MILK  white,  unchanging^ 
slowly  acrid.    ODOK  none. 

Gregarious.    On  the  ground  in  mixed  woods.    Marquette.  August. 

This  species  is  very  close  to  the  preceding.  It  is  known  by  its 
pale  colors  both  when  fresh  and  in  herbarium  specimens.  It  was 
found  only  in  the  Northern  Peninsula, 

Section  YIII.  Pileus  glabrous  or  pruinose  velvety,  dry;  taste 
iiilJd. 

91,     Lactarius  volemus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Sverig.  Svamp.,  PI.  10, 
Cooke.  TIL,  PI.  999. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  402. 
Rresadola.  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  66. 
Kicken.  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  14,  Fig.  3. 
Patouillard.  Tab.  Analyt,  No.  323. 
Peck.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  48,  PI.  30. 
AVhite,  Conn.  Geol,  &  Nat.  Hist.   Sui-v.,  Bull.  3,  PI.  10.     • 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  113 

Michael,  Fiilirer  f.  Pilzfreimde,  Vol.  I,  No.  35. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  142,  p.  179. 
Plate  XII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  tirrn,  convex  then  expanded-depressed, 
plane  or  obtuse,  dry^  azouate,  glabrous,  even  or  becoming  rimose- 
areolate  or  rivulose,  unicolorous,  orange-fulvous  or  brownish  orange 
to  tan-brown,  often  pale,  margin  at  first  involute  then  spreading. 
FLESH  compact,  rigid,  whitish,  sometimes  brownish.  GILLS  ad- 
nate-decurrent,  close,  moderately  broad,  white  or  yellowish,  darker 
with  age  or  brownish  where  bruised,  somewhat  forked.  STEM  3-10 
cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  subequal,  glabrous  or  pruinose,  solid,  rarely 
cavernous,  concolor  or  paler.  SPOKES  globose,  echinulate,  7-10 
micr.,  white.  MILK  white,  unchanging,  mild,  abundant.  ODOR 
slight  when  fresh,  strong  on  diying.    Edible. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods  and 
open  places,  throughout  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  July-Sep- 
tember.    Common. 

Like  L.  deliciosus,  this  species  is  very  delicious  when  properly 
prepared.  It  can  be  cut  up  and  dipped  in  egg  and  bread  crumbs  and 
fried  like  oysters;  it  is  also  excellent  when  grated  and  then  baked 
and  served  on  toast.  The  milk  is  copious  and  white.  It  is  not 
likely  to  be  confused  with  others  except  L.  corrugis  and  L.  hygropJio- 
roides,  both  of  which  are  similarly  colored,  but  as  they  are  edible  no 
harm  results.  It  must  not  be  confused,  however,  with  L.  rufus 
which  is  considered  poisonous.  I  have  been  unable  to  find  L.  volemus 
in  the  coniferous  regions  of  the  northern  and  western  parts  of  the 
state,  although  it  probably  occurs  there. 

92.    Lactarius  corrugis  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  32,  1880. 

Illustrations:    Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  115,  p.  115,  1000. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  141,  p.  177,  1908. 

PILEUS  6-12  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  then  depressed-expanded, 
dr}^,  azonate,  minutely  velvety  (spicules ! ) ,  corrugate  or  rugose-retic- 
ulate, dark  reddish-brown' to  rufous-tawny,  sometimes  paler,  margin 
involute  at  first  then  spreading  and  arched.  FLESH  compact, 
white,  thick.  GILLS  adnate-decurrent,  close,  somewhat  narrow, 
sometimes  forking,  yellowish-cinuaniou,  becoming  fulvous-brown 
where  bruised,  provided  with  dark-colored  spicules  which  give  them 
15 


114  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

the  brown  color.  STEM  G-7  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  thick,  stout,  firm, 
.solid,  equal,  dry,  more  or  less  tinged  concolor  and  subvelvety. 
SPOKES  globose,  echinulate,  9-12  micr.,  white.  MILK  white,  un- 
clianging,  inihl,  copious.     ODOR  slight. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods  or  open 
places.     Detroit,  Ann  Arbor.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

Closely  lelated  to  the  i)receding,  of  which  it  might  be  considered 
a  variety.  The  rugose  or  corrugated  pileus  and  the  abundance  of 
brown  spicules  on  the  gills  are  the  main  distinguishing  characters. 

93.    Lactarius  hygrophoroides  B.  &  C.     (Edible) 

Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  Ill,  1859. 

N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872  (as  L.  distans  Pk.). 

Illustrations:    I'eck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  53,  Fig.  7-11, 
1900. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  rarely  broader,  firm,  convex  then  ex- 
panded, umbilicate  or  subdepressed,  glabrous  or  minutely  velvety- 
pubescent,  dry,  sometimes  rugose-wrinkled  or  rimose-areolate,  yel- 
loicisJi -tawny,  fulvo-us  or  paler,  margin  involute  then  s})readiug. 
FLESH  somewhat  brittle,  whitish,  thick.  GILLS  adnate-subde- 
current,  distant,  narrow,  often  intervenose,  whitish  to  cream-yellow- 
ish. STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  short,  S-IG  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering 
•downward,  solid,  glabrous  or  pruinose,  concolor.  SPORES  globose 
to  broadly  elliptical,  9-11  micr.,  minutely  echinulate,  white.  MILK 
wliite,  unchanging,  mild.    Edible. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods  or 
open  places.  Ann  Arbor,  Lansing,  etc.,  throughout  southern  Michi- 
gan.    .July-August.     Sometimes  common. 

This  species  has  the  color  of  L.  volemus  but  has  distant  gills,  a 
short  stem  and  is  usually  smaller  in  size.  It  was  described  as 
L.  distans  by  Peck  and  it  is  regrettable  that  this  appropriate  name 
could  not  be  retained,  as  the  distant  gills  are  its  most  striking 
characteri.stic.  However,  specimens  of  Curtis'  collections  are  still 
in  existence  and  show  the  plant  to  have  been  described  by  Berkely, 
as  L.  hyf/roplioroidcs.    It  is  equally  as  good  to  eat  as  L.  volemus. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  115 

94.    Lactarius  luteolus  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  23,  1896. 
Illustrations :    N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  67,  PL  83,  Fig.  7-11,  1903. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  or  uearl}-  plane,  sometimes 
umbilicately  depressed  and  subpapillate,  mmutely  pruinose-velvety^ 
dry,  azonate,  more  or  less  rugose,  yellowish  or  dingy  buff, 
margin  involute  at  first.  FLESH  white,  hecoming  drown  when 
bruised.  GILLS  adnate-subdecurrent,  close,  narrow,  whitish,  be- 
coming brown  when  bruised.  STEM  2.5-5  cm.  long,  3-10  mm.  thick, 
subequal,  dr}^,  glabrous  or  pruinose,  firm,  spongy-stuffed,  tchitisli  or 
buff.  SPORES  globose,  echinulate,  7-8  micr.,  white.  MILK  white 
or  whitish,  changing  to  brown  on  the  flesh,  copious,  mild.  ODOR 
mild  or  foetid. 

On  the  ground  in  mixed  woods.    Marquette.    August.    Rare. 

To  this  species  evidently  belongs  L.  foetidus  Pk.  (N.  Y.  State  Mus. 
Bull.  54,  p.  949,  1902),  which  is  a  form  with  a  foetid  odor. 

Section  IX.  Pileus  glabrous,  dry  or  subviscid,  taste  mild;  milk 
white,  pale  or  watery. 

95.    Lactarius  subdulcis  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  393. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1002. 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,'  Vol.  II,  No.  55. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  3,  PL  49,  Fig,  5. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  140,  p.  176. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  then  depressed  or  subin- 
fundibuliform,  often  papillate,  azonate,  dry,  glabrous,  broiunish- 
red,  isabelline  or  reddish-fulvous,  sometimes  paler,  not  fading,  even 
or  subwrinkled.  FLESH  whitish  or  tinged  fulvous.  GILLS  adnate- 
decurrent,  close,  pruinose,  sometimes  forked,  rather  narrow,  whit- 
ish soon  pallid  yellowish-flesh  color,  often  fulvous-stained.  STEM 
4-7  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  thick,  subequal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glabrous 
or  pubescent  to  tomentose  toward  base,  even  or  wrinkled-la cunose. 
concolor  or  paler  than  pileus.     SPORES  globose,  echinulate,  7-8 


mi 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 


micr.,  white.     MlJJv  white  or  watery-white,  imchangiug,  mild    or 
slijihily  acrid  or  hillerish  in  the  throat.     Edible. 

(_)ii  the  ;;roiiiMl  in  low  woods,  tields,  copses,  swamps  and  wet 
phues  oi-  in  mixed  or  In.ndose  woods.  Throughotit  the  state.  Jime- 
Oclober.     \ery  comniou. 

This  species  occurs  in  Cti-y  weatlier  when  hardly  any  other  mush- 
r<K>ni  is  to  be  found,  and  a  swamp  or  bog  must  be  very  dry  if  it  does 
III. I  yield  some,  in  wet  weather  it  is  to  be  found  on  high  ground 
jis  well,  eitiiei-  in  ilie  woods  or  the  bare  soil  in  fields  or  roadsides, 
sometimes  even  on  decayed  wood.  It  is  very  variable  and  several 
varieties  have  been  named,  e.  g.  (aj  with  cinnamon-red  pileus;  (b) 
with  chestnut- red  pileus  and  spongy  stem,  and  (c)  Avith  varnished- 
siiining  bay-red  cap  and  hollow  stem.  Kicken  says  the  European 
form  is  best  known  by  Ihe  red-strigose  base  of  the  stem  and  the 
tnfii'd  mode  of  growth.  With  us  it  is  usually  gregarious  or  scat- 
tered. It  must  not  be  confused  in  dry  weather  with  Clitocyhe 
laaata  when  the  latter  is  moist  and  then  similarlv  colored.  That 
sjtecies  dilfers  in  its  distant  gills  and  fading  pileus,  and  never  pos- 
sesses milk. 

96.    Lactarius  oculatus  (Pk.)     Burl.     (Edible) 

Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  34,  1907. 

Illustration:    Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  67,  PI.  83,  Fig.  20-24 
(as  L.  subdulcis  var.  oculatus  Pk.). 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  abruptly  papillate-um- 
bonatc,  viscid  when  moist,  glabrous,  fulvous^  fading  to  pinkish,  umbo- 
ilarker  and  scarcely  fading,  margin  at  first  involute  then  spreading. 
FLKSH  wliitisli,  thin.  GILLS  subdecurrent,  medium  close,  broad, 
pruino.se,  i>allid  then  jellowish.  STEM  2-4  cm,  long,  2-5  mm.  thick, 
equal,  ghdirons,  stuffed,  concolor  or  paler.  SPOEES  globose  to 
broadly  elliptical,  echinulate,  7-9.5  micr.,  white.  MILK  white, 
sjiar.se,  unchanging,  mild. 

On  tlie  ground  in  moist  places  in  woods,  or  on  moss.  Ann  Arbor. 
.Tnly-September.     Infrequent. 

Belated  to  the  preceding,  but  often  with  a  distinct  viscidity  on 
the  expallent  i)ileus.  Its  definite  and  persistent  papilla  has  been 
called  the  "eye  sjiot"  of  the  cap,  since  its  darker  color,  especially 
after  the  rest  «.f  the  pileus  is  faded,  makes  it  appear  prominent. 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  117 

/ 

97.    Lactarius  camphoratus  Fr.     (Edible)    - 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1013. 
Pvicken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  11,  Fig.  7. 
Plate  XIII  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  firm,  rigid-fragile,  convex,  often  umbonate, 
at  length  depressed,  fulvous  to  dark  Ijrownish-red,  azonate,  dry, 
glabrous,  often  wrinkled-uneven,  opaque,  margin  arched-d»curved. 
FLESH  concolor  or  paler,  rather  thin.  GILLS  adnate-subdecurrent, 
close,  rather  narrow,  pruinose,  dull  yellowish  to  reddish-brown. 
STEM  1-3  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  thick,  subequal,  glabrous  or  pruinose, 
sometimes  compressed-wrinkled,  spongy-stuffed,  concolor.  SPOEES 
globose,  echinulate,  6-7.5  micr.,  white.  MILK  white,  unchanging, 
either  copious  or  in  dry  weather  often  watery  white  and  scanty, 
mild.     ODOR  aromatic,  agreeable,  usually  very  distinct.     Edible. 

On  the  ground  in  wet  places,  swamps,  very  rotten  wood  in  mixed 
or  frondose  woods.    Throughout  the  state.    July-August.    Common. 

Known  by  its  peculiar  rigid-fragile  consistency,  its  aromatic  odor 
and  dark  reddish-brown  color.  Distinguished  from  L.  rufus  which 
grows  in  similar  situations,  by  its  smaller  size,  odor  and  non-acrid 
taste;  from  L.  subdulcis  by  darker  color  and  odor.  The  odor  is  not 
of  camphor  as  the  name  would  indicate;  it  has  been  variously  char- 
acterized as  like  that  of  dried  melilot,  slippery-elm  bark,  or  chicory, 
or  similar  to  that  of  L.  lielmis.  Like  L.  subdulcis,  it  is  often  to  be 
found  when  other  mushrooms  are  absent. 

98.    Lactarius  rimosellus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  105,  1906. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PL  95,  Fig.  7-11. 

"PILEUS  3-6.5  cm.  broad,  rather  firm,  convex  umbonate,  then  de- 
pressed, broicnish  terra-cotta,  fading  somewhat,  azonate,  dry,  glab- 
rous, rugose  from  the  center,  at  length  minutely  rimose-areolate. 
FLESH  thin,  isabelline  then  concolor.  GILLS  decufrent,  close, 
medium  broad,  few  forking,  whitish  then  somewhat  ochraceous. 
STEM  2-6  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upwards, 
stuffed  then  hollow,  pruinose  above,  tomentose  to  strigosc  doirn- 
u'a7-dft,  concolor.     SPORES  l)roadly  elliptical,  echinulate,  7-8  micr.. 


118  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

white.  MILK  uatcry  or  icaterij- white,  unchanged,  mild  or  slightly 
woody.    ODOK  faint,  somewhat  like  that  of  C.  camphoratus." 

On  I  he  ground  in  open  places  or  in  wet  places  in  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.    August.    Kare. 

Differs  from  L.  camplioratus  in  that  the  pileus  becomes  rimose- 
areohite  and  fades  somewhat  in  age,  and  in  its  more  tomentose  stem. 

Russula  Fr. 
(From  the  Latin,  russula,  reddish.) 

W'il  none;  the  trama  composed  of  vesiculose  tissue,  without  a 
milki/  juice;  gills  rigid,  fragile,  acute  on  edge;  stem  central,  con- 
liueut  with  the  pileus;  spores  globose  or  subglobose,  usually  echinu- 
late  or  verrucose,  white  cream-color^  yellow  or  ochraceous. 

Fleshy,  putrescent,  rigid-brittle  mushrooms,  mostly  terrestrial,  a 
few  on  much  decayed  wood,  on  sphagnum  or  on  other  mosses.  A 
very  distinct  genus,  most  closely  related  to  Lactarius,  from  which 
it  differs  by  its  lack  of  a  milky  juice.  Hygrophorus  differs  in  the 
thicker  and  more  waxy  nature  of  the  gills  although  here  there 
are  evident  certain  signs  of  relationship  with  species  of  Russula. 
Almost  all  of  the  species  are  edihle  after  careful  cooking  since  even 
the  peppery  forms  then  lose  their  sharp  taste;  in  any  case  the  mild 
species  are  perfectly  safe  when  fresh,  young  and  clean. 

The  PILEUS  may  be  red,  purple,  violet,  bluish,  yellow,  green  or 
white,  except  in  the  Compactae,  a  differentiated  pellicle  is  present 
on  the  surface  of  the  cap.  This  pellicle  is  often  composed  of  more 
(»r  less  gelatinous  hyphae  and  becomes  viscid  in  w^et  weather,  or  it 
may  remain  dry  and  become  pruinose  or  velvety.  The  pellicle  is 
somewhat  separable  along  the  margin  of  the  pileus  and  in  many 
of  the  Fragiles  can  be  peeled  easily  on  the  whole  surface.  The 
margin  of  the  pileus  is  often  striate  at  least  in  age.  In  the  species 
with  a  thin  cap,  the  lines  of  attachment  of  the  gills  to  the  cap 
show  through  as  raised  ridges  w^hich  are  often  tuberculate  because 
of  the  presence  of  the  interspacial  veins  beneath  and  these  striae 
may  extend  far  toward  the  center  of  the  pileus.  In  the  species  with 
firm  and  thick  caps,  the  striations  are  not  as  marked  or  are  ob- 
scurely developed  on  the  margin  only  when  the  plant  becomes  old. 
Still,  this  character  is  so  variable  that  it  must  be  used  with  caution 
as  a  diagnostic  character.  The  surface  is  usually  glabrous  or  merely 
pruinose  to  velvety;  the  latter  appearance  is  due  to  cystidia-like 
erect  liyphae  closely  covering  the  pellicle.    The  GILLS  of  the  differ- 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  11  g 

ent  species  are  of  all  shades  between  shining  white  and  egg-yellow, 
and  this  fact  alone  separates  them  from  any  one  of  the  spore-color 
groups  of  the  Agaricaceae.  Some  authors  consider  the  forking  of  the 
gills  as  well  as  the  veining  in  the  interspaces  of  the  gills  important 
diagnostic  characters.  These  two  characters  are  intimately  related 
and  forking  is  for  the  most  part  merely  a  pronounced  development 
of  veining.  In  fact  such  a  large  number  of  species  have  been  ob- 
served with  veined  interspaces  and  some  forked  gills  that  this 
character  loses  most  of  its  value.  In  R.  variata  the  forking  is 
dichotomous  or  mostly  so  and  reaches  its  highest  development.  The 
different  lengths  of  the  gills  are,  on  the  contrary,  much  more  impor- 
tant characteristics.  They  may  be  alternately  long  and  short  as  in 
the  Compactae,  or  they  may  be  all  of  one  length  with  rarely  any 
secondary  or  shorter  gills.  Intermediate  cases  occur  in  the  Sub- 
rigidae,  but  even  here  the  short  gills  are  not  numerous.  Their  shape 
and  width  are  also  of  value,  since  the  anterior  and  posterior  ends 
have  a  characteristic  width  which  accompanies  other  characters  of 
the  given  subgenera.  The  STEM  is  usually  white,  sometimes  red  or 
slightly  ochraceous,  in  some  species  changing  to  ashj^  etc.,  with  age. 
The  reticulations  on  the  surface  are  obscure  and  of  no  diagnostic 
value.  It  is  usually  spongy-stuffed  within  and  may  become  cavern- 
ous in  age  or  hollowed  by  grubs;  in  the  Compactae,  however,  it  is 
usually  solid.  The  TKAMA  is  composed  of  large  bladder-like  cells 
arranged  in  groups  and  surrounded  by  strands  of  slender  hyphae, 
as  in  Lactarius.  Such  a  structure  is  said  to  be  vesiculose  and  ac- 
counts for  the  more  or  less  brittle  consistency  of  the  plants.  Since 
the  difference  in  this  consistency  is  accompanied  by  other  good 
characters,  it  is  made  the  basis  of  a  division  of  the  genus  into  its 
subgenera.  The  TASTE  as  in  the  Lactarius,  is  sharply  acrid  in  some 
species,  slowly  or  slightly  acrid  in  others,  and  entirely  mild  in  a 
considerable  number.  This  is  an  important  character  for  the  identi- 
fication of  the  species  and  is  fairly  constant.  It  is  necessary  to 
have  fresh  plants  to  be  sure  in  some  cases  that  the  acridity  is  pres- 
ent. Sometimes  plants  which  are  apparently  mild  will  be  found 
to  have  a  slight  acridity  only  when  very  young,  or  only  in  the  gills 
and  not  elsewhere.  The  ODOE  of  some  species,  e.  g.,  R.  foetaiis,  R. 
foctantida,  R.  compacta,  etc.,  is  quite  characteristic  and  should 
never  be  unconsidered.  One  must  not  confuse  this  test  by  apply- 
ing it  to  plants  already  in  the  first  stages  of  decay.  SPOKJ'] 
PEINTS  are  considered  hy  most  as  the  most  essential  means  of 
settling  the  identity  of  closely  related  species.  It  has  been  claimed 
that  tlie  color  is  constant  and  wath  this  claim  I  agree.     It  is  also 


120  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

UnoNvii  iliat  ihe  s\h)Vv  prints  fade  or  change  after  a  time,  and 
heuoe  old  herhariuni  spore-prints  are  not  reliable  unless  accom- 
panie«l  by  careful  notes  of  the  print  when  fresh. 

Tlie  <r«'nns  may  be  divided  into  four  natural  groups  which  are 
here  considered  as  subgenera :  Compactae,  Rigidae,  Subrigidae  and 
Fragik's.  Of  these,  the  tirst  and  last  correspond  to  the  tribes  of 
that  name  in  Fries.  (Hymen.  Europ.)  As  shown  in  a  former  paper, 
(Kaulfman.  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  Kep.  11,  p.  60,  1909),  the  forking  of 
the  gills  and  the  striations  on  the  pileus  are  not  very  reliable  for 
the  cliai-acterization  of  the  main  groups.  It  has  seemed  practicable 
to  establish  a  new  division,  viz.,  the  Subrigidae,  to  include  forms 
with  a  pruinose  or  velvety  dry  pellicle  and  rather  firm  consistency, 
which  are  out  of  place  elsewhere,  and  seem  to  be  closely  related. 
8<>me  have  divided  the  genus  into  two  large  groups  on  the  basis  of 
the  mild  and  acrid  taste  (Massee,  British  Fungus  Flora,  Vol.  III.). 
Others  have  used  the  spore-color  (Schroeter,  Pilze  Schlesiens  and 
Hennings,  Engler.  n.  Trantl  Pflanzenfamilien).  Earle  has  raised 
the  five  "tribes"  to  generic  rank-  (Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  5,  p.  373, 
UMV.h.  and  finally,  Maire  has  proposed  a  division  of  the  genus  into 
eight  sections  based  in  part  on  microscopical  characters  (Soc.  Myc. 
de.  France,  Bull.  20,  p.  120,  1910).  The  last  author  appreciates  that 
the  groups  of  Fries  are  fairly  natural  and  has  kept  the  main  fea- 
tures, while  emphasizing  the  presence  or  absence  of  cystidia-like 
si)icnles  on  the  surface  of  pileus  and  stem.  These  ''cystidia''  cause 
the  velvety  or  pruinose  character  which  I  have  used  in  the  group 
Sulirigidae.  Further  studies  of  all  young  buttons  and  their  develop- 
ment will  aid  materially  in  a  ])roper  arrangement,  especially  with 
reference  to  the  character  of  the  margin  of  the  very  young  pileus. 

The  claim  of  Maire  (1.  c.)  that  microchemical  tests  can  be  used 
to  advantage,  has  been  given  a  trial  in  ten  of  the  following  species. 
This  work  was  done  at  my  request  by  Dr.  W.  B.  McDougall  in  our 
laboi-ntory  during  the  summer  of  1912.  The  results  are  appended 
nndci-  the  corresponding  descriptions  of  the  species  studied. 

The  abbreviations  of  Maire  are  used  as  follows:  G  =  Tincture 
of  Guaiac.  S  V=Sulfovanilline.  F  S=Sulfoformalin.  The  last 
two  art'  prepared  as  follows: 

Sulfovanilline. 

Distilled  water  2.cc. 

Sulfuric  acid,  j)ure  2.cc. 

Vanilline  ( c.  p.)  25  g. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  121 

Sulfoformalin. 

Distilled  water  25  drops 
Sulfuric  acid,  pure  5,cc. 
Formalin  (4%  sol.) 75  drops 

The  action  of  guaiac  is  to  turn  the  flesh  blue  and  should  react 
in  one  or  two  minutes.  Sometimes  only  certain  parts  of  the  plant 
react,  e.  g.,  in  R.  subpunctata,  the  gills  are  unaffected.  The  sul- 
fovanillme  turns  the  parts  blue,  sometimes  at  first  pink,  while  the 
sulfoformalin  intensifies  the  brownish  color  of  the  cystidia  and  the 
lactiferous  hyphae  in  the  gills.  We  did  not  test  the  "cystidia"  of 
the  surface  of  the  pileus  and  stem,  where  the  test  was  efl'ectively 
used  by  Maire.  In  R.  virescens  and  R.  crustosa  the  last  two  chem- 
icals had  hardly  any  eftect  as  compared  with  the  quick  reaction  in 
other  species.  Our  work  has  been  merely  preliminary  and  covered 
only  a  small  number  of  species. 

The  key  includes  a  few  species  not  yet  found  in  the  state.  Every 
season  seems  to  differ  in  the  particular  species  one  finds  and  a  num- 
ber of  forms  still  remain  unidentified,  but  the  following  list  com- 
prises all  the  species  frequent  from  year  to  year,  at  least  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state. 

The  genus  has  been  largely  gone  over  and  revised  since  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Monograph  (Mich.  Acad.  Rep.  11,  1909),  and  several 
additional  species  have  been  included  and  others  more  fully  de- 
scribed and  discussed.  The  recent  critical  papers  by  Maire,  Romell, 
Battaille,  Ricken,  and  others  in  Europe,  have  thrown  much  needed 
light  on  a  number  of  species. 

Key  to  the  Sj)ecies 

(A)     Gills  unequal,  alternately  long  and  short,  flesh  thick  to  the  margin 
of  the  pileus,  which  is  at  first  incurved  and  never  has  striations. 
(Compactae). 
(a)     Flesh  white,  unchangeable. 

(b)     Gills  subdistant;  plant  entirely  whitish;  pileus  8-15  cm.     99.     R. 

delica  Fr. 
(bb)     Gills  close. 

(c)     Pileus  whitish  then  sooty-gray,  5-7  cm.  broad.     102.     R.  adtcsta 

Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  becoming  sooty  in  age. 

(d)     Odor  strong,  alkaline;  pileus  large,  10-30  cm.  broad,  whitish 

then  pale  rusty-ochraceus.     R.  magnifica.  Pk. 
(dd)     Odor  none;   pileus  4-8  cm.  broad,  whitish.      99.      R.    decila 
var.  hrevipes  Pk. 
(aa)     Flesh  changing  to  reddish  or  blackish  in  age  or  when  bruised, 
(b)     Flesh   at   length   incarnate   or   rusty-reddish;    odor   disagreeable 

when  drying.     104.     R.   compacta  Frost, 
(bb)     Flesh  at' length  blackish. 

(c)     Gills  subdistant  to  distant;  flesh  at  first  reddish  when  bruised, 
then  black.     100.     R.  nigricans  Fr. 


122  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

(cc)     Gills  close  or  crowded. 

(d)     Gills  etc.  becoming  reddish  then  black;   gills  crowded.     101. 

A'.  (UnsifoJia  Seer, 
(dd)     Gills  etc.  becoming  bluish-black,  not  at  first  red;  pileus  dry. 
103.     R.  sonlida   Pk. 
(AA)     Gills    mostly    equal,    sometimes    with    shorter    ones    scattered    pro- 
miscuously, 
(a)     Gills  dichotomously   forked   throughout;    pileus   dull  pink  to  pur- 
plish when  young,  later  olivaceous,  or  greenish-umber.     116.    R. 
variata  Bann. 
(aa)     Gills  forked  only  at  the  base,  or  forking  not  extensive  or  lack- 
ing, 
(b)     Spores  white  in  mass. 

(R.  acruginea,  R.  -foetentula,  R.  rosacea,  R.  mariae  and  R.  sub- 
punctata  have  creamy-white  spores), 
(c)     Pileus  white. 

(d)     Taste  acrid.     133.     R.  alMdula  Pk. 
(dd)     Taste  mild, 
(e)     Pileus    viscid,    sometimes     tinged    yellowish;     remaining 

white  when  dried.     139.     R.  alUda  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  dry,  sometimes  tinged  pink.     13S.     R.  albella  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus   some   shade   of   green   or   dingy   greenish-white.    [See 
also   (ccc)]. 
(d)     Pileus    with    a    continuous    separable    pellicle;    taste    mild. 

120.     R.  acruginea  Lindb. 
(dd)     Pellicle  adnate,  becoming  pulverulent  or  areolate-cracked ; 
gills  close. 
(e)     Pileus  dry,  dark  green  when  young,  substriate  on  margin. 

105.     R.  virescens  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus    viscid,    glabrous    on    disk,    mouldy-white    to    pale 
greenish-white,  striate  on  margin.     106.     R.  crustosa  Pk. 
(ccc)     Pileus    some    shade    of    red,    pink,    purple    or    bluish.     [See 
also   (cccc)]. 
(d)     Taste  mild. 
(e)     Gills    floccose-crenulate    on    edge;     pileus    viscid,    shining 
blood-red;   stem  tinged  red.     141.    R.    purpurvna    Q.    &    S. 
(ee)     Edge  of  gills  not  crenulate. 
(f)     Pileus   firm   and   hard,    or    compact;    pellicle    adnate   or 
disappearing  in  places, 
(g)     Pileus  pruinose-velvety,  dark  red,  or  purple-red;   stem 
rosy  or  dark  red;   gills  at  length  dingy  cream-color. 
119.     R.  mariae  Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  not  markedly  pruinose. 
(h)     Pileus  5-10  cm.  broad. 

(i)     Pileus  pale  bluish-purple,  at  length  rosy  to  w^hite 
on  disk,  viscid,  stem  white.     117.     R.  cyanoxantha 
Fr.  var. 
(ii)     Pileus  pale  red,  soon  dry,  unpolished;  stem  rosy- 
tinged  or  white;  taste  rarely  slightly  acrid.     108. 
R,  lepida  Fr. 
(hh)     Pileus  3-6  cm.  broad, 
(i)     Pileus  dull  lilac-purplish.     R.  lilacea  Quel, 
(ii)     Pileus   incarnate    to    pale    livid    pink.      114.     R. 
vesca  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus   rather   thin,    fragile   or    subfragile. 
(g)     Pileus  usually  2-4  cm.  broad,  clear  pink;  in  oak  woods. 

142.     R.  uncialis  Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  4-6  cm.  broad,  dark  violet-purple  or  purplish- 
red,    silky-shining,    in    conifer    woods.     143.     R.    seri- 
,  ceoniteus  Kauff. 

(ggg)     Pileus  6-12  cm.  broad,  bright  rose-red  with  yellowish 
spots;  stem  white.     140.    R.  subdepallens  Pk. 
(dd)     Taste  very  acrid. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  123 

(e)     Pileus  2-6  cm.  broad, 
(f)     Spore-mass  pure  white;  stem  white,  fragile. 

(g)     Pileus  uniform  rosy-red;  gills  close  to  subdistant.     131. 

R.  fragilis  Ft. 
(gg)     Pileus   rosy-red   on   margin,   disk   olivaceous   or  pur- 
places.     132.     R.  fallax  Cke. 

plish   and   livid;    gills   subdistant;    usually   in   mossy 
(ff)     Spore-mass  creamy  white;  stem  white  or  rosy, 
(g)     Pileus    rigid,    not    striate,    soon    dry;   cuticle    adnate, 

unpolished,  red.     115.     R.  suhpunctata  sp.  nov. 
(gg)     Pileus  subfragile;   pellicle  separable  and    striate    on 
margin,    viscid,    shining    rosy-red.     134.     jB.    rosacea 
Fr.     R.  sanguinea  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  5-10  cm.  broad,  rarely  larger. 

(f)     Rigid.     Pileus  dark  red,  not  fading,  cuticle  adnate,  even 

on  margin.     118.    R.  atroinirpurea  Maire. 
(ff)     Fragile;  pileus  rose-red  to  scarlet. 

(g)     Taste  tardily  acrid.     130.     R.  rugulosa  Pk. 
(gg)     Taste  quickly  acrid. 

(h)     On    sphagnum;    in    troops.     129.    R.    emetica    var. 

gregaria. 
(hh)     On  debris  of  very  rotten  wood  and  on  the  ground. 
129.     R.  emetica  Fr. 
(cccc)     Pileus  some  shade  of  brown,  yellowish,  etc. 

(d)     Odor  aromatic,  becoming  foetid;   pileus  very  striate. 
(c)     Pileus    7-12    cm.    broad,    sordid     yellowish-whitish.      111.       R. 

foetens  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  3-7  cm.  broad,  pale  livid  ochraceous;  base  of  stem  with 
rusty-red  stains.     110.    R.  foetentula  Pk. 
(dd)     Odor  not  aromatic. 

(e)     Pileus   6-12   cm.   broad,   straw-color  to   ochraceous-reddish, 

rigid,  not  striate.     107.     R.  ochraleucoides  sp.  nov. 
(ee)     Pileus  3-6  cm.  broad, 
(f)     Taste  acrid;   pileus  grayish-brown,  substriate.     113.     R. 

sororia  Fr. 
(ff)     Taste  mild, 
(g)     Pileus  yellow  or  yellowish,  at  least  when  young,  not 
ashy  under  the  cuticle, 
(h)     Pileus  5-8  cm.  broad,  scarcely  striate  in  age,  chrome 

yellow;   stem  yellow.     R.  flavida  Frost, 
(hh)     Pileus  3-5  cm.  broad,    very    tuberculate-striate    in 
age,  at  first  sulphur-yellow  then  dingy  yellowish- 
brown.     109.    R.  Pulverulenta  Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  pale  yellowish-brown,  ashy  under  the  cuticle, 
strongly  striate.     112.     R.  pectinatoides  Pk. 
(bb)     Spores  and  gills  some  shade  of  ochraceous,  yellowish  or  creamy- 
yellowish    (spore-print   necessary). 
(c)     Stem  whitish,  changing  to  ochraceous-brown  where  bruised  or 
handled;    odor  disagreeable  in   age;    color  of  pileus  purplish- 
red,  olivaceous,  yellowish,  etc.,  very  variable,  colors  mixed.  121. 
R.  xerampelina  Fr.     122.     R.  squalida  Pk. 
(cc)     Stem  not  with  this  peculiarity, 
(d)     Pileus  some  shade  of  red.  • 

(e)     Taste  acrid;  fragile. 

(f)     Pileus  reddish-buff  to  purplish;    spores  pale  yellow;    in 

swamps.     137.     R.  palustris  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  rosy-red  to  scarlet. 

(g)     Gills  straw  yellowish  to  pale  ochraceous;   margin  of 

pileus  even,  rather  firm.     135.    R.  veternosa  Fr. 
(gg)    Gills  deep  ochraceous-yellow;  margin  of  pileus  striate, 
gills  and  pileus  fragile.     136.    R.  tenuiceps  Kauff. 
(ee)     Taste  mild. 


124  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

(f)     Stem  at  length  ashy  or  blackish  where  bruised. 

(g)     Wound   at  first   reddish  then  black;    pilaus  dull  red, 
variegated  with  yellow  etc.,  firm.     126.     R.  rubescens 
Beards, 
(gg)     Wound  not  at  first  reddish. 

(h)     In  coniferous  regions;  stem  stout. 

(i)     Pileus    5-12    cm.    broad,    orange-red.     123.     R.    de- 

colorans  Fr. 
(ii)     Pileus   5-10   cm.    broad,   crimson-red.      123.   R.   de- 
colorans  var.   rubriceiis   Kauff. 
(hh)     In  frondose  regions;    stem  not  very  stout;    pileus 
dark   red   to  blackish   on   disk.     125.     R.   ohscura 
Rom. 
(ff)     Stem  not  becoming  ashy. 

(g)     Pileus  5-10  cm.  broad  or  more. 

(h)     Plants  usually  solitary  or  scattered, 
(i)     Pileus  firm,  large,  dingy  or  dull  red  to  purplish, 
often  faded;  gills  ochraceous  from  the  first.    128. 
R.  alutacea  Fr. 
(ii)     Pileus    and    stem    very    fragile;    colors    of    pileus 
mixed  varying  pink,  incarnate,  yellowish;   spores 
bright  yellow.     145.     R.  amygdaloides  sp.  nov. 
(iii)     Pileus  firm,  blood-red.     127.    R.  lorealis  Kauff. 
(hh)     Closely  gregarious,  sometimes  in  troops;  fragile, 
(i)     Pileus  dull  and  variable  in  color,  not  bright  red; 
gills  white  at  first,  then  creamy-yellowish  to  pale 
ochraceous.     144.     R.   Integra   Fr.    and   forms, 
(ii)     Pileus  dark  violet-purple  to  dark  red;  rather  firm; 
spores    ochraceous-buff.     R.    ochrophylla   Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  2-5  cm.  broad  or  less. 

(h)     Spores  pale  yellow  or  cream  color, 
(i)     Pileus  umbonate,  very  fragile;  on  sphagnum.     148. 

R.  sphagnophila  Kauff. 
(ii)     Pileus  not  umbonate;   stem  and  gills  translucent, 
honey-yellowish    in    age;    fragile.     147.     R.    puel- 
laris  Fr. 
(hh)     Spores  truly  ochraceous  in  mass. 

(i)     Stem    rosy-dusted;     pileus    rose-red,    fragile.     146. 

R.  roseipes   (Sec.)    Bres. 
(ii)     Stem  white;  pileus  pinkish  red,  lilac  etc.,  fading 
to  yellowish.     149.     R.  chamaeolentina  Fr.     150. 
R.  aMetina,  etc. 
(dd)     Pileus  some  shade  of  yellow, 
(e)     Flesh  of  stem  cinereous  when  old. 

(f)     Pileus    orange-red,    fading    in    age.     123.     R.    decolorans 

Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  dull  yellow  (flavus),  color  not  changing,  scarcely 
viscid.     124.     R.  flava  Rom. 
(ee)     Flesh  not  becoming  ashy. 

(f)     Edge  of  gills  vivid  lemon-yellow.     R.  aurata  Fr. 
(ff)     Edge  of  gills  concolor. 

(g)     Taste  mild;  pileus  2-6  cm.  broad,  gills  egg-yellow.     151. 

R.  lutea  Fr. 
(gg)     Taste  tardily  acrid;  pileus  5-10  cm.  broad;  gills  pale 
yellow.     138.     R.  aurantialutea  Kauff. 

COMPACT AE  Fr.  Flesli  thick,  compact  and  firm.  Pileus  with- 
out a  sei)arable  pellicle,  its  margin  non-striate  and  at  first  involute. 
With  entire  and  sliort  gills  alternating  regularly.  Spores  white  in 
mas.s. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  125 

This  group  is  closely  related  to  the  Piperites  division  of  the  genus 
Lactarius.  Some  of  the  species,  e.  g.  R.  delica,  are  very  similar  to 
L.  vellerius,  L.  deceptivus,  etc.,  when  the  latter  are  dried  out  by  the 
wind  or  dry  weather  and  then  lack  the  milky  juice.  The  Compactae 
are  a  very  natural  group,  easily  distinguishable. 

99.     Russula  delica  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PL  1068. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  607. 

Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  2,  PL  201. 

Ibid,  Fung.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PL  68. 

Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  15,  Fig.  1. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  514. 

Peck,   N.   Y.   State  Mus.   Eep.   54,   PL   71,   Fig.   1-5    (as  R. 

hrevipes  Pk.). 
Ibid,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  43,  PL  2,  Fig.  5-8  (as  R.  hrevipes 
Pk.). 

PILEUS  8-15  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-umbilicate  then  depressed 
to  infundibuliform,  dull  white,  sometimes  with  rusty-brown  stains, 
unpolished,  glabrous;  pubescent  or  obscurely  tomentose,  even,  dry, 
margin  at  first  involute  not  striate.  FLESH  compact,  white  or 
whitish,  not  changing  where  bruised.  GILLS  subdecurrent,  nar- 
rowed behind,  broader  in  the  middle,  siibdistant,  or  distant,  thickish, 
short  and  long  alternating,  few  forked,  white  or  whitish,  edge  often 
distinctly  greenish.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick,  short,  stout, 
solid,  equal  or  subequal  or  tapering  down,  white  becoming  dingy, 
not  turning  blackish  when  bruised,  glabrous  or  subtomentose  above, 
often  with  a  narrow  pale-green  zone  at  apex.  SPORES  globose, 
9-10  (rarely  11  or  12)  micr.,  tuberculate,  white  in  mass.  TASTE 
mild  to  tardily  but  weakly  acrid.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious,  in  sandy  soil.  In  maple,  birch,  oak  and  coniferous 
woods  throughout  the  state;  most  abundant  along  the  Great  Lakes 
in  conifer  regions.     -July-October.     Common  locally. 

Var.  hrevipes  Pk.  {^R.  hrevipes  Pk.,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  43, 
1890),  has  been  found  at  New  Richmond.  The  gills  are  crowded 
and  the  pileus  is  smaller,  4-6  cm.  broad.  It  was  found  in  hard  clay 
soil,  through  which  it  pushed  with  difficulty.  It  is  apparently  an 
ecological  variety  conditioned  by  dry  weather  and  hard  soil.  It  is 
uncommon. 


126  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

The  typical  R.  dclica  is  usually  a  large  plant,  simulating  Lac- 
tarius  vcllerius  in  size,  color,  etc.  Fries  in  the  Epicrisis  says  the 
cap  is  "shining."  This  error  was  omitted  in  his  Monographia  but 
copied  again  in  Hymeuenomycetes  Europaei.  The  error  has  since 
been  relocated  by  other  authors,  including  Cooke  on  his  plate  in 
the  Illustrations,  The  Michigan  plants  are  exactly  like  those  grow- 
ing in  SA\eden,  where  in  some  of  the  specimens  the  edge  of  the  gills 
and  the  ai>ex  of  the  stem  were  tinged  green,  as  is  the  case  in  ours, 
especially  in  the  plants  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  B.  lactea 
Fr.  is  said  to  have  veiy  broad,  distant,  free  gills  and  milk-white  cap 
and  stem.  I  have  not  seen  any  plants  with  the  glaucous  green  gills 
of  R.  chl&roides  Bres. 

100.     Russula  nigricans  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  183G-38. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1015. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  625. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  75. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  15,  Fig.  2. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  54,  PI.  71,  Fig.  6-9. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  146,  p.  184,  1908. 

I'lLEUS  7-15  cm.  broad,  subrigid,  convex  then  depressed  to  sub- 
iufundibuliform,  margin  at  first  incurved  then  spreading  and  ele- 
vated, often  irregularly  wavy,  at  first  whitish  and  clouded  with 
umber,  soon  smoky-uniber,  subviscid  at  first,  glabrous,  even  on  mar- 
gin. FLESH  compact,  white,  changing  to  reddish  where  bruised, 
then  hlacJdsh.  GILLS  narrowed  or  rounded  behind,  adnexed, 
thicJc  and  firm,  suhdistant  to  distant,  sometimes  intervenose,  short 
and  long  alternating,  white  becoming  grayish,  reddish  at  first  when 
bruised.  STEM  2-G  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  thick,  solid,  hard,  stout,  glab- 
rous, even  or  lacunose-depressed  in  places,  white  at  first,  at  length 
s,iwl-i/-uml)er,  reddish  then  blackish  where  bruised.  SPORES  sub- 
globose,  8-10  micr.,  echinulate,  whitish  in  mass."  TASTE  mild,  some- 
times tardily  but  slightly  acrid.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  solitaiy.  On  the  ground  in  coniferous  or  fron- 
dose  woods.  Tliroughout  the  state,  rarely  in  the  southern  part, 
more  plentiful  in  the  north.    July-September. 

This  Russula  usually  persists  in  ordinary  weather  without  decay- 
ing   and    is    then    frequently    inhabitated    by    another    mushroom, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  127 

Kyctalis  asterophora,  as  shown  in  the  illustration.  It  is  usually  a 
rather  large,  firm  plant,  distingTiished  from  the  following  by  the 
subdistant,  thick  gills.  The  flesh  of  all  parts  when  bruised  turns 
first  reddish  then  blackish,  but  the  red  stain  may  not  appear  in 
old  plants;  this  is  to  be  expected  because  of  the  drying  up  of  the 
scanty  juice  which  is  supposed  to  cause  this  phenomenon  where  it 
is  exposed  to  the  air.  Peck,  Mcllvaine  and  others  have  eaten  it 
and  consider  it  fairl}^  good. 

101.    Russula  densifolia  Seer.     (Edible) 
Mycographie  I,  1833. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1017. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  60S. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  319. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig-s.  157  and  145,  1908. 

Kauffman,  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Eep.  11,  Fig.  1,  op.  p.  90,  1909. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  somewhat  firm,  convex  then  depressed 
to  subinfundibuliform,  margin  at  first  incurved  then  elevated,  dull 
whitish  at  first,  soon  clouded  icith  pale  s-moky-hroivn,  without  a 
pellicle,  usually  suh viscid,  even,  pruinose  when  dry.  FLESH  com- 
pact, thick,  grayish-white,  pale  smoky  in  age,  changing  to  reddish 
when  bruised,  then  Mackish.  GILLS  narrowly  adnate  to  subdecur- 
rent,  rather  narrow,  thick,  crowded  then  close,  alternately  long 
and  short,  few  forked,  subvenose,  whitish  soon  dingy  grajish,  red- 
dish when  bruised  then  black.  STEM  5-6  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  thick, 
stout,  equal  or  tapering-  downward,  rigid,  spongy-solid,  whitish  then 
cinereous,  soon  dark  ashy  within,  turiving  reddish  then  Mackish 
where  hruised,  obscurely  wrinkled,  glabrous  or  subpruinose. 
SPORES  globose,  coarsely  reticulate,  7-9x6-8  micr.,  white  in  mass. 
STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  hyaline,  slender,  flexuous, 
acuminate,  60x3-1  micr.,  abundant.  TASTE  slowly  acrid  in  fresh 
plant.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious,  subcaespitose  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  fron- 
dose  woods  among  fallen  leaves.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  Palmyra. 
July-September.  Usually  rare,  but  abundant  in  August,  1912,  in 
oak  woods  at  Ann  Arbor. 

As  pointed  out  by  Peck,  the  American  plant  is  slightly  subviscid 
on  the  cap  but  this  character  is  easily  overlooked.  The  viscidity 
is  slight,  even  after  rains.     It  comes  nearest  to  R.  adusta,  in  size. 


jog  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

natural  coloring  and  gills,  but  ditfers  in  the  change  which  the  flesh 
undergoes  when  bruised.  Authors  consider  R.  adusta  to  have  a  mild 
taste  and  if  this  is  true  our  plant  dift'ers  also  in  this  respect.  The 
gills  are  usually  markedly  crowded  and  narrow,  while  those  of  R. 
lu/ricuns  are  broad  and  subdistant.  The  latter  is  more  common 
in  coniferous  regions,  while  R.  densifolia  has  so  far  been  found  in 
Micliigan  only  in  frondose  woods.  Maire  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  France, 
2G,  p.  87)  states  that  R.  densifolia  lacks  the  hair-like  sterile  cells  on 
the  edge  of  the  gills;  that  they  are  abundant  in  R.  nigricans  and 
less  numerous  in  R.  adusta._  In  our  specimens  of  R.  densifolia  they 
were  abundant,  which  would  indicate  that  this  is  not  a  very  con- 
stant character. 

102.    Russula  adusta  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  1051. 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  G4. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  15,  Fig.  3. 

"PILEUS  5-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  depressed  or  subinfundi- 
buliform,  ichite  or  whitish,  becoming  brownish  or  sooty-gray,  glab- 
rous, dry,  even.  FLESH  compact,  white,  not  changing  when  Iruised. 
GILLS  adnate  to  subdecurrent,  thin,  close,  short  and  long  alter- 
nating, narrow,  white  becoming  sordid.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  about 
1.5  cm.  thick,  short,  solid,  equal  or  subequal,  glabrous,  even,  wliite 
then  sooty  gray.  SPOKES  subglobose,  slightly  echinulate,  6-9  micr., 
white  in  mass.    Taste  mild.    Odor  slight." 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  mixed  woods  of  north- 
ern Michigan.     July-September.     Infrequent. 

The  smaller  size,  unchanging  flesh  when  bruised,  and  thin  close 
gills  characterize  it.  At  first  the  whole  plant  is  nearly  white,  but 
it  gradually  takes  on  a  grayish  or  sooty  cast.  Michael,  who  gives 
an  excellent  figure,  saj's  it  has  a  rather  strong  odor  which  is  almost 
nauseating.  This  seems  not  to  have  been  noticed  by  others.  In 
Euroi>e,  also,  it  is  said  to  be  soon  attacked  by  grubs  especially  in 
the  stem ;  as  the  same  insects  do  not  always  occur  in  this  country, 
such  facts  are  only  of  local  interest.  It  usually  hugs  the  ground 
closely. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  129 

103.     Russula  sordida  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  2G,  1S74. 

Illustrations :    N.  Y.  State  :\Iiis.  IJiill.  105,  PI.  i)S,  Fig.  1-3,  1905. 
Plate  XIV  of  this  Report'. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  dry\,  convex-depressed,  margin  at  first 
incurved,  glabrous,  even,  dingy  ivliite  hecoming  smoky  with  age. 
FLESH  whitish,  compact,  hecoming  blackisJi-broicn  or  hluish-black 
when  bruised,  ivithout  first  turning  reddish.  GILLS  adnate  to  sub- 
decurrent,  rather  narrow,  close^  long  and  short  alternating,  white 
hecoming  blackish  in  age,  few  forked.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  1-2  cm. 
thick,  short,  solid,  rigid,  equal,  whitish  becoming  black  when 
handled.  SPORES  globose,  7-8  micr.,  white  in  mass.  TASTE  mild 
or  tardily  and  slightly  acrid.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  solitarj'.  Ou  the  ground  in  the  hemlock  regions  of 
the  north,  rarely  in  southern  Michigan.    July-August.     Infrequent. 

This  differs  from  the  European  R.  albonigra  (Kromb.j  in  its  dry 
pileus.  A  species  has  been  named  by  Peck  with  viscid  cap,  viz., 
R.  subsordida;  this  is  probably  identical  with  R.  albonigra.  Our 
plant  has  a  dry  pileus  and  differs  from  R.  nigricans  and  R.,  densi- 
folia  in  the  lack  of  the  change  to  red  immediately  after  bruising. 
In  specimens  found  near  Ann  Arbor  the  gills  of  the  young  plants 
were  easily  separable  from  the  trama  of  the  pileus;  Avhether  this 
is  a  constant  character  I  cannot  say.  Peck  found  the  same  to  be 
true  in  specimens  of  R.  densifolia.  The  stems  are  said  to  be 
often  infested  with  grubs. 

104.     Russula  compacta  Frost  &  Peck      (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  32,  1879. 

Illustration :    Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  116,  PI.  109,  1907. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  then  depressed  to  subiu- 
fuudibuliform,  margin  at  first  incurved,  thin,  then  elevated,  dry, 
unpolished,  minutely  toinentose  in  age,  even,  whitish  when  young, 
at  length  sordid-pale-reddish  or  rusty-ochraceous  either  wholly  or 
in  spots.  FLESH  thick,  compact,  rather  brittle,  white,  changing 
to  reddish  in  age  or  when  wounded.  GILLS  narrowly  adnate,  close, 
rather  nurroio,  alternately  short  and  long,  sometimes  much  forked 
toward  base,  sometimes  few  forked,  white  at  first,  tlien  stained 
17 


130  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

sordid  reddish  or  reddi.sIi-bro\vii.  STEM  3-6  em.  long,  1.3-o  cm. 
tliiek,  atoiit,  apougy-tituilied,  rather  hrittle,  equal  or  tapering*  down, 
uneveu,  white  at  first  becoming  reddish  or  reddish-brown  in  age  or 
l'r(»m  handling.  tSl'OEES  subglobose,  echinulate,  with  large  oil- 
gh>bule,  8-10x7-8  micr.,  wliite  in  maste.  TASTE  mild  or  slightly  and 
tardily  acrid.  ODOK  becoming  disagreeahle  in  age  or  on  drying, 
like  iliiit  (»f  J\.  squalida  Pk. 

(Iregarious.     On  the  ground  in  beech  and  maple  woods.     New 
JfichiiKnid.     August-September.     Rare. 

This  is  a  very  distinct  species.  The  w'hole  plant  becomes  diffused 
with  the  rusty-reddish  color  which  is  at  first  pale  incarnate,  but  be- 
comes more  marked  as  the  plant  ages.  The  stem  has  the  consistency 
of  that  of  Boletus  castaneus  or  B.  cijanescens  but  the  interior  be- 
comes cavernous  less  readily  than  in  those  plants.  The  scanty  juice 
which  causes  the  color  change  has  the  same  relation  to  the  flesh  as 
that  which  causes  the  reddish  and  then  blackish  color  in  R.  nigricans. 
The  disagreeable  odor  of  the  drying  plant  is  quite  marked,  and  is 
an  aid  to  its  identification.  It  is  probably  quite  rare;  it  Avas  found 
only  a  few  times  in  New  York  by  Peck  but  lias  been  reported  by 
Van  Hook  from  Indiana.  R.  incarnata  Morgan  (Cinn.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1SS3)  is  probably  identical.  The  edges  of  the  gills  are  pro- 
vided with  microscopic,  subcylindrical,  sterile  cells.  In  age  tbe  plant 
becomes  quite  fragile.  Peck's  figure  is  not  at  all  illustrative  of  the 
colors. 

RIGTDAE.  Flesh  compact,  rather  thick.  Pileus  rigid,  provided 
with  an  adnate  cuticle  which  often  cracks  or  disappears  in  parts  of 
the  surface,  especially  on  disk,  mostly  separable  only  at  the  margin. 
Gills  usually  somewhat  forked,  and  with  shorter  ones  intermingled. 

The  subgenus  differs  from  the  Compactae  in  that  the  gills  do  not 
alternate  regularly  as  long  and  short  and  by  the  presence  of  an 
adnate  pellicle;  it  dilfers  from  the  Subridgidae  and  Fragiles,  by  the 
more  rigid  substance  of  the  pileus,  the  adnate  pellicle,  the  presence 
of  short  gills  and  usually  by  the  forking  of  some  of  the  gills 
especially  at  or  near  the  stem.  Most  of  the  species  are  mild  or 
very  slightly  acrid. 

Section  I.  Margin  of  pileus  obtuse,  cuticle  soon  dry,  at  length 
pulvernlont,  granular  or  rimosely-cracked  in  places.  Gills  broader 
anteriorly. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  131 

105.     Russula  virescens  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1039. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  639. 

Bresadola,  Fuugh.  maug.  e.  vel.,  PL  69. 

Michael,  Ftihrer  f.  Pilzfreuude,  Vol.  II,  No.  62. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.  36,  Fig.  1,  1900. 

Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PL  18,  p.  69  (poor). 

Gibson,  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  PL  11,  p.  126, 

1903. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PL  31,  1896. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  150,  p.  189,  1908. 
Mcllvaine,  Amer.  Fungi.,  PL  11,  Fig.  6,  p.  184,  1900. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  at  the  very  first  globose,  soon  convex  and 
expanded,  often  somewhat  depressed  on  disk,  firm,  dry,  as  if  velvety, 
the  surface  (especially  the  disk)  broken  into  many  floccose  or  pul- 
verulent areas  or  patches,  green  or  grayish  green,  the  margin  not 
striate  or  rarely  so,  cuticle  scarcely  distinguishable  or  separable. 
FLESH  white.  GILLS  white,  rather  close,  narrowed  toward  the 
stem,  almost  or  entirely  free,  few  shorter  or  forked.  STEM  3-7  cm. 
long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  white,  firm,  equal  or  subequal,  solid  or  spongy. 
SPORES  white,  subglobose,  6-8  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none.  No  differ- 
entiated subhynienium.    TASTE  mild.    ODOR  none. 

Oak  and  maple  or  mixed  w^oods,  probably  throughout  the  state. 
Occasional.     July  and  August. 

Under  this  name  was  included  in  this  country,  for  a  time, 
a  more  common  form  with  viscid  striate  cap  which  has  been 
segregated  by  Peck  under  the  name  of  B.  crustosa.  The  two  seem  to 
run  into  each  other  at  times,  but  Peck  distinguishes  the  pileus  of 
R.  crustosa  "by  its  smooth,  not  warty  center,  its  paler  color  and 
usually  striate  margin."  The  latter  is  also  distinctly  viscid  when 
young  but  this  depends  considerably  on  the  weather  conditions. 
B.  virescens  might  be  confused  with  green  specimens  of  R.  variata 
whose  surface  is  sometimes  areolate,  but  the  gills  of  R.  virescens 
are  not  as  pure  white,  are  not  decurrent  nor  much  forked,  and  the 
taste  is  mild. 

Microchemical  tests:     G.    (Flesh  and  gills  slowly  bright  blue.) 
F  S.  (No  effect.)     S  V.  (No  effect.) 


132  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

106.  Russula  crustosa  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  39,  1886. 

Illiistralioii:    ^^  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  07,  PI.  84,  Fig.  1-7,  1003. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  then  expanded  and  de- 
pressed in  ilie  center,  surface  cracked  except  on  disk,  the  areas 
crustlikc,  sordid  cream-color,  dirty  brownish  or  ochraceous,  usually 
tinged  with  olive  or  green,  v-iscid  when  young  or  moist,  especially 
on  the  disk,  striate  on  mar(jin  when  mature.  FLESH  white.  GILLS 
(hill  white,  becoming  somewhat  dingy  cream  color  in  age,,  rather 
broad  in  front,  narrowed  toward  the  stem,  adnexed  or  free,  thick, 
distinct,  not  crowded,  rather  brittle,  few  forked,  few  short.  STEM 
3-6  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  thick,  short,  stout,  spongy-stuffed,  subequal  or 
ventricose,  white.  SPOKES  white,  subglobose,  8-10  micr.  Cl^S- 
TIDIA  rather  numerous,  extending  clear  through  the  subhymenium. 
^"^'iibhijnioiiiim  sharply  separated  from  gill-trama.  TASTE  mild. 
ODOR  none. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  Oak  and  maple  woods  in  southern 
Micliigan.    July  to  September.     Common. 

This  is  near  R.  virescens  and  is  apparently  much  more  common, 
ll  seems  to  be  still  referred  to  R.  virescens  bv  some  authors,  al- 
though  in  that  case  the  Friesian  description  will  have  to  be  modi- 
fied to  include  it. 

Micliochemical  tests:  G.  (Flesh  and  gills  become  deep  blue.) 
S  \'.  (Gills  and  flesh  very  slowly  tinged  blue.)  F  S.  (Cystidia 
colored  brown.) 

107.  Russula  ochraleucoides  sp.  nov. 
Illustration  :    Plate  XV  of  this  Report. 

PI  LET'S  (i-12  cm.  broad,  large,  rigid,  convex,  soon  expanded- 
l)lan<'.  vaiying  strair-ijelloic  to  pale  ochraceous,  usually  dull  ochTe 
to  reddish-ochre  toward  center,  i^ellicle  adnate,  soon  dry,  and  pul- 
venilent  ot-  sultrimose,  even  on  the  obtuse  margin.  FLESH  thick, 
comi.act,  wliite,  unchanging  or  slightly  sordid  in  age.  GILLS  ad- 
nexed or  free,  rather  iwiroio,  rounded  and  slightly  broader  in  front, 
n-hiir  or  Avhitish,  dose  to  subdistant,  shorter  ones  intermingled, 
often  forked  in  posterior  part,  intervenose.  STEM  4-6  cm.  long, 
l..~»-2  cm.  thick,  short,  rigid,  equal  or  tapering  slightly  downward, 
iH\itr,   glabrous   or   subpruino.se,    spongj'-solid,    even    or   obscurely 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  133 

wrinkled.  SPORES  globose,  very  minutely  rough,  7-9  micr.  (iucl. 
apiculus),  tohite  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  very  few.  Bx\SIDIA  about 
40x9  micr.  TASTE  tardily  and  slightly  bitterish-acrid  or  disagree- 
ably bitter.    ODOR  faintly  aromatic  or  none. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  open  oak-maple  woods.  Ann 
Arbor,     August.     Rare. 

Related  to  R.  virescens  by  its  rigidity  and  the  nature  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  pileus.  The  surface  is  pulverulent,  somewhat  rimose  in 
age,  soft  to  the  touch  and  under  the  microscope  is  seen  to  be  com- 
posed of  slender,  hyaline,  erect  c^'stidia-like  hairs.  A  subhymen- 
ium  is  lacking.  It  has  a  short,  stout  stem  and  relatively  much 
broader  cap.  It  ditfers  from  R.  ochraleiwa  in  size  and  in  the  thick 
flesh  of  the  cap,  in  that  the  flesh  of  the  stem  does  not  become  ashy 
when  bruised,  as  well  as  in  the  bitter  taste  and  the  unpolished  pileus. 
R.  gramilosa  Cke.  is  said  to  have  a  granular  stem  and  pileus,  and 
many  cystidia  in  the  hymenium  according  to  Massee.  It  is  far  from 
belonging  to  the  Fragiles  where  Fries  placed  R.  ochraleuca.  R. 
grmvwlata  Pk.  is  said  to  be  tubercular-striate  on  the  jnargin  of  the 
cap  and  is  smaller.  The  gills  are  often  abundantly  forked  toward 
the  stem. 

108.     Russula  lepida  Fr.     (non  Bres.)     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Sverig.  Swamp.,  PI.  59,  form  minor. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1072. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  620. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  16,  Fig.  4. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  149,  PI.  188,  1908.     (Doubtful.) 
Gibson,  Edible  Toadstools,  etc.,  PI.  12,  p.  131,  1903.     (Doubt- 
ful.) 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PL  36,  Fig.  3,  p.  126,  1900.  (Doubtful.) 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  rigid,  convex,  then  expanded-depressed, 
cuticle  adnate  and  disappearing  on  disk,  mvpolished,  soon  dry,  rose- 
red  to  pale  blood-red,  jadiiuj,  disk  soon  pallid  or  variegated  with 
paler  yellowish-reddish  hues,  sometimes  rimulose-cracked  or  rugu- 
lose  on  disk,  margin  obtuse,  not  striate.  FLESH  compact,  white 
or  reddish  under  the  cuticle,  thick,  abruptly  thin  on  margin.  GILLS 
narrowed  behind  and  narrowly  adnate  or  almost  free,  close,  rather 
narroiv,  broader  and  rounded  in  front,  white  then  whitish  (albus), 
few  shorter,  occasionally  forked.    STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  tliick. 


134  THE  AGARICACEAE  OP  MICHIGAN 

eiiiial  i»r  sli-htlv  tapering  downward,  loMte  or  tinged  rosy-jnnk, 
spongj'-stiiffed,  rather  rigid,  obscurely  wrinliled.  SPORES  sub- 
globose.  9-10  x  7-8  (incl.  apiculus),  with  oil-drop,  rough  or  partly 
HiHM.i h.  almost  pure  ichite  in  mass.  ODOR  none  or  very  slightly  dis- 
agreeable. TASTE  mild,  sometimes  slightly  bitterisb-subacrid. 
CVSTIDIA  moderately  abundant,  subcylindrical,  70-75x10-12  micr. 

(Jregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Ann 
Arbor,  Detroit.     July- August.     Ratber  rare. 

This  plant  occurs  rather  rarely  in  southern  Michigan.  It  differs 
from  the  description  given  by  Bresadola  (see  translation  Mich. 
Acad.  Rep.  11,  p.  G8,  1909)  in  that  the  spore-mass  is  nearly  white,  not 
straw  color,  and  the  gills  are  only  slightly  thickish.  I  have  found 
specimens  only  during  a  few  seasons.  Peck  also  reports  it  uncom- 
mon in  New  York.  The  margin  of  the  pileus  is  sometimes  slightly 
viscid  and  the  cuticle  slightly  separable  on  the  margin.  It  must  not 
be  confused  with  R.  mariae  whose  cap  and  stem  are  less  rigid  and 
more  deejily  colored,  and  which  has  creamy-yellowish  spores  and  lar- 
ger cystidia.  Our  plant  sometimes  has  an  entirely  rose-red  cap,  some- 
times, especially  when  older,  approaching  the  colors  of  R.  decolorans 
l)ut  paler  and  duller,  subpruinose  w^hen  dry  and  variegated  with 
pinkish,  yellowish  or  pale-oi-auge  hues  becoming  white  in  spots.  It 
is  often  rigid  for  a  long  time. 


Section  11.  Margin  of  pileus  acute  or  subacute,  at  first  incurved ; 
cuticle  viscid,  slightly  separable  only  on  margin,  often  disappearing 
on  disk  or  in  spots. 


109.     Russula  pulverulenta  Pk. 

Torr.  Rot.  Club,  Bull.  29,  1902. 
Illustration :     Plate  XVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  rather  rigid  at  first,  then  fragile,  rather 
thin,  broadly  convex  at  first,  expanded  and  depressed  to  subum- 
bilicate,  at  first  even  on  the  margin,  at  length  distinctly  tuherculate- 
striate,  cuticle  adnate,  viscid,  separable  on  margin*  in  very  young 
stage  sul]>hur-yellow,  soon  ochraleucous,  finally  dingy  yelloivish 
braiim,  surface  dotted  by  small,  numerous,  pale  yelloio,  somewhat 
mealy  or  flocrnloit  scales  or  granules,  margin  at  very  first  incurved- 
subiiirolled.  FLESH  white,  at  first  firm  and  tough,  finally  soft. 
OILLS  nan-owly  adnate,  close,  rather  narrow,  broader  toward  front, 
white,  unchanging,  often  bifurcate  at  stem,  intervenose.     STEM  3-5 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  135 

cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  subeqiial  or  irregularly  enlarged,  rigid- 
fragile,  surface  at  the  very  lirst  covered  by  a  sulphur-yellow  pul- 
veruleuce,  at  length  dotted  hp  sulpMir-yellow  granules,  especially 
at  base,  white  beneath,  spongy-stuffed,  hecoming  cavernous. 
SPORES  globose,  echinulate,  6-8  micr.  (iiicl.  apiculus),  tvJiite  in 
mass.  CYSTIDIA  numerous,  subhymenium  scarcely  differentiated. 
BASIDIA  45x9  micr.,  4-spored.  TASTE  and  ODOR  slight  or  some- 
what disagreeable. 

Gregarious.  On  lawns,  roadsides,  or  in  frondose  woods  among 
grass,  etc.  July-September.  Southern  Michigan.  Not  infrequent 
during  a  few  seasons. 

This  Russula  is  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  section.  Its  de- 
velopment has  been  carefully  studied.  When  the  caps  are  1  mm., 
or  less  broad  the  margin  is  definitely  subinrolled.  The  texture  of 
the  trama  is  then  very  firm  and  tough  and  the  entire  surface  of 
both  cap  and  stem  is  covered,  as  seen  under  the  microscope,  by  a 
differentiated  thin  layer  composed  of  short,  dense,  erect  yellow 
hairs  or  hyphae.  These  hyphae  are  continuous  at  first  with  the 
trama  but  become  separated  in  masses  as  the  pileus  and  stem  en- 
large, adhering  at  length  to  the  surface  of  the  mature  pileus  and 
stem  as  delicate,  appressed,  pulverulent-flocculose,  sulphur-yellow 
granules.  The  hymenium  contains  very  numerous  cystidia  with  a 
dark-brown,  granular  content,  which  project  into  the  subhymenium 
and  often  connect  with  similarly  colored  hyphae  which  intermingle 
Avith  the  gill-trama.  (Lactiferes.)  The  young  cj'stidia  project  above 
the  basidia  but  later  are  even  with  them.  These  brownish  cystidia 
give  a  brown-dotted  appearance  to  the  sides  of  the  gills  as  seen 
under  low  power  of  the  microscope. 

Microchemical  tests:  G.  (Flesh  and  gills  become  rapidly  light 
blue,  then  dark  blue.)  S  V.  (Gills  first  turn  reddish  then  slowly 
blue;  flesh  scarcely  affected.)     F  S.  (Cystidia  colored  brown.) 

This  species  is  easily  confused  in  the  old,  discolored  stage  with 
7?.  pectinatoides  and  R.  foetentula,  since  both  have  a  livid  yellowish- 
brown  cap  at  times  when  mature,  well  marked  tuberculate  stria- 
tious,  and  are  about  the  same  size.  They  lack,  however,  the  peculiar 
yellow  granules  of  R.  pulverulenta.  (For  further  remarks  see  Mich. 
Acad.  Rep.  11,  p.  77,  1909.) 


130  THE  AGARIC ACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

110.     Russula  foetentula  Pk. 
N.  V.  Stale  Miis.  Bull.  116,  1907. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  soon  fragile,  at  first  subliemisplierical 
tlieu  convex  to  plane  and  depressed,  viscid,  livid-ochraceous,  russet- 
tinged,  disk  darker  and  innately  granular,  long  tuberculate-striate. 
Margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  thin,  whitish.  GILLS  aduexed  or 
nearly  free,  close,  rather  narrow,  broader  in  front,  thin,  whitish, 
often  spotted  or  stained  reddish.  STEM  2.5-5  cm.  long,  6-12  mm. 
thick,  subequal,  somewhat  firm,  spongy-stuffed,  soon  cavernous, 
whitisli  or  sordid-white,  stained  at  the  very  T)ase  hy  cinnahar-red 
stains.  SPOKES  7-9x6-7  micr.,  echinulate,  creamy-ichite  in  mass. 
CYST1DL\  moderately  abundant.  BASIDIA  40-15x9  micr., 
4-spored;  suhhymenium  scarcely  differentiated.  OKOR  none  or 
somewhat  like  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  varying  in  intensity.  TASTE 
very  slightly  acrid. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     Abundant  in  1911. 

This  species  has  characters  intermediate  between  B.  foetcns  and 
R.  pectinatoides  and  is  most  easily  distinguished  from  both  by  the 
reddish  stains  at  the  base  of  the  stem ;  this  character  was  very  con- 
stant in  many  individuals  during  a  single  season.  The  odor  varies 
much  in  intensity  and  is  often  lacking.  The  pileus  is  sometimes 
tinged  witli  reddish-yellow  but  most  of  our  plants  had  a  decided 
russet  color  at  maturity.  Micro-chemical  tests  as  in  R.  pulverulenta. 

111.     Russula  foetens  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Svamp.  Sverig.,  PI.  40. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  1046. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  612. 
Micliael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  45. 
Ricken,  Blatteiinlze,  PI.  19,  Fig.  4. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  147,  p.  185,  1908. 
Plate  XVII  of  this  Report. 

PILELS  7-12  cm.  broad,  fleshy,  hard  then  fragile,  siihylobose  then 
expanded  and  depressed,  viscid  when  moist,  thin  margin  at  first 
incurved,  tuherculate-suleate  when  expanded,  yellowish  or  dingy 
ochraceous,  pellicle  adnate.    FLESH  thin,  rigid  but  fragile,  dingy 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  137 

white.  GILLS  white,  at  first  exuding  drops  of  tvater^  sordid  when 
old  or  bruised,  rather  close,  aduexed,  few  forked,  interspaces  venose, 
shorter  ones  present.  STEM  4-0  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  thick,  whitish, 
short,  stout,  stufit'ed  then  cavernous.  SPORES  lohite  in  mass,  sub- 
globose,  7.5-10  micr.  CYSTIDIA  numerous;  subhymenium  narrow, 
not  sharply  differentiated.  TASTE  acrid.  ODOR  strong]!/ 
amygdaUne,  hecomhig  foetid. 

Gregarious.  In  mixed  woods  in  the  north ;  in  oak,  maple,  etc.,  in 
southern. Michigan.     July,  August  and  September. 

The  odor  of  the  fresh  young  plant  is  like  oil  of  bitter  almonds  or 
cherry  bark;  when  old  or  decaying  it  becomes  quite  disagreeable. 
The  margin  of  the  young  pileus  is  strongly  incurved.    Not  edible. 

Micro-chemical  tests:  G.  (Flesh  and  gills  quickly  light  blue,  then 
dark  blue.)  S  V.  (Gills  slowly  deep  blue.)  F  S.  (Cystidia  coloreu 
brown. ) 

112.     Russula  pectinatoides  Pk. 
K  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  116,  1907. 
Illustrations:     Ibid,  I'l.  103,  Fig.  6-10. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  rather  firm,  becoming  fragile,  thin,  convex, 
then  piano-depressed,  viscid  Avhen  moist,  covered  by  a  thin  separable 
pellicle,  radiately  rugose-stri'ate  on  the  margin,  often  halfway  to 
the  center,  or  strongly  tiibercular-striate,  dingy  straw  color,  brown- 
ish, yellowish-brown  or  umber-brown.  FLESH  white,  thin,  becom- 
ing fragile,  slightly  ashy  under  the  cuticle,  not  changing.  GILLS 
whitish,  close  to  subdistant,  thin,  distinct,  equal,  moderately  broad, 
broadest  in  front,  narrowed  behind,  often  stained  or  broken  halfway 
from  stem,  some  forked  at  base.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  .5  to  1  cm. 
thick,  white  or  ding}^  subequal,  glabrous,  spongj'-stuffed  then  hol- 
low, even,  SPORES  whitish  or  creamy-white  in  mass,  subglobose, 
6-8  micr.  diam.  TASTE  mild  or  slightly  and  tardily  acrid.  ODOR 
not  noticeable. 

Gregarious.  Grassy  places,  lawns,  groves  and  woods.  Through- 
out the  state.     July  -and  August. 

Cooke's  illustrations  of  5.  pectinata  and  R.  consobrina  var. 
sbroria  remind  one  very  much  of  this  plant.  Peck  points  out  that 
it  differs  from  these  by  its  mild  taste,  adnate  gills  and  grayish 
color  under  the  cuticle.  It  is  also  close  to  R.  foetentula,  which 
sometimes  lacks  the  odor.  R.  subfoetcns  Smith  as  known  to  Romell, 
also  reminded  me  of  this  species.     The  color  of  R.  pectinatoides,  the 


13S  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

long  sti-iatioiis  aud  the  iiiedinm  size  are  the  best,  recoguitiou  marks 
iu  the  field.  1 1  dilfers,  of  course,  from  R.  focteiis  by  lack  of  a  strong 
odor.    Whether  the  margin  is  at  first  incnrved  is  nowhere  noted.   , 

113.     Russula  sororia  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1^3G-3S  (as  subspecies  of  B.  consohrina). 
Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1057. 

I'lLELS  :J-('.  cm.  broad,  rather  firm,  convex  then  subexpauded, 
viscid  when  moist,  margin  substriate  when  mature,  pellicle  some- 
what separable  along  margin,  gray,  olivaceous-brown  or  grayish- 
brown.  FLESH  white,  unchanged.  GILLS  narrow,  subdistant,  dis- 
tinct, white  for  a  time,  then  discolored,  adnata,  shorter  ones  inter- 
mingled, rarely  forked,  interspaces  venose.  STEM  2.5-5  cm.  long, 
1-2  cm.  thick,  white,  not  becoming  cinereous,  short,  spongy-stufifed. 
SPORES  ichite.     TASTE  acrid.     ODOR  none. 

Solitary.  Woods  in  southern  Michigan.  August  and  September. 
Rare.     This  species  used  to  be  placed  under  R.  consolrina. 

114.    Russula  vesca  Fr.-Bres. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1075. 

Bresadola,  Fungh.  maug.  e.  vel.,  PI.  72. 

Ibid,  Fung.  Trid.,  PL  128  (as  R.  Ulacea  var.  carnicolor). 

^Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  41  b. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  fleshy,  firm,  convex  then  expauded  and  de- 
pressed in  the  center,  viscid,  soon  dry,  more  or  less  rugulose  or 
wrinkled,  reddish,  pale  livid-pink,  or  sordid  flesh-red,  becoming 
paler,  cuticle  thin  and  disappearing,  not  quite  reaching  the  edge  of 
the  pileus  so  that  a  narrow  white  exposed  margin  results,  margin 
even  and  spreading.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  white,  thin,  at  length 
stained  lurid-brownish  or  rusty,  close,  moderately  narrow,  adnata, 
forked  or  anastomosing  at  base.  STEM  white,  obscurely  rivulose, 
hfird  and  compact,  subequal,  solid,  3.5-4.5  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  thick, 
often  discolored  by  yellowish-rusty  stains.  SPORES  white  in  mass, 
subglob(»se,  minutely  echinulate,  7-8  micr.  TASTE  mild.  ODOR 
none.    Rare. 

Only   a    few   doubtful   collections   have  been   made   in   southern 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  139 

Michigan.  Tlie  above  description  is  taken  from  my  notes  of  the 
Swedish  plant  as  known  to  Eomell,  and  agrees  mostly  with  that  of 
Bresadola.  Most  modern  m^'cologists  consider  the  Friesian 
"riigiilose-reticulate''  character  of  the  stem  as  too  uncertain  to  be 
practicable.  The  important  characters  are:  the  hard  consistency, 
the  wrinkled  or  veined  rarely  ''cutefracta"  surface  of  the  cap,  the 
cuticle  not  reaching  to  the  margin  of  the  cap,  and  the  gills  dis- 
colored in  spots.  The  cuticle  apparently  ceases  to  grow  so  that  the 
surface  of  tlie  expanding  pileus  may  become  somewhat  areolate 
cracked  and  the  margin  naked. 

115.     Russula  subpunctata  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  rigid,  convex  then  expanded-plane  to  de- 
pressed, cuticle  adnate  and  scarcely  separable  on  margin,  subviscid, 
soon  diy,  pale  dull  red  to  rosy-red,  often  white-spotted  where  cuticle 
disappears,  minutely  rivulose  or  subgranular,  margin  even,  acute. 
FLESH  compact,  firm,  rather  thick  on  disk,  abruptly  thin  oi^ 
margin.  GILLS  adnate  to  subdecurrent,  thin,  slightly  attenuate 
at  both  ends,  not  broad,  close  to  subdistant,  whitish  then  pale 
creamrcolored,  few  short  or  forked  at  base,  pruinose,  intervenose. 
STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  thick,  subequal  or  tapering  down, 
spong}'-stuft'ed,  becoming  cavernous,  w^hite  or  rosy-tinged,  unchang- 
ing, attached  at  times  to  roots  and  forming  mycorhiza.  SPORES 
subglobose,  rough-reticulate,  9-11x7-9  micr.  (incl.  apiculus),  creamy- 
ichite  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  abundant,  subcylindrical,  rough,  with 
dark  brown  granular  content,  90-110x8-12  micr.  BASIDIA  about 
65x9  micr.  Siibhymenium  markedly  diiferentiated.  TASTE  quickhj 
and  very  acrid.     ODOK  none. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor. 
July-August.     Infrequent. 

The  appearance  of  this  Russula  is  well  shown  in  Patouillard's 
figure  of  R.  punctata  Gill.  (Tab.  Analyt.,  jS'o.  621)  with  which  it 
agrees  except  in  its  very  acrid  taste.  The  gills  of  our  plants  have  only 
rarely  a  red  edge.  The  spore  print  is  cream-colored  or  almost  light 
yellowish.  Dr.  McDougal  found  one  group  of  specimens  forming 
mycorhiza  on  roots  of  Tilia  americana. 

Micro-chemical  tests:  G.  (Flesh  slowly  light  blue;  gills  un- 
affected.) S.  Y.  (Flesh  and  gills  quickly  deep  blue.)  F.  S.  (Cystidia 
colored  brown.) 


140  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

116.     Russula  variata  Banning — Pk.     (Edible) 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  105,  lOOG. 

Illu.stratiuns:     Ibid,  PI.  101,  Fig.  1^5. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig-.  1.54,  p.  lOi,  1908  (as  B.  furcata). 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  fleshy,  firm,  convex  then  depressed  to 
sultinfuudlbuliform,  viscid,  not  striate,  purplish  or  deep  rose  pink 
nhcn  younf/,  later  variegated  with  olive  or  dark  umber  or  sometimes 
greenish  with  only  a  trace  of  jyurple,  opaque  and  reticulate-wrinkled 
under  lens,  the  tliin  pellicle  slightly  separable  on  the  thin  margin, 
with  a  subsilky  or  dull  luster  when  dry.  FLESH  white,  firm, 
cheesy,  tinged  grayish  under  pellicle.  GILLS  shining  and  persist- 
ently white,  adnato-decurrent,  thin,  rather  crowded,  narrowed  at 
l)(>th  ends,  not  broad,  suhdichotomously  forked,  interspaces  venose. 
STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  thick,  white,  firm,  solid,  equal  or  sub- 
equal,  sometimes  tapering  downward,  even.  SPORES  ichite  in 
mass,  subglobose,  7-10  micr.  TASTE  mild  to  tardily  acrid  or 
slightly  astringent.  CYSTIDIA  very  few  and  short.  Subhymen- 
iinn  not  clearly  differentiated.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.  Under  conifers  at  Marquette,  in  deciduous  woods 
about  Ann  Arbor.     July,  August  and  September.     Frequent. 

Superficially  nearest  to  the  descriptions  of  R.  furcata  Fr.  and 
B.  virescens  Fr.  The  former  species  is  rare  in  Europe,  and  most 
authors  have  consigned  it  to  oblivion  or  consider  it  a  variety  of  R. 
cyanoxantha.  The  plants  which  used  to  be  referred  to  R.  furcata 
in  tliis  countiw,  have  found  a  more  appropriate  resting  place  in 
/.'.  rariata.  The  figures  of  7?.  cutefracta  Cke.  (Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1024 
and  1040)  .show  tlie  color  of  the  young  and  old  plants  much  better 
than  do  Peck's  figures,  and  if  Cooke's  species  had  pure  white  spores 
and  Avhite  and  dichotomously  forked  gills,  they  could  be  considered 
identical;  however,  these  points  are  not  clear.  Peltereaux  thinks 
R.  cutefracta  Cke.  occurs  in  France  and  has  ochraceous  spores  and 
that  the  cracked  margin  of  the  cap  is  a  weather  effect;  this  then 
could  not  be  our  species  with  white  spores.  When  one  finds  single  old 
I'liiiiis  witli  nnicli  green,  it  is  quite  difficnlt  to  distinguish  them  from 
R.  virescens;  they  are  to  be  separated  by  their  dichotomously 
foi-kcd  o;iiis  whicli  ni-e  sliglitly  decnrrent  and  more  persistently 
wliite,  and  by  the  slight  acridity.  The  cuticle  is  sometimes  cracked 
toward  tlie  margin  as  in  R.  virescens,  but  its  margin  is  at  first 
incurved  \\liil(>  in  R.  virescens  it  is  straight  on  the  stem.    Peck  savs 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  141 

it  has  a  good  flavor  after  cooking,  which  destroys  the  slight  acrid 
taste. 

Micro-chemical  tests:       G.    (Flesh  and  gills  quickly  deep  blue.) 
S  V.  (Gills  slowly  blue;  flesh  slightly  blue-tinged.)  F  S.  (No  effect.) 

117.     Russula  cyanoxantha  Fr.  var.     (Edible) 

Monographia,  1S65. 

Illustrations:     Michael,  Bliitterpilze,  Vol,  II,  No.  5.9. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  605. 
Cooke,  111.,  ri.  1(176  and  1077.      (Doubtful.) 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  Mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  71.     (Doubtful.) 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  rigid,  convex  then  expanded  and  de- 
pressed in  the  center  or  subinfuudibuliform,  dm^k  bluish-purple  or 
lilac  on  margin,  disk  dingij  icJiite  tinged  rose-pink,  cuticle  thin  and 
adnate,  viscid,  separable  on  margin,  even,  or  substriate  only  near 
edge,  surface  somewhat  wrinkled  or  streaked.  FLESH  white,  com- 
pact, purplish  or  lilac  under  cuticle.  GILLS  white,  a  few  forked 
toward  base,  few  shorter,  moderately  broad,  not  very  distant,  nar- 
rowed behind,  intervenose.  STEM  6-9  cm,  long,  1-2  cm.  thick, 
white,  subequal,  s]K>ngy-stult'ed,  cortex  hard,  sometimes  cavernous 
and  compressed,  glabrous,  even  or  obscurely  wrinkled,  SPORES 
lohite  in  mass.    TASTE  mild.     ODOR  none. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  Maple  and  birch,  or  mixed  woods  of 
northern  Michigan,  oak  and  maple  woods  of  the  southern  part. 
July-August.     Not  infrequent. 

The  above  description  applies  to  a  definite  form  which  occurs  in 
Michigan  and  is  quite  constant.  It  does  not  agree  with  the  species 
understood  by  Romell,  Maire  and  Peltereaux  in  Europe,  whose  typ- 
ical plant  has  creamy-white  gills  and  spores.  Our  species  ap- 
proaches R.  azurea  Bres.  in  color,  but  that  plant  is  rather  fragile 
and  is  related  to  the  R.  emetica  group.  Michael's  figures  show  the 
colors  of  the  cap  when  young  and  not  yet  decolorized  on  the  disk. 
It  is  more  frequent  northward  and  may  be  distinct  from  the  Euro- 
pean plant. 


142  '      THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

118.     Russula  atropurpurea  INIaire  (ex.  Kromb.  non  Pk.) 

Bull.  Sco.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  26,  p.  167,  1910. 
Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  1025  and  1087  (as  R.  rubra). 

P ILEUS  5-14  cm.  broad,  rigid,  medium  to  large  size,  convex  then 
plane,  soon  depressed,  rather  linn,  viscid,  pellicle  adnate  and 
scarcely  sejjarable  on  the  margin  only,  scarlet  to  dark  crimson  when 
fresli  and  young,  becoming  darker  to  purplish  when  mature  or  on 
(Irj/in;/,  pruiuosi\  disk  often  darker,  sometimes  blackish-red  to  livid 
olivaceus-purple,  sometimes  yellow  spotted,  margin  even  or  only 
slightly  striatulate  in  age.  FLESH  dark  red  under  the  pellicle, 
white  elsewhere,  not  changing  to  ashy.  GILLS  white,  dingy  in  age, 
rather  narrow,  close  behind,  subdistant  in  front,  adnexed,  few  short, 
interspaces  venose.  STEM  4.7  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  thick,  subequal, 
medium  stout,  white  with  a  dull  lustre,  pruinose,  even,  spongy- 
srulfcd.  apex  lloccose-punctate.  SPORES  white  in  mass,  oval,  8-10 
micr.  diam..  strongly  ecliinulate.  nucleate,  apiculus  long  and  stout. 
TASTE  acrid.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground,  on  much  decayed  logs 
or  debris,  sometimes  at  base  of  white  pine  or  beech  trees,  in  pine- 
beech  woods.     New  Richmond.     Sept.     Frequent  locally. 

Distinguished  among  the  "ruber"  group  by  the  mode  of  color 
change  while  maturing,  the  white  gills,  spores  and  stem,  and  the 
acrid  taste.  In  wet  weather  the  cap  is  viscid,  on  drying  its  surface 
is  distinctly  pruinose.  Except  for  the  colors  of  the  pileus  it  agrees 
with  R.  rul)er  Fr.  in  the  sense  of  Peck.  The  stem  is  rarely  inclined 
to  ashy  in  age  but  not  distinctly  so.  According  to  Maire's  concep- 
tion tlie  species  is  quite  variable  and  includes  plants  whose  stem 
readilv  turns  asHv. 

F>UBRIGIDAE.  Pileus  subrigid,  rather  compact;  cuticle  soon 
(]yy.  iiriiinose  or  prninose-velvety ;  margin  obtuse.  Gills  broader  in 
front,  equal.    Spore-mass  never  pure  white. 

Tliis  group  approaches  the  preceding  by  its  rather  compact  and 
thick  pileus,  and  the  following  by  its  equal  gills.  The  pellicle  is 
soon  dry  and  pruinose  or  pruinose-velvety  by  which  character  the 
species  are  best  recognized.  Several  aberrant  species  are,  however, 
included,  e.  g.,  R.  xerampclina  with  intermixed  short  gills  and  R. 
mar'uie  with  margin  of  pileus  at  first  incurved. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  143 

119.    Russula  mariae  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

Illustrations:     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  75,  Fig.  1-8,  1904. 
Plate  XVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-9  cm.  broad,  firm,  subbemispherical  at  first,  then 
broadly  convex  to  plane  and  depressed,  dry,  subviscid  when  wet, 
pniinosc-rclrctij,  dark  crimson,  reddish-purple  or  maroon-purple, 
even,  substriate  only  when  old,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH 
thick,  thinner  toward  margin,  compact,  becoming  softer,  white, 
sometimes  reddish  under  pellicle.  GILLS  narrowly  adnate  or  al- 
most subdecurrent,  rather  narroiv,  of  nearly  uniform  width,  white 
then  diingy  cream-color,  close  to  subdistant,  equal,  bifurcate  at  base. 
STEM  3-9  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  subequal  or  tapering  downward, 
firm  then  fragile,  spongy-stuffed,  pruinose,  rosy-red  to  dull  purplish- 
red,  especially  in  the  middle,  rarely  white  except  at  ends,  white 
within  and  unchanging.  SPORES  globose,  tuberculate-crystallate, 
7.8  niicr.,  creoiny-icJiitisJi  in  mass,  scnrcel}'  yellowish-tinged.  CYS- 
TIDIA  rather  abundant,  lanceolate,  90-95x12  niicr.  BASIDIA  36-42 
x9  micr.  Sulyhymenium  of  small  cells,  not  sharply  limited.  TASTE 
mild  or  rarely  very  slightly  acrid.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Southern  Michi- 
gan.    July-August.     Infrequent. 

I  have  examined  the  type  specimens  and  submitted  drawings,  pho- 
tographs and  specimens  to  Peck.  His  plants  average  smaller  and  his 
figures  and  descriptions  are  deceptive  as  to  size  as  compared  with 
most  of  the  specimens  found  in  Michigan.  With  us  R.  mar  ice  is  near- 
ly always  larger  and  has  much  of  the  appearance  of  Cooke's  figure  of 
B.  expallens  (111.,  PL  1029),  but  that  species  is  said  to  have  a  very 
acrid  taste.  The  pileus  varies  scarlet-red,  reddish-purple,  maroon 
or  dark  purple.  The  caps  of  the  purple  forms  have  the  appearance 
of  those  of  R.  queletii,  R.  purpurea  and  R.  drimel  of  Cooke's  plates ; 
but  all  of  these  have  a  very  acrid  taste.  The  red  forms  agree  quite 
well  with  Gillet's  and  Michael's  figures  of  7?.  Unnaei,  but  Romell, 
Maire,  Bresadola  and  others  consider  R.  Unnaei  as  a  doubtful 
species.  The  stems  of  R.  maricc  are  nearly  always  somewhat  col- 
ored. The  pruinosity  of  the  cap  and  stem  is  due  to  minute  tufts  of 
purplish  or  reddish  hairs  as  seen  under  the  microscope.  The  plant 
was  named  by  Dr.  Peck  in  honor  of  his  wife  Mary.  The  interpreta- 
tion of  this  species  in  my  previous  paper  (Mich.  Acad.  Rep.  11,  p. 
70.  1909)  was  an  error. 


144  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

120.     Russula  aeruginea  Lindb.     (non  Fr.)      (Edible) 

Svampbok,  1902. 

lllusti-ations:    Ibid,  Fig.  52. 

Cooke,  111.,  1*1.  1014  (as  R.  heterophijUa  Fr.).     (Doubtful.) 
Michael,  Fiilirer  f.  Pilzfreuude,  Vol.  II   (as  E.  Jivida  Pers.). 
Kicken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  16,  Fig.  2 (as  R.  gramimcolor  Quel.). 

PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  moderately  firm.,  then  fragile,  convex  to 
expanded,  subdepressed,  dull  greenish,  dark  green  to  smoky-green, 
paler  on  margin,  ]»elli(le  adnate,  subviscid  when  moist,  soon  dry  with 
a  dull  luster  and  subpulveruletit  to  prninose-velvety,  slightly  separ- 
able on  margin,  even  or  substriate  in  age.  FLESH  thick  on  disk, 
thin  on  margin,  white,  sometimes  cinereous  to  gTeenish  under  pel- 
licle. GILLS  narrowly  adnate  or  almost  free,  close  to  subdistant, 
rather  uarroir,  slightly  broader  in  front,  entire  or  very  few  short 
ones,  distinct,  white  at  first  then  pale  creamy-white,  becoming  dingy 
in  age,  bifurcate  at  base,  intervenose.  STEM  4-5  cm.  long,  1  cm. 
thick,  subequal  or  tapering  downward,  glabrous,  irhite,  spongy- 
stuffed,  firm,  even.  SPORES  subglobose,  cream y-a-hite,  6-9  micr. 
TASTE  mild.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  coniferous  or  mixed 
woods  of  the  Northern  Peninsula.  Marquette,  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
July-Se[)tember.     Infrequent. 

This  species  is  considered  identical  with  R.  graminicolor  QueL 
by  the  French  mycologists.  The  "shining-white  gills"  (candidae) 
of  the  Friesian  description  is  probably  an  error.  R.  heterophylla 
Fr.  is  now  limited  by  most  Mriters  to  a  plant  with  pure  white  gills 
and  spores  and  is  rare.  R.  oUvasceiis  Fr.,  reported  (Mich.  Acad.  Sci. 
Rep.  11,  p.  76,  1909),  has  been  omitted  as  it  appears  too  close  to  this 
species;  the  specimens  referred  to  it  had  a  more  yellowish  tint  to 
the  spore-mass, 

121.    Russula  xerampelina  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  1041  (as  R.  olivacea). 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  628  (as  R.  olivacea). 
Ricken,  Rlatterinlze,  PI.  18,  Fig.  4  (as  R.  olivacea). 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  then  piano-depressed,  dry 
or  very  slightly  viscid  in   wot  weather,  pellicle  hardly  separable^ 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  145 

not  striate  on  margin,  surface  glabrous  or  subpruinose,  purplish- 
red  to  purplish-olive,  disk  olivaceous,  variegated.  FLESH  compact, 
whitish  then  dingy.  GILLS  creamy-white  to  creamy-yellowish,  then 
sordid,  rather  close,  adnexed,  moderately  broad  throughout,  thick- 
ish,  often  forked,  shorter  ones  usuallj^  intermingled,  interspaces 
venose.  STEM  white  or  rosy-tinged,  soon  dingy  olivaceous-yellow- 
ish where  handled,  5-7  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  thick,  firm,  subventri- 
cose  or  equal,  spongy-stuffed,  even  or  obscurely  wrinkled,  changing 
where  bruised  to  dirty  ochraceoiis-hrown.  SPORES  creamy  yellow- 
ish, globose,  echinulate,  9-10  micr.  TASTE  mild.  ODOR  disagree- 
able with  age  or  when  drying. 

Scattered.  Hemlock  and  coniferous  or  mixed  woods  of  the 
Northern  Peninsula.    July  and  August. 

This  has  usually  been  referred  to  R.  oUvacea  Fr.  in  this  country. 
In  Europe,  R.  oUvacea  is  a  very  much  debated  species.  Fries'  de- 
scription requires  truly  yellow  gills  (luteis),  and  with  this  char- 
acter it  has  seldom  been  found.  Romell  has  never  seen  such  a  plant 
in  Sweden  and  unites  R.  oliracca  and  A*.  .rera>iipeHiia  under  the 
name  R.  graveolens.  The  series  of  color  forms  included  under  the 
last  name  is  quite  common  about  Stockholm,  and  as  far  as  I  could 
see  it  is  the  same  as  our  northern  Michigan  species.  I  assume,  then, 
that  we  can  drop  tbe  name  R.  olivacea  from  our  list  of  American 
Russulas,  in  which  case  our  olive  form  goes  into  the  present  species. 
Our  plant  is  near  R.  sqiialida  Pk.  as  the  latter  is  diagnosed  in  this 
paper.  It  differs,  however,  from  that  species  in  the  more  firm  con- 
sistency, in  the  stem  being  often  reddish,  and  its  habitat  in  conif- 
erous regions.     R.  sqiialida  is  soft  and  flexible  in  age. 

122.     Russula  squalida  Pk.     (Suspected) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  11,  1888  (as  R.  atropurpurea  Pk.). 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  116,  1907. 

Illustration :     Kauffmau,  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Rep.  11,  1909. 

PILEUS  7-11  cm.  broad,  convex  then  piano-depressed, 
firm,  soon  subflaccid,  margin  even  when  young,  becoming 
slightly  tubercular-striate  in  age,  the  pellicle  continuous  but 
rather  adnate,  not  easily  separable,  subviscid  in  wet  weather, 
soon  dry  and  then  pruinose-velvety ,  even,  color  varying  from 
reddish-purple  to  pallid  and  mixed  with  olivaceous,  tan 
or  ochraceous,  often  shades  of  all  these  colors  are  seen  in 
one  cap,  opaque  and  dull,  riot  shining.     FLESH  white,  thick  on 

19 


14(;  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

disk,  rather  thin  elsewhere,  grayish  or  grayish-purple  under  the 
cntU-lc.  C.ILI.S  white  wlieii  yoiinj?.  later  creamy -yellow  to  ochra- 
ceoHS,  subdistaiit,  beconiiiii;-  fi  agile,  moderately  broad,  broadest  to- 
ward the  front,  more  or  less  forked  toward  base,  few  shorter  ones, 
interspaces  venose.  STILM  icltilc.  chaiKjliiii  to  ochraceoiis  if  hntised 
when  tresli  and  yonnji",  wlien  older  becoming  dirty-brown  or  ochra- 
ceous-brown  wliere  handled,  equal  and  subcylindrical,  rather  long, 
5-9  em.  by  1.5  cm.  thick ;  glabrous,  spongy-stuffed,  obscurely  rivulose. 
SPOliES  (K-hracecms  to  bnlf,  globose,  7.5-10  micr.  TASTE  mild. 
ODOK  unpleasant,  very  characteristic  when  plants  are  old  or  dry- 
ing. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  Hemlock  and  maple  woods  in  the  north, 
oak  and  maple  Avoods  in  southern  Michigan.  July,  August  and 
Sei»tember. 

This  is  onr  early,  abundant  Eussula  about  Ann  Arbor.  It  occurs 
in  great  quantities  during  July  if  the  weather  is  favorable  and  only 
sparingly  later.  Once  recognized  by  its  odor  and  changeable  flesh, 
its  many  color  disguises  are  not  as  deceptive  as  they  at  first  seem. 
The  colors  run  into  each  other  in  a  rather  definite  way,  so  that  the 
general  effect  to  the  observer,  after  he  has  compared  many  indi- 
viduals, is  quite  characteristic  for  the  species.  Hundreds  of  indi- 
viduals were  examined  abont  Ann  Arbor  and  all  had  white  stems, 
never  red.  When  old  the  effect  of  the  whole  plant  is  that  of  dingi- 
ness.  Although  the  above  description  extends  beyond  the  limits 
allowed  by  Peck's  description,  it  is  doubtless  his  species.  Origin- 
ally it  included  only  the  pui'ple  or  dark  red  forms  and  was  called 
/i\  atropurpurea  Pk.  but  since  this  name  was  pre-empted,  he 
changed  it  to  R.  sqiialida.    It  seems  close  to  the  preceding. 

123.     Russula  decolorans  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc.  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  1070. 
Pvicken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  17,  Fig.  5. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  often  large,  firm,  glohose  at  first  then 
convex  and  plano-depressed,  orange  red,  usually  ochre  on  disk  and 
dark  red  on  margin,  pellicle  separable,  subviscid,  margin  even, 
slightly  striate  in  age.  FLESH  white,  hecoming  cinereous  with  age 
or  where  broken,  becoming  fragile.  GILLS  pale  yellowish-ochra- 
ceons  at  matnrity,  white  at  first,  thin,  fragile,  moderately  broad, 
close,  adnexed,  forked  at  base,  few  short.     STEM  5-12  cm.  long. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  147 

1-2.5  cm.  thick,  stout,  long,  spongy  or  solid,  wrinkled-rivulose,  white, 
the  flesh  becoming  cinereous  with  age  or  ivhere  bruised.  SPORES 
subglobose,  echinulate,  pale  ochraceous-yellow,  7-9  micr.  TASTE 
mild.     ODOR  none. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  In  coniferous  or  mixed  woods  of  northern 
Michigan.    July,  August  and  September.    Frequent. 

The  large  size,  globose  young  pileus,  orange-red  color  and  the 
changing  flesh  easily  distinguish  it,  B.  depallens  Fr.  in  which  the 
flesh  turns  ashy  has  not  with  certainty  been  found.  It  is  said  to 
have  whitish  gills,  and  the  color  of  the  pileus  is  dirty  red  to  fawn. 
R.  decolorans  appears  to  prefer  the  regions  of  the  pine  and  fir,  both 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 

Var.  rubriceps  Kautf. 

Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Rep.  13,  p.  215,  1911. 

The  shape  of  the  young  and  old  pileus  of  this  variety  is  well 
represented  in  Cooke's  figure  of  R.  decolorans,  Plate  1079.  The 
color  of  the  pileus  is.  however,  rnber-red  (Sacc.  colors)  and  persist- 
ent, changing  only  in  age  or  on  drying  as  a  result  of  the  cinerescent 
flesh.  The  ])ellicle  is  adnate.  scarcely  se]>arable  except  on  the  mar- 
gin, vanishing  on  the  disk  and  sometimes  ochraceus-spotted  where 
the  pellicle  has  disappeared.  .  It  is  firm  and  the  margin  is  not 
striate  or  very  slightly  so  in  age.  These  characters  ally  it  to  the 
Rigidae.  It  is  sliglitly  viscid.  FLESH  is  firm,  white,  tinged  ashy 
in  age,  becoming  dark  cinereous  on  the  stem  ivhere  bruised.  The 
taste  is  mild  and  when  fresh  was  taken  for  R.  lepida.  SPORES 
creamy-white  in  iiinss.  It  is  smallov,  at  least  in  our  specimens, 
than  the  type. 

On  the  ground  in  beech  and  white  pine  woods.  New  Richmond, 
Allegan  County.     September,     Apparently  rare. 

124.     Russula  flava  Romell     (Edible) 
Lonnegren's  Nordisk  Svampbok,  1895. 
Illustration:    Mich.  Acad,  Sci.  Rep,  11,  p.  55,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  rather  fragile,  convex,  then  piano- 
depressed,  even  or  slightly  striate  in  age,  dry  in  dry  weather,  some- 
what viscid  when  moist,  pellicle  separable,  dull  yellow  (flavus, 
Sacc),  color  hardly  fading,  but  sometimes  ashy,  discolored  in  age. 
FLESH  white  becoming  cinereous  with  age.  GILLS  white  at  first, 
becoming  yellowish,  broadest  towards  front,  narrowly  adnate,  close, 
distinct,  becoming  slowly  gray  in  age.     STEM  chalk-white  at  first, 


14S  THE  AGARICACEAE  OP  MICHIGAN 

the  flesh  becomiug  ashj',  equal  or  subequal,  spongy -stuffed,  ob- 
scurely retieulate-rivulose,  raUier  fragile,  6-8  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick. 
SPOKES  yellowish,  globose,  echinulate,  8-9  micr.  TASTE  mild. 
ODOK  none. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  In  coniferous  or  mixed  woods  of  northern 
Michigan.    July,  August  and  September.    Frequent. 

This  mild,  dull  or  pale  yellow,  rather  large  Russula,  with  flesh, 
gills  and  stem  becoming  ashy  when  old,  is  quite  easily  recognized. 
This  is  R.  constans  Karst.  which  name  was  pre-empted.  It  differs 
from  A',  ochraleuca  Fr.  in  the  mild  taste  and  unpolished  pileus,  etc. 
Its  habit  is  very  similar  to  that  of  R.  decolorans,  but  it  rarely 
reaches  the  same  size  and  differs  constantly  by  its  yellow  cap. 

125.     Russula  obscura  Romell     (Edible) 

I'lLEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  rather  pliant,  convex  then  piano-de- 
pressed, dull,  dark  Mood-red,  pileus  sometimes  blackish  on  disk, 
thin,  the  pellicle  continuous  and  separable,  hardly  viscid  when 
moist,  subpruinosc  when  dry,  even  or  slightly  striate  in  age. 
FLESH  whitish,  becoming  ashy.  GILLS  white  at  first,  then  dingy 
straw-color,  moderately  broad,  narrowly  adnate,  close,  mostly 
forked  at  base,  equal,  interspaces  sometimes  venose.  STEM  white, 
hccominfj  ashy  or  blackish,  rarely  tinged  red,  subequal,  4-6  cm.  long, 
10-15  mm.  thick,  spongy-stuffed,  rigid,  soon  soft,  obscurely  wrinkled. 
SPORES  pale  ochraceous  in  mass.    TASTE  mild.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  scattered,  in  low  woods  of  southern  Michigan.  July 
and  August. 

It  is  found  frequently  around  Stockholm.  The  examples  pointed 
out  by  Romell  did  not  seem  to  possess  such  a  blackish  stem  as  some 
of  ours.  This  species  does  not  remind  me  of  R.  decolorans,  being  a 
more  slender  and  smaller  plant.  It  might  be  confused  with  R. 
iii(/rrsccnHiM's  Pk..  l>ut  tliat  species  is  said  to  have  white  spores. 
Romell  (Hymen.  Lapland,  1911)  suggests  that  a  better  name  for 
this  plant  is  R.  vinosa  Lindb.  since  the  latter  name  was  used  by 
Lindbladt  in  his  Svampbok  prior  to  the  use  of  R.  obscura. 


I 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  149 

126.     Russula  rubescens  Beards.    (Edible) 

Mycologia,  Vol.  G,  p.  91,  1914. 

Illustrations:     Beardslee,  Mvcologia,  Vol.  6,  PI.  121,  Fig.  1. 
Plate  XIX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  becoming  fragile,  convex-plane, 
dull-red,  variegated  with  yellowish,  ochraceous  or  olivaceous- 
purplish  hues,  at  first  darker,  fading,  pellicle  adnate,  dry,  scarcely 
separable  and  substriate  on  the  margin,  subglabrous,  margin  acute 
and  at  first  straight.  FLESH  whitish,  staining  sloioly  red  then 
hlack  where  icoiinded,  becoming  cinereous  from  age.  GILLS  nar- 
rowly adnate,  broader  in  front,  close  to  subdistant,  medium  broad, 
equal,  rarely  forked,  white  at  first  then  pale  creamy-ochraceous,  in- 
tervenose.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  thick,  subequal  or  tapering 
down,  spongy-stuffed,  glabrous,  even,  white,  becoming  cinereous  in 
age,  changing  sloioly  to  red  then  blackish  where  bruised.  SPORES 
globose,  pale  ochraceous,  7-10  micr.  CYSTIDIA  few  and  short, 
suWiymenium  not  dififerentiated.    TASTE  mild.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     July-August.     Infrequent. 

Remarkable  among  the  Subrigidae  for  the  changes  which  the  flesh 
assumes  on  bruising.  It  approaches  B.  nigrescentipes  Pk.,  but  that 
species  is  said  to  have  a  shining  red  cap  and  crowded  white  gills, 
.and  the  stem  turns  blackish ;  no  mention  is  made  of  any  red 
stains  preceding  the  black  and  since  the  change  is  slow  it  could 
scarcely  be  overlooked.  Our  species  has  appeared  from  season  to 
season  but  never  in  abundance.  It  is  a  firm  plant  when  fresh,  be- 
coming fragile  only  in  age.  It  is  apparently  also  related  to  R. 
depallens  Fr.  but  Maire  says  "nobody  knows  this,  even  in  Sweden." 
R.  o'bscura  Rom.  has  a  velvety-pruinose  pileus  whose  color  is  rather 
uniform,  and  whose  flesh  is  of  a  different  consistency. 

Micro-chemical  tests  :  G.  (Gills' and  flesh  turn  blue.)  S  V.  (Gills 
and  flesh  turn  bluish  very  slowly.)     F  S.  (Cystidia  colored  brown). 

As  this  report  was  ready  for  the  press  there  appeared  in  print 
the  above  name  applied  by  Beardslee  to  a  species  from  Asheville, 
N.  C,  which  seems  identical  with  ours. 


lj(j  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

127.     Russula  borealis  Kauff.     (Edible) 

Midi.  Acad.  Sci.  Kep.  11,  p.  69,  1909. 

i 
PILEUS  5-9  1111.  broad,  firm  and  rather  compact,  convex  then 

jilaiio-depressed,  outline  broadly  elliptical,  often  with  a  sinus  on 
one  side,  Wood-red,  disk  darker  or  color  uniform  and  not  fading, 
jicllicle  somewhat  separable,  hardly  viscid,  margin  even  or  ob- 
scurely striate.  FLESH  white,  red  under  the  cuticle,  not  very 
thick.  GILLS  ochraceous,  subdistant  or  moderately  close,  medium 
hrnad,  broader  in  front,  narrowly  adnate,  rather  distinct,  edge  often 
rtMldisli  anteriorly,  equal,  a  few  forked  toward  base,  interspaces 
venose.  STE3I  white  and  tinr/ed  red  in  places.  fir)u,  spongy-stuffed, 
tliickened  below,  5-7  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick.  SPORES  deep 
ocliraceoits-yelloio  in  mass.  TASTE  mild,  sometimes  slightly  and 
tardily  acrid.    ODOR  none. 

Solitary.  In  mixed  woods  of  hemlock,  yellow  birch  and  hard 
maple,  in  the  Northern  Peninsula.  Huron  Mountains,  Marquette 
and  Munising.     August. 

Russula  ahitacea  is  usually  larger,  stouter,  the  cap  dull  or  sordid 
red,  and  with  broader  gills.  Russula  ochrophylla  occurs  in  oak 
woods,  has  ''buff  spores,  dusted"  on  yellow  gills,  and  has  violaceous- 
purple  or  purple-red  cap.  Peck  saw  our  plant  but  did  not  refer 
it  to  either  species.  This  species  and  R.  alutacea  show  the  futility 
of  using  the  striations  on  the  margin  of  the  cap  as  an  important 
character  to  distinguish  the  main  groups.  A  true  pellicle  is  present 
in  both  and  is  often  quite  easily  separated  especially  on  the  margin, 
and  this  with  the  character  of  the  gills  connects  them  very  closely 
with  the  Fragiles.  7?.  linnaei,  which  is  not  well  known  in  Europe, 
looks  like  it  according  to  Cooke's  figures,  but  is  said  to  have  white 
gills  nnd  spores. 

128.     Russula  alutacea  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illnstrntions:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  1090  and  1097. 
Cillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  597. 
Berkley.  Outlines.  PI.  1,3,  Fig.  8  (reduced  in  size). 
Prosndfdn.  Fungh.  mange,  e.  vel..  PI.  76. 
P;itonill;ird.  Tab.  Analyt,  No.  513. 

Michnol.   Ffilirer  f.   Pilzfreunde,   Vol.    II,   No.    65    (as  Rus- 
sulina  alutacea). 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  151 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.  36,  Fig.  2,  1900   (much  reduced  in 

size) . 
Gibson,  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  PI,  12,  Figs.  2,  4, 

6,  p.  131,  1903  (much  reduced  in  size). 

PILEUS  8-15  ciH.  itrond.  laiJie,  firm,  convex  then  depressed,  with 
dull  colors,  dark  reddish-purple,  sordid  red,  sometimes  mixed  with 
other  shades,  the  reddish  color  predominating,  with  somewhat 
separable  pellicle,  glabrous,  somewhat  viscid  in  wet  weather,  soon 
dry,  pruinosc  <iii</  siih<jr(!itnl')S(\  margin  even  or  somewhat  short- 
striate  in  age.  FLESH  white,  thick.  GILLS  ocJiraceous  from  the 
beginning,  deeper  ochraceous  to  tan-colored  when  mature,  rather 
'broad,  thick,  suidistant,  broader  in  front,  rounded  adnexed,  of 
(qnaJ  length.  STEM  7-10  cm.  long,  3-4  cm.  thick,  very  firm,  stout, 
solid,  tinged  red  or  entirely  white,  subequal  or  ventricose,  almost 
even.  SPORES  ochraceous-yellow  to  alutaceous,  subglobose,  9-11 
micr.    TASTE  mild.    ODOR  none  or  pleasant. 

Usually  solitary  and  rather  late.  Oak  and  maple  woods  of  south- 
ern  Michigan.     Not  very  common.     August  and   September. 

As  limited  above,  no  bright  or  shining  red  forms  are  admitted 
from  our  territory.  This  species  and  R.  integra  have  been  the  re- 
ceptacle for  a  good  many  reddish  species  with  ochraceous  gills,  and 
even  experienced  mycologists  cannot  agree  on  their  identification. 
I  have  kept  this  name  for  a  large,  solitary,  often  late  plant,  with 
firm  or  hard  consistency  and  dull,  dark  red  and  purplish  cap,  with 
truly  ochraceous  gills  and  spores.  R.  integra  has  cream-colored  or 
at  least  paler  spores  and  is  more  fragile  and  often  grows  in  troops. 
The  descriptions  of  this  and  R.  orhrophylla  run  close  together. 
Cooke's  illustration  of  7?.  alutacea  fits  our  plants  well. 

FRAGILE^.  Pileus  thin,  fragile,  the  viscid  pellicle  continuous 
and  quite  separable,  margin  connivent,  not  incurved  when  young, 
usually  strongly  striate.  The  gills  are  of  equal  length,  broader 
anteriorly,  narrowed  behind. 

Section  I.     Taste  acrid.     Spores  white  in  mass. 

129.     Russula  emetica  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Sverig.  Svamp.,  PI.  21. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1030. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  610. 


152  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHiaAN 

Bresndolji.  Fniijili.  mang.  e.  vol.,  PL  G8. 

Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PL  17,  p.  68,  1905  (reduced). 

Gibson,  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  PL  13,  p.  139, 

1903  (reduced). 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PL  36,  Fig.  4,  1900  (reduced). 
Mcllvaine.  American  Fungi,  PL  41,  Fig.  2,  1900. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  fleshy,  soon  iraqile,  convex  to  plano-de- 
pre.«:sed,  rosy  to  Wood-red,  sometimes  faded  to  white,  pellicle 
separable,  morgin  stronr/ly  tiihercular-sMate  or  even  sulcate,  viscid 
and  shining.  FLESH  white,  red  under  the  cuticle.  GILLS  j^ure 
u-Jiite,  snbdistant  or  close,  distinct,  rather  broad,  equal,  broadest 
toward  front,  narrowly  adnexed  or  free,  interspaces  venose.  STEM 
4-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  white  or  tinged  red,  subequalj  spongy- 
stufifed,  even.  SPORES  white  in  mass,  globose,  echinulate,  7.5-10 
micr.    TASTE  very  acrid.    ODOR  none. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  or  on  debris  of  very 
rotten  logs  in  woods.  Throughout  the  state.  July  to  October. 
Common. 

The  mycelium  has  been  found  to  be  attached  to  oak  tree  roots 
where  it  forms  mycorrhiza.  The  very  acrid  taste  gives  it  a  bad 
reputation  and  it  is  avoided  by  mushroom-eaters.  Some  think  it 
is  harmless  when  thoroughly  cooked.  There  are  variations  of  hab- 
itat.  It  grows  quite  constantly  on  the  crumbling  remains  of  wood 
or  logs,  where  its  white  strings  of  mycelium  are  easily  seen ;  here 
the  gills  are  close.  One  form  has  been  found  growing  in  troops ; 
such  were  found  in  a  tamarack  swamp  in  late  October,  growing  on 
tltick  beds  of  sphagnum.  They  had  developed  somewhat  differently 
in  this  habitat  as  was  to  be  expected.  The  stems  were  white,  long 
and  stout,  narrower  above  and  obsoletelv  wrinkled.  The  grills  were 
snbdistant.  The  taste  was  sharp  but  not  as  excruciating  as  that  of 
the  type.  The  disk  of  the  pileus  was  glabrous  and  very  viscid.  It 
was  a  beautiful  i)lant,  apparently  appearing  late;  it  might  be  re- 
ferred to  as  var.  qrerjarin. 

130.     Russula  rugulosa  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  1901. 
Illustration  :    Ibid,  PL  72,  Fig.  12-18. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  or  more  broad,  thin,  fragile,  convex  then  piano- 
depressed,  dark  rose-red,  color  sometimes  thin,  surface  almost  en- 
tirely rufjnlose,  the  rugae  radiating  somewhat,  rather  viscid,  pellicle 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  153 

separable,  margin  at  length  distinctly  tubercular-striate.  FLESH 
thin,  white,  red  under  the  pellicle.  GILLS  shining  white,  rather 
close,  narrowly  adnate,  not  very  broad,  broadest  in  front,  few 
forked,  equal,  interspaces  venose.  STEM  white,  subequal,  un- 
changed, glabrous,  spongy-stuflfed,  6-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick. 
SPORES  wJiite  in  mass,  globose,  echinulate,  8-9  micr.  TASTE 
tardily  but  very  acrid. 

In  troops.  Hemlock  and  mixed  woods  on  the  ground.  August 
and  September.    Northern  Michigan. 

Differs  from  R.  vmetka  in  that  its  acrid  taste  develops  slowly, 
in  the  uneven  and  rather  dull  pileus  and  in  the  habit  of  appearing 
in  troops  on  the  ground.  It  was  formerly  referred  to  R.  emetica, 
and  is  close  to  it. 

131.     Russula  fragilis  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111..  PL  1091. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  614. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  622. 

Michael,  Ftihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  No.  43  (var.).     ' 

Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  19,  Fig.  3. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  172,  p.  192,  1908. 

PILEUS  2.5-5  cm.  broad,  very  thin  and  fragile,  convex  then  piano- 
depressed  with  a  thin  viscid  pellicle,  tubercular-striate  on  the  thin 
margin,  glabrous,  rather  uniform  rosy  or  pale  red,  sometimes 
faded  or  bleached  to  white.  FLESH  tvhite  under  the  pellicle,  thin. 
GILLS  white,  thin,  close,  crowded,  adnexed,  ventricose,  moderately 
broad.  STEM  2.3-5  cm.  long,  .5-1  cm.  thick,  white,  spongy  then 
hollow,  equal,  fragile.  SPORES  irhiie  in  mass,  subglobose,  8-9 
micr.     TASTE  promptly  and  very  acrid.     ODOR  none. 

Scattered.  On  the  ground  in  woods.  Throughout  the  state. 
July-August.       Infrequent. 

This  species,  as  limited  here,  is  only  distinguishable  from  R. 
emetica  relatively;  it  is  smaller,  color  paler,  flesh  thinner  and  more 
fragile  and  .white  under  the  cuticle.  Maire  says  the  taste  is  more 
quickly  acrid  on  the  tongue  than  R.  emetica,  but  not  as  violent. 
It  grows  in  somewhat  dryer  situations.  Var.  nivea  is  a  white  plant, 
otherwise  the  same.  R.  fallax  Cke.  used  to  be  considered  a  variety 
of  it. 


154  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

132.  Russula  fallax  Cke. 
llhisti-ati<.ii:     ('(... ke.  111.,  IM.  1(>5!». 

I'lLEUS  ;5-7  i-ui.  hroad.  liiiii.  jnujUe,  color  iiu-avnate  or  pale  rose, 
the  disk  pale  olivaceous  or  livid,  sometimes  darker  or  purplish,  soon 
plane  or  slightly  depressed  on  disk,  quite  viscid,  margin  striate  and 
becoming  elevated,  surface  faintly  rugulose  under  lens.  FLESH 
white.  OILLS  white,  unchanged,  subdistant,  attached  by  a  point, 
uarrotr,  edge  even.  STEM  3-4  cm.  long,  6-10  cm.  thick,  pure  white, 
cylindrical  or  compressed,  equal,  spongy-stuffed,  soon  hollow,  longi- 
tudinally-wrinkled under  a  lens.  SPORES  white  in  mass,  sub- 
glol)ose,  7.5  micr.    TASTE  promptly  and  ver;\'  acrid. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  In  sphagnum  bogs,  low  mossy  ground  in 
woods,  etc.,  often  attached  to  sphagnum.  Distributed  throughout 
the  state.    Not  rare.    July,  August  and  Sei^tember. 

This  species  differs  in  two  important  particulars  from  R.  fragilis. 
The  gills  are  subdistant  and  the  pileus  is  livid  or  olivaceous  in  the 
center.  It  is  very  characteristic  of  the  sphagnum  flora  of  the  state. 
It  has  often  been  referred  to  R.  fragilis  as  a  variety.  The  pileus  is 
not  as  lilac  as  shown  in  Cooke's  figure. 

133.  Russula  albidula  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  25,  1898. 

PILEUS  2.5-5  cm,  broad,  white,  broadly  convex,  glabrous,  the  pel- 
licle viscid  and  separable  when  fresh,  the  margin  even.  FLESH 
white,  subfragile.  GILLS  white,  rather  crowded,  adnexed,  not 
broad,  of  equal  length,  some  basifurcate,  interspaces  venose.  STEM 
2.54  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  thick,  white,  equal,  spongy-stuffed,  even. 
SPOBES  white  in  mass,  snbglobose,  7-10  micr.  TASTE  acrid. 
ODOR  none. 

Solitary.    In  oak  woods.    Ann  Arbor.    July  and  August. 

In  dried  specimens  the  pileus  and  gills  are  ochraceous  to  yellow- 
ish, and  stem  whitish.  The  taste  and  viscidity^  seem  to  be  the  only 
marked  difl'erences  between  this  species  and  the  other  two  white 
Bnssnlas  of  Peck,  R.  alhida  and  7?.  alhella.  All  three  are  rather 
frngile.  while  R.  lactea  is  a  compact  firm  plant  with  thick,  broad, 
distant  gills.  There  is  a  Avhite  variety  of  R.  emctica  Avhich  is  very 
acrid  and  fragile  and  whose  striations  on  the  margin  of  the  cap 
are  like  those  r»f  Hiat  species. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  155 

Section  II.  Taste  acrid.  Spore-mass  cream-color,  yellowish, 
ochraceoiis  to  alutaceous. 

134.     Russula  sanguinea  Fr.     {R.  rosacea  Fr.) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  1020  (as  B.  rosea). 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II  (as  R.  rosacea). 

PILEUS  3-G  cm.  broad,  rather  firm  at  firsf,  suhfragile,  convex- 
plane  or  depressed,  rosy-red,  rSiscid,  margin  acute  and  thin,  pellicle 
subadnate,  easily  separable  on  margin  and  tubercular-striate. 
FLESH  rather  thin,  white,  red  under  the  pellicle.  GILLS  slightly 
adnate,  close  to  subdistant,  equal,  not  broad,  creamy-icJiite.  STEM 
4-6  cm.  long,  subequal  or  tapering  down,  often  eccentric,  wliite  or 
tinged  rosy-red,  spongy-stuffed  then  cavernous,  rather  fragile,  glab- 
rous, even.  SPOEES  creamy-white  in  mass.  TASTE  tardily  but 
truly  acrid. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  among  grass  in  frondose  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

The  plants  referred  here  are  R.  rosacea  in  the  sense  of  Romell,  and 
R.  sanguinea  according  to  most  of  the  modern  French  mycologists. 
They  are  distinguished  by  the  cream  color  of  the  spores  and  gills. 
The  gills  are  not  decurrent  as  they  are  supposed  to  be  in  J?,  rosacea, 
but  the  stem  is  often  eccentric  as  that  species  is  described  by  Fries. 
Bresadola,  Maire,  etc.,  conceive  R.  rosacea  Fr.  as  a  plant  with  pure 
white  gills  and  spores.  Our  plant  agrees  with  a  species,  common 
around  Stockholm,  whose  gills  are  usually  creamy-white.  It  was 
placed  by  Fries  among  the  rigid  forms  but  is  almost  too  fragile. 
It  is  not  large  and  except  for  the  color  of  the  spores  small  fomis 
might  be  mistaken  for  R.  fragilis. 


135.     Russula  veternosa  Fr. 


Epicrisis,  1836-38. 


Illustrations :     Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  75. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  1033. 

PILEUS  5-7.5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  with  a  somewhat 
separable  pellicle,  indisfinctly  striate  on  the  margin,  deep  rose-red 
(like  R.  emetica),  viscid  when  moist.  FLESH  white,  red  under  the 
cuticle.    GILLS  white  at  first,  then  straw-color  or  pale  ochraceous, 


156  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

narrow,  aduate,  close,  broader  in  front,  equal  or  few  shorter,  few 
forked,  interspaces  venose.  STEM  white,  neve?-  red,  equal  or  sub- 
equal,  sponj^'-stuffed,  somewhat  slender,  fragile,  hollow,  even,  1.5 
cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick.  SPORES  pale  yellowish-ochraceous,  sub- 
globose,  echiuulate,  8-9  micr.    TASTE  very  acrid.    ODOR  none. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  Oak  and  maple  woods  of  southern  Mich- 
igan.   July  and  Aug-ust. 

This  rei)re.sents  a  group  of  red  Russulas  with  acrid  taste  and  gills 
varying  pale  ochraceous  or  somewhat  yellowish  in  the  different 
forms.  I  liave  limited  the  name  to  those  with  white  stem  and  a 
rather  firm  and  hardly  striate  pileus,  although  it  may  include  sev- 
eral forms  of  which  only  the  spore-color  has  so  far  been  a  dis- 
tinguishable character.  The  separable,  viscid,  distinct  pellicle  and 
rather  fragile  stem,  relates  it  to  the  Fragiles.  From  R.  tenuiceps 
it  is  separated  by  the  less  deep  ochraceous  spores  and  gills,  the 
firmer  consistency  of  pileus  and  gills,  and  the  uniform  red  color  and 
even  margin  of  the  pileus. 

136.     Russula  tenuiceps  Kauff. 

Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Rep.  11,  p.  81,  1909. 
Illustration :    Plate  XX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  7-12  cm.  broad,  thin,  fragile,  convex  to  expanded,  the 
somewhat  viscid  pellicle  easily  separable,  margin  at  first  connivent. 
striate,  deep  rosy-red  or  blood-red,  sometimes  white,  spotted  or 
tinged  with  orange  blotches,  sometimes  uniform  red,  with  or  without 
minute  rugae.  FLESH  white,  red  beneath  the  cuticle,  veny  fragile 
at  maturity.  GILLS  white,  then  yellow-ochraceous,  croivded,  nar- 
row, frafjilc.  narrowly  adnate  to  free,  few  forked,  interspaces 
venose,  equal.  STEM  fragile,  white  or  rosy-tinged,  spongy-stuffed, 
subequal  or  ventricose,  obscurely  rivulose,  white  within  and  un- 
changed, 5-9  cm.  long,  "2-2.5  cm.  thick.  SPORES  yellow-ochraceous, 
subglobose,  0-8  micr.,  echinulate.  TASTE  acrid,  sometimes  tardily 
but  very  acrid.    ODOR  not  marked. 

Gregarious.  IVfixed  woods  at  Marquette;  in  oak  and  maple  woods 
at  Ann  Arbor.    July  and  August.     Rather  frequent. 

As  in  7?.  vrternosa,  it  is  probable  that  several  forms  are  repre- 
sented here.  The  red  Russulas  are  verv  troublesome,  and  we  seem 
to  have  a  considerable  number  of  forms  with  acrid  taste  and  yellow- 
ish to  deep  ochraceous  gills,  which  cannot  be  easily  kept  separate. 
All  efforts  to  refer  them  to  old  species  like  R.  sardonia,  R.  rugnlosa, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  157 

R.  rosacea,  etc.,  failed  repeatedly ;  the  fragile  flesh  and  ochraceous, 
almost  alutaceous  gills  are  too  distinctive.  The  maturing  of  the 
spores  is  sometimes  slow  and  care  must  be  taken  to  get  a  good 
spore  print  in  these  red  species.  All  the  collections  which  I  have 
referred  here  showed  red  on  some  or  all  of  the  stems  of  each  col- 
lection.   Their  edibility  was  not  tested. 

I' 

137.     Russula  palustris  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  53,  1000. 

PILEUS  4-7.5  cm.  broad,  fragile,  subglobose  or  hemispheric,  then 
convex  or  nearly  plane,  viscid,  pellicle  separable,  obscurely  tuber- 
cular-striate  on  margin,  reddish-hufl  or  purplish-red  especially  on 
disk,  glabrous.  FLESH  white,  thin,  tinged  with  the  color  of  the 
pileus  under  the  pellicle.  GILLS  narrowed  behind,  broader  in 
front,  close  to  subdistant,  entire,  whitish  then  yelloivish,  inter- 
venose.  STEM  H-7  cm.  loni?,  0-12  mm.  thick,  equal,  glabrous,  spongy- 
stuffed  then  hollow,  fragile,  white  or  tinged  red.  SPORES  sub- 
globose,  pale  yelloio  in  mass,  7.5-10  micr.    TASTE  tardihj  acrid. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  In  low  woods  or  swamps.  Marquette, 
New  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

The  pileus  is  sometimes  faintly  glaucous. 

138.     Russula  aurantialutea  Kauff. 
Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Rep.  11,  p.  81,  1909. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  thin,  fragile,  convex  then  piano-de- 
pressed, yellow  (citron  to  luteus),  or  with  orange  shades  inter- 
mingled, especially  on  the  margin,  slightly  tubercular-striate,  pel- 
licle viscid,  shining  and  somewhat  separable  for  some  distance. 
FLESH  white,  thin  toward  the  margin,  unchanged  with  age. 
GILLS  pale  yellow,  close,  or  subdistant  at  the  outer  extremity,  equal 
or  a  few  shorter,  narrowly  adnate,  seceding  with  age,  broadest  to- 
ward front,  often  forked  at  the  base,  rarely  elsewhere,  interspaces 
venose.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick,  white,  flesh  concolor 
and- unchanged,  subequal,  glabrous,  even,  spongy-stuffed.  SPORES 
ochraceoiis-yelloio,  subglobose,  8-9  micr.  TASTE  acrid  in  all  its 
parts,  often  very  acrid.     ODOR  not  noticeable. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  debris  or  forest  mould  in  hemlock  or 
mixed  woods  of  northern  Michigan,  in  deciduous  woods  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  state.  July,  August  and  September.  Earlier  in 
southern  Michigan.     Infrequent. 


158  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

R.  ochralcuca  Fr.  differs  in  having  white  to  pallid  gills  and  spores, 
aud  a  ciiieresceut  stem:  R.  f/ranulosa  Cke.  has  white  gills  and  spores 
and  a  granular  cap  and  stem;  R.  fellea  Fr.  has  ochraceous  or  straw- 
yellow  liesh  and  the  more  firm  pilens  is  either  straw  or  gilvous  color, 
and  its  gills  exude  watery  drops;  7v*.  claroflara  Grove  has  a  cinere- 
scent  stem  and  its  gills  are  white  then  lemon  yellow  with  an  ochre 
tinge;  R.  ochracca  Fr.  has  a  mild  taste,  aud  the  flesh  of  the  cap, 
gills  and  stem  is  ochraceous;  R.  sunillitna  Pk.  has  white  spores  and 
a  pale  ochraceous  pileus  and  stem;  and  R.  decolorans  Fr.  has  cin- 
eresceut  tiesli  and  is  stouter.  Our  species  could  be  made  on  ecolog- 
ical variety  of  almost  any  of  the  above  species,  depending  on  the 
guess  of  the  author  who  so  interpreted  it. 

Section  TIL    Taste  mild.     Spore-mass  white. 

139.    Russula  albida  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  2,  1887  (R.  albida). 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  50,  1897  {R.  albeUa). 

Illustration:     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  105,  PI.  96   {R.  aWida). 

I'lLEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  thin,  fragile,  broadly  convex  to  plane, 
slightly  depressed  in  the  center,  white  or  whitish,  even  or  slightly 
striate  on  the  margin,  not  shining.  FLESH  white,  fragile.  GILLS 
white  or  whitish,  thin,  moderately  close,  entire,  equal,  not  broad, 
l)roadest  in  front,  rarely  forked  at  base,  adnate  or  subdecurrent. 
STEM  2.5-6  cm.  long,  white,  snbequal,  glabrous,  spongy-stuffed  or 
solid.  SPORES  about  8  micr.  diam.,  loliite.  TASTE  mild  or 
sUfjhtly  hitterish. 

Solitary.  Hemlock  or  mixed  woods  in  the  Northern  Peninsula. 
July  and  August. 

Peck's  description  of  both  R.  alhida  and  R.  alhella  differs  in 
minor  particulars  from  our  plants.  The  pileus  of  R.  alMda  has  a 
viscid,  separable  pellicle,  while  that  of  R.  alhella  is  dry.  R.  alhida 
is  said  to  have  a  "slightly  bitterish  or  unpleasant  taste,"  while  our 
l»lants  were  sometimes  bitterish,  sometimes  tardily  and  slightly 
acrid.  7?.  alhida  is  described  with  a  stuffed  or  hollow  stem;  in  one 
of  my  collections  the  stem  was  solid,  in  another  it  was  spong;\'- 
stufTod.  It  is  worth  noting  whether  the  sjiore  prints  are  pure 
white  or  with  yellow  tinge;  some  of  Peck's  specimens  of  R.  alhida 
had  spores  with  a  faint  yellowish  tinge.  In  my  specimens  the  whole 
plant  is  ochraceous  when  dried ;  specimens  seen  at  the  N.  Y.  Botan- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  159 

ical  Gardens  were  white  when  dry.  As  these  species  occur  so  seldom 
and  far  apart,  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  exact  data  with  regard  to  their 
characters.    R.  anomala  Pk.  and  R.  alhidula  differ  in  the  acrid  taste. 

140.     Russula  subdepallens  Pk.     (Edible) 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  Bull.,  Vol.  23,  1896. 

PILEUS  5-14  cm,  broad,  fragile,  convex  then  plane  and  depressed, 
margin  elevated  in  age,  bright  rosy-red,  shading  into  yellowish 
blotches  as  if  the  red  color  were  put  over  the  yellow,  disk  paler  in 
old  specimens,  disk  (lavk-red  in  very  young  plants,  with  a  thin, 
separable,  viscid  pellicle,  tuherciilar-striate  on  margin,  obscurely 
wrinkled  elsewhere.  FLESH  white,  rosy  under  the  cuticle,  becom- 
ing slightly  cinereous,  very  fragile.  GILLS  white,  broad  in  front, 
narrowed  behind,  adnate,  subdistant,  few  forked,  interspaces  venose. 
STEM  white,  spongy-stuffed,  rather  stout,  4-10  cm.  long,  1-3  cm. 
thick,  subequal.  SPORES  jchite  in  mass,  globose,  echinulate,  7.5-8 
micr.     TASTE  mild.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.  In  woods  of  maple,  yellow  birch  and  hemlock  of 
northern  Michigan.     August. 

Found  in  a  number  of  places  in  considerable  abundance.  The 
fragile  character,  especially  of  the  gills,  is  very  marked  and  the 
mild  taste,  white  gills  and  red  cap  help  to  flistinguish  it.  The 
flesh  does  not  turn  so  strongly  ashy  as  in  Peck's  plants,  and  this 
character  did  not  seem  to  be  always  noticeable.  It  is  distinguished 
from  R.  purpurina,  the  brilliant-red  Russula,  by  its  gregarious 
habit,  large  size  and  less  viscid  cap ;  also  the  gills  are  not  crenulate. 
Our  specimens  had  the  stature  and  appearance  of  R.  rugiilosa  and 
R.  emetica  var.  gregaria.  Peck's  plants  were  found  in  Pennsylvania 
by  Dr.  Herbst,  and  reported  but  once;  the  species  is  not  included  in 
Peck's  Xew  York  monograph.  Our  plant  has  so  far  been  limited  to 
the  north. 

141.     Russula  purpurina  Quel.  &  Schultz     (Edible) 

Hedwigia,  1885. 

Illustrations :  Mcllvaine.  American  Fungi,  PI.  45  [a,  p.]  188,  1900. 
Plate  XXI  of  this  Report. 

PILELTS  3-7  cm.  broad,  fragile,  viscid,  usually  very  viscid,  sub- 
globose  then  expanded  and  slightly  depressed  at  the  disk,  brilliant 
rosy-red  to  blood-red  or  even  darker,  pellicle  somewhat  separable. 


HiQ  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

margiu  iliiu  but  not  striate  except  when  fully  expanded,  surface- 
when  dry  as  if  with  a  bloom.  FLESH  white,  red  under  the  cuticle, 
thill,  fragile,  unchangeable.  GILLS  ivhite,  later  dingy-white  or 
••yellowish, ''  medium  close  to  subdistant,  adnexed,  not  broad,  broad- 
est in  front,  mostly  equal,  few  or  none  forked,  interspaces  sometimes 
venose,  vil<ic  poccose-creuHlatc.  STEM  rather  long,  5-8  cm.,  8-12 
mm.  thick,  sprinkled  rosy-pink,  equal  or  subequal,  spongy-stuffed, 
frao-ile  but  rather  soft.  SPOKES  ivhite  in  mass,  globose,  8-10  micr. 
TASTP:  mild.    ODOR  none. 

Solitai-j'  or  scattered.  In  mixed  or  maple-birch  woods  of  the 
Northern  Peninsula.    Infrequent.    August  and  September. 

Distinguished  by  its  brilliant  red.  viscid  cap,  small  to  medium 
size,  mild  taste  and  white  crenulate  gills  and  spores.  Peck  also 
notes  the  floccose-crenulate  edge  of  the  gills,  which  is  due  to  cys- 
tidia.  J^.  uncialis,  R.  sericeonitens  and  R.  suhdepallens  are  the  only 
others  of  the  Fragiles  group  with  mild  taste,  red  cap  and  white 
spores.  From  R.  unciales  it  differs  by  the  deep  color,  character  of 
gills  and  habitat.  B.  sericeonitens  is  hardly  viscid  and  becomes 
silky-shining ;  it  has  a  different  stature  and  color.  Maire  points  out 
that  A*,  punctata  Gill,  and  R.  pscndointegra  A.  cV:  G.  have  gills 
with  a  floccose-crenulate  edge. 

142.     Russula  uncialis  Pk.     (Edible) 

X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  2,  1887. 

Illustrations :    Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  116,  PI.  107,  1907. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  hroad,  thin,  rather  fragile,  convex  then  ex- 
panded-depressed,  pink  or  'bright  flesh-color,  unicolorous,  the  rather 
adnate  pellicle  slightly  separable,  slightly  viscid  when  moist, 
prninose  and  i»ulverulent  when  dry,  margin  not  striate  till  old. 
FLESH  Avliite,  pink  under  the  pellicle,  unchanged.  GILLS  pure 
tchite,  hardly  changed,  rather  broad,  broadest  in  front,  narrowed 
behind  and  adnate,  subdistant  or  moderately  close,  distinct,  entire 
on  edge,  few  forked,  interspaces  venose.  STEM  white,  rarely  tinged 
pink,  rather  short,  1-3.5  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  thick,  spongy-stuffed, 
equal,  glabrous.  SPORES  ichite  in  mass,  subglobose,  echinulate, 
7-8  micr.    TASTE  mild.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.     In  oak  woods  of  southern  Michigan.     July  and 
August.    Quite  common  in  places. 

The  persistently  white  gills  and  spores,  the  mild  taste,  uniform 
pink  color  and  size,  distinguishes  this  Russula.  It  is  sometimes 
more  than  an  inch  in  width. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  161 

143.     Russula  sericeo-nitens  Kauff.     (Edible) 
Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Kep.  11,  p.  84,  1909. 

PILEUS  4-6  cm.  broad,  very  regular,  rather  thin,  convex  then 
piano-depressed,  dark  violet  purple  or  dark  blood-red  tinted  pur- 
plish, disk  sometimes  livid-blackish,  the  separahle  pellicle  slightly 
viscid  when  moist,  not  striate  or  substriate  in  age,  surface  with  a 
silky  sheen.  FLESH  white,  thin  on  margin,  unchanged,  purplish 
under  the  pellicle.  GILLS  loliite,  subdistant  or  medium  close,  be- 
coming flaccid,  moderately  broad,  broad  in  front,  narrowed  behind, 
dry,  equal,  few  forked  near  base,  interspaces  venose.  STEM  white, 
equal  or  thickened  at  apex,  spongy  within,  unchanged,  glabrous, 
even  or  obscurely  rivulose,  3-5.5  cm.  long,  1  cm.  thick.  SPORES 
icliite  in  mass,  globose,  echinulate,  G-7.5  micr.  TASTE  mild.  ODOR 
none. 

Usually  solitary.  In  mixed  woods  of  hemlock,  maple  and  yellow 
birch  in  northern  Michigan.    July  and  August.    Not  uncommon. 

Its  thin  pileus  is  flexible  at  maturity.  The  Mky  sheen  and  regu- 
lar pileus  are  quite  characteristic.  The  cap  has  the  color  of  Cooke's 
figures  of  R.  queletii  Fr.,  R.  drimeia  Cke.  and  R.  purpurea  Gill. 
These  three,  including  R.  expallens  Gill.,  have  been  placed  together 
by  some  modern  authors  as  one  species,  characterized  by  "a 
pruinose,  violaceous,  decolorate  stem,  and  very  sharp  taste.''  The 
taste  is  said  to  be  so  peppery  that  even  when  the  color  is  washed 
out  by  rains  they  can  be  recognized  by  this  character.  All  of  the 
four  are  violet  or  reddish  on  the  stem.  Our  specimens  all  had  a 
white  stem  and  an  impeachable  mild  taste. 

Section  IV.  Taste  mild;  spore-mass  cream-white,  yellowish  or 
ochraceous. 

144.     Russula  Integra  Fr.     (Edible) 
Epicrisis,  1836-38. 
Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1093  and  1094. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  soon  fragile,  discoid,  convex  or 
campanulate  then  piano-depressed  covered  with  a  viscid  separable 
pellicle,  thin  on  the  margin,  at  length  coarsely  tuhercular-stri<tte, 
variable  as  to  color  in  different  plants,  colors  dingy  or  sordid,  from 
buff  through  to  reddish-brown  and  dark  dull  red,  fading.  FLESH 
white,  not  changing.  GILLS  white  at  first,  then  creamy-yellovr 
21 


H32  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

to  buff-ochraceous,  not  strongly  oclire,  broad,  distinct,  equal,  nearly 
free.  STILM  wliite,  unchanged,  never  red,  soon  quite  fragile,  conic 
or  short-clavate  at  first,  then  subequal  or  ventricose,  spongy-stuffed, 
even.     SPOKES  creamy-yellow  to  pale  ochraceous.     TASTE  mild. 

ODOK  none. 

(ircgarioiis.      In    woods,    probably    throughout   the   state.      Ann 

Arlioi-.    July  and  August.     Not  common. 

Tills  species  is  a  sort  of  clearing  house  for  various  colored 
Kussulas  with  broad,  pale  ochraceous  gills  and  mild  taste,  es- 
perially  reddish  forms.  I  have  given  Fries'  description  above, 
supplemented  for  the  most  part  from  notes  of  my  own  collections 
about  Stockholm.  Eomell  describes  the  cap  as  "brown,  blackish- 
brown,  reddish-brown,  dark  red,  violaceous,  yellow  or  greenish, 
either  unicolorous  or  with  whitish  or  yellowish  spots."  I  saw  only 
the  dirtj'  reddish-brown,  dark  dull  red  and  sordid-buff  forms  at 
Stockholm.  In  favorable  weather  or  situations  they  occur  in  troops 
and  seem  verv  common  in  Sweden.  Peck  savs  they  are  rare  in 
New  York  state.  The  European  mycologists  do  not  agree  among 
themselves  as  to  this  species,  but  there  seems  to  be  a  fair  unanimity 
that  the  "dusting"  of  the  gills  by  the  spores  is  too  deceptive  for 
practical  use  in  identification.  R.  Integra  is  to  be  separated  from 
/.'.  alutacea  by  its  gills  being  white  at  first,  by  the  white  fragile 
stem,  the  paler  spores  and  more  striate  pileus ;  under  certain  condi- 
tions these  two  species  are  hardly  distinguishable. 

The  two  plates  of  Cooke  referred  to,  give  the  best  idea  of  the 
species  as  here  limited.  The  figures  of  this  species  with  bright  red 
caps,  shown  by  various  authors,  illustrate  segregated  species  for  the 
most  part.  Maire  (Soc.  Myc.  Bull.  2G,  1910)  has  named  one  form, 
/?.  romelii,  and  considers  another  to  be  R.  melliolens  Quel.  As 
Fi'ies  pointed  out  long  ago,  it  is  easy  to  separate  new  species  from 
tlie  mass  of  plants  usually  referred  here,  and  the  more  exact  method 
with  the  microscope  will  doubtless  produce  many  more.  I  have 
I'onnd  this  species  rarely  but  then  in  quantity,  as  they  usually  cover 
i|ni1<'  an  area  from  the  same  mycelium. 

145.     Russula  amygdaloides  sp.  nov.     (Edible) 
(See  under  7?.  harlae  Quel.,  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Kep.  13,  p.  221,  1911.) 

PILEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  thin,  medium  size,  ovate  at  first  with 
straight  margin,  then  convex-plane  or  depressed,  very  viscid,  fragile, 
pale  rosy-flrfih  color  tinfird  irith  yellow,  sometimes  peach  color, 
sometimes  dull  citron-yellow,  varying  in  color  from  young  to  old. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  163 

pellicle  continuous  and  entirely  separable,  margin  becoming 
strongly  tuberculate-striate.  FLESH  thin,  Avhite,  not  changing 
color,  soft.  GILLS  'bright  ochraceous-yelloiv  (flavus,  Sacc),  white 
at  first,  rather  narroio,  broadest  in  front,  narrowed  and  adnexed 
behind,  subdistant  at  maturity,  dusted  by  the  spores.  STEM  4-8 
cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  subequal  to  ventricose,  soft  and  fragile, 
loosely  stuffed  then  cavernous  (but  not  from  grubs),  wliite,  rarely 
tinged  with  delicate  pink,  slightly  wrinkled,  subglabrous.  SPORES 
subglobose,  7-9  micr.,  echinulate,  nucleate,  bright  ochre-yellow  in 
mass.  TASTE  mild.  ODOR  none.  CYSTIDIA  very  few.  Siib- 
hymenium  narroiD,  sharply  differentiated  from  gill-trama. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  In  mixed  woods  of  hemlock  and  beech, 
among  beds  of  white  pine  needles  at  New  Richmond;  among  grass, 
etc.,  in  oak  woods  at  Ann  Arbor.     July-October.     Frequent. 

This  very  fragile  Russula  is  known  from  the  other  members  of 
the  "Fragiles''  grou]>  by  its  uiedium  size,  bright  yellow-ochraceous 
spores  and  gills,  the  hollow,  often  subventricose  stem,  the  mild  taste 
and  the  pinkish-yellow  to  peach-colored  pileus.  The  stem  is  some- 
times enlarged  at  the  apex,  sometimes  at  the  base,  always  fragile. 
Very  few  of  our  Russulas  have  such  bright-colored  spores  and  gills. 
The  color  of  the  cap  varies  rather  rarely  to  a  deeper  red  on  the  one 
hand  or  to  ochraceous-tan  and  straw-color  on  the  other.  The  flesh 
does  not  change  on  bruising,  and  the  odor  is  not  noticeable  even  in 
age.  It  is  very  different  from  R.  integra  Fr.  It  approaches  R. 
nitida  and  is  no  doubt  the  plant  usually  referred  to  that  species 
in  this  country.  It  differs  in  the  laclf  of  the  nauseous,  disagreeable 
odor  which  is  known  to  be  constant  in  R.  nitida.  I  formerly  refer- 
red it  to  R.  barlae  Quel,  which,  however,  is  described  as  compact 
and  firm.    R.  aurata  Fr.  has  gills  with  a  chrome-yellow  edge. 

Micro-chemical  tests:  G.  (Flesh  turns  blue  quickly;  gills  become 
greenish-blue.)  S  V.  (Flesh  and  gills  slowly  pinkish  then  blue.)  F 
S.   (Cystidia  colored  brown.) 

146.    Russula  roseipes  Seer. — ^Bres.     (Edible) 

Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  1881. 
Illustration :     Ibid,  PL  40. 

PILEUS  2.5-5  cm.  broad,  thin,  fragile,  convex  then  piano-de- 
pressed, with  a  viscid,  separable  pellicle,  margin  tubercular-striate 
when  mature,  soon  dry,  rosy-red  or  flesh-red,  disk  tending  to  ochre- 
yellowish.     FLESH  white,  thin,   unchanged.     GILLS   soon   truly 


H;4  THE  AGARIC  ACE  AE  OF  MICHIGAN 

ochraceous,  subdistant,  mostly  equal,  broadest  in  front,  veutricose, 
narrowly  aduate  or  almost  free,  few  forked,  interspaces  venose. 
►STKM  white  and  rosy-sprinkled,  stuffed  then  cavernous,  equal  or 
taperiii-i:  upward,  even,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  5-12  mm.  thick.  SPORES 
ochraccoits,  globose,  echiuulate,  8-10  micr.  TASTE  mild.  ODOR 
none  or  pleasant. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  In  mixed  woods,  but  usually  under  coni- 
fers.    Only   found   in    the  northern   ]iai'i    of   the   state.     July   and 

August. 

A  middle-sized  to  small  plant,  fragile,  and  with  a  rosy  mealiness 
on  the  stem.  This  last  is  quite  characteristic  of  the  species.  It 
occurs  under  spruces  and  balsams  in  moist  places.  It  is  quite  dis- 
tinct  I'roin  A'.  jtncUaris  Fr.  to  which  Fries,  who  had  never  seen 
Secretan's  plant,  referred  it  as  a  variety.  R.  purpurina  also  has  a 
rosy-sprinkled  stem,  but  is  very  viscid  and  more  brilliant  shining 
red  on  the  cap.  Teck  (Rep.  51.  p.  'M)7)  says  the  stem  is  not  rosy- 
.sprinkled  in  his  plants,  but  that  the  color  resides  in  the  stem;  he 
does  not  seem  to  have  had  the  typical  plant. 

147.     Russula  puellaris  Fr. 

Monographia,  1863. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1065. 

P.resadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  PI.  61. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  17,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  very  thin,  convex  then  piano-depressed^ 
viscid,  tuherciilar-striate  on  the  margin,  livid-purplish  or  livid- 
brownish,  then  sometimes  yellowish.  FLESH  white  at  first,  soon 
watery  subtranslucent,  fragile.  GILLS  pallid  white  to  pale  yellow, 
watery  honey-colored  in  age,  equal,  thin,  stibventricose,  narrowed 
behind  and  adnexed,  interspaces  venose.  STEM  whitish,  then 
irahrj/  lutin y-colored  toirard  base,  spongy-sttiffed,  soon  cavernotis, 
soft  and  fragile,  subequal  or  subclavate  at  base,  4-5  cm.  long,  7-10 
niin.  thick.  SPORES  subglobose,  echiuulate,  pale  yellow,  6-8  micr. 
TASTE  mild  or  slightly  acrid.     ODOR  none. 

Found  in  low,  moist  places  in  conifer  or  mixed  woods  of  Europe. 
It  has  not  yet  been  reported  from  Michigan  with  certainty.  I  have 
given  Bresadola's  description  as  that  of  a  typical  plant,  which  is 
verified  by  my  notes  of  the  Stockholm  plants.  I  have  not  seen  the 
tyjtical  Swedish  plant  in  this  country,  and  Peck's  specimens  were 
evidently  not  typical  as  he  says  no  yellowish  stains  occur  in  the 
stem.     The  stem  soon  becomes  soft  and  then  develops  this  charac- 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  165 

teristic,  translucent,  light-yellowish  color.  Several  varieties  occur 
in  Michigan  differing  mainly  from  the  above  description  in  the  red 
caps  and  non-lutescent  stems;  these  are  referred  here  for  the  pres- 
ent. 

148.     Russula  sphagnophila  Kauff. 
Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Eep.  11,  p.  86,  1909. 

PILEUS  2-4.5  cm.  broad,  very  fragile,  convex,  umhonate,  margin 
at  length  elevated  and  disk  depressed  and  purplish-red  or  rosy-red, 
the  space  between  the  umbo  and  the  margin  pale  olive-brown,  cov- 
ered by  a  viscous  i^ellicle,  glabrous,  margin  slightly  striate.  FLESH 
reddish  under  the  cuticle  and  under  the  surface  of  the  stem  fragile. 
GILLS  white  then  pale  ochraceous,  narrow,  adnato-decurrent, 
rather  close,  narrowed  toward  both  ends,  few  forked  here  and  there. 
STEM  rosy-colored,  usually  ventricose  or  irregularly  swollen, 
spongy-stuffed  then  cavernous,  very  fragile,  rivulose-uneven,  4-5  cm. 
long,  7-12  mm.  thick.  SP„OIiES  cream-color,  globose,  echinulate,  6-7 
micr.    TASTE  mild. 

Scattered.  On  sphagnum,  in  swamps.  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 
August  and  September.     Bare. 

Whole  plant  very  fragile,  always  with  an  umbo,  subpellucid  and 
rosy  stem,  and  pale  gills.  The  only  other  Russula  with  an  umbo, 
known  to  me,  is  7?.  caendea  Pers.  which  differs  in  color  and  hab- 
itat. The  red  color  rubs  off  on  paper  when  moist.  In  some  points 
it  is  near  R.  roscipes,  in  others  it  is  nearest  R,  puellaris,  and  might 
perhaps  be  referi'ed  to  the  latter  as  a  variety  but  without  settling 
anything  as  to  its  origin. 

149.     Russula  chamaeleontina  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Blustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PL  1908. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  600. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  18,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  rather  small,  fragile,  thin,  piano-depressed, 
with  a  viscid  separable  pellicle,  margin  even  at  first  then  stria tulate, 
color  varying  for  different  pilei,  mostly  some  shade  of  red,  purple, 
etc..  fading  to  yellowish  especially  on  disk.  FLESH  white,  thin. 
GILLS  thin,  crowded  or  close,  adnexed  or  almost  free,  equal,  rather 
broad,  sometimes  almost  narrow,  few    forked,    interspaces    venose, 


1(J6  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

ochraceous  or  ochraceous-yellow.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm. 
thick,  white,  spoiigj'-stuffed  then  hollow,  slender,  equal  or  subequal 
to  subveutrieose,  sometimes  subclavate,  even  or  obscurely  rivulose. 
SPOKJOS  ocJiraccous.    TASTE  mild.    ODOR  none. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  In  coniferous  or  mixed  woods.  So  far 
reported  only  from  northern  Michigan. 

Like  A'.  Integra  this  has  to  be  considered  at  present  a  composite 
species,  from  which  several  species  have,  from  time  to  time,  been 
segregated.  According  to  von  Post,  a  pupil  of  Fries,  the  master 
himself  included  many  forms  which  do  not  fit  into  his  own  descrip- 
tion ;  and  Romell  follows  the  Swedish  tradition  and  refers  to  R. 
chomaeleontina  all  small  forms  with  mild  taste  and  ochraceous 
gills  not  otherwise  accounted  for.  "No  subacrid  forms  are  in- 
cluded" writes  Romell.  Specimens  with  the  caps  a  uniform  red, 
rose  colored,  purplish,  lilac,  etc.,  and  accompanied  with  a  yellowish 
tint,  are  alw^ays  included;  sometimes  also,  whitish,  faded  forms 
must  be  placed  here. 

150.     Russula  abietina  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  1901. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PI.  72,  Fig.  1-11. 

'TILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  thin,  fragile,  convex  becoming  plane 
or  slightly  depressed  in  the  center,  covered  with  a  viscid,  separable 
pellicle,  tubercular-striate  on  the  thin  margin,  variahle  in  color, 
purplish,  greenish-purple  or  olive-green  with  a  brown  or  blackish 
center,  or  sometimes  purplish  with  a  greenish  center.  FLESH 
white.  GILLS  narrowed  toward  the  stem,  subdistant,  equal, 
rounded  behind  and  nearly  free,  ventricose,  whitish  becoming  ^x/Ze 
yelloii\  STEM  1-2.5  cm.  long,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  stuffed  or 
hollow,  white.  SPORES  bright  yellowish-ochraceous,  subglobose, 
8-10  micr.     TASTE  mild." 

Its  place  of  growth  is  only  under  halsm  fir.  It  has  l)een  reported 
from  Michigan,  but  the  description  given  is  that  of  Peck.  The 
important  characters  seem  to  be  the  bright  yellow  tinged  spores. 
It  is  separable  from  R.  pnellaris,  "by  the  viscid  cap,  the  gills  rather 
widely  separated  from  each  other  and  nearly  free,  the  stem  never 
yellowish  nor  becoming  yellow  where  wounded,  and  the  spores  hav- 
ing an  ochraceous  hue." 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  167 

151.     Russula  lutea  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  1082. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  622. 
Patonillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  321. 
Bresadola,  Fnugh,  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  79. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  No.  Gl. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  18,  Fig.  3. 
Plate  XXII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad;  small,  thin,  convex  then  piano-depressed, 
pellicle  easily  separable,  viscid,  margin  even,  becoming  slightly 
striate  in  age,  unicolorus,  bright  yellow  or  pale  golden  yellow. 
FLESH  white,  very  thin,  fragile.  GILLS  at  length  deep  yellow- 
ochraceous,  suhdistant,  rather  broad  in  front,  narrowed  behind  and 
free,  equal,  interspaces  often  venose.  STEM  white,  unchanged, 
subequal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  soft,  fragile,  even  or  obscurely 
wrinkled,  glabrous,  3-5  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick.  SPORES  globose, 
echinulate,  yellow,  8-10  micr.  in  diam.    TASTE  mild.    ODOR  none. 

Solitary,  in  coniferous  and  mixed  woods  of  northern  Michigan, 
in  frondose  woods  in  the  south.  July  and  August.  Infrequent  and 
few  in  number. 

Our  plant  is  the  same  as  the  one  occurring  about  Stockholm.  It 
agrees  with  the  characters  as  given  in  Hymenomycetes  Europaei, 
except  that  the  gills  are  subdistant,  not  truly  narrow  but  relatively 
broad  in  front.  The  Stockholm  specimens  had  the  thin  margins 
of  the  pileus  at  length  slightly  striate,  as  is  also  the  case  with  the 
Michigan  plants.  Peck  says  he  has  found  it  but  once  in  New  York. 
I  have  found  it  a  number  of  times  in  Michigan.  R.  vitellina  Fr. 
which  is  said  to  resemble  this  species,  is  not  known  to  Romell  for 
Sweden,  and  he  refers  all  their  forms  to  R.  liiiea.  It  may  be  that 
R.  lutea  and  R.  vitellina  represent  extremes  of  the  species.  Our 
plant  described  above  and  that  about  Stockholm  do  not  agree  with 
either  of  the  descriptions,  but  is  a  compromise  between  the  two. 
Our  plants  are  not  strongly  striate  nor  have  they  any  marked  odor 
like  R.  vitellina;  on  the  other  hand  they  have  broader  and  more 
distant  gills  than  is  warranted  by  the  description  of  R.  lutea.  Ac- 
cording to  Fries,  R.  lutea  is  found  in  beech  forests  and  R.  vitellina 
in  coniferous  woods.  7?.  flaviceps  Pk.  is  said  to  be  larger,  with  nar- 
row and  close,  pale  yellow  gills. 


HYGROPHOREAE 

Fruit  body  soft,  fleshy.  Stem  central,  confluent  with  the  pileus. 
Gills  with  a  waxy  consistency,  more  or  less  distant,  thick,  well- 
developed,  with  acute  edge. 

This  subfamily  is  well  defined  and  set  off  from  the  others.  The 
characteristics  are  not  easily  described  in  words,  but  the  habit  of 
the  plants  and  the  nature  of  the  gills  are  soon  learned  by  field  study. 
The  gills,  although  arute  mi  tlie  edge,  thicken  toward  the  pileus, 
and  are  built  up  of  a  thick  central  layer  (the  trama),  coated  on 
both  surfaces  by  a  thick,  waxy,  hymenial  layer  of  long  basidia, 
which  is  more  or  less  removable. 

Our  species  are  included  under  two  genera: 
Spores  white.     Hygrophorus. 
Spores  blackish.     Gomphidius. 

Gomphidius  Fr. 

(From  the  Greek,  fiomphos,  a  wooden  bolt  or  peg,  referring  to 
the  shape  of  the  young  plants.) 

Black-spored  to  smoky-olive-spored ;  gills  of  a  waxy  or  subgela- 
tinous  consistency,  decurrent,  subdistant  to  distant,  forked,  edge 
acute ;  stem  central,  confluent  with  the  pileus ;  pileus  fleshy,  viscid; 
partial  veil  when  present  membranous  glutinous;  spores  elongated- 
subfusiform ;  cystidia  abundant. 

Terrestrial  and  puti-escent  fungi,  very  infrequent  in  this  region, 
sharply  distinct  by  the  nature  of  its  gills  and  spores.  The  genus 
appears  to  have  some  relationship  with  Hygrophorus  on  the  one 
hand  and  with  Paxillus.on  the  other.  In  Europe,  G.  viscidus  Fr.  and 
G.  glutinosis  Fr.  are  a  prominent  part  of  the  mushroom  flora,  al- 
though with  us  these  two  species  seem  to  be  entirely  lacking,  and 
no  species  can  be  said  to  be  frequent.  Peck  has  described  five 
species  from  the  United  States;  four  of  these  came  from  the  eastern 
states  and  are  smaller  than  the  two  common  European  species 
mentioned  above.    Nothing  is  known  of  the  edibility  of  our  species. 

The  genus  is  best  recognized  by  the  smoky,  decurrent  and  usually 
distant  gills,  the  viscid  or  glutinous  cap,  and  the  spotted  stem.  In 
the  young  stage  a  viscid  veil  connects  the  margin  of  the  pileus  with 


170  THE  AGARICACEAE  OP  MICHIGAN 

the  Stem;  as  the  plaut  matures  the  veil  collapses  on  the  stem  and 
iu  most  rases  causes  the  stem  to  appear  viscid  aud  at  length  spotted 
or  blolclied  by  the  drying  remnants  of  this  veil.  In  our  species 
this  veil  is  scanty  and  it  apparently  disappears  very  early,  and  in 
most  cases  cannot  be  definitely  seen.  Our  species  occur  iu  swampy 
ground  or  in  tamarack  bogs.  Only  three  species  have  been  found 
in  the  state.  G.  niyricans  Pk.  reported  in  the  8th  Eep.  Mich.  Acad. 
Sci.,  is  doubtful.    (1.  rhodordufliiis  i  Scliw.  i   is  referred  to  Paxillus. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(a)     Pileus  2-5  cm.  broad,  obtuse  or  depressed;  stem  dry,  becoming  red- 

disli-black  spotted,  yellow  at  base.     152.     G.  maculatus  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  often  umbonate;   stem  at  first  viscid  from 
the  veil,  slender, 
(b)     Stem  yellow  downwards.     154.    G.  flavipes  Pk. 
(bb)     Stem  brick  color  to  wine-reddish;  not  yellow  at  base.     153.     G. 
vinicolor  Pk. 

152.     Gomphidius  maculatus  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:    Eicken,  Bliltterpilze,  PI.  3,  Fig.  2. 
Plate  XXI II  of  this  lieport. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex,  obtuse,  soon  plane  or  depressed, 
with  a  viscid,  separable  pellicle,  glabrous,  hroicnish-incarnate  to 
pale  clay  color,  rugulose,  spotted  and  shining  when  dry.  FLESH 
thick,  soft,  white  or  faintly  incarnate.  GILLS  deeurrent  narrowed 
behind,  tliickish,  subdistant  to  distant,  distinct,  subgelatinous  to 
soft-waxy,  dichotomously  forked,  at  first  whitish,  then  pale 
oliracrouf<-f/ra}/,  finally  siuol-jj,  moderately  broad.  Stem  4-7  cm.  long, 
apex  5-12  mm.  thick,  tapering  downward,  solid,  firm,  even,  whitish 
above  or  with  a  tinge  of  incarnate,  at  first  dotted  with  reddish 
scurf,  glabrescent,  hecoming  hlack-spotted  or  blackish  iu  age  or 
wlif'u  luiudled,  lase  yellov.  VEIL  none  or  very  evanescent. 
SPORES  variable  in  size,  cylindrical-subfusiform  to  elongated- 
elliptical,  l.")-2.'^>xG-7.5  micr.,  smooth,  pale  smoky-brownish  under  the 
microscope.  CYSTIDIA  abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills, 
cylindrical,  obtuse,  variable,  100-135x15-25  micr.  TASTE  mild. 
ODOR  none  or  slight. 

Gregarious,  subcaespitose  or  scattered,  under  tamarack  trees 
(Larix),  in  bogs,  on  moss  or  debris.  Between  Chelsea  and  Jack- 
son.   October-Xovember.    Rare  or  local. 

Apparently  this  species  occurs  only  in  restricted  localities  in  the 
bogs  near  inland  lakes.     This  is  the  largest  form  so  far  found  in 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  171 

the  state,  altlioiigh  it  varies  in  size  and  the  smaller  plants  have 
less  distant  gills,  smoother  stems  and  smaller  spores.  Probably 
because  of  the  advance  of  cooler  weather  the  plants  mature  slowly 
and  the  spores  have  not  attained  their  full  size  in  the  small  plants. 
The  yellow  color  is  sometimes  confined  to  the  base,  sometimes  it 
extends  halfway  or  more  than  halfway  the  length  of  the  stem.  The 
latter  condition  may  turn  out  to  represent  G.  flavipes'Fk.  The 
plants  turn  blackish  when  dried,  but  differ  from  G.  nigricans  Pk.  in 
the  absence  of  a  partial  veil.  Ricken  considers  G.  gracilis  Berk,  to 
be  identical,  which  is  very  probable.  G.  furcatiis  Pk.  differs  chiefly, 
according  to  Peck's  description,  in  the  lack  of  the  yellow  color  at 
the  base  of  the  stem ;  it  is  said  to  occur  under  tamaracks  also. 

153.     Gomphidius  vinicolor  Pk.  minor. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  51,  1898. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  sometimes  umbonate, 
glabrous,  even,  with  a  viscid  or  glutinous  separable  pellicle,  wine- 
red  to  rufous-cinnamon,  fuscous  in  the  center,  paler  toward  margin. 
FLESH  thick,  pale  incarnate.  GILLS  decurrent,  subtriangular, 
rather  distant,  distinct,  thickish,  broad  in  the  middle,  not  or  rarely 
forked,  olive-brown  to  fuscous-brown,  sprinkled  by  dark  spores. 
STEM  3-4  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  even,  solid,  viscid 
from  the  evanescent  veil,  flexuous,  brick-color  to  vinaceous,  concolor 
within,  not  yelloio  at  Mse,  silky-fibrillose.  SPORES  elongated-ob- 
long to  subfusiform,  13-16x6-6.5  micr.,  smooth,  smoky-brown.  CYS- 
TIDL4.  abundant,  subcylindrical,  obtuse,  120-135  x  16-18  micr. 
ODOR  very  slight  but  disagreeable. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  low,  swampy  woods  in 
region  of  hemlock  and  pine.     New  Richmond.     September.     Rare. 

This  species  is  referred  here  as  a  minor  form  of  G.  vinicolor  Pk. 
from  whose  description  it  differs  in  the  smaller  size  and  smaller 
spores.  My  experience  with  G.  maculatus  leads  me  to  suspect  that 
the  spores  of  small  plants  do  not-  mature  readily,  as  is  shown  also 
by  the  less  smoky  gills.  Peck  gives  the  spores  17.5-20x6-7.5  micr. 
and  the  type  plants  were  much  larger.  I  have  found  our  plant  on 
several  occasions  and  as  it  seems  to  be  constant,  it  may  be  necessary 
to  separate  it.  When  dried,  it  becomes  black.  Some  consider  G. 
vinicolor  Pk.  identical  with  G.  gracilis  B.  &  Br.;  the  latter  is  de- 
scribed with  the  base  of  the  stem  vellow. 


172  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

154.     Gomphidius  flavipes  Pk. 

N.   V.  Stale  -Mus.  Kcj).  oi,  i'JUl. 
Illustration:  '  11. i. I.  Tl.    I.  Fiji.  1-t. 

rilJil  s  1  !'.."»  (III.  l)io;ul,  convex  or  plane  aud  sometimes  um- 
bonate,  vi.scid,  (//>/////  j>ink  or  yclloicish,  tinged  reddish,  minutely 
tomentose  on  center,  slightly  fibrillose  on  the  margin.  GILLS 
decurrent,  arcuate,  subdistaut  to  distant,  scarcely  forked,  whitish 
then  i)ale  smoky-brownish.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  thick, 
equal  or  tapering  down,  solid,  slightly  fibrillose,  whitish  at  apex, 
elsewhere  yellow  within  and  without.  SPORES  elongated-fusi- 
form, 20-30x0-7.5  niicr.,  smooth,  smoky-brown  to  brownish  black. 
CYSTIDIA  present 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  mixed  woods.  Harbor 
Sjti-ings.     Sei>tenil)er.     Eare. 

Only  one  collection  has  been  made  of  what  seems  to  be  this  plant. 
The  spores  were  clearly  immature  and  had  not  yet  attained  the 
size  given  by  Peck. 

Hygrophorus  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek  hufjros,  moist;  and  phero,  to  bear.) 

White-spored.  Consistency  of  the  gills  waxy ;  of  pileus  and  stem 
waxy-fleshy  or  fleshy.  Hymenophore  continuous  icith  the  trama  of 
pileus  and  stem.  Stem  central.  Gills  variously  attached,  soft,  not 
membranous,  edge  acute.  Hymeniura  loosely  adherent  to  the  trama 
of  the  gills.  Trama  of  gills  various:  parallel,  divergent  or  inter- 
woven. 

Putrescent,  soft,  terrestrial  mushrooms,  growing  in  woods, 
meadows,  etc.,  and  nniformly  liavmless.  They  are  medium  or  small 
in  size  and  often  brightly  colored.  The  gills  are  usually  distant  or 
snbdistant,  characters  which  ordinarily  distinguish  them  from  the 
species  of  Clitocybe  for  which  those  with  decurrent  gills  might  be 
mistaken.  The  genus  corresponds  to  Gomphidius  and  Paxillus  of 
the  ochre-spored  group.  l)nt  is  distinguished  from  them  by  the  gills 
not  easily  separating  from  the  trama  of  the  pileus. 

The  PILEUS  varies  from  conical  to  convex  at  first,  in  most  cases 
l)ecoming  plane  at  maturity,  with  or  without  an  umbo  and  some- 
times umbilicate.  In  a  great  many  species  the  expanded  pileus  is 
obversely  subconiral.  imlliug  the  gills  into  an  ascending  position, 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  173 

SO  that  they  appear  decnrrent,  even  in  those  cases  where  they  were 
merely  adnate  or  adnexed  at  first.     With  age,  the  margin  of  the 
pileus  becomes  recurved  or  split.    The  surface  is  viscid  or  glutinous 
in  many  cases,  others  are  hj^grophanous,  but  those  of  one  subgenus 
include   some  with   a   dry   pileus;    a   small   number   have   minute 
squamules  over  the  surface  or  on  the  disk.     A  great  variety  of  col- 
ors is  present;  white,  yellow,  orange,  red,  green,  ashy,  brown,  etc. 
Some  have  a  striate  margin,  and  others  are  even  and  glabrous.    The 
FLESH  is  usually  soft,  and  somewhat  waxy  or  watery,  often  per- 
meated by  differentiated  lactiferous  hyphae  or  crystals  of  oxalate 
of  lime.     The  GILLS  are  peculiar  in  structure,  and  furnish  the 
main  characters  by  which  we  separate  the  genus.     Their  edges  are 
acute,  but  they  gradually  thicken  towards  their  attachment  with 
the  pileus,  so  as  to  be  narrowly  triangular  in  cross-section.     The 
hymenial  layer  becomes  soft  when  mature  and  rubs  off  from  the 
trama  proper  of  the  gill's,  leaving  the  skeleton  of  trama  behind. 
They  are  mostly  suhdistant  to  distant  or  very  distant,  and  this 
character,  along  with  the  waxy  consistency  and  their  shape  in  sec- 
tion, constitutes  a  set  of  marks  by  which,  after  a  little  experience, 
one  can  tell  the  genus.    As  Mcllvaine  says,  "There  is  an  indescrib- 
able, watery,  waxy,  translucent  appearance  about  the  gills,  which 
catches  the  eye  of  the  expert,  and  is  soon  learned  by  the  novice." 
Their  attachment  varies    from    adnexed    to    adnate  and  decurrent. 
They  are  usually  white,  but  may  be  similar  in  color  to  that  of  the 
pileus.     The  interspaces  are  often  veined  in   a  marked  fashion. 
The  STEM  is  central  and  similar  in  texture  to  the  pileus,  often  very 
fragile  or  watery.     It  is  either  solid  or  if  it  is  stuffed  becomes 
quickly  hollow.     It   often  splits  longitudinally  witli   considerable 
ease.     In  the  subgenus  Limaciuni,  the  plant  when  young  is  some- 
times enveloped  by  a  slimy  universal  veil  which  breaks  up  into 
glutinous  patches,  scales  or  flocci  on  the  stem  or  pileus,  or  by  a 
partial  floccose  veil  which  is  connected  to  the  margin  of  the  pileus 
and  to  the  stem;  as  the  plant  expands  or  dries  this  partial  veil 
breaks  up  into  a  floccose  annulus  or  more  often  in  the  form   of 
scabrous  or  punctate  flocci  at  the  apex  of  the  stem.    The  plants  of 
the  other  two  subgenera  do  not  possess  either  of  these  veils,  but 
those  species  which  are  viscid  develop  this  character  from  the  cut- 
icle of  the  pileus  or  stem  whicli  is  gelatinous  and  which  dissolves 
into  a  slimy  substance  in  moist  weather,  as  in  H.  psitticinus.    The 
SPORES  may  be  subglobose,  oval,  oblong,  cylindrical  or  elliptical. 
Fries    (Hymen.   Europ),   speaks   of   them   as   "globose"   only,   and 
Patouillard    says    they    are    ovoid.      DeSeynes     (Ann.    Sci.    Nat. 
Ser.    5,    1    (1864)    Tab.    1.3,    Fig.    3,)    figures    the    spores    of    FT. 


i:i  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

veiaccun  as  obovate  with  au  obscure  constriction  in  the  middle,  and 
says  they  vary  characteristically  in  this  genus  to  reniform,  irreg- 
ular, L'tc.     I  am  quite  certain  that  the  spores  are  often  quite  irreg- 
uhir,  angular,  etc.,  when  immature,  but  have  a  regular  outline  when 
uiaiuri",  aliliougli  iliey  often  tend  to  be  slightly  thicker  at  one  end  in 
a    number    of    species.      In    most    species    they    appear    granular- 
piiiu-tale,  and  usually  have  a  transparent  spot  on  one  side,  as  if 
perforalL'd.     Between  most  of  our  species  there  is  not  much  dif- 
fi'renee  in  spore-size,   but  sufficient  difference  to  be  of  diagnostic 
\alue.    The  spores  are  white  in  mass,  and  hyaline  under  the  micro- 
scope.    The  BASIDIA  are  quite  characteristic  within  the  genus; 
they   are   long   and   slender,   tapering   to    a   narrow   stalk.     They 
are  said  to  be  often    2-spored.     CYSTIDIA    are    not    present    in 
the  subgenus  Limacium,  but  occur  in  some  of  the  species  of  the 
other  subgenera.    The  ODOR  is  not  marked  in  any  of  our  species. 
Several  European  species  are  said  to  have  a  characteristic  odor;  for 
example:  in  //.  cossus  Fr.  it  is  disagreeable,  like  that  of  a  kind  of 
moth;  in  II.  nitratus  Fr.  it  is  strongly  alkaline;  in  H.  agathosmus 
Fr.,  like  oil  of  bitter  almonds.     The  TASTE  is  usually  mild,  and 
most  of  them  are  to  be  classed  among  our  iest  edible  mushrooms. 
The  HABITAT  varies.    They  grow  on  the  ground,  usually  in  moist 
<>!•  wet  situations,  in  woods,  copses,  fields  and  pastures,  although  in 
our  climate  they  develop  mostly  in  shaded  places.     Some  appear  in 
early  summer,  and  others  are  found  only  in  late  fall — some  species 
never  develop  till  after  the  frosts  appear.     H.  liypotliejus  (Ricken, 
Illiitteridlze)    is    said    to    occur    only    after    the    first    frost.     H. 
speciosus  is  found,  often  in  good  condition,  as  late  as  December 
first. 

The  genus  is  divided  into  three  subgenera,  fundamentally  limited 
by  the  structure  of  the  gill-trama: 

I.  Limacium   (Hygrophorus  proper). 

II.  Camarophyllus. 

III.  Hygrocybe. 

These  three  subgenera  are  raised  by  some  authors  to  the  rank  of 
genera,  and  from  a  scientific  standpoint  should  be  so  considered. 
But  for  practical  purposes  the  old  arrangement  seems  better. 

The  key  includes  all  species  which  are  likely  to  be  found  within 
the  limits  of  the  state. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  175 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Plant  white,  disk  of  pileus  with  yellowish  or  reddish  tints  in  some 
specimens.      [See  also    (AA),    (AAA)    and    (AAAA)] 
(a)     Pileus  viscid  or  glutinous, 
(b)     Pileus  entirely   white,   changing  only  in  age. 
(c)     Stem  glutinous  or  viscid. 

(d)     Apex  of  stem  with  white  dots  or  squamules.     Gills  adnate 
to  decurrent. 
(e)     Stem  floccose-tomentose  below  the  glutinous  annulus,  apex 
at  length  reddish-dotted.     156.    H.  ruhroptmctus  Pk.   (syn. 
H.  ghitin OS u s'  PVi.). 
(ee)      Stem   glabrous,   not  annulate. 

(f)      Stem  firmly  stuffed  to  hollow;   plant  persistently  white. 

156.    H.  eburneus  Fr. 
(ff)     Stem  solid,  plant  changing  color  on  drying.     156.     H. 

eburneus  var.   unicolor  Pk. 
(fff).    Stems    solid,    caespitose.      156.     H.    eburneus   var.    de- 
cipiens  Pk. 
(dd)     Apex  of  stem  not  scabrous-scaly-dotted. 

(e)     Gills    emarginate-adnexed;     pileus     at     first     conical.      H. 
purus  Pk. 
(cc)     Stem  dry. 

(d)      Pileus"  large,   8-15    cm.    broad,    stout;     autumnal.      165.      H. 

sorclidus  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  small,  scarcely  viscid,    subumbilicate,    thin,    tough- 
ish.     170.     H.  niveus  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  not  entirely  white. 

(c)     Apex  of  stem  decorated  with    yellowish    granules    or    yellow 
glandular  dots, 
(d)     Pileus  whitish,   covered  by  yellowish    or    brownish    gluten. 

159.     H.  palndosus  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus    white,    with    numerous    golden    yellow    granules    on 
margin.     155.     H.  chrysodon  Fr. 
(cc)     Apex  of  stem   white-scaly-dotted  or  slightly  floccose. 

(d)     Disk    of    pileus    pinkish  "or    pale    reddish-brown.      157.      H. 

laurae  Morg. 
(dd)     Disk    of    pileus    yellowisli    or    reddish-yellow.      158.      H. 
flavodiscus  Frost, 
(aa)     Pileus   and   stem   not  viscid  nor   glutinous, 
(b)     Plant   stout.     Pileus   3-7   cm.   bnoad,   dry,   white.     169.     H.   vir- 

gineus  Fr.     (See  also  H.  pratensis  var.  pallidus.) 
(bb)     Plant  slender;  pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  whitish.     171.    H.  borealis 
Pk. 
(AA)     Plant  yellow,  bright  green,  olivaceous,  orange  or  shades  of  these 
colors, 
(a)     Pileus  glutinous  or  viscid  when  moist, 
(b)     Pileus  at  first  olivaceous  or  green, 
(c)     Pileus  3-5  cm.  broad,  color  at  length  orange-yellow  to  tawny; 

gills  yellow.     161.     H.  hypothejus  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus     4-8     cm.     broad;     gills     white-incarnate.       163.       H. 

oUvdceoalbns  Fr. 
(ccc)     Pileus  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  parrot  green  at  first;   gills  yellowish 
or  greenish.     184.     H.  psitticinns  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus   orange-yellow,  yellow,   yellowish   or  tawny, 
(c)     Becoming  blackish  in  age  or  when  bruised;  pileus  conical;  gills 

free.     180.     H.  conictis  Fr. 
(cc)     Not  becoming  black  when  bruised. 

(d)     Gills  emarginate-adnexed;   pileus    2-5    cm.    broad,    citron    to 

golden-yellow.      178.      H.    cMorophanus    Fr. 
(dd)     Gills  broadly  adnate  to  decurrent. 
(e)     Pileus  3-8  cm.  broad,  yellow  in  age;  in  tamarack  swamps 
in  late  fall.     160.    H.  speciosus  Pk. 


176 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

(ee)     Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad.  ^  .   ,.        •  100 

(f)     Tough;   pileus  tawny-yellowish,  not  fading  in  age.     182. 

//.  Idctiis  Ft. 
(ff)     Fragile;    pileus  wax-yellow  to   yellow, 
(g)     Gills  truly  decurrent;  pileus  and  stem  fading  to  whit- 
ish in  age.     181.     //.  nitidus  B.  &  C. 
(gg)     Gills  adnate-decurrent;   pileus  not  fading.     172.     H. 
crraceus  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  viscid  nor  glutinous.  ,     „     ^  ^,„„. 

(h)     Golden-oraiige-vellow;  fragile;  pileus  and  stem  markedly  fading, 

pills  adnexed.  deep  orange-yellow.     179.     H.  marcjinatus  Pk. 
(bb)     Pale  yellow;  pileus  6-12  mm.  bro^d;  stem  darker.     H.  jmrvuhis 
Pk 
(AAA)     Plant    Vermillion,    scarlet,    pink,    flesh-color,    rufous    or    shades 

of  these. 
(a)     Pileus  viscid  or  glutinous. 

(b)     Stem  stout;  pileus  rather  large,  compact,  firm, 
(c)     Gills  not  becoming  reddish-spotted. 

(d)     Pileus  scarlet,  crimson  or  orange;   stem  viscid,  in  tamarack 

swamps.     160.     H.  speciosus  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  tinged  flesh  color;  stem  dry.     164.     H.  jnidorinus  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  becoming  reddish-spotted.      163.     H.   Rnssula    (Fr.). 
(bb)     Stem  medium  or  slender;    pileus  fragile. 

(c)     Pileus   1-2   cm.,   pinkish-flesh-color;    stem   slender   and   viscous. 

183.     H.  peckii  Atk. 
(cc)     Pileus  3-7  cm.,  scarlet  or  vermillion;    stem  moist,  not  viscid, 
(d)     Gills   arcuate-adnate;    base  of  stem  yellow  or   orange.     176. 

H.  coccineus  Fr. 
(dd)     Gills  slightly  adnexed;  base  of  stem  white;   spores  larger. 
177.     H.  punicpus  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  viscid  nor  glutinous. 

(b)     Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  subglabrous  to  minutely  scaly,  vermillion 

to  reddish-yellow.     175.     H.  miniatus  Fr.     H.  cantherellus  Schw. 

(bb)     Pileus   3-7   cm.   broad,    flesh-color    to    tawny-reddish,    glabrous. 

168.     H.  pratensis  Fr. 
(bbb)     Pileus  3-10  cm.  broad,  salmon-rufous  to  testaceus;  hoary  when 
young;  gills  decurrent.     167.     H.  leporinus  Fr. 
(AAAA)     Plant  neither  white,  yellow,  orange  nor  bright  red. 

(a)     Pileus  and  stem  glutinous  or  viscid.     [See  also    (aa)    and    (aaa)] 
(b)     Gills  pure  white;   pileus  grayish-brown,  cinereous  or  fuliginous, 
(c)     Stem  hollow,  fuliginous.     185.     H.  iinquinosus  Fr. 
(cc)     Stem  solid,  white  or  whitish.     H.  fuUgineus  Frost, 
(bb)     Gills  not   pure  white,  or  at  least  changing  in  age,  adnate-de- 
current. 
(c)     Pileus  purplish-red,  virgate  with  darker  flbrils;  stem  and  gills 

concolor.     H.  capreolarius  Bres. 
(cc)     Pileus  some  shade  of  brown.     [See  also    (ccc)] 

fd)     Stem    hollow,    slender;    plant    fragile;    pileus    olive-brown, 

1-2  cm.  broad.     H.  dnvisii  Pk. 
(dd)     Stem  solid,  plant  firm,  larger. 

(e)     Growing  in  sphagnum  swamps;  pileus  white,  covered  with 

yellowish-brown  gluten.     H.  palndosus  Pk. 
(ee)     In  grassy  woods;  pileus  smoky-olive,  3-6  cm.  broad;  spores 
12x8  micr.     H.   liynacinns  Fr. 
(ccc)     Pileus  dark  brownish  olivaceous.     162.     H.  olivaceoalbus  Fr. 
(aa")     Pileus  with  a  gelatinous,  subviscid  pellicle;   stem  dry. 

(b)     Pileus  violaceous  to  smoky-lilac,  hygrophanous,   fading  to  gray 

ish :   stem  stuffed  to  hollow.     174.     H.  pallidus  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  livid-rufescens  to  brownish,  hygrophanous;    stem  stuffed 

to  hollow;   gills  decurrent.     173.     H.  colemannianvs  Blox. 
(bbb)     Pileus  grayish-brown  or  blackish-brown;   stem  solid. 
(c)     Spores  6-8  micr.  long.     166.     H.  fusco-albtis  var. 
(cc)     Spores  10-12  micr.  long.     H.  morrisii  Pk. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  177 

(aaa)     Pileus   and    stem   not   viscid   nor   glutinous    (slightly   viscid    in 
H.  amygdalinus ) . 
(b)     Odor  markedly  noticeable. 

(c)     Stem  solid;  pileus  grayish-brown;  gills  adnate  decurrent;  odor 

of  almonds.     H.   amygdalinus  Pk. 
(cc)     Stem  stuffed  then  hollow;    pileus  hygrophanous. 

(d)     Gills    decurrent;    pileus    sooty-brown     (moist);    spores    sub- 
globose,  5-6  micr. ;   odor  "peculiar."     H.  peckianus  Howe, 
(dd)     Gills  sinuate-adnexed;    pileus   yellowish-brown    (moist),   odor 
offensive.     //.  mephiticus  Pk. 
(bb)     Odor  not  marked;    stem  solid. 

(c)     Plant   stout;    pileus   smoky   or    blackish,   virgate   with    fibrils; 

spores  8-9x5  micr.  '  H.  carpinus  Fr. 
(cc)     Plant  slender;    pileus  grayish-brown  to  blackish-brown,   glab- 
rous;  spores  10-12x6-7  micr.     H.  nigridms  Pk. 

(Peck  in  his  monograph,  N.  Y.  State  Mns.  Bull.  116,  1907,  of  New 
York  species  mentions  the  following  as  very  rare:  H.  rirgatiilus  Pk., 
H.  hurnhauii  Pk.,  H.  metapodiiis  Fr.,  H.  hasidiosus  Pk.,  H.  suh- 
rufescens  Pk.,  //.  imniiitohiUs  Pk.,  H.  laricinus  Pk.,  //.  laridus  B. 
&  C,  H.  minutulus  Pk.  Peck  has  described  also  H.  serotinus  Pk., 
E.  ruher  Pk.,  //.  alhipes  Pk.,  from  Massachusetts;  II.  elegantulus 
Pk.  from  Maryland  and  H.  sphocrosporus  Pk.  from  Iowa.) 

SUBGENUS  LIMACIUM:  Provided  with  a  glutinous  universal 
veil  or  a  floccose  cortina  or  both.  Trama  of  gills  of  divergent 
hyphae. 

Section  I.     Universales 

Provided  with  hotli  a  universal  veil  and  a  floccose  cortina ;  the  lat- 
ter is  connate  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  former  along  the  stem, 
sometimes  forming  a  slight  aunulus  at  the  apex  of  the  stem,  or  a 
floccose-dowu}^  edge  on  the  'incurved  margin  of  the  pileus.  Stem 
viscid,  subglabrous  to  floccose-fibrillose,  shining  or  glistening-spot- 
ted ichen  dry,  apex  scabrous-dotted  or  subglabrous. 

This  section  is  intended  to  include  only  those  with  a  universal 
veil.  It  corresponds  to  the  subgenus  Myxacium  of  the  genus  Cor- 
tinarius.  This  veil  surrounds  the  very  young  button  as  a  thick 
gelatinous  layer,  which  becomes  attenuated  on  the  stem  as  this 
elongates  and  dissolves  into  a  hyaline,  or,  in  some  species,  into  a 
somewhat  colored  gluten  in  wet  weather.  The  apex  of  the  stem 
is  glandular  or  scabrous-dotted  in  those  species  in  which  the  margin 
of  the  pileus  is  at  first  inrolled,  but  in  those  in  which  the  margin  of 
the  pileus  is  merely  incurved  and  continuous  with  the  cortina,  the 
apex  of  the  stem  is  subglabrous  and  not  floccose-dotted.  H.  speciosus 
is  an  example  of  the  latter  group. 

23 


178  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

155.  Hygrophorus  chrysodon  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  :Myc.,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Atkiuson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  112,  p.  110,  1900. 
Cooke,  111.,  ri.  885. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  G,  Fig.  4. 

"I'lLEUS  0-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  viscid  (moist), 
shining  (dry),  white,  concolorous  except  for  the  numerous  golden 
granules  on  the  margin,  or  sometimes  over  entire  surface,  margin 
involute  at  first.  FLESH  white,  rather  thick.  GILLS  decurrent, 
dislaiit.  irhite  or  yellow-powdered  on  the  edge,  interspaces  venose. 
STIOM  1-7  cm.  long,  G-10  mm.  thick,  soft,  equal,  stuffed,  white,  apex 
decorated  by  yellowish  granules,  sometimes  in  the  form  of  an  im- 
perfect ring.    SrOKFS  oval-elliptical,  smooth,  7-10xl:-6  micr.,  white. 

"Gregarious.  In  late  summer  or  autumn.  On  the  ground  in  open 
woods." 

Not  yet  reported  from  Michigan. 

156.  Hygrophorus  ebumeus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.   .34,   Fig.   113,   p.   Ill, 
1!)()0. 

Murrill,  :\Iycologia,  Vol.  G,  PL  131. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  1G4,  p.  207,  1908. 

:Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PL  30,  p.  84,  1905. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  54,  PL  77,  Figs.  13-14,  1902. 

(As  //.  1(1  lira c  var.  unicolor.)  - 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  94,  PL  88,  Figs.  8-11,  1905.     (As 

//.  laiirae  var.  decipiens.) 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  88G. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  G,  Fig.  5. 

PILFL^S  2-7  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  pure  white  when  fresh, 
glutinous,  fihining,  even,  glabrous,  margin  at  first  involute  and 
floccose-pubcscent.  FLESH  white,  rather  thick  and  firm.  GILLS 
adnate  to  decurrent,  subdistant,  moderately  broad  behind,  narrowed 
in  front,  subvenose,  ichite,  often  dingy  yellowish  in  age,  trama  of 
divergent  hyphae.  STEM  G-15  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  thick,  elongated, 
subequaL  tai)ering  or  fusiform,  often  flexuous,  glutinous,  shining- 
spotted  when  dry,  persistently  stuffed  or  becoming  hollow,  glab- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  179 

rous,  apex  with  white  dots  or  squamules,  not  annulate,  ichite  often 
becoming  clingy  in  age.  ODOR  and  TASTE  mild.  SPORES  cylin- 
drical-elliptic, smooth,  0-8x4-5.5  micr.  BASIDIA  slender,  4-spored, 
40-42x7  micr. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose  in  woods,  thickets,  etc.,  often  among 
grass.  October-November.  Frequent.  Ann  Arbor  and  probably- 
throughout  the  State. 

Var.  unicolor  l*k.  Tiiis  is  said  to  ditfer  by  its  solid  stem  and 
change  of  color  on  drying.  It  was  referred  by  Peck  to  H.  laurae 
as  a  variety.  If  it  is  distinct  at  all  it  appears  to  be  better  to  attach 
it  to  H.  ehumeus.  Gillet  says  the  stem  of  H.  cburneus  is  solid  or  hol- 
low. There  is  so  much  variation  in  this  respect  in  our  plants — some 
having  a  persistent  pith  and  apj)earing  solid,  and  others  becoming 
hollow — that  it  seems  to  me  best  to  merge  the  variety  in  the  species. 
Berkeley  notes  that  sometimes  the  English  plants  turn  "fox-red  in 
parts"  when  they  decay. 

Var.  decipicns  Pk.  is  closely  related  to  the  preceding  variet\',  but 
is  caespitose  and  the  gills  are  said  to  remain  white.  It  was  also 
attached  to  H.  laurae  hj  Peck. 

All  these  have  a  uniform  white  color  when  young  or  fresh,  and 
are  provided  with  a  hyaline,  glutinous,  universal  veil  which  makes 
the  cap  and  stem  slippery  and  difficult  to  pull  up  or  to  handle. 
The  shining  pileus  when  dry  reminds  one  of  Tricholoma  resplendens, 
but  the  pileus  averages  smaller  than  in  that  species,  and  the  stem 
is  glutinous.  Hygrophortis  rudrojnmctus  Pk.  is  also  said  to  be  a 
white  plant,  but  differs  from  the  preceding  by  its  stem  being  floc- 
cose-tomentose  below  the  glutinous  annulus,  and  studded  at  the 
apex  with  drops  of  moisture  which  in  drying  form  glandular  red 
dots;  its  stem  is  short  but  thick;  and  the  spores  measure  7.5-10x.5-r) 
micr.  It  has  not  been  detected  by  me  in  Michigan.  These  white 
forms  are  all  closely  allied,  and  may  be  considered  variations  of 
one  species. 

157.     Hygrophorus  laurae  IVIorg.     (Edible) 
Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  6,  1883. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  9. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  54,  PI.  77,  1902. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  170,  p.  214,  1908. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  27,  Fig.  10. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded  or  depressed  on  disk, 


130  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

uinbonate,  more  or  less  irregular,  pinkish-brown  or  reddish  on  disk, 
white  on  margin,  glutinous  Avhen  fresh,  glabrous,  even,  margin  at 
first  involute.  FLESH  thickish,  white.  GILLS  adnate  to  decur- 
rent,  subdistant,  rather  narrow,  white  or  tinged  with  cream-flesh- 
color,  trama  of  divergent  hyphae.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  6-12  mm. 
thick,  equal  or  tapering  downward,  solid,  glutinous,  white  or  yel- 
lowish-wliite,  upper  half  often  squamulose-scabrous,  the  apex  dotted 
witli  scabrous  points.  SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  apiculate,  7-9x 
4-5.5  micr.,  wliite  in  mass.  BASIDIA  slender,  about  38x0  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods, 
thickets,  etc.,  among  fallen  leaves.  Detroit,  Ann  Arbor,  New 
Richmond.    August-November.     Frequent. 

This  species  usually  has  a  cap  which  is  wider  than  the  length  of 
the  stem,  while  H.  eburneus  usually  has  an  elongated  stem  and  nar- 
row pileus.  There  is  some  discrepancy^  in  the  spore-measurements 
as  given  by  Morgan  and  Peck.  The  latter  author  gives  them  as 
6-7.5  micr.  long.  Such  discrepancy  usually  points  to  different 
species  studied  by  the  ditferent  authors,  but  in  the  genus  Hygro- 
phorus,  as  in  some  other  white-spored  genera,  the  spores  often  ma- 
ture slowly,  and  it  is  often  not  easy  to  distinguish  mature  from 
immature  plants,  so  that  the  best  of  observers  may  disagree.  H. 
laurac  is  said  to  stain  one's  fingers  as  if  Avith  sumach.  (S.  Davis, 
Rhodora,  13,  p.  63,  1911.) 

158.     Hygrophorus  fiavodiscus  Frost     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  35,  1884. 

Illustrations:  Peck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.,  Vol.  3,  PI.  50,  Fig.  1-6. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  167,  p.  210,  1908. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  4,  PL  56,  Fig.  11. 

I*1LEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  glutinous  when 
fresh,  pale  yellow  or  rcddisli-yellow  on  disk,  white  elsewhere,  glab- 
rous, even,  margin  at  first  involute.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  adnate 
to  decurrent,  subdistant,  white  sometimes  with  a  slight  flesh-colored 
tint,  trama  of  divergent  liyphae.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick, 
nearly  equal,  solid,  very  glutinous,  apex  with  white  scabrous  points, 
white  or  yellowish  below.  Spores  elliptical,  inequilateral,  6-7.5x4-5 
micr.,  white. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  hemlock  and  beech  woods.  New 
Richmond.     Sei)tember. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS    .  181 

This  is  close  to  the  preceding,  and  may  be  a  form  of  it  peculiar 
to  conifer  woods.  Peck  thinks  it  belongs  nearest  to  H.  fuUgmeus, 
in  whose  company  he  has  found  it.  According  to  this  author,  there 
are  no  scabrous  points  at  the  apex  of  the  stem.  In  my  specimens 
they  were  present,  at  least  in  the  younger  stages.  The  species  was 
first  published  by  Peck  who  obtained  the  name  from  Frost's  manu- 
script description.  The  pileus  has  a  thick  fleshy  disk,  its  margin 
is  at  first  inroUed  and  is  densely  white-floccose  on  the  side  next  the 
stem.  The  gills  are  sometimes  intervenose ;  at  first  they  are  simply 
adnate,  but  on  the  expansion  of  the  pileus  become  decurrent.  This 
change  from  the  young  to  the  old  gills  has  caused  some  discrep- 
ancies in  the  descriptions  by  difl'erent  authors  of  this  and  the  pre- 
ceding species.  The  layer  of  glutinous  tissue  is  very  thick  on  the 
cap,  thin  on  the  stem. 

159.     Hygrophorus  paludosus  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  Bull.,  Vol.  29,  1902. 

'TILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  convex,  obtuse,  u-JiitisJi,  covered  with  a 
thick  yellowish  or  hroivnish  gluten.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  adnate 
or  slightly  decurrent,  subdistaut,  whitish,  stained  with  greenish- 
yellow  when  old.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  4-G  mm.  thick,  subequal, 
long  and  slender,  flexuous,  often  curved  at  the  base,  solid,  glutinous, 
white  with  yellow  glandular  dots  at  the  top,  streaked  with  brownish 
fibers  or  shreds  of  the  dried  gluten  when  dry.  SPORES  broadly 
elliptical.  8-10  x  5-7  micr.,  white.  ODOR  earthy.  TASTE  slightly 
acrid.'- 

Growing  among  peat  mosses.  Greenville.  September.  Reported 
by  Longyear. 

The  yellowish  dots  at  the  apex  of  the  stem  are  said  to  become 
black  on  drying,  and  there  are  yellowish  stains  at  the  base  of  the 
stem.  The  plant  seems  rare,  as  it  has  not  been  reported  since  its 
discovery.    It  needs  further  study  to  show  its  relationship. 

160.     Hygrophorus  speciosus  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  1878. 

Illustrations :    Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  1,  PL  51,  Fig.  21-28. 
1900,  and  Rep.  29,  PI.  2,  Fig.  1-5,  1878, 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  168,  p.  211,  1908. 
Fries,  Icones,  PL  16G  (Hygrophorus  aureus  Fr,). 


182  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Bresadola,  Fungi  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  PI.  9    {Ilygropliorus  iresa- 

ilolac  Quel.). 
Plate  XXIV  of  this  Report 

PILEUS  2-8  cm.  broad,  oval,  subconic  or  flattened  convex  when 
young,  broadly  convex  and  at  length  almost  plane  when  mature, 
or  varying  subcampauulate  and  nmbonate,  umbo  usually  subob- 
solete,  fflutinous  Avhen  fresh,  hriglit  red  or  orange-vermillion  when 
young  or  in  full  vigor,  becoming  paler  with  age  or  after  freezing, 
often  subvirgate,  even  or  slightly  rugulose  from  the  drying  gluten, 
margin  at  first  incurved  then  decurved  or  spreading.  FLESH 
wliite  or  tinged  orange  under  the  separable  pellicle,  soft,  rather 
thick.  GILLS  decurrent,  (listant,  moderately  broad  in  middle, 
acuminate  at  ends,  arcuate,  thick,  intervenose,  Avhite  or  tinged  yel- 
lowish, trama  of  divergent  hyphae.  STEM  stout,  3-10  cm.  long, 
8-20  nnn,  thick,  variable  in  length,  equal  or  irregularly  subcom- 
pressed,  soft  and  spongy  within,  not  hoUow,  straight  or  flexuous, . 
hyallne-irhite,  floccosc-fihrillose  to  the  apical,  obsolete  annulus,  al- 
most glabrous  at  times,  variegated  with  glistening  spots  from  the 
drying  of  the  gluten,  sometimes  ochraceous-stained  when  old,  apex 
subglabrous  to  silky,  base  usually  deeply  imbedded  in  substratum 
or  subrooting.  UXIVEESAL  VEIL  of  hyaline  gluten.  SPORES 
8-0.5  X  5-(;  micr.,  broadly  elliptical,  smooth,  white  in  mass.  BA- 
SIDIA  slender,  .^O-GO  x  0-8  micr.,  4-spored,  sterigmata  long  and 
prominent.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

In  troops,  etc.,  solitary  or  caespitose.  In  tamarack  swamps. 
Ann  Arbor.  October-November.  Frequent  locally,  appearing  every 
fall  in  the  same  places. 

This  is  the  American  form  of  Hygrophorus  aureus  of  Europe. 
The  illustrations  of  European  authors  as  Avell  as  those  of  Peck, 
indicate  a  smaller  average  size  and  a  pileus  markedly  nmbonate. 
In  our  region  as  Avell  as  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains  I  have  seen 
such  plants  occur  with  the  rest,  but  the  majority  are  broadly  convex 
with  or  without  an  obsolete  umbo  and  as  a  rule  are  larger  than  the 
European  form.  Sometimes  vestiges  of  a  distinct  floccose  annulus 
occur,  but  more  often  this  cannot  be  seen ;  on  the  other  hand,  the 
stem  is  usually  covered  by  a  white,  floccose-fibrillose,  appressed 
sheath  which  becomes  dingy  ochraceous  or  pale  sordid  reddish  on 
drying,  especially  where  gluten  has  dropped  from  the  margin  of  the 
cap  on  the  stem.  Plniils  in  the  same  patch  vary  greatly  in  the 
size  of  the  pileus  and  the  stem.  The  stem  of  the  young  plant  is  at 
first  large  and  stout  as  comiiared  with  the  flat  or  convex,  narrow 
young  pileus.     The  partial  veil  is  floccose-fibrillose.    The  margin  of 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  183 

the  pileus  is  merely  incurved  at  first,  not  inrolled  as  it  is  said  to  be 
in  H.  gJutinifer  Fr.  The  color  of  the  pileus  of  the  typical  American 
plant  is  a  brighter  red  than  that  in  Europe.  This,  however,  is  not 
unusual,  as  tlie  reverse  is  true  in  Amanita  muscarki.  The  pileus 
usually  becomes  pallid  yellowish  after  exposure  to  sun  and  wind,  or 
after  being  frozen.  In  the  Adirondaclv  Mountains  I  collected  a  color 
variety  growing  with  the  species,  which  diflfered  from  it  at  every 
stage  of  its  development  by  its  cadmium-yellow  pileus.  Hygroph- 
orus  coloratus  Pic.  is  said  to  differ  from  H.  spcciosus  by  having  a 
stuffed  or  hollow  stem  and  a  partial,  floccose,  v/hite  veil.  As  the 
latter  is  sometimes  noticeable  in  the  Michigan  plants,  and  because 
of  the  soft  structure  of  the  interior  of  the  stem  in  our  plants,  I  doubt 
whether  H.  coloratus  is  more  than  a  variety  of  the  species. 

161.     Hygrophorus  hypothejus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  Plate  891. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Aualyt.,  No.  510. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  337. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  5,  Fig.  5. 

"PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  at  length  depressed 
in  center,  obtuse,  glutinous,  olive-hrown,  virgate  with  radial  fibrils, 
even,  decoming  pale,  or  citron-golden-yeUow,  tawny  after  the  dis- 
appearance of  the  olive-hroivn  superficial  gluten.  FLESH  pale 
yellowish  Avith  a  yellow  periphery,  thin.  GILLS  decurrent,  dis- 
tant, yellow  to  orange-yellow,  thickish.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  6-8 
mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed  to  hollow,  yellow  to  pale  yellowish,  glab- 
rous, glutinous,  evanescently  annulate  from  the  partial  floccose  veil. 
SPORES  cylindrical-elliptical,  smooth,  7-9x4-5  micr.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild." 

This  species  has  not  yet  come  to  my  notice  within  the  State.  It  is 
said  to  be  more  common  farther  south,  although  its  known  north- 
ern limit  should  include  Michigan.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  pine 
•woods,  and  Ricken  says  it  never  appears  until  after  the  first  frost 
in  the  autumn,  when  it  flourishes  till  the  snow  falls.  Its  yellow 
gills  distinguish  it  from  related  species.  Some  consider  H.  ful- 
igineiis  Frost  identical. 


Ig4  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

162.     Hygrophorus  olivaceoalbus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821,  and  Fung.  Trid.,  1881. 

Illustrations:    Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  PI.  92. 
Plate  XXV  of  this  Ileport. 

I'lLEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  at  first  acorn-shaped  or  rounded-cam- 
panulate,  then  convex  to  subexpanded,  umbouate,  umbo  often  obso- 
lete, covered  by  a  thick  gluten,  dark,  olive-gray,  stained  ferruginous" 
in  age,  at  length  somewhat  wrinkled  from  the  drying  gluten,  mar- 
gin at  first  involute.  FLESH  white,  thick,  rather  soft.  GILLS 
adnate  to  decurrent,  subdistant  to  close,  moderately  broad,  dis- 
tinct, white  or  slightly  incarnate,  trama  of  divergent  hyphae. 
STEM  rather  stout,  4-7  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering 
downward,  peronate  at  first  and  floccose-scaly  from  the  glutinous 
veil,  at  length  marked  by  rusty-fuscous,  subannular,  irregular 
stains,  apex  at  first  beaded  with  drops  and  densely  white-scaly- 
dotted,  solid,  subrooting  and  curved  at  base.  SPORES  broadly 
elliptical,  sniootli  or  slightly  rough-punctate,  9-12  x  6-7  micr. 
BASIDIA  elongated,  50  x  8-9  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  woods  of  oak, 
maple,  etc.    Ann  Arbor.     October.     Found  but  once. 

This  is  a  very  marked  species.  The  slieathed,  floccose  stem  with 
its  several  rings  of  staining  gluten  separates  it  from  nearby  species. 
The  base  of  the  stem  is  usually  deep  in  the  ground.  Bresadola's 
figures  sliow  a  darker  plant,  while  Gillet,  Michael  and  Ricken 
figure  a  more  slender  plant.  Tlie  colors  of  our  plants  approach 
more  nearly  those  of  the  last  three  authors. 

flection  If.  Partiales.  T'niversal  veil  none.  Partial  veil  or  cor- 
tina  ilocco.se,  adhering  to  the  involute  margin  of  the  pileus.  Stem 
dry,  aiiex  floccose-scabrous  or  subglabrous. 

This  section  corresponds  to  the  subgenus  Phlegmacium  of  the 
genus  Cortiuarius.  The  stem  is  drj'  except  when  the  gluten  of  the 
cap  falls  upon  it.  The  viscidity  of  the  pileus  is  due  to  a  gelatinous 
layer  on  its  surface  which  becomes  glutinous  in  some  species  in 
wot  weather. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  185 

m 

163.    Hygrophonis  Russula  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  MycoL,  182L  (as  Triclioloma ) . 

Illustrations:  Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  51,  p.  71,  1908.  (As 
Tricholoma  Russula.) 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f,  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II.  (as  Tricholoma  Rus- 
sula.) 

Rickeu,  Bliltterpilze,  PI.  4,  Fig,  1. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  54,  PL  77,  Fig.  1-5,  1902.  (As 
Trich  0  lorn  a  R  ussula. ) 

Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  22.  (As  Triclioloma 
Russula.) 

Plate  XXVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex,  at  length  plane  or  de- 
jjressed  with  margin  elevated-wavy,  viscid  when  moist,  pale  pink  to 
rosy-red,  somewhat  variegated,  disk  somewhat  scaly-dotted,  margin 
at  first  involute  and  floccose-pruinose.  FLESH  compact,  thick, 
white  or  at  length  reddish-tinged.  GILLS  rounded  behind,  at 
length  spuriously  decurrent,  narrow,  acuminate  at  ends,  thickish, 
white  at  first  then  reddish-spotted,  irama  of  divergent  liyphae. 
STEM  stout,  usually  sliort,  3-7  cm.  long,  15-25  mm.  thick,  firm,  solid, 
dry,  equal  or  subventricose,  apex  white-flocculose,  vliite,  'becoming 
reddish  in  age.  SPORES  narrowly  elliptical,  apiculate,  smooth, 
white  in  mass.  BASIDIA  slender,  elongated,  45  x  5-0  micr.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  caespitose  in  troops.  On  the  ground,  among  leaves, 
in  frondose  woods  of  oak,  maple,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit, 
Marquette,  New  Richmond  and  throughout  the  State.  September- 
X'ovember.     Common. 

This  Hygrophorus  has  usually  been  placed  with  the  Tricholomas 
with  which  it  has  some  aftinity;  but  the  character  of  the  gills, 
which  are  somewhat  waxy  and  whose  trama  is  composed  of  diver- 
gent hyphae,  the  attenuated  lower  part  of  the  basidia  and  its  gen- 
eral characters  ally  it  much  better  to  Hygrophorus  where  Quelet 
and  Ricken  also  place  it.  The  involute,  slightly  floccose  margin  of 
the  pileus  is  similar  to  that  of  H.  pndorinus.  It  often  occurs  in 
troops  in  late  autumn,  when  it  is  covered  by  leaves  which  it  pushes 
up  so  as  to  form  humps  which  betray  its  presence.  It  is  among 
the  very  best  of  edible  mushrooms,  especially  after  cold  weather 
sets  in,  at  which  time  it  is  free  from  grubs.  The  bright  color  is 
similar  to  that  of  some  Rnssulas,  hence  the  specific  name.     Tricho- 


186  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

loina  ruhicunda  Pk.  is  doubtless  //.  Russula  iu  spite  of  the  argument 
for  its  autonomy  b}-  E.  M.  Williams  in  the  Plant  World,  Vol.  4,  p. 
9,  1901.  Jl.  eruhcsccns  Fr.  is  similarly  colored,  but  consistently  of 
a  dilVerent  habit,  long  stemmed  and  narrow-capped.  The  latter 
species  as  I  saw  it  in  Sweden,  seems  to  me  to  be  quite  distinct. 

164.     Hygrophorus  pudorinus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111..  Plate  911. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  Ko.  347. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  67,  PL  83,  1903. 
Eicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  4,  Fig.  3,  1910. 

PILEUS  2-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-campanulate,  subexpanded, 
obtuse,  viscid  when  moist,  pale  tan  color,  jnnkish-huff  or  tinged  in- 
carnate, glabrous,  even,  margin  at  first  involute  and  minutely 
downy.  FLESH  compact,  thick,  white  or  tinged  flesh-color.  GILLS 
acuminate-subdecurrent,  subdistant,  thickish,  narrow,  sometimes 
forked,  interspaces  venose,  usually  connected  at  the  stem  hy  a  nar- 
row border,  trama  of  divergent  hyphae.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  5-20 
mm.  thick,  stout,  compact,  solid,  dry,  equal  or  tapering  downward, 
white,  buff  or  incarnate-tinged,  floccose-scahroiis  at  apex,  floccose- 
fibrillose  or  glabrescent  downwards.  SPORES  cylindric-elliptical, 
smooth,  0-9x3.5-5  micr.  BASIDIA  slender,  45-50x6-7  micr.,  4- 
spored.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild.    Edible. 

Gregarious  to  caespitose.  On  the  ground,  often  among  grass, 
in  hemlock  or  frondose  woods  or  thickets.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit, 
New  Riclimond.     September-November.     Frequent. 

This  is  a  variable  species  with  us  as  regards  size  and  coloration. 
Late  in  the  season  a  small  form  appears  (form  minor)  which  has 
always  a  wliite  stem,  and  forms  considerable  patches  in  oak  woods. 
It  is  possible  that  this  form  is  H.  arhustivus  Fr.  In  the  typical 
and  luxuriant  specimens  of  H.  pndoririus  the  stem  is  tinged  flesh- 
color  to  pale  isabelline.  Occasional  specimens  are  larger  than  the 
sizes  given  above,  Avhich  are  made  to  include  form  minor.  All  of 
these  are  delicious  food. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  187 

165.     Hygrophorus  sordidus  Pk.     (Edible) 

Torrey  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  25,  1898. 

Illustratious :     Hard,  Muslirooms,  Fig.  170,  p.  220,  1908. 
Plate  XXVII  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  large,  8-lG  ciu.  broad,  couvex-expanded  to  plane,  firm, 
viscid  wheu  moist,  pure  white,  rarely  tinged  yellowish-buff,  gla- 
brous, even,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  slightly  floccose.  FLESH 
compact  or  somewhat  soft,  white,  thick.  GILLS  adnate  to  decur- 
rent,  subdistant,  rather  broad  in  middle,  attenuate  at  both  ends, 
ichite,  slightly  yellowish  in  age,  waxy,  interspaces  sometimes  veined, 
trama  of  divergent  hyphae.  STEM  stout,  6-10  cm.  long,  15-30  mm. 
thick,  short,  solid,  dry,  equal  or  attenuated  downwards,  white, 
glabrous  or  obscurely  fioccose-mealy  at  apex,  even.  SPORES  ellip- 
tical, smooth,  C-8  X  1-5  micr.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  among  leaves  in  frondose  woods  of 
maple,  oak,  etc.  September-November.  Ann  Arbor,  Xew  Richmond. 
Frequent  localh'. 

This  is  the  largest  and  finest  of  the  genus.  Small  individuals 
may  be  confused  with  Tricholoma  resplendens,  but  due  regard  to 
broader  pileus,  shorter  stem  and  the  waxy  gills  which  are  de- 
current  in  expanded  plants,  will  distinguish  it  at  once. 
Microscopically  the  divergent  hyphae  of  the  gills,  as  well  as 
the  basidia,  are  a  certain  distinction.  It  has  been  met  with  for  a 
series  of  years,  every  autumn,  and  is  consistently  a  large  white 
plant,  so  that  it  can  hardly  be  referred  to  H.  pudormus.  When 
young,  a  floccose  cortina  is  present.  The  universal  veil  is  entirely 
lacking.  It  is  edible,  and  vies  with  any  mushroom  in  its  abundant 
flesh  and  pleasant  flavor.  The  pileus  is  sometimes  quite  obscured 
by  adhering  leaves  or  dirt. 

166.     Hygrophorus  fusco-albus  Fr.  var.  occindentalis  var.  nov. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  Plate  890. 
Plate  XXVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  at  length  i^lane  or  de- 
pressed, viscid  when  moist,  Mvid  graijish-iroivn  to  irownish-ashy, 
sometimes  blackish  on  disk,  glabrous,  even,  becoming  fragile,  mar- 
gin at  first  involute  and  floccose-downy.    FLESH  white,  rather  thin, 


ISS  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

lather  soft.  (JILLS  adnate  to  decurreiit,  siibdistant  to  close,  rather 
iKirroir,  creamy-white,  interspaces  venose,  trama  of  divergent 
hiiphuc.  STEM  slender,  rarely  stout,  3-7  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick 
I  rarely  lOli'  iiuii. ),  equal  or  tapering  downward,  dry,  solid,  straight, 
»)!•  curved  at  Itase,  sometimes  Hexuous,  rather  fragile,  apex  floccose- 
scabrous,  floccose-prumose  elsewhere,  glabrescent,  ichite  or  pallid. 
SPOKES  elliptical,  smooth,  0-8  x  3.5-4.5  micr.,  Avhite.  BASIDIA 
slender,  3G-38  x  G-7  micr.,  4-sp()red.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

(Jregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  oak  woods.  Ann 
Arbor,  Detroit.     October.     Infrequent. 

This  plant  has  been  found  in  several  places  in  successive  years. 
It  is  well-marked,  but  ditfei-s  in  some  respects  from  the  published 
descriptions  and  figures  of  H.  fusco-alhus.  It  appears  that  there 
is  no  unanimity  among  European  mycologists  as  to  this  species. 
It  was  first  figured  by  Lasch.  Ricken  figures  it  as  a  stout  plant 
with  a  viscid  stem  and  says  the  stem  is  glutinous-peronate.  This 
departs  M'idely  from  the  description  of  Fries,  Gillet,  Massee  and 
others.  Cooke's  figure  more  nearly  depicts  our  plant.  Fries  says 
the  gills  are  broad,  but  in  our  specimens  they  were  always  rather 
nan-ow.  I'eck  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  IIG)  has  included  it  under 
//.  fusco-albus,  in  the  sense  of  Fries,  in  his  monograph.  The  spores 
of  our  plant  are  slightly  smaller  than  given  by  Peck,  and  much 
smaller  than  those  given  by  Cooke  and  Massee.  In  view  of  these 
discrepancies  and  differences,  it  has  seemed  best  to  bestow  on  our 
plant  at  least  a  varietal  position.  It  seems  to  come  halfway  be- 
tween H.  fnsco-all)iis  and  H.  livido-albus.  The  partial  fioccose  veil 
disappears  early  except  on  the  involtite  edge  of  the  pileus.  The 
stem  is  delicately  floccose  and  entirely  dry  when  fresh  or  young. 

167.     Hygrophoius  leporinvs  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  183G-38. 

Illustiation:     Cooke.  111.,  PI.  930. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  at  first  oval-campanula te,  at  length  ex- 
panded-]»lane,  obtuse,  often  gibbous  or  irregular,  opaque,  rufous- 
testaceous  i(»  fulvous-rufescent,  rariegated  with  a  white,  hoary,  silk- 
iness  when  young,  especially  on  margin,  provided  with  a  subviscid, 
separable,  thin  i)ellicle,  becoming  sidifibrillose  or  subvirgate. 
FLESn  thick,  compact  on  disk,  abruptly  thin  on  margin,  firm,  pal-, 
lid.  tinged  rnfescent  to  rufous-fulvous.  GILLS  nrciMiie-decurreiit, 
rigid,   thirl,-.   .snfxIixliDi t.  distinct,   attennate   at   both   ends,   frrniqi- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  189 

nous-fulvous  to  gilrous,  pniiiiosc,  trama  divergent.  STEM  3-8  cm. 
broad,  siibeqiial  or  tapering  downward,  attenuated  at  hase,  often 
curved,  rigid,  8-16  mm.  thick  above,  at  first  with  an  appressed, 
glaucous  silkiness,  glabrescent,  innately  fibrous  and  shining,  solid, 
rufesccnt  within  and  without.  SPOKES  narrowl}^  elliptic-lanceo- 
late to  ovate,  smooth,  7-9  x  4  micr.,  white.  BASIDIA  very  slender, 
about  G0x4  micr.     ODOK  none.     TASTE  mild. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  among  fallen  leaves  in 
frondose  woods.     October.     Ann  Arbor.     Kare. 

I  have  referred  this  large,  well-marked  plant  to  the  above  species 
on  the  strength  of  Cooke's  figure,  but  with  some  hesitancy.  It 
agrees  well  with  that  illustration.  //.  Icporinus  is  usually  placed 
under  the  subgenus  Camarophyllus,  but  the  divergent  gill-trama  of 
our  plant  indicates  plainly  its  position  in  my  grouping.  The  spore- 
measurements  do  not  agree  with  those  given  by  others.  Massee 
says  they  are  subgiobose,  5-6  micr.;  Eicken  desclibes  them  as 
cylindric-elliptical,  like  ours,  but  smaller,  5-6  x  4  micr.,  which  approx- 
imates somewhat  closely.  Berkeley"  says  spores  of  H.  leporinus 
are  umber-colored;  this  is  manifestly  an  error.  The  rather  rigid 
habit  and  color  suggest  a  large  and  deeply  colored  CUtoci/he  lac- 
cata,  but  otherwise  they  have  nothing  in  common.  The  whole 
plant  is  more  or  less  salmon-rufescent  in  color.  The  trama  of  the 
gills  is  composed  of  slender,  diverging,  compact  hyphae,  5-7  micr. 
in  diameter.  The  trama  of  the  pileus  is  also  pseudo-prosenchymat- 
ous,  i.  e.,  of  narrow,  compact  hyphae.  The  species  is  variable  in  size 
and  stout  even  when  young.  It  is  not  found  till  late  fall.  It  may 
turn  out  to  be  distinct. 

SUBGENUS  CAMAROPHYLLUS.  Veil  none.  Trama  of  gills 
of  inter icoven  lii/pJiae.  Pileus  and  stem  usually  dry.  Stem  gla- 
brous or  fibrillose,  not  scabrous-punctate  at  the  apex. 

Although  this  subgenus  was  separated  by  Fries  from  the  sub- 
genus Hygrocybe  on  account  of  its  ''firm,  non-viscid"  pileus,  he 
nevertheless,  placed  under  it  a  number  of  thin,  viscid  species  like 
H.  fornicatus,  H.  iiiveus,  etc.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  such  typical 
species  of  this  group  as  H.  pratensis  and  H.  virgineus  have  a  gill- 
trama  of  interwoven  hyphae,  and  typical  species  of  the  subgenus 
Hygrocybe  have  a  gill-trama  of  parallel  hypliae,  it  seems  that  we 
have  here  a  fundamental  and  natural  separation  of  the  two  groups, 
as  was  insisted  on  by  Fayod  (Ann.  d.  Sci.  Nat.,  7  Ser.,  Vol.  0,  p. 
305).  Thus,  despite  the  statement  of  Peck  and  Earle,  the  dry  char- 
acter of  the  pileus  cannot  be  retained  to  characterize  this  subgenus. 


19Q  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

168.     Hygrophorus  pratensis  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  IHT  and  932. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  7,  Fig.  2. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  345. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PI.  9,  Fig.  11-12,  1909. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  27,  Fig.  1. 
l>efk,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  Bot.  ed.,  PI.  28,  Fig.  11-17, 
1896. 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  disk  compact,  convex,  siibexpanded,  often 
turbinate,  obtuse  or  umbonate,  glabrous,  even,  reddish-fuh-ous  or 
pale  iannij,  moist  when  fresh,  not  viscid,  margin  thin.  FLESH 
wliite  or  tinged  like  pileus.  GILLS  decurrent,  distant,  thick,  whit- 
ish, yellowish  or  tinged  like  pilens,  intervenose,  very  broad  in  the 
middle,  trama  of  interwoven  hyphae.  STEM  short,  4-7  cm.  long, 
7-12  mm.  thick,  equal  or  narrowed  downwards,  glahrons,  even,  per- 
sistently stuffed,  white  or  tinged  like  the  pilens.  SPORES  G-8  x 
4-."'».r)  iiiici-.,  broadly  elliptical  or  elliptic-ovate,  smooth,  white. 
BASIDIA  slender,  40-42  x  5-G  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Solitary,  gregarious  or  caespitose.  On  the  ground,  woods,  thick- 
ets, gras.sy  jdaces,  etc.  Marquette,  Houghton,  Bay  View,  New  Rich- 
mond. Ann  Arbor,  etc.  Most  common  apparently  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State;  mostly  in  frondose  woods.  July-October.  Fre- 
quent. 

Var.  pallid  us.     Plant  whitish   (Detroit). 

Var.  cinereus.  Plant  cinereous  or  stem  whitish.  Otherwise  like 
the  typical  form. 

The  dry  surface  of  the  pileus  often  becomes  rimnlose  in  expanded 
plants  from  the  cracking  of  the  cuticle.  Such  a  condition  is  shown 
in  Hard's  Fig.  103,  Plate  24,  op.  page  204;  in  other  respects  that 
illustration  does  not  show  the  characteristic  top-shaped  pileus  of 
the  jdant,  nor  the  short  stubby  stem.  It  is  distingnishable  by  its 
glabi-ous  cap  and  stem,  its  top-shaped  pileus  and  the  compact  flesh 
of  the  center  of  the  cap.  It  grows  more  often  in  exposed,  grassy 
places  than  onr  other  Hygrophori. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  191 

169.     Hygrophorus  virgineus  Fr.  var.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  175,  p.  219,  1908. 
Peck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  52,  Fig.  8-12,  1900. 
Mcllvaine,  Aiiiericaii  Mushiooms,  PI.  37,  Fig  G,  p.  140,  1900. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  892. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  351. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex,  often  plane  to  depressed,  dry,  ob- 
scurel}'  pruiuose,  even  white,  margin  thin.  FLESH  thick  in  center 
of  cap,  white.  GILLS  decurrent,  close  to  subdistant,  thickish,  white 
or  at  lengtli  tinged  cream-flesh  color,  scarcely  ever  forked  or  veined, 
trama  of  interwoven  hypliae.  STEM  short,  2-4  cm.  long,  6-10  mm. 
thick,  equal  or  tapering  either  way,  solid,  white  within  and  with- 
out, (jlatrous,  even.  SPORES  narrowly  ovate  or  elliptic-ovate, 
smooth,  0-8x3.5-4  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  sandy  ground,  in  mixed,  open  woods 
of  pine,  beech  and  maple.  New  Richmond,  Detroit.  September- 
October.     Found  infrequently. 

This  species,  it  is  said,  is  to  be  looked  for  among  grass  in 
meadows,  etc.,  but  the  writer  has  not  found  it  in  such  localities.  The 
description  applies  to  the  American  form,  which  is  usually  smaller, 
its  cap  is  rarely  distinguished  by  rimose  cracks,  and  the  spores  are 
smaller  than  given  for  the  European  plant.  The  recorded  European 
spore-measurements  vary  from  8-10  x  5  to  10-12  x  0-7  micr.  Our  plant 
is  probably  a  distinct  variety  if  not  a  species.  It  has  also  closer 
gills  than  the  type.  It  is  hard  to  distinguish  from  the  pallid  variety 
of  H.  pratensis  except  for  its  narrower  spores,  and  less  umbonate 
or  turbinate  pileus,  which  is  commonly  pure  white. 

170.     Hygrophorus  niveus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  183G-38. 

Illustrations :     Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  111.  No.  89. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  7,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  900. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex  or  campanulate  at  first,  then 
plane,  uuittilicate,  hygrophanous-white,  glabrous,  slightly  viscid, 
striatulate  when  moist.  FLESH  thin,  v.iiite.  GILLS  decurrent, 
distant,    narrow,    white,    thin,    subvenose,    trama    of    interwoven 


192  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

hvphae.  tSTEM  2-8  cm.  loug,  2-5  mm.  thick,  stuffed  then  usually 
hollow,  equal  or  tapering  downward,  white,  ghibrous,  SPORES 
broadly  elliptical,  smooth.  7-8  x  5-G  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
BASIDIA  40-45x5-0  micr.,  slender.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.  On  moist  ground  in  low  woods  or  on  mosses  in 
swamps.  Ann  Arbor,  2sew  Richmond,  Marquette.  Throughout  the 
State.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

Most  of  our  collections  were  composed  of  small  plants,  with 
slender  stems  often  only  2  mm.  thick.  The  pileus  varies  from  truly 
convex  to  canipanulate  in  the  same  patch.  In  some  localities  the 
pileus  was  tinged  a  slight  cream-color,  but  otherwise  the  plant  was 
the  same.  The  umbilicus  is  sometimes  obsolete.  The  pileus  has  a 
thin  snbviscid  pellicle.  This  species,  with  us,  differs  from  H. 
horealis  in  its  more  slender  habit  and  its  pileus,  which  is  very  thin 
and  umbilicate  on  the  disk.  It  is  rather  tough,  and  when  moist  the 
pileus  is  slightly  viscid. 

171.     Hygrophonis  borealis  Pk.     (Edible) 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

PILEUS  1-3.5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  subexpanded,  obtuse,  moist, 
glabrous,  even,  white.  FLESH  thickish  on  disk,  thin  elsewhere, 
concolor.  GILLS  decurrent,  arcuate,  distant,  intervenose,  white. 
STEM  slender,  2-5  cm.  loug,  2-5  mm.  thick,  firm,  equal  or  tapering 
downward,  straight  or  flexuous,  stuffed,  white,  glabrous.  SPORES 
7-9  x  5-0  micr..  broadlv  elliptical.     ODOR  none.     TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  moist  ground  in  swamps  or 
Avoods  of  birch,  maple,  hemlock,  etc.  Marquette,  New  Richmond, 
Ann  Arbor.  August-October.  Infrequently  found,  but  probably 
commou  in  our  northern  Avoods. 

This  is  a  slightly  larger  and  firmer  species  than  the  preceding. 
Its  pileus  is  rarely  striate  and  is  not  viscid.  It  is,  however,  closely 
related  to  77,  nivcus.  No  data  are  at  hand  to  determine  what  mav 
be  the  structure  of  the  gill-trama. 

Var.  suhhorralis,  var.  uov.  A  plant  has  been  found  which  simu- 
lates Jf.  horealis,  whose  spores  are  markedly  larger.  If  these  prove 
to  be  constant,  it  deserves  to  be  considered  a  separate  species.  The 
full  description  follows: 

PILET\S  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex,  broadly  umbonate,  obtuse  or 
sometimes  depressed-umbilicate,  thick  on  disk,  firm,  watery  Avhite, 
suh-hyc/rophanous,  not  shining,  (jlahrons,  even,  the  thin  margin  at 
first  slightly  incurved,  at  length  spreading.    FLESH  white.   GILLS 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  193 

(lecurrent,  distant,  veined,  forked,  coucolor,  trama  of  iuterwpven 
liyphae.  STEM  34  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  thick,  tapering  downward, 
dull  white,  stutfed  then  hollow,  glabrous  or  innately  silky-fibrillose. 
SPORES  cylindric-cUiptivaJ,  smooth,  10-12  (rarely  13)  x  4-5.5  micr. 
BASIDIA  slender,  15-50  x  G-7  micr.,  Avith  sterigmata  about  G  micr. 
long.    ODOR  none.     TASTE  mild. 

Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.     August-October. 

172.     Hygrophorus  ceraceus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Michael,  Fiilirer  f .  Pilzfreunde  I,  No.  33. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  174,  p.  218. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  904   (Bj. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PL  27,  Fig.  2.  . 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  convex-capmauulate,  obtuse,  soft  and 
fragile,  viscous,  pale  ceraceus  to  lemon-yellow,  sometimes  tinged 
orange^  not  pallesoent,  pellucid-striate,  glabrous.  FLESH  coucolor, 
fragile.  GILLS  broadly  adnate  to  subdecurrent,  broad  behind  to 
subtriangular,  thickish,  subdistant,  pale  yellowish  oi'  whitish,  trama 
of  interwoven  liyphae.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal, 
terete  or  compressed,  hollow,  glabrous,  slightly  viscid,  soon  dry, 
shining-undulate,  waxy-yellow,  sometimes  tinged  orange.  SPORES 
6-8  X  4  micr.,  short-elliptic,  smooth.     CYSTIDIA  none. 

Gregarious.  On  moist  ground,  in  woods  of  the  northern  and 
western  part  of  the  State.     July-September.     Frequent. 

This  little  species  is  usually  placed  under  the  subgenus  Hy- 
grocybe,  but  the  interwoven  hyphae  of  the  gills  bar  it.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  H.  nitidus,  a  very  similar  species,  by  the  color  of 
the  cap  not  fading  as  in  that  species;  and  from  H.  chlorophanus 
by  the  broadly  adnate  or  subdecurrent  gills.  It  seems  to  prefer 
the  region  of  conifer  woods,  although  it  is  not  necessarily  found 
only  among  conifers. 

173.     Hygrophorus  colemannianus  Blox. 

Outlines  of  British  Fungology,  Berkeley,  1860. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  903. 

Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  2,  PL  125. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  7,  Fig.  5. 
Plate  XXIX  of  this  Report. 

25 


19  J  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

l'llJ:rs  1..')  1  (III.  liroad.  convex  with  obtuse  umbo,  finally  tur- 
binate aud  plaue  to  depressed,  hygrophanous,  with  a  thin,  separable, 
subviscid  pellicle,  even  or  at  length  pellucid-striate,  glabrous,  livid 
rufescent  then  hrownish- flesh  color,  margin  soon  spreading. 
FJJOSII  Ihin  except  disk,  rather  fragile,  concolor.  GILLS  deciir- 
rctit  from  the  first,  distant,  not  broad,  acuminate  at  ends,  veiy 
vciiiv,  wliitisli.  liiigcd  giayifsli-brown,  tnuna  of  iiitcncovcn  hypJiae. 
STI:M  o-G  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  elastic,  in- 
nately librillose-striatulate,  apex  naked,  stufifed  or  at  length  hollow, 
irhitis-h.  Si'OKIOS  broadly  elliptical,  smooth,  ()-9  x  5-6  micr.,  white. 
15ASII)1A  slciidcr.  Ml  x  (i  iiiicr..  1-sporcd.  (^^STIDIA  none.  ODOK 
n(.ne.     TASTi:  mild. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  mossy  or  grassy  moist 
places,  in  low  woods  or  edge  of  swamps.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Eich- 
mond.     Infrequent. 

Hrcsadola  gives  a  good  figure,  though  our  plants  average  smaller 
than  Ills.  It  has  the  shape  of  H.  pratcnsis  but  is  hygrophanous  and 
thinner,  and  must  not  be  confused  with  the  gray  variety  of  that 
species.  It  prefers  springy  or  moist  places.  The  entire  lack  of  odor 
separates  it  from  IT.  foetens  Phil,  and  H.  peckianus  Howe. 

174.     Hygrophorus  pallidas  Pk. 
Torrcy  Jiot.  Club,  Bull.  213.  p.  6!).  VMYl. 
Illustration:     Plate  XXIX  of  this  Ileport. 

I'lLIOrS  2  (■»  cm.  hioad,  couvex-campanulate,  then  expanded- 
|»lane  to  subdepressed,  subturbinate,  hygroplianous,  glabrous, 
smoky-violaceous  or  smoky-lilac  ivhen  fresh  and  moist,  fading  to 
]»ale  gray,  with  a  thin  gelatinous  pellicle,  subviscid  when  moist,  soon 
dry  and  shining,  even.  FLESH  white,  rather  thin.  GILLS  arcuate- 
adnate  to  decurrent,  distant,  not  broad,  intervenose,  colored  like 
(he  i/ilcus  when  moist,  at  length  whitish  or  grayish-white,  trama  of 
interwoven  hyphae.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  thick,  slender  or 
stout,  equal  or  narrowed  downwards,  slightly  fibrillose  or  glabrous, 
apex  naked,  at  first  stuped  hy  a  large  soft  pith  ivhich  disappears, 
at  length  hollow  and  easily  splitting,  white  or  pale  silvery-gray. 
ST'OKFS  ovate-subglobose,  smooth,  5-6.5x4-5  micr.  '  BASIDIA 
short,  30x6-7  micr.     ODOK  none.     TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  solitaiy.  On  moist  ground  in  low  woods  or 
sw.iinjjs.  Ann  Arbor,  Marquette,  Negaunee,  *  New  Richmond. 
IJather  rare. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  195 

A  beautiful  Hj'grophorus  wheu  fresh  and  moist,  but  very  variable 
in  the  degree  of  color  and  viscidity.  The  deep  color  and  the  vis- 
cidity of  the  pileus  disappear  quickly  on  exposure  to  the  wind,  caus- 
ing it  to  appear  like  quite  a  different  plant.  The  gelatinous  cuticle 
can,  however,  be  demonstrated  in  all  conditions  by  means  of  the 
microscoi)e.  Examples  of  our  specimens  were  seen  b}'  Simon 
Davis,  who  collected  the  type  specimens  which  were  named  by 
Peck.  Hi/gropliorus  snbviohiceous  Pk.  is  very  close  to  it,  according 
to  the  description,  differing  only  in  its  solid  stem;  Peck  has,  how- 
ever, referred  it  to  the  subgenus  Limacium.  I  suspect  that  H. 
caerulescen.s  B.  &  C.  is  the  same  plant. 

SUBGENUS  HYGROCYBE.  Veil  none.  Trama  of  gills  of  parallel 
hypliae.  Entire  fungus  thin,  watery-succulent,  fragile.  Pileus  vis- 
cid when  moist,  shining  when  dry,  rarely  floccose-scaly.  Stem  hol- 
low, not  scabrous-punctate  at  apex. 

Most  specimens  of  this  subgenus  are  brightly  colored,  are  soft,  aud 
grow  in  moist  or  wet  places.  As  no  data  are  at  hand  concerning 
the  gill-trama  of  several  species,  these  have  been  included  tem- 
porarily under  the  subgenus  Hjgrocybe. 

175.     Hygrophorus  miniatus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  171,  p.  215. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PL  X,  p.  60,  1903. 
I»eck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  liep.  48,  PI.  28,  Fig.  1-10,  1891. 
White,  Conn.  State  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  15,  PL  18,  1910. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  921  (A). 
Eicken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  8,  Fig.  9. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex-subexpanded,  at  length  umhilicate, 
never  viscid,  vermillion,  reddish-yellow  or  yellow,  fading,  minutely 
tonie?itose,  at  length  minutely  scaly,  sometimes  glabrous,  even, 
fragile.  FLESH  thin,  yellowish  to  pale.  GILLS  adnate  to  subde- 
current,  subdistant,  orange-red  or  yellow,  at  length  paler,  thickish, 
trama  of  parallel  hyphae.  STEM  2-7  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  equal, 
almost  c^dindrical,  orange-red  or  yellow,  stuffed,  at  last  lioUow, 
dry,  glabrous.  SPOKES  variable,  broadly  elliptical,  7-9.5  x  5-G  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Yar.    Cantherellus    Schw.     {Hygrophorus    Cantherellus     Schw.) 
Stem  longer  and  more  slender,  pileus  narrower,  gills  a  little  more 
decurreut,  s]>ores   the   same. 


196  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Illiistratious  of  the  variety: 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  165,  p.  208,  1908. 

Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  27,  Fig.  9. 

Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  X.  p.  60,  1903. 

Peck.  X.  V.  State  .^lus.  Jiep.  5i,  PI.  7(5,  Fig.  8-20,  1901. 

The  var.  CantlicreJhis  is  much  more  common  with  us  than  the 
type,  but  it  iutergrades  so  much  that  it  is  often  difficult  to  decide 
on  the  identity.  The  characters  usually  given  for  its  separation, 
viz.,  the  decurrent  gills,  minutely  scaly  pileus  and  slender  stem,  do 
not  always  hold  good,  so  that  it  can  hardly  be  an  autonomous  species. 
Numerous  collections  show  all  possible  combinations,  although  the 
commonest  type  in  Michigan  is  the  plant  with  narrow  pileus  and  a 
stem  2-3  mm.  thick  and  5-7  cm.  long.  A  number  of  color  forms  of 
both  have  been  named  as  varieties:  (a)  with  red  or  orange  cap 
and  yellow  stem;  (b)  with  yellow  pileus  and  red  stem;  (c)  Avith 
both  stem  and  pileus  pale  yellow.  Var.  sphagnopliilus  Pk.  is  more 
marked,  grows  in  sphagnum  bogs,  is  very  fragile  and  the  white 
base  of  the  stem  is  imbedded  and  attached  to  the  moss.  The  spores 
of  the  whole  series  are  rather  variable,  even  in  the  same  collection, 
but  fall  within  the  limits  given  above.  Massee  and  Cooke  give  the 
spore  lengths  a  little  large  for  our  plants.  The  color  varies  greatly 
and  fades  in  age. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  moist  conifer  or 
frondose  woods  or  on  mosses.  Throughout  the  State.  June-Octo- 
ber.    Quite  common. 

176.     Hygrophorus  coccineus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Swanton,  Fungi,  PI.  9,  Fig.  4-6. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  920. 

Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  27,  Fig.  7. 
Plate  XXX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  campanulate  or  sometimes  convex, 
Hcaroely  expanded,  obtuse,  subviscid,  cherry  red  or  Uood-rcd,  fad- 
in(/,  glabrous,  even.  FLESH  thin,  fragile,  concolor.  GILLS 
arcuate  adnatc,  somtimes  with  decurrent  tooth,  suhdistant  to  dis- 
tant, orange-red  to  yellow,  at  length  glaucous,  thickish,  intervenose, 
trama  of  parallel  hyphae.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  3-9  mm.  thick,  vary- 
ing much  in  thickness,  subequal  or  tapering  downward,  often  com- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  197 

pressed  and  furrowed,  hollow,  blood  or  cherry-red,  orange  or  yellow 
at  base,  often  undulate-uneven,  naked.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical, 
7-9x5-G    niicr.     BASIDIA    40-50x6-7  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE 

none. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  low  meadows  or  moist  woods, 
thickets,  clearings,  etc.,  of  conifer  or  hardwood  regions.  Marquette, 
Houghton.  Detroit.  Throughout  the  State.  July-October.  Infre- 
quent; more  frequent  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

Among  the  largest  of  the  bright-colored  species  of  this  group, 
approaching  H.  jmniceus  in  size  in  spite  of  the  notes  of  some  au- 
thors that  it  is  smaller.  It  is  variable  in  size,  has  a  firm  appearance, 
but  is  rather  brittle.  This  is  one  of  our  most  beautiful  mushrooms 
when  well  developed.  It  is  easily  confused  with  H.  puniceus,  from 
which  it  is  to  be  separated  by  its  spores,  the  yellow  base  of  the 
stem,  the  more  distinctly  adnate  gills  and  the  entirely  glabrous 
stem.  European  authors  disagree  as  to  the  spore  sizes  of  H.  coc- 
cineus  and  H.  puniceus,  but  two  species  which  agree  in  the  other 
characters  with  the  published  descriptions  and  figures,  and  the 
spores  of  which  are  consistently  of  the  two  tyi^es  given  under  these 
two  species,  are  found  in  Michigan.  They  vary  somewhat  in  size 
in  each  case,  but  the  narrower  and  longer  spore  of  H.  puniceus  is 
well-marked: 

177.     Hygrophorus  puniceus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PL  52,  Fig.  1-5, 
1900. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  34. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  922. 

Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  27,  Fig.  5. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  8,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  obtuse,  expanded  at  length 
and  then  loavy  or  lobed,  bright  red  or  scarlet,  viscid,  fading,  gla- 
brous. FLESH  fragile,  white,  yellow  under  the  thin  separable  pel- 
licle. GILLS  narroicly  adnexed,  thick,  distant,  yellow  to  scarlet, 
intervenose,  trama  of  parallel  hyphae.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  5-12 
mm.  thick,  ventricose,  unequal  or  tapering,  hollow,  yellow,  or  scarlet 
and  yellow,  loJiite  at  the  base,  dry,  fibrillose-striute.  SPORES 
cylindrical-elliptical,  smooth,  9-12  x  4-5  micr.  BASIDIA  40-42  x  5-6 
micr.     ODOR  none,  TASTE  mild. 


198  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground,  in  moist  places,  bare 
ground,  woods,  tliickets,  etc.  August-October.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit. 
Infre<iuent. 

This  species  is  similar  to  the  preceding  in  general  appearance.  It 
is  sei)arable  from  it  by  its  large  spores,  the  slightly  adnexed  gills 
and  the  white  base  of  the  stem;  it  has  also  a  more  viscid  cap  and  a 
somewhat  librillose  stem.  It  also  diifers  from  H.  chlorapanous  in 
its  red  rolors  and  dry  stem. 

Var.  flavcsccns  Kaulf.     (Stii  Kep.  Mich.  Acad,  of  Sci..  190G.) 

PILEUS  smaller,  2-6  cm.  broad,  "luteus"  yellow,  varying  to 
orange  tints  in  places,  then  citron  j^ellow,  fragile,  convex-campanu- 
late,  expanded,  glabrous,  even,  viscid,  sometimes  wavy.  GILLS 
adnexed,  rather  broad,  close  to  sub-distant,  pale  yellow  or  nliite, 
subveiny.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick,  "hollow,  compressed, 
sulphur  or  citron-yelloAv,  'base  white,  moist,  pellueid-shimng ,  gla- 
brous, sometimes  i)ellucid-striate.  Sl'ORES  SDiallcry  6-7.5x4-5, 
elliptical. 

Gregarious,  in  wet  places,  moss,  etc.,  in  cedar  swamps  or  low 
woods,  in  northern  Michigan.     Rather  frequent. 

The  viscidity  of  the  pileus  is  not  very  marked.  It  has  much  the 
habit  and  coloring  of  H.  cMorophanous,  but  the  stem  is  never  viscid 
and  varies  in  color  to  a  distinct  citron-yellow  with  white  base,  and 
is  usually  compressed.  It  is  a  distinct  species  as  shown  by  its 
spores. 

178.     Hygrophorus  chlorophanus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

lllustralions:     Gillet.  Champignons  de  France,  No.  329. 
Fries,  Icones,  V\.  167,  Fig.  4. 
Cooke,  111.,  n.  909. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  51,  Fig.  13-20,  1900. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  27,  Fig.  3. 

PILET^S  2-5  (111.  broad,  convex  or  campanulate,  then  nearly 
plane,  (ilituse,  visc'uL  cilroii,  suli>hur  or  golden  yellow,  glabrous, 
sometimes  pellucid-striate  on  margin.  FLESH  fragile,  not  becom- 
ing black  when  bruised.  CULLS  adnexed,  ventricose,  becoming 
emarginttic,  tliiii,  sulxlistaiit.  rather  broad,  pale  citron-yellow,  trama 
of  parallel  hyphae.  STIOM  :5-7  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  or  less  in  thickness, 
equal  or  nearly  so.  sulpliiii-  or  ]);ile  citron-yellow,  unirolorous,  hoi- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  199 

low,  rarely  compressed,  viscid,  glabrous,  even.  SPORES  narrowly 
elliptical,  G-8  x  4-5  micr.,  smooth. 

Gregarious.  Low,  moist  places  in  woods.  Tlironghout  the  state. 
June-Sei)tember.     Common. 

Known  by  its  unicolorous  viscid  stem,  and  the  adnexed,  rather 
broad  gills.  The  stem  often  dries  quickly  when  exposed  to  the 
wind.  Var.  flavescens  of  the  preceding  species  is  almost  as  closely 
allied  to  this  species,  but  its  stem  is  fundamentally  distinct. 

179.     Hygrophorus  marginalus  Pk.     (Suspected) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  28,  1876. 

Illustrations:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  173,  p.  217,  1908. 
Plate  XXXI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  fragile,  irregularly  convex  or  campanu- 
late,  gibbous  at  times,  at  length  plane,  obtuse  or  broadly  umbonate, 
hygrophanons,  glabrous,  varying  golden  yelloio  to  orange  or  varie- 
gated with  olivaceous  (moist),  jading  and  pale  yellowish  (dry), 
striatulate  or  rimose  on  margin.  FLESH  thin,  fragile,  concolor. 
GrILLS  arcuate  adnate,  becoming  emarginate,  subdistant,  ventricose, 
rather  broad,  deep  yellow  or  orange,  color  persisting,  intervenose. 
STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  thick,  fragile,  hollow,  dry,  often  flexu- 
ous  or  irregularly  compressed,  glabrous,  yellow  or  tinged  orange, 
jading  to  straw-color.  SPOKES  broadly  elliptical,  smooth,  7-8  x 
4-5  micr.   (rarely  longer).     ODOR  and  TASTE  not  marked. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  low,  moist  places 
in  swamps  of  conifers  or  in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Sault  Ste. 
Marie,  Marquette,  Houghton,  Huron  Mountains.  Juh^-August.  In- 
frequent. 

The  striking  characteristic  of  this  species  is  the  orange-yellow 
gills  which  retain  their  color  even  after  drying,  while  the  pileus 
and  stem  fade  considerably;  this  is  shown  well  in  Hard's  figure. 
The  edge  of  the  gills  is  sometimes  more  deeply  colored.  The  whole 
plant  is  very  fragile,  and  it  is  difficult  to  get  good  herbarium  speci- 
mens. The  plants  found  in  the  Northern  Peninsula  were  mostly 
variegated  with  olive,  while  those  in  the  frondose  woods  of  the 
south  lacked  this  character,  which,  however,  soon  disappears  as  the 
pileus  fades.  None  of  my  specimens  were  viscid.  It  is  a  well- 
marked  species.    The  stems  are  sometimes  more  elongated. 


200  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

180.    Hygrophorus  conicus  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  IGG,  p.  209,  1908. 

White,  Conn.  State  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  3,  PI.  13,  p.  34, 

1905. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  48. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  8,  Fig.  4. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  908. 

Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  27,  Fig.  8. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  332, 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad  and  high,  conical,  unexpanded,  subacute 
at  a])ex,  often  splitting-expanded,  or  lobed  on  margin,  viscid  when 
moist,  shining  when  dry,  glabrous,  yellow,  orange  or  orange-red, 
subvirgate,  often  stained  hlack  in  age.  FLESH  concolor,  very  thin, 
becoming  black  when  bruised  or  old.  GILLS  almost  free,  ventri- 
cose,  broad,  almost  triangular  at  times,  thick,  rather  close  to  sub- 
distant,  pallid  to  sulphur-yellow,  when  old  black  stained,  trama  of 
parallel  hyphae.  STEM  3-9  cm.  long,  2-G  mm.  thick,  subcylindrical, 
soft,  dry,  fibrillose-striate,  usually  tu'isted,  hollow,  citron  to  golden 
yellow.  l)econiing  black  stained  icith  age,  splitting  longitudinally, 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  8-10  x  5-0.5  micr.,  smooth.  CYSTIDIA 
none.     BASIDIA  35-38x8  micr.,  slender. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  In  low,  moist,  conifer  or  frondose  woods, 
grassy  places,  etc.  Throughout  the  State.  May  to  October. 
(Earliest  record  May  8;  latest  October  15.)     Very  common. 

Easily  recognized  by  its  conical  pileus  and  the  blackening  flesh. 
The  whole  plant  usually  turns  black  in  drying.  It  is  not  unusual 
to  find  olive  tints  in  the  pileus,  and  the  shades  of  yellow  or  orange 
to  red  vary  much  as  the  plant  matures  or  ages.  After  having  -be- 
come rain-soaked,  the  whole  plant  is  sometimes  black. 

181.     Hygrophorus  nitidus  B.  &  C.     (Non.  Fr.) 

Centuries  of  N.  Amer.  Fungi   (Exsicatti),  see  also  Peck,  N.  Y. 
State  Mus.  Kep.  23,  1870. 

Illiistiations:     I»^^•k.  N.  Y.  St:ite  Mus.  Bull.  94,  PL  88,  Fig.  1-7, 
1 905. 
Muriill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  27.   V'vj^.  C. 

ri  LIN'S  \--l~)  (III.  broad,  fragile,  convex,  iiinbUicate,  viscid  when 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  201 

moist,  icax-yellow  to  lemon-yellow,  wJiltish  ivhen,  dry,  pellucid- 
striatulafe  and  shining  when  moist,  glabrous.  GILLS  arcuate,  de- 
current,  distant,  pale  yellow,  intervenose.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  2-4 
mm.  thick,  slender,  fragile,  hollow,  equal  or  narrowed  downwards, 
sometimes  flexuous,  viscid  at  first,  wax-yellow,  at  length  whitish. 
SPORES  elliptical,  6-7  x  3-4  micr.    ODOR  and  TASTE  not  marked. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  swamps  or  low 
woods  in  the  conifer  regions  of  the  State.  Marquette,  Houghton, 
Huron  Mountains,  New  Richmond.  July  to  September.  Frequent 
locally. 

A  slender  Hygrophorus  whose  cap  and  often  also  the  stem,  fade 
considerably  on  drying.  This  characteristic  distinguishes  it  from 
H.  ccraccKS.  It  has  hitlierto  been  found  only  in  mixed  woods  of 
hemlock,  birch  and  maple  or  of  maple  and  oalc  in  the  northern  and 
western  parts  of  the  state.  The  gills  are  usually  quite  decurrent, 
narrowed  to  a  point  on  tlie  stem,  and  their  persistent  color  contrasts 
markedly  witli  that  of  the  stem  and  pileus  as  the  plant  dries.  There 
is  no  universal  viscous  veil  as  in  the  plant  of  the  same  name  de- 
scribed bA^  Fries.     The  latter  plant  is  now  called  H.  friesii  Sacc. 

182.     Hygrophorus  laetus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Mtc.  1821. 

Illustrations:     Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.   S,  Fig.  8, 
Fries,  Icones,  PI.  1G7,  Fig.  2. 
Cooke.  111..  PI.  938. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France.  Xo.  338. 

"PILEUS  1.5-3  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  suhohiiise,  viscid  when 
moist,  shining,  tmoiy.  not  fadinf/,  })ellucid-striate.  FLESH  con- 
color  or  paler,  toitf/h.  thin.  GILLS  subdecurrent,  broadly  adnate, 
subtrianguhir,  distant,  thin,  yellow,  greenish-yellow,  grayish-yellow 
or  at  length  pale  orange.  STEM  slender,  3-5  cm.  long,  3-6  mm. 
thick,  tough,  glabrous,  i:ery  viscid,  equal,  tawny,  undulate-uneven. 
SPORES  elliptical,  6-7  x  4  micr.  BASIDIA  30  x  5-6  micr.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  not  marked." 

Gregarious.  In  meadows,  pastures,  cedar  swamps,  etc.  Lewis- 
ton,  Houghton.  -luly-August.  I  have  given  Ricken's  description. 
Doubtless  it  is  often  confused  with  H.  peckii.  The  dry  state  of  the 
latter  seems  to  imitate  it.  and  differs  only  in  its  fragility,  the  sub- 
umbilicate  pileus,  and  gills  which  are  at  first  whitish. 


202  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

183.     Hygrophorus  peckii  Atk. 
Jour.  o\-  .Al.vn.l..  Vnl.  8.  li)(»2. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  fragile,  convex-plaue,  hroadhj  umhilicate 
or  depressed,  glntinons  wheu  moist,  color  varying  pale  yellowish- 
flesh  color,  jiiiikish  or  vinaccous-buff,  rarely  tinged  greenish,  gla- 
brous, pellucid-striatulate  when  moist,  fading  somewhat  on  drying. 
GILLS  arcuate-decurrent.  distant,  rather  broad,  whitish  to  pale 
flesh  color,  trama  of  jiarallel  hyphae.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
thick,  slender,  equal,  very  viscid,  shining,  concolor,  rarely  greenish 
at  apex,  hollow,  terete,  even.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  G-8  x  5 
micr.     ODOR  present  or  absent;  taste  mild. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground,  moss,  etc.,  of  low,  wet 
woods  or  swamjis  of  cedar  and  balsam  in  northern  Michigan, 
maple  and  oak  woods  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  Isle  Roy- 
ale,  Marquette,  New  Richmond.  Ann  Arbor,  etc.  July-August, 
rarely  September.     Frequent. 

Tills  is  much  more  common  apparently  than  //.  lactus,  and  may 
represent  an  American  variety  of  that  species.  It  differs  from  ff. 
psitticinus  by  the  form  of  the  pileus;  in  that  species  it  is  obtuse 
or  umbonate,  and  the  green  color  persists  longer  and  is  practically 
always  present  in  the  young  plant,  Avhile  in  H.  peckii  the  green 
tinge  is  rare.  Both  these  species  are  very  slippery  on  the  stem  and 
cap  when  fresh  or  young. 

184.     Hygrophorus  psitticinus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  8,  Fig.  6. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  No.  65. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PI.  9,  Fig.  7-8,  1000. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  910. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  34G. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  27,  Fig.  4. 

T'lLEUS  l-;>  cm.  broad,  cumpannlaie,  then  convex-expanded  or 
plane,  nmhonatr  or  ohtuse.  glutinous  and  slippery,  at  first  parrot- 
green,  III  Icii'^ih  \;iiviiiLi  livid-reddish,  pinkish-flesh  color  or 
dingy  cit  iMHi-vcllowisli.  pcllncid-xtriate.  FLESH  thin,  sulironcnlor. 
GILLS  adnate,  ventricose.  thick,  snbdistant,  greenish  or  incarnate- 
reddisli  to  yellowish,  intervenose,  trama  of  ]>arallel  hyphae.     STEM 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  •  203 

4-7  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  equal,  tourjliish,  even,  very  viscid  when 
fresh,  glabrous,  undulate-uneven,  subpellucid,  green  above,  usually 
tinged  reddish-orange,  flesh-colored  or  yellowish  elsewhere,  hollow. 
SPORES  short  elliptical,  sm'ooth  6-7.5x4-5  micr.  BASIDIA 
slender,  36-40  x  5-0  micr. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  low,  mossy  woods 
or  swamps,  or  in  grassy  places.  Marquette,  Houghton,  New  Rich- 
mond, Detroit,  Ann  Arbor.  Throughout  the  State.  July-October. 
Rather  frequent. 

This  striking  species  is  one  of  the  few  bright  green  mushrooms. 
As  in  the  case  of  Stropharia  aeruginosa  and  PhoUota  aeruginosa, 
it  is  always  a  delight  to  come  across  this  beautiful  little  plant. 
The  green  color  soon  fades  out  when  exposed  to  the  wind  and 
light,  whereas  those  individuals  which  are  protected  by  leaves,  etc., 
retain  this  color  for  some  time.  There  is  no  cortina  in  the  young 
stage,  and  the  gluten  is  derived  from  the  cuticle  of  the  pileus  and 
stem ;  otherwise,  except  for  the  structure  of  the  gill-trama,  it  might 
be  confused  with  the  subgenus  Limacium.  Its  colors  are  sufficiently 
characteristic  in  the  early  stage  to  prevent  anyone  from  confusing 
it  with  other  Hygrojjhori. 

185.     Hygrophorus  unquinosus  Fr. 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  924. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  350. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  fragile,  hemispherical-campanulate,  then 
subexpanded,  obtuse,  gray  or  smoky  brown,  glabrous,  pellucid 
striate,  very  viscid,  radiate-wrinkled  in  age.  FLESH  pallid,  thin, 
very  fragile.  GILLS  broadly  adnate,  subventricose,  pure  white, 
thickish,  subdistant.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  thick,  subequal 
or  variously  thickened,  hollow,  compressed,  viscid-slippery,  glabrous, 
lead-gray.  SPORES  elliptical.  7-8x4-5  micr.  BASIDIA  30-35  x 
5-6  micr.  Trama  of  gills  parallel.  ODOR  none  when  young. 
TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  or  moss  of  low 
woods  or  swamps.  Detroit,  Marquette,  Houghton.  July-September. 
Rather  rare. 

This  species  must  not  be  confused  with  H.  fuligineus  which  be- 
longs to  the  subgenus  Limacium,  and  has  a  solid  stem  and  a  veil. 


AGARICE^ 

Context  of  fruit-body  fleshy,  putrescent,  that  of  pileus  sometimes 
membranous,  of  stem  sometimes  cartilaginous  or  horny;  neither 
leathery,  nor  vesiculose.  Stem  central,  eccentric,  lateral  or  lack- 
ing. Gills  well-developed,  acute  on  edge.  Spores  with  a  hyaline 
or  colored  epispore;  their  deposit  in  mass  on  white  paper  yields 
a  series  of  "prints"  of  various  shades  of  white,  pink,  ochraceous, 
brown,  purple  or  black.  This  series  is  arbitrarily  divided  into  five 
artificial  groups  as  follows: 

(a)  Black-spored.     {Melanosporae)  :     Spore-print  black. 

(b)  Purple-brown-spored.      iAinaurosporae)  :     Spore-print  dark 

purple  or  purple-brown. 

(c)  Rusty-spored  or  ochre-spored.     (Ochrosporae) :    Spore-print 

rusty-yellow,     rusty-brown,     ochraceous    or    cinnamon- 
brown. 

(d)  Pink-spored.       (Rhodosporae) :      Spore-print    flesh-colored, 

rosy  or  pale  pink. 

(e)  White-spored.     (Leucosporae) :    Spore-print  white. 

The  spore-print  is  in  many  cases  indispensable  in  determining 
the  proper  group  to  which  the  mushroom  belongs.  It  is  obtained 
easily  by  cutting  off  the  stem  Just  below  the  gills  and  laying  the 
cap,  with  gills  down,  on  a  piece  of  white  paper  and  covering  it  over 
night  with  a  dish  to  prevent  premature  drying.  Mushrooms  which 
have  been  kept  on  ice  do  not  seem  to  deposit  spores  thereafter, 
nevertheless  it  is  well  to  avoid  too  warm  a  place,  else  the  specimen 
may  putrefy.  The  color  of  the  spores  may  often  be  detected  at  the 
time  of  collecting  by  the  deposit  already  made  on  the  ground  be- 
neath it  or  on  other  mushrooms  when  growing  in  a  cluster.  In  ma- 
ture specimens  the  gills  usually  become  colored  by  the  color  of  the 
spores,  but  when  young  the  gills  are  generally  white;  in  some 
species,  however,  the  gills  are  themselves  colored,  e.  g.,  Clitoci/he 
ilhidens  and  Mi/cena  Irljanu.  After  some  ex])erience,  it  is  usually 
possible  to  determine  the  group  to  which  a  species  belongs  by  means 
of  the  microscope.  The  delicate  tint  of  the  color  for  each  group  is 
then  discernible  in  the  epispore  of  each  mature  spore.  This  method 
is  especially  useful  in  cases  where  it  is  a  question  of  the  presence 
of  the  purple  tint  of  the  purple-brown-spored  plants;  the  spore- 
mass  or  gills  often  appear  entirely  dark  brown  to  the  naked  eye  in 
species  whose  separate  spores  have  a  purple  tint  under  the  micro- 
scope. 


200  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

MELANOSPORAE 

Coprinus  Pers. 

(prof.    L.    II.    PENNINGTON) 

(From  the  Greek.  Jcopros,  dung.) 

Spores  (lark  brown  or  black;  gills  free  or  slightly  attached,  at 
first  closely  in  contact  laterally,  separated  in  mam^  cases  by  pro- 
jecting cystidia,  soon  deliquescing,  or  drying  quickly  to  a  black  line 
upon  the  lower  side  of  pileus.  Many  small  species  develop  at  night 
and  almost  entirely  disappear  by  morning.  The  flesh  of  the  pileus 
is  thin,  in  the  smaller  species  often  membranaceous  or  apparently 
lacking  entirel}^  A  universal  veil  is  present  in  a  majority  of  the 
species.  The  stem  is  fleshy  to  fibrous.  Most  of  the  species  grow 
upon  dung  or  richly  manured  ground,  several  upon  wood  or  veg- 
etable debris,  and  a  few  upon  lawns,  sand,  or  even  upon  walls  in 
cellars. 

The  spores  of  the  dung  inhabiting  species  usually  germinate  read- 
ily to  produce  a  fine  white  or  colorless  mycelium  upon  which  sporo- 
phores  will  often  appear  within  7-10  days  after  the  spores  are  sown. 
C.  radiatns,  various  forms  of  C  epliemerus,  C.  patouiUardi,  G.  semi- 
lanatus,  C.  narcoticus  and  several  similar  kinds  are  readily  grown 
in  pure  cultures  in  the  laboratory.  C.  sclerotigenous  grows  from 
rather  small  black  sclerotia  in  dung  or  in  a  mixture  of  soil  and 
dung.  Some  of  the  wood  inhabiting  species,  C.  laniger  and  C.  rad- 
ians are  often  found  growing  from  dense  masses  of  fine  yellow  my- 
celial threads,  called  ozoniuni.  Others,  e.  g.  C.  quadrifidus,  grow 
rrmii  louuli  coarse  black  fibres,  termed  rhizomorplis.  The  pileus  is 
.scaly  from  the  breakini;  iiji  ol'  the  cuticle  into  rather  large  squamose 
scales  in  llic  Coiii.iti;  into  tine  innate  fibrils  in  the  Atramentarii ; 
smootli  1)11 1  covered  at  first  with  floccose,  mealy  or  granular  scales, 
wliicli  wlioUy  or  partly  disappear  in  the  Picacei  and  Tomentosi;  or 
prninose  with  minute  hairs  in  forms  of  C.  ephemerics  and  0.  radi- 
at  us.  The  stem  is  stuffed  or  hollow,  fleshy  or  fleshy-fibrous,  often 
very  fragile.  Tt  difl'ers  in  texture  from  the  trama  of  the  pileus 
and  nsually  separates  easily  from  it.  The  gills  are  white  at  first. 
In  sonio  species  they  become  purplish  then  black,  m  others  they 
becoiiic  bn.wii  or  smoky,  then  black.  They  are  free  or  slightly  at- 
tached, or  adnate  in  a  few  species. 

The  universal  veil  is  usually  seen  as  scales,  fibrils  or  granules  at 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  207 

the  base  of  the  stem  or  upon  the  pileus.  In  a  few  instances  it 
forms  a  movable  ring  upon  the  stem  in  C.  comatiis,  C.  hulMlosus 
and  frequently  in  C.  sterquilinus ;  in  the  last  named  species  the 
veil  may  form  a  distinct  volva  at  the  base  of  the  stem.  The  taste  is 
mild  and  the  odor  is  usually  pleasant.  A  few  species,  as  C  quad- 
rifidus  and  C  ndi-coticiis,  have  a  strong  disagreeable  odor.  None  of 
the  species  of  Coprinus  are  considered  poisonous  and  many  are 
highly  esteemed  by  the  myco])hagist. 

The  spores  are  very  dark  brown  or  sooty  black  in  mass.  By 
transmitted  light  they  vary  from  light  brown  to  very  dark  brown  or 
smoky  black.  There  is  a  wide  variation  in  the  size  and  shape  of 
the  spores.  Some  species  may  be  identified  by  the  spores  alone  as 
C.  insifjnis,  C.  houdicri  and  some  forms  of  C.  cphemcrus,  etc. 

The  genus  can  be  divided  into  two  fairly  distinct  groups  (see 
Massee,  Ann.  Bot.,  Vol.  10.  p.  123,  1890)  according  to  the  size  of  the 
plant  and  the  thickness  of  flesh  or  cuticle  covering  the  gills;  these 
groups  can  be  further  subdivided  into  sections  as  follows : 

A. 


B. 


Pelliculosi: 

I.     Comati 

II. 

Atramentarii 

III. 

Picacei 

IV. 

Tomentosi 

V. 

Micacei 

VI.     Glabra ti  (No  species  reported) 
Veliformes : 

VII. 
VIII. 

Cyclodei 
Lanulati 

IX. 

Furfurelli 

X. 

Hemerobii 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)      Plants  larse,  usually  over  3  cm.  broad;    pileus  fleshy  or  sub-fleshy, 
(a)     Pileus  with  cuticle  torn  into  distinct  scales  or  almost  smooth, 
(b)     Cuticle  torn  into  distinct  scales;  ring  or  volva  present. 

(c)     Spores  over  20  micr.  long;   volva  usually  evident.       188.       C. 

sterquilinus  Fr. 
(cc)     Spores  less  than  20  micr.  long;   movable  ring  usually  present 
upon   stem, 
(d)     Pileus  cylindrical;  spores  15-17  micr.  long.    186.     C.  comatus 

Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus    ovate;    spores    less    than    15   micr.    long.     187.      C. 
ovatus  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  smooth  or  with  innate  fibrils. 

(c)     Spores    smooth,    plants    usually    densely    caespitose.     189.     C. 

atramentarius  Fr. 
(cc)     Spores  distinctly  warted.     190.     C.  insignls  Pk. 
(aa)     Cuticle   not   torn    into    scales;    veil   breaking   up    into    superficial 
patches,  scales,  or  granules. 


20S  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

(b)     Veil  felt-like,  breaking  up  into  areolate  patches. 

(c)     Rhizomorph  or  ozonium  not  evident;  plants  densely  caespitose. 

192.     C.  ebtilbosus  Pk. 
(cc)     Rhizomorph  or  ozonium  present. 

(d)     Plants  growing   from  rhizomorph;    5-8  cm.  broad.     191.     G. 

quadrifidus  Pk. 
(dd)     Plants  growing  from  fine  yellow  ozonium;    1-3  cm.  broad. 
193.     C.   laniger  Pk. 
(bb)     Veil  not  as  above. 

(c)     Veil  of  fibrillose  scales  or  a  dense  coat  of  white  mealy  vesicles, 
(d)     Spores  less  than  10  micr.  long, 
(e)     Gills  broad;   growing  upon  sand.     199.     C.  arenatus  Pk. 
(ee)     Gills  narrow. 

(f)     Disk  livid;   upon  rotten  wood  in  forest.     197.     C.   lago- 

indes  Karst. 
(ff)      Disk  buff;    upon   cellar  walls.     198.     C.  jonesii  Pk. 
(dd)     Spores  more  than  10  micr.  long, 
(e)     Gills  attached. 

(f)     Disk  obtuse;  reddish  or  reddish  brown.     202.     C.  domes- 

ticus  Ft. 
(ff)     Disk  narrow,  not  colored;  veil  often  composed  of  mealy 
vesicles.     200.     C.  niveus  Fr. 
(ee)     Gills  free. 

(f)     Pileus  at  first  cylindrical.     196.     C.  tomentosus  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  not  cylindrical, 
(g)     Veil  more  or  less  mealy;   plants  small,  not  in  troops, 
(h)     Spores  11-13  micr.  long.     201.     C.  semilanatus  Pk. 
(hh)     Spores  15-17  micr.  long.     200.     C.  niveus  Fr. 
iSS)     Veil  never  mealy;  plants  large;  in  troops  upon  dung 
heaps, 
(h)     Stem  not  rooting.    194.    C.  fimetarius  Fr. 
(hh)     Stem  rooting.    195.    C.  fimetarius  var.  macrorhizus 
Fr. 
(cc)     Veil  of  small  granules  or  micaceus  particles, 
(d)     Spores  less  than  10  micr.  long. 

(e)     Plants    not    growing    from    ozonium;    densely    caespitose. 

203.     C.  micaceus  Fr. 
(ee)     Plants  from  ozonium  or  at  least  with  radiating  mycelium 
at  base  of  stem,  single  or  caespitose.    204.     C.  radians  Fr. 
(dd)      Spores  10-12  micr.  long.     209.     C.  micaceus  var.  conicus  Pk. 
(AA)     Pileus  thin,  plicate;   if  subfleshy  then  less  than  3  cm.  broad  when 
expanded, 
(a)     Veil  present  as  superficial  scales  or  granules. 

(b)     Ring  present  upon  the  stem.     205.     C.  bulbilosus  Pat. 
(bb)     Ring  absent, 
(c)     Pileus  covered  with  a  dense  white  floccose  or  mealy  coat, 
(d)     Spores  12  micr.  or  more  long. 

(e)     Spores  12-13  micr.  long.     201.     C.  semilanatus  Pk.  , 
(ee)     Spores  15-16  micr.  long.     200.     C.  niveus  Fr. 
(dd)     Spores  less  than  12  micr.  long. 

(e)     Plants   growing   from    black   sclerotia   in    dung.      207.      C. 

sclerotigcnous  E.  &  E. 
(ee)     Not  growing  from  sclerotia. 

(f)     Plants  growing  upon  plant  stems.     209.     C.  brassicae  Pk. 
(ff)     Plants  growing  upon  dung  or  soil. 

(g)     Odor   strong;    spores   10-11   micr.   long.     208.     C.   nar- 

coticus  Fr. 
(gg)     Little  or  no  odor;   spores  6-8  micr.  long.       206.       G. 
stercorarius. 
(cc)     Pileus  with  a  few  micaceus  particles  or  granules. 
(d)     Spores    ovate    triangular    or    pentagonal,    compressed.      210. 

G.   patouillardi   Quel, 
(dd)     Spores  elliptical.    211.     C.  radiatus  Fr. 


I 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  209 

(aa)     No  veil  present, 
(b)     Spores  angular. 

(c)     Spores    key-stone    shaped;     plants    growing    upon    ground    in 

woods.     214.     C.  houdieri  Quel, 
(cc)     Spores    not    key-stone    shaped;    plants    upon    dung.      213.      G. 
epJiemerus  Fr.  form, 
(bb)     Spores  not  angular. 

(c)     Plants  growing  upon  dung  or  recently  manured  ground.     213. 

C.  ephemerus  Fr. 
(cc)    '  Not  growing  upon  dung, 
(d)     Growing   among    grass;    spores    broadly   ovate,    compressed. 

215.     C.  plicatilis  Fr. 
(dd)     Growing   in   woods;    spores   gibbous-ovate.     213.     G.   silva- 
ticus  Pk. 

PELLICUL08I.  Pileiis  covered  with  a  distinct  fleshy  or  mem- 
branous cuticle,  not  splitting  along  the  lines  of  the  gills  but  be- 
coming lacerate  and  revolute.     Plants  usually  large. 

Section  I.  Comati.  Ring  formed  from  the  free  margin  of  the 
volva :  cuticle  torn  into  scales. 


) 


186.     Coprinus  comatus  Fr.     (Edible) 
(The  Shaggy  Mane) 

Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  242. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  G58. 

Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  1,  PI.  3,  Fig.  3. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  31-38. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Figs.  269,  270. 
Gillet,  Chami>ignons  de  France,  No.  174. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  448. 

PILEUS  7-10  cm.  high,  cylindrical,  then  more  or  less  expanded, 
at  first  even,  the  cuticle  becoming  torn  into  broad  adpressed  scales, 
pale  ochraceous,  becoming  darker  in  age,  interstices  whitish. 
GILLS  up  to  12  mm.  broad,  almost  free,  white,  crowded,  then  pink- 
ish, at  length  black.  STEM  10-15  cm.  long,  12-17  mm.  thick,  sub- 
equal,  slightly  attenuated  upwards,  white,  even,  hollow,  more  or 
less  bulbous,  bulb  solid,  ring  movable.  SPORES  almost  black,  ellip- 
tical, 1.3-18x7-8  micr. 

Gregarious.  In  lawns  and  fields,  very  common  in  autumn,  occa- 
sional in  spring. 

The  Shaggy  Mane  is  probably  more  generally  used  for  food  than 
any  other  Coprinus.     By  many  people,  however,  it  is  not  consid- 
ered equal  in  quality  to  Coprimes  micaceus. 
27  '  . 


210  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

187.     Coprinus  ovatus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Fries,  Epicr..  ]>.  -4'2. 

UliistraiiiMis :     SclineUer,  Icon.,  Tab.  7. 
Cooke.   111.,  ri.  (159. 

IMLFFS  about  5  cm.  acros.s  when  expanded,  at  first  ovate  and 
covered  with  an  even  pale  ochraceous  cuticle,  which  becomes  broken 
into  lai-ge  concentric  scales,  the  apical  portion  remaining  intact  like 
a  cjip.  margin  striate.  FLESH,  thin,  white.  GILLS  about  4  mm. 
Itroad,  free,  distant  from  the  stem,  whitish  then  black.  STEM  G-10 
cm.  long,  10  mm.  thick,  attenuated  u])wards,  tlocculose  or  fibrillose, 
white,  hollow,  the  lower  portion  bulbous,  solid,  rooting,  ring 
evauescent.     SPOKES  smoky  black,  11-12x7-8  micr. 

This  i)lant,  which  is  often  considered  as  a  smaller  form  of  Cop- 
rinufi  comatus  Fr.,  was  found  but  once  groAving  upon  a  lawn  at 
Falmvra,  Mich.  It  differs  from  Coprinus  comatus  Fr.  in  that  it  has 
a  smaller  ovale  jiileus  and  smaller  s})ores.  In  the  specimens  found 
tlic  pilens  was  about  :>  cm.  high  and  the  s})ores  11-13x7  mm.  But 
for  its  much  smaller  spores  the  plant  might  easily  be  taken  for  a 
form  of  Coprinus  sterquilinus  growing  in  soil.  In  shape  and  color 
the  s[>ores  of  Coprinus  comatus,  C.  oratus  and  C.  sterquilinus  are 
very  .vimilar.  In  size,  hov>ever,  there  is  much  variation,  the  meas- 
ureuients  runniug  from  11  microns  in  C.  ovatus  to  20  microns  in  C. 
stcrquilinus. 

188.     Coprinus  stcrquilinus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Fries.  Ei»icv..  p.  242. 

Illustrations:     Patonillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  437. 

(Jillet,  (Miami)ignoi!s  de  France,  PI.  130  (as  C.  ohlectus  Fr.). 

Cooke,  III..  IM.  (UiO. 

Murrill,  :\IycoIogia,  Vol.  3,  PI.  49,  Fig.  3. 

Plate  XXXII  of  this  Report. 

I'lLEFS  5-0  cm.  broad  when  exjjanded,  at  first  short  cylindrical, 
conical  then  ex]»anded,  white  tinged  with  brown  or  fuscous  at  disk, 
juticle  at  first  villous  or  silky,  later  torn  into  squarrose  scales 
espex'ially  at  disk.  FLESH  iliin.  white,  sulcate  half  \ya\  to  disk. 
(;iLT>S  free,  white  then  purplish,  soon  becoming  black.  STEM  10- 
1.">  cm.  liii-l,.  sligliily  attenuated  upward.  sul»tibrillose,  white  slowly 
becoming  discolored  when  bruised,  often  entirely  black  with  spores. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  211 

hollow,  base  solid,  thickened,  peronate,  the  sheath  or  volva  with  a 
free  margin.     8POKES  18-25  micr.,  smoky  black. 

In  old  manure,  straw,  or  in  manured  ground.    June. 

This  plant  has  been  reported  as  Coprinus  stoiocolcus  Lindb.  It 
is  also  Coprinus  niacrosporus  Pk.  When  growing  in  manured 
ground,  the  volva  is  not  as  evident  as  when  the  plant  grows  in  old 
manure  or  straw.  From  plates  and  descriptions  it  appears  that 
this  i^lant  has  also  been  called  Coprinus  oNectus  Fr.  In  the  her- 
barium of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  a  specimen  from  Kew 
labeled  Copritius  ohiectus  Fr.  is  very  plainly  Coprinus  sterquilinus 
Fr.  Moreover  in  a  collection  of  many  individuals,  specimens  may 
be  picked  out  which  tit  the  description  of  ('.  sterqiiiliniis,  C.  steno- 
coleus,  C.  oblcctus  and  C.  macrosporus  respectively.  It  is  very  prob- 
able that  these  names  are  all  svnonvms. 

The  plants  are  frequently  found  in  June  upon  old  manure  which 
has  been  lying  out  in  the  open  over  winter  or  in  heavily  manured 
ground.  The  young  unexpanded  plants  resemble  rather  small  short 
specimens  of  C.  coiiiatus  Fr.  Undoubtedly  C.  sterquilinus  Fr.  is 
frequently  taken  for  C.  comatus  or  C.  ovatus.  In  fact  the  writer 
has  had  typical  specimens  of  C.  sterquilinus  pointed  out  to  him  by 
a  nmshrooiii  collector  as  "the  shaggy  mane  mushroom,  very  good  to 
eat." 

The  gills  sometimes  remain  ])erfectly  white  for  several  hours  and 
then  change  rapidl}-  through  a  purplish  color  to  a  smoky  black.  The 
flesh  is  thin  and,  as  the  pileus  expands,  it  often  becomes  revolute 
and  in  bright  sunshine  it  dries  in  this  condition.  Sometimes  the 
stem  becomes  dark  when  bruised  or  when  dried.  Usually,  however, 
it  remains  white  unless  it  becomes  covered  Avith  spores. 

This  mushroom  is  edible  and  has  a  more  pronounced  "mushroom" 
flavor,  than  the  ordinary  Coprinus.  Mcllvaine  says,  ''Coprinus 
macrosporus  is  an  excellent  species,  higher  in  flavor  than  any  other 
Coprinus." 


212  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

Section  II.  Atramcntarii.  Kinc:  imperfect,  not  volvate,  sqiiam- 
ules  of  luleiis  minute,  innate. 

189.     Coprinus  atramentarius  Fr.     (Edible) 

Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  24:3. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  G22. 

(Jillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  172. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  39-42. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig'  271-272. 
Murrill,  Mvcolgia,  Vol.  1,  PI.  3,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad  when  expanded,  ovate  then  expanded, 
firm,  often  lobed  and  plicate,  grayish,  silky  fibrous,  or  minutely 
mealy,  apex  brownish,  often  minutely  squamulose.  FLESH  thin. 
GILLS  crowded,  broad,  ventricose,  free,  white  then  black,  often  with 
a  purplisli  tinge.  STEM  10-15  cm.  high  by  1-2  cm.  thick,  white,  silky 
shining,  hollow,  ring  basal,  very  evanescent.  SPORES  11-12  x  5.5-6 
micr.     CYSTIDIA  numerous,  large,  subcylindrical. 

Common,  gregarious  or  densely  caespitose,  about  stumps  or  on 
rich  soil,  but  not  upon  dung. 

Both  the  smooth  and  the  scaly,  or  squamulose,  forms  are  found. 
These  characters  often  seem  to  depend  upon  weather  conditions,  the 
smooth  form  being  found  under  moist  atmospheric  conditions  and 
the  scaly  form  under  dry  atmospheric  conditions. 

Its  close  broad  gills  make  it  very  thick  and  meaty  in  the  unex- 
panded  condition.  For  this  reason  some  people  consider  this  species 
tlie  most  desirable  Coprinus  for  the  table. 

190.     Coprinus  insignis  Pk. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  20,  p.  60,  1874. 
Illustration :    Plate  XXXIII  of  this  Report. 

I'lLEUS  5-7.5  cm.  broad,  ovate  then  campanulate,  thin,  sulcate- 
sTriate  to  the  disk,  grayish  brown,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  innate 
fibrils,  disk  sometimes  cracking  into  small  areas  or  scales.  GILLS 
fi-ee,  ascending,  crowded.  STEM  10-14  cm.  high,  10  mm.  thick, 
hollow,  .slightly  fibrillose,  striate,  white.  SPORES  10x7  micr., 
rough. 

About  trees  in  woods. 

Tills  plant  was  found  but  twice  in  low  woods  at  Ann  Arbor.  It 
resembles  C.  otramcniarius  in  some  respects  but  differs  very  decid- 
edly in  the  distinctly  warted  spores. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  -  213 

Section  III.  Picacei.  Universal  veil  flocculose,  at  first  contin- 
uous, then  torn  into  superficial  areolate  patches  by  the  expansion 
of  the  pileus. 

191.     Coprinus  quadrifidus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  50,  p.  106,  1897. 
Illustration :    Plate  XXXIV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  oval  then  campanulate,  finally  more  or 
less  expanded,  tliin,  margin  becoming  revolute;  covered  at  first  with 
a  fioccose-tomentose  veil,  which  soon  breaks  into  evanescent  flakes 
or  scales  and  reveals  the  finely  striate  surface  of  the  pileus;  whit- 
ish, becoming  gray  or  grayish  brown  with  age;  margin  often  wavy 
or  irregular.  GILLS  broad,  thin,  crowded,  free,  at  first  whitish, 
then  dark  purplish  brown,  finally  black.  STEM  7-10  cm.  long  by 
6-8  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  tapering  upward,  hollow,  white, 
floccose-squamose,  sometimes  with  an  evanescent  ring  at  the  base. 
SPORES  7.5-10  X  4-5  micr. 

Gregarious  or  caespitose  upon  or  near  decaying  stumps  or  logs, 
growing  from  an  abundant  rhizomorph.    Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View. 

Although  nothing  is  said  in  the  original  description  about  the 
rhizomorph,  some  few  strands  may  be  seen  at  the  base  of  the  stem 
in  some  of  the  type  specimens.  The  writer  has  found  this  plant 
growing  in  Xew  York  from  richly  developed  rhizomorph  upon  the 
roots  and  trunk  of  dead  basswood. 

192.     Coprinus  ebulbosus  Pk. 

Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  CI.  22,  1895. 

Illustrations :     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  271. 
Plates  XXXV  and  XXXVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-7  cm.  broad,  thin,  campanulate,  somewhat  striate, 
grayish  brown,  margin  at  length  revolute,  lacerated,  cuticle  break- 
ing into  broad  superficial  persistent  whitish  scales.  GILLS  nar- 
row, thin,  crowded,  free,  slate-colored  becoming  black.  STIPE  7-15 
cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  white.  SPORES  7.5-10  x 
5  micr.,  elliptical. 

Caespitose  near  or  upon  decaying  trees  or  stumps. 


214  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

193.     Coprinus  laniger  Pk. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  CI.  122,  4iJl,  1895. 
Illustration:     J'late  XXXVIL  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  12-25  mm.  broad,  thin,  conical  or  campaniilate,  pallid, 
tawny  oi-  grayish-ochraceons,  sulcate-striate,  covered  with  tawny, 
tomentose  or  floccose  scales,  which  AA'holly  or  partly  disappear. 
GILLS  crowded,  whitish,  tlien  brownish  black.  STEM  2.5  cm.  long, 
24  mm.  thick,  slightly  thiclcened  at  base,  hollow,  white,  pruinose. 
SPOKES  7-10x4  micr.,  oblong-elliptical. 

Caespitose  or  gregarious  upon  or  near  decaying  wood.  Unfor- 
tunately the  type  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  lost.  The 
plants  referred  to  this  species  are  found  growing  from  a  more  or 
less  jd'ofusely  developed  yellow  ozonium  upon  various  kinds  of  de- 
caying wood. 

The  three  species  ('.  laniger,  C.  ehulbo.^us  an<l  C.  quadrifixlns, 
seem  to  be  distinct  forms  in  a  ]>erplexing  group  of  brown- 
spored  wood-inhabiting  Cojtrini,  which  are  as  yet  very  imperfectly 
known.  C.  kinif/cr  is  smaller  than  either  of  the  others  and  we  have 
alwavs  found  it  associated  with  the  fine  strands  of  yellow  ozonium. 
It  resembles  C.  radians,  but  it  has  a  thicker  veil,  which  breaks  into 
evident  patches  instead  of  minute  particles  as  in  C.  radians. 

C.  quadrifidits  and  (\  ebnlbosus  are  not  readily  distinguished  and 
may  both  prove  to  be  the  species  which  have  been  known  as  C.  floe- 
citlosus  (DC)  Fr.  or  C.  {Agaricus)  domesticus  Bolt. 

Section  IV.  Tomeniosi.  Universal  veil  a  loose  villose  web  which 
becomes  torn  into  distinct  floccose  scales. 

194.     Coprinus  fimetarius  Fr. 
Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  245. 
Illustration:     Plate  XXXVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2.5-5  cm.  across,  clavate  then  conico-expanded,  soon 
split  and  revolute,  giayish,  ai)ex  tinged  with  brown,  at  first  covered 
with  white  floccose  scales,  ihen  naked,  rimose-sulcate;  disk  even, 
flesh  tliin.  GILLS  free,  lanceolate,  becoming  linear  and  wavy,  very 
early  becoming  black  with  spores  and  rapidly  deliquescing.  STEM 
12-15  cm.  long.  4-(;  mm.  thick,  hollow,  thickened  at  the  solid    base. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  215 

white,  squaniiilose.     SPORES  12-14x7-8  micr.     CYSTIDIA    large 
and  numerous. 

Solitary  or  in  troops.  Common  upon  dung  heaps.  The  clavate 
caps  already  dark  with  spores  may  be  found  emerging  late  in  the 
afternoon  or  in  the  evening.  In  the  morning  there  will  be  little 
remaining  except  a  small  mass  of  inky  fluid  at  the  apices  of  the 
stems. 

195.     Coprinus  fimetarius  var.  macrorhiza  Fr. 

Fries,  Hym,  Eur.,  }».  324. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  670. 

Massee,  Ann.  Bot.,  Vol.  10,  PI.  X,  Fig.  1. 
■   Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  275. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  178. 

PILEUS  at  first  with  feathery  squamules  which  become  more  or 
less  squarrose,  especially  at  the  disk  where  they  often  form  a 
crown.  STEM  short,  villous,  often  sub-bulbous  and  with  a  more 
or  less  elongated  base. 

The  type  and  this  variety  are  very  common,  the  latter  being 
rather  more  frequently  found  than  the  former.  In  moist  weather 
they  may  be  found  in  almost  any  dung  heap,  a  fresh  troop  appear- 
ing each  evening  and  disappearing  early  the  following  day.  There 
seems  to  be  considerable  variation  in  size,  length  of  root  and  char- 
acter of  scales.  In  the  t3'pical  form  the  root  is  usually  reduced  to 
a  rather  indefinite  mass  of  hyphae,  while  the  scales  are  more  or  less 
squarrose  over  the  entire  surface.  In  the  variety  the  veil  is  more 
silky  and  closely  ap])ressed  to  the  pileus,  later  becoming  squarrose 
at  the  disk  forming  a  crown  of  scales. 

196.     Coprinus  tomentosus  Fr. 

Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  24G. 
Illustration:     Bulliard,  t.  138. 

PILEUS  2.5-4  cm.  long,  sub-membranaceous,  cylindrical,  narrowly 
conical,  then  ex])anding  and  splitting,  striate,  floccose-tomentose, 
pale  gray,  the  floccose  veil  becoming  torn  into  more  or  less  persist- 
ent flakes  or  i)atches  u]>on  the  expanded  pileus.  GILLS  free,  nar- 
row. STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  enlarged 
below,  hollow,  velvety,  white  or  grayish.  SPOKES  12-13  x  7-8  micr., 
elliptical. 


216  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

Solitary  or  gregarious  upon  dung  or  various  kinds  of  debris. 
This  is  one  of  the  earliest  species  of  Coprinus  to  appear  in  the  spring. 
The  long  cylindrical  or  narrowly  conical  pileus  distinguishes  this 
plant  from  the  various  forms  of  C.  -fimetarius,  which  usually  appear 
a  little  later  in  the  season. 

This  may  be  the  C.  lagopus  of  various  authors. 

197.     Coprinus  lagopides  Karst. 

Karsten,  Hatts.,  1,  5.35. 

Illustrations:    Massee,  Ann.  Bot.,  Vol.  10,  PI.  10,  Figs.  20-22. 

PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  very  thin,  companulate,  sulcate,  grayish, 
disk  livid,  ornamented  mth  free  white  scales  joined  by  hairs. 
GILLS  subcrowded,  narrow,  remote,  black.  STEM  up  to  17  cm. 
high,  white,  fl6ccose,  hollow,  equal.  SPOKES  G-8  x  5-G  micr.,  apic- 
ulate.     Upon  very  rotten  wood  in  forest. 

Found  ,once  at  Bay  View.  We  have  found  this  plant  in  New 
York  also. 

198.     Coprinus  jonesii  Pk. 
Peck,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  22,  p.  206,  1895. 

PILEUS  2.5-5  cm.  broad,  at  first  blunt,  or  truncate,  becoming 
campanulate  or  broadly  convex,  submembranaceous,  grayish,  buff 
at  apex,  covered  at  first  with  white  or  tawny-cinereous  floccose 
scales  which  wholly  or  partly  disappear  with  age,  striate,  margin 
revolute  and  splitting.  GILLS  crowded,  linear,  free,  whitish,  be- 
coming black.  STEM  5-9  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  thick,  equal  or 
sliglifly  ta])ering  upward,  minutely  floccose,  hollow,  white. 
SPORES  7.5-8.5x0  micr.,  broadly  elliptical. 

Fragile,  sometimes  caespitose.  Found  upon  the  wall  in  a  cellar 
at  Ann  Arbor.  Peck  says  "This  species  is  closely  related  to  C. 
fimetarius  of  which  it  might  easily  be  considered  a  variety,  but  it 
is  easily  distinguished  by  the  truncate  apex  of  the  young  pileus, 
the  differently  colored  pileus  and  smaller  spores."  It  grew  on  what 
appeared  like  uncracked  hard  and  dry  plaster  of  the  wall. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  217 

199.     Coprinus  arenatus  Pk. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  4G,  p.  107,  1892. 

PILEUS  2..J-5  cm.  broad,  thin,  at  tirst  broadly  ovate  or  sub- 
hemispherical,  soon  convex  or  campanulate,  adorned  with  small 
white  tomentose  scales,  striate  on  the  margin,  whitish  or  grayish- 
white,  becoming  grayish-brown  with  age,  reddish  brown  in  dried 
plant.  GILLS  crowded,  broad,  free,  grayish-white,  soon  purplish- 
brown,  finally  black,  furnished  with  numerous  cystidia.  STEM 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  2-1  mm.  thick,  equal,  glabrous,  hollow,  white. 
SPOKES  7.5-9  X  G-7.5  niicr.,  broadly  ovate  or  subglobose,  purplish 
brown  by  transmitted  light. 

Solitary  or  gregarious  in  sandy  soil,  Ann  Arbor.  The  mycelium 
binds  the  sand  together  in  balls  at  the  base  of  the  stem. 

200.     Coprinus  niveus  Fr. 

Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  216. 

Illustration :    Cooke,  111.,  Pi.  073  B. 

PILEUS  1.5-2.5  cm.  across,  elliptical  then  campanulate  and  ex- 
panded, submembranaceous,  almost  persistently  covered  with 
snow-white  floccose  down.  GILLS  slightly  attached,  narrow,  be- 
coming blackish.  STEM  4-8  cm.  high,  subequal  or  slightly  attenu- 
ated upwards,  villose,  white,  hollow.     SPORES  IG  x  11-1.3  micr. 

This  plant  is  frequently  found  upon  dung  heaps,  street  sweepings 
or  in  recently  manured  ground.  Upon  the  pileus  the  veil  is  of  a 
mealy  nature  but  the  tomentose  character  shows  at  the  margin  of 
the  pileus  and  upon  the  stem.  The  spores  are  somewhat  flattened, 
measuring  15-17x11  to  13x8-10  micr. 

The  plant  referred  to  this  species  is  C.  stercorarius  (Bull.)  Fr. 
and  has  been  distributed  under  that  name  in  Sydow  Mycotheca 
Marihoa,  No.  2101. 

201.     Coprinus  semilanatus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  21,  p.  71,  1872. 

Illustrations :    N.  Y.  State  Museum  Report  24,  PI.  4,  Fig.  15-18. 

PILEUS  2-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded  and  revolute, 
sometimes  split,  submembranaceous,  finely  and   obscurely  rimose- 


218  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

striate,  faiinaceo-atomaceous,  white,  theu  pale  gTajish-brown. 
GILLS  narrow,  close,  free.  STEM  10-15  cui.  high,  slightly  tapering 
upward,  fragile,  liollow,  Avliite,  the  lower  half  clothed  with  loose 
cottony  llocci  which  rub  otf  easily,  upper  half  smooth  or  slightly 
farinaceous.  SPOKES  12.5  micr.,  broadly  elliptical.  Kich  ground 
and  dung. 

This  plant  is  freciueutly  found  on  cow  dung  in  woods  and  shaded 
pastures.  It  resembles  C.  niveus  Fr.  but  ditfers  from  it  in  its 
smaller  size,  free  gills  and  constantly  smaller  spores.  The  spores 
in  both  species  are  broadly  elliptical  and  somewhat  flattened. 
This  fungus  grows  readily  from  spores  in  laboratory  cultures. 

202.     Coprinus  domesticus  Fr. 
Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  251. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  081. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  17G. 
Plate  XXXYIII  of  this  Report. 

FILEUS,  3-5  cm.  across,  thin,  ovate,  then  campanulate.  obtuse, 
furfuraceous,  squaniulose,  pale  grayish-white,  disk  brown  or  red- 
dish brown,  undulate,  sulcate,  splitting.  GILLS  adnexed,  crowded, 
narrow  at  first,  reddish  white  then  blackish  brown.  STEM  5-7  cm. 
long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  slightly  attenuated  upwards,  subsilky,  white, 
hollow.     SPORES  11-10x7-8  micr. 

Usually  caespitose,  on  various  kinds  of  vegetable  debris,  some- 
times in  gardens  where  rubbish  has  been  plowed  under. 

i^ection  V.  Micacci.  Fileus  at  first  covered  with  more  or  less 
micaceous  squamules  or  granules,  which  soon  Avholly  or  partly  dis- 
ai»i)ear. 

203.     Coprinus  micaceus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  247. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  073. 

Atkin.'jon,  Mushrooms,  p.  44,  Figs.  43,  44, 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  1,  PI.  3,  Fig.  5. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  273. 
Plates  XXXIX  and  XL  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-0  cm.  across,  submembranaceous,  elliptical  theu  cam- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  219 

paiiulate,  coarsely  striate,  disk  even,  margiu  usually  more  or  less 
repand,  ochraceous-taii,  disk  darker,  when  young  densely  covered 
Avitli  minute  glistening  particles  which  usually  soon  disappear, 
GILLS  sub-crowded,  lanceolate,  adnexed,  whitish,  then  brown,  fin- 
ally nearly  black.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  4-G  mm.  thick,  equal, 
even,  hollow,  silky  white.  SPORES  7-8  x  -t-5  micr.,  dark  brown  in 
mass. 

Very  common,  generally  densely  caespitose  about  stumps  or 
trees,  or  growing  from  decaying  wood  buried  in  the  earth.  Under 
favorable  conditions  this  Coprinus  may  be  found  from  early  spring 
until  late  autumn.  It  often  appears  at  intervals  of  one  to  two 
weeks  in  the  same  place  for  a  considerable  length  of  time  and  it 
may  be  found  year  after  year  in  the  same  place.  It  has  a  good 
flavor  and  is  considered  by  many  the  best  Coprinus  for  the  table. 

C.  niicaceus  var.  coniciis  Pk,     (Not  published.) 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  having  a  distinctlj^  conical 
pileus,  darker  colored,  larger  spores,  10-12  micr.  long.  It  was 
found  once  at  Palmyra,  Michigan. 

204.     Coprinus  radians  (Desm)  Fr. 

Fries,  Epicr.,  ]).  218. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  (>7G  a. 

Lloyd,  Mycological  Notes,  Vol.  1,  p.  116,  Fig.  69. 
Massee,  Ann.  Bot.,  Vol.  10,  PI.  X,  Figs.  6-8. 

PILELTS  2-5  cm.  across,  ovate,  conical  or  campanulate,  yellowish- 
fulvous,  soon  becoming  paler  especially  at  the  margin,  striate  to 
disk,  covered  with  small  brown  granules  which  are  more  numerous 
at  the  disk.  GILLS  rather  narrow,  attached,  pale  then  brownish 
black.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  swollen 
at  base,  hollow,  white,  smooth  or  minutely  mealy  at  first,  more  or 
less  evident  yellow  or  white  strands  of  mycelium  radiating  from 
the  base.     SPORES  7x1  micr.,  elliptical,  brownish  black. 

Rather  common,  single  or  sub-caespitose,  upon  wood,  rubbish, 
etc.,  or  even  in  humus,  sometimes  growing  from  dense  masses  of 
yellow  ozonium. 

This  is  the  plant  illustrated  by  Lloyd  and  determined  by  Patouil- 
lard  as  C  radians  (Desm.)  Fr.  It  is  also  C.  pitlchrifoliiis  Pk.  It 
is  possible  also  that  it  may  be  C.  granulosus  Clements.     C.  radians 


220  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

as  figured  by  Cooke  and  Massee  alwaj's  has  jellowish  brown  my- 
celium radiating  from  the  base  of  the  stem.  Saccardo,  Syll.,  Vol.  5, 
p.  1092,  says  tliat  in  Italy  this  plant  grows  upon  Ozonlum  stuposum 
Fr.  The  writer  has  sometimes  found  our  plant  growing  from  masses 
of  yellow  ozoninm,  upon  decaying  niaj)lc\  black  locust  and  black  ash 
logs.  It  appeared  once  in  our  laboratory  cultures  upon  mycelium 
which  was  white  at  first  then  gradually  became  yellowish  brown. 
This  is  not  the  only  Coprinus,  however,  wliich  grows  from  a  yello>v 
ozoninm.  C.  radians  resembles  C.  laniger  from  which  it  may  be 
separated  by  the  much  smaller  scales  upon  the  pileus. 

VELIF0RME8.  Pileus  very  thin,  plicate-sulcate,  splitting  along 
the  lines  of  the  gills.    Plants  usually  small. 

Section  TTJ.    Cj/clodci.    Stem  v>-ith  a  movable  ring.    Plants  small. 

205.  Coprinus  bulbilosus  Pat. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Anal.  Fung.,  GO. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  Fig.  658. 
Plate  XL  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  8-10  mm.  across,  convex,  margin  striate,  at  first  incurved 
then  expanding,  gray,  disk  tinged  yellow,  covered  with  white  meal. 
GILLS  narrow,  gray.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  slender,  white,  base 
bulbous,  ring  loose,  at  some  distance  from  base,  white.  SPORES 
8-9  X  7-8  X  4  micr.,  compressed,  oval  to  subglobose. 

On  liorse  dung.  Readily  grown  in  cultures  from  spores.  Sac- 
cardo,  Sylloge,  says  "spores  angular."  In  our  specimens  the  spores 
are  slightly  nngnlar  as  seen  in  one  plane. 

Section  Till.  Ldniilafi.  Pileus  covered  with  a  downy  or  cottony 
layer  which  often  has  the  appearance  of  a  dense  coat  of  soft  mealy 
vesicles. 

206.  Coprinus  stercorarius  Fr. 
Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  2.")1. 

Illnstnition:     Cooke,  Til..  PI.  085  A 

PILEUS  1-25  cm.  high,  ovate  then  companulate,  sometimes  ex- 
pan<led  and  rolling  up  at  the  margin,  very  thin,  margin  striate, 
densely  covered  with  a  white  glistening  meal.     GILLS  adnexed. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  221 

2-3  mm.  broad,  sub-veiitricose.  STEM  7-12  cm.  long,  at  first  ovately 
bulbous  then  elongated  and  equally  attenuated  upwards  from  the 
base,  hollow,  Avhite,  at  llrst  mealy.    SPOllES  black,  6-8x3-4.5  micr. 

The  specimens  referred  to  this  species  are  smaller  than  the  di- 
mensions given  in  the  description.  Otherwise  they  agree  with  the 
description  in  the  sense  of  Saccardo.  Massee,  British  Fungus  Flora, 
Vol.  1,  p.  32G,  gives  the  spore  measurements  as  14-15  x  8-9. 

Found  but  once  upon  cow  dung  in  woods  near  Ann  Arbor. 

207.     Coprinus  sclerotigenus  E.  &  E. 

Ellis  &  Everhart,  Microscope,  1890. 

Illustrations :     Microscope,  1890,  Fig. 

Massee,  Ann.  Bot.,  Vol.  10,  PL  XI,  Figs.  26-28. 
Plate  XLI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  .5-1.2  cm.  high  and  broad,  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  then 
campanulate  (at  first  covered  with  a  white  mealy  veil  which  later 
becomes  dark  and  sometimes  almost  entirely  disappears).  STEM 
2.5-10  cm.  high,  slender,  subequal,  usually  straight  above  and  more 
or  less  flexuous  below  where  it  is  downy.  GILLS  adnexed. 
SPOEES  obliquely  elliptical,  8-10  x  5-6  micr. 

Springing  from  an  irregularly  subglobose,  rugulose,  sclerotium 
which  is  black  outside,  white  inside.     On  sheep's  dung. 

Althougii  nothing  is  said  in  the  original  description  about  a  veil, 
the  type  specimens  at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  still  show 
some  of  the  mealy  white  covering  of  the  pileus.  This  plant  was 
first  found  at  Ann  Arbor  and  later  in  other  localities.  It  was 
always  found  growing  from  sclerotia  in  dung  which  had  apparently 
been  upon  the  ground  for  some  time,  often  over  winter.  These 
sclerotia  were  repeatedly  grown  from  spores  in  the  laboratory  and, 
after  a  certain  amount  of  drying  out,  sporophores  grew  from  the 
sclerotia.  By  alternately  moistening  and  drying  the  sclerotia  sev- 
eral crops  of  sporoliores  Avere  produced.  This  plant  msLj  be 
identical  with  C.  tuherosiis  Quel. 


222  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

208.  Coprinus  narcoticus  Fr. 

Fries,  Ejiur.,  \>.  -50. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  <'.8()  b. 
Plate  XLI   of  this  Report. 

riLET^S  1-2  em.  aeross,  foetid,  very  thin,  cylindric-clavate  then 
exi>ande(l,  at  length  revolute,  covered  at  first  with  recurved,  white 
floccose  scales,  then  naked,  grayish  white,  hyaline,  striate.  GILLS 
free  but  nearly  reaching  the  stem,  white  then  black.  STEM  3-5 
cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  fragile,  at  first  covered  with  white  down, 
then  almost  glabrous,  hollow.     SPORES  11x5-0  micr.,  elliptical. 

On  dung,  caespitose.  ODOR  strong  and  disagreeable.  Not  com- 
mon. 

209.  Coprinus  brassicae  Pk. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Museum  Rep.  43.  1878. 

Illustrations:     Peck,  N.  V.  State  Mus.  Re}>.  4:5,  PI.  2,  Fig.  9-14. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  4,  PI.  56,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  8  10  nnn.  broad,  at  first  ovate  or  conical,  then  broadly 
convex,  squanudose,  finely  striate  to  the  disk,  white  becoming  gray- 
ish-brown, mend)ranaceous,  margin  generally  splitting  and  becom- 
ing recurved.  (ilLLS  narrow,  crowded,  reaching  the  stipe,  brown 
with  a  ferruginous  tint.  STEM  lG-20  mm.  long,  slender,  glabrous, 
hollow,  sliglitly  thickened  at  tlie  base,  white.  SPORES  7.5x5 
micr.,  elJiplical,  brown.  On  decaying  stems  of  cabbage  and  other 
vegetable  debris. 

Occasional  upon  vegetable  debris  of  vai'ions  kinds.  Palmyra, 
Ann  Ai-I)oi-.  We  have  found  this  fungus  upon  corn  stalks,  weed 
stalks  and  dead  grass. 

It  seems  very  probable  that  this  is  the  plant  figured  and  de- 
scribed as  ('.  tif/rincUus,  Boudier,  Table  l:*.!),  and  C.  fricsii  Quel. 
(  PattMiilJard,  IM.  IKi.) 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  223 

Section  IX.  FurjurcUi.  Pileus  witli  niieaceons  particles  or 
mealy  granules. 

210.     Coprinus  patouillardi  Quel. 

Quelet.  Assoc.  Fr.,  1884,  p.  4. 
Illustration:     l»late  XLII  of  this  Report. 

PILEU8  1-^)  cm.  liroad,  ovate,  obloni>,  then  conico-cauipanulate 
and  finally  revolute,  at  first  finely  striate  then  deeply  plicate,  very 
thin,  white  or  ashy  with  pulverulent  particles,  yellowish  to  brown 
at  the  center.  GILLS  narrow,  free  but  close  to  .stem,  Avhite  then 
smoky  brown.  STEM  2. .5-5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  fragile,  smooth 
or  slightly  tomentose  or  })ulverulent  at  base,  Avhite.  SPORES 
8-7  X  4..")  iiiicr.,  ovate-triangular  to  pentagonal. 

Common  on  dung,  usually  appearing  with  C.  radiatus  or  a  little 
later.  There  seems  to  be  considerable  variation  in  this  plant  both 
in  regard  to  size  and  color.  In  young  stages,  especially  in  dry 
weather,  the  pileus  is  densely  covered  with  dead  white  to  gray 
])articles,  Avhich  gradually  become  brown  as  the  pileus  develops. 
The  shape  of  the  siiore  is  characteristic  and  the  variation  in  size 
less  than  in  many  other  ro])rini.  In  young  stages  it  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished from  ('.  r(id'uiiiii<  by  its  longer,  more  cylindrical  shape 
and  by  its  thicker  white  veil. 

211.     Coprinus  radiatus  Fr. 

Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  251. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  682  a. 

PILEUS  2-15  mm.  wide,  at  first  ovate  or  short  cylindrical,  then 
cam])anulate,  finally  nearly  or  quite  plane  and  .slightly  depressed 
at  the  center,  very  thin,  deeply  plicate;  pileus  with  a  few  brown 
granular  flecks  or  scales,  slightly  pruinose  with  a  few  gland-tipped 
hairs,  pale  brown  or  yellowish  brown,  darker  at  disk,  becoming 
gray.  GILLS  narrow,  distant,  free.  STEM  2-G  cm.  high,  1.5  mm. 
thick,  slender,  fragile,  hollow,  white,  becoming  darker  with  age, 
slightly  inuinose  with  glandular  hairs.  SPORES  10-13  x  8-10  micr., 
regularly  elliptical,  very  dark. 

Very  common  upon  dung.  This  is  probably  our  most  common 
dung-inhabiting  Coprinus.  It  may  be  found  at  almost  any  time 
during  the  summer  season  upon  dung  in  pastures.     If  fresh  horse 


224  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

dung  be  placed  in  a  damp  chamber,  troops  of  this  fungus  will  ap- 
pear within  10-14:  days.  Larger  specimens  appear  at  first;  succes- 
sive plants  a])iiear  smaller  and  smaller  until  they  are  often  only 
one  or  two  millimeters  in  diameter  and  one  or  two  centimeters  high. 
Just  as  there  is  much  variation  in  the  size  of  the  fungus  there  is 
wide  variation  in  the  size  of  the  spores.  Occasionally  the  speci- 
mens are  foiiud  with  small  spores  7-10x5-8  micr.,  as  given  by  Sac- 
cardo  (Sylloge,  Vol.  T),  p.  1101).  Usually,  however,  they  average  as 
large  as  given  in  our  description.  Specimens  of  this  plant  have 
been  distributed  in  exsiccati  under  the  name  of  C.  ephemerus  and 
G.  plicatilis.  The  plant  figured  by  Buller  as  C.  plicatiloides  (Re- 
searches in  Fungi)  is  evidently  C.  radiatus. 

Section  X.  Hemerohii.  Pileus  always  glabrous  or  slightly  prui- 
nose  with  minute  hairs.  No  universal  veil.  A  few  scurfy  particles 
may  be  found  by  the  breaking  of  the  cuticle  or  trama  when  the 
pileus  becomes  plicate. 

212.     Coprinus  ephemerus  Fr. 

Fries,  Epicr.,  p.  252. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  685  f. 

Plates  XLII  and  XLIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  across,  ovate,  then  campanulate,  finally  ex- 
panded, often  splitting  and  revolute,  margin  sometimes  uneven, 
striate,  plicate  when  expanded,  very  thin,  disk  even  or  slightly  ele- 
vated. Yellowish  brown  to  reddish  bay  at  the  disk,  at  first  slightly 
pruinose  with  minute  hairs.  GILLS  linear,  slightly  adnexed  or 
barely  reaching  the  stem,  usually  white  at  margin.  STEM  3-6  cm. 
high,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  tapering  upward,  hollow, 
white.     SPORES  15-17  x  7-8  micr..  black  in  mass. 

Common  upon  dung  or  freshly  manured  ground. 

In  an  examination  of  different  exsiccati,  we  have  found  abundant 
evidence  of  the  truth  of  Saccardo's  statement  that  many  different 
species  have  been  confused  under  the  name  of  C.  ephemerus. 

We  have  found  well-marked  specimens  of  C.  radiatus,  C.  plicatilis, 
and  C.  spraquei  all  under  the  name  of  C.  epliemerus.  Even  as  we 
have  limited  this  species,  there  are  many  distinct  forms  which  may 
be  readily  distinguished.  We  have  grown  several  of  these  varieties 
from  spores  and  have  found  them  to  be  constant  and,  even  in  young 
stages,  the  differences  are  often  apparent  to  the  naked  eye.     One 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  225 

common  form  has  shorter  spores  (11-13  micr.),  which  are  distinctly 
angular  when  viewed  in  one  plane.  The  deep  bay  disk  and  peculiar 
l^ruinose  character  of  the  plants  make  it  possible  to  identify  this 
form  almost  as  soon  as  the  buttons  appear,  see  plates  XLII,  XLIII. 
A  less  common  form  resembles  in  the  young  stages  very  small  speci- 
mens of  C.  micaceus.  The  spores  are  elliptical,  11-13  micr.  long. 
We  have  grown  another  larger  and  lighter  colored  form  with  two- 
spored  basidia. 

213.  Coprinus  silvaticus  Pk. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  24,  p.  71,  1872. 
Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  4,  Fig.  10-14. 

PILEUS  12-30  mm.  broad,  convex,  membranaceous,  plicate-striate 
on  margin,  dark  brown,  disk  very  thin,  fleshy.  GILLS  sub-distant, 
narrow,  adnexed,  brownish  then  black.  STEM  5  cm.  high,  1  mm. 
thick,  slender,  fragile,  smooth,  hollow,  white.  SPORES  12.5  micr. 
long,  gibbous-ovate.     On  ground  in  woods. 

This  plant  was  found  once  at  Ann  Arbor  and  once  at  Bay  View. 
The  gibbous  spores  are  very  characteristic. 

214.  Coprinus  boudieri  Quel. 

Quelet,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Fr.,  1877. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  2G,  p.  60,  as  C.  angulatus. 

Illustrations :    Ibid,  Tab.  5,  Fig.  4. 

Lloyd,  Mycological  Notes,  Vol.  I,  Figs.  21-22,  p.  47.     (As  0. 
angulatus.) 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  membranaceous,  hemispherical,  or 
convex,  plicate-sulcate,  reddish  brown,  smooth  or  minutely  pruinose^ 
disk  smooth.  GILLS  subdistant,  reaching  the  stem,  whitish  then 
black,  the  margins  often  remaining  white.  STEM  2.5-5  cm.  long, 
1-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  smooth  or  sub-pruinose,  white.  SPORES 
7-12  X  6-10  micr.,  compressed,  angular,  key-stone  shaped. 

Upon  soil  in  woods.    Rare. 

The  peculiar  angular  sub-ovate  or  key-stone  shaped  spores  are 

very  characteristic  of  this  plant. 

29  '    • 


226  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

215.     Coprinus  plicatilis  Fr. 

Flies,  Epicr.,  p.  '2o'2. 

llliistiatioiis:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  686  a. 

Massee,  Aim.  Bot.,  Vol.  10,  PL  XI,  Figs.  23-25,  1896. 
Gillet,  Cliampigiioiis  de  France,  Xo.  185. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  across,  ovate-cyliudrical,  then  campanulate, 
membrauaceous,  silicate  to  disk,  brown,  then  grayisli;  disk  remain- 
ing darker,  rather  broad,  becoming  depressed.  GILLS  distant, 
narrow,  attached  to  a  collar  at  some  distance  from  the  stem.  STEM 
5-7  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  equal,  wdiite,  smooth,  hollow.  SPORES 
10-12  X  7.5  to  8.5  X  5-6  micr.,  compressed,  broadly  ovate. 

Rather  common  among  grass  at  roadsides,  etc. 

As  in  the  case  of  C.  ephemerus  there  has  been  considerable  con- 
fusion of  species  under  the  name  of  C  plicatilis.  We  do  not,  how- 
ever, find  HL  much  variation  in  this  plant  as  in  C.  ephemerus. 

Psathyrella    Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  diminutive  of  Psathyra.) 

Black-spored.  Gills  at  length  uniformly  dark-colored,  not  del- 
iquescing, nor  variegate-dotted.  Pileus  membranous,  striate  or 
sulcatc,  margin  at  first  straight,  not  exceeding  the  gills.  Stem 
slender,  confluent.    Veil  inconspicuous. 

Small,  thin-capped  mushrooms,  growing  on  debris  in  woods,  on 
the  ground  in  low  grassy  places,  in  gardens,  etc.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  P.  disseminata,  the  species  are  not  well  known.  Peck  has 
named  twelve  species  found  in  the  United  States  and  a  number  of 
Friesian  species  are  known  to  occur.  The  plants  often  have  the 
appearance  of  the  small,  evanescent  species  of  Coprinus,  but  the 
gills  do  not  deliquesce.  They  diiler  from  Panoeolus  in  the  striate 
pileus,  the  non-variegated  gills  and  the  margin  of  pileus  not  ex- 
ceeding the  gills.     I  have  definitely  studied  only  two  species. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  227 

216.    Psathyrella  disseminata  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  G57. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  58G. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Aualyt.,  No.  351. 
Atlvinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  49,  p.  48,  1900. 
Riclven,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  23,  Fig.  4. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  280,  p.  347,  1908. 

PILEUS  5-10  mm.  broad,  oval  then  campanulate,  at  first  white, 
then  gray  or  grayish-brown,  j)rominently  sulcate-plicate  to  the  small 
buff  umbo,  at  first  covered  by  microscopic,  erect,  one-celled  hairs, 
scurfy,  glabrescent.  FLESH  membranous,  very  thin.  GILLS 
adnate,  ascending,  rather  broad,  ventricose,  sub-distant,  at  first 
white,  then  ashy  and  finally  uniformly  black.  STEM  slender,  2-3 
cm.  long,  .5  to  1  mm.  thick,  liollow,  white,  at  first  minutely  hairy 
with  spreading  hairs,  glabrescent.  SPORES  7-10  x  4-5  micr.,  elon- 
gate-elliptical, smooth,  purple-black  under  microscope.  BASIDIA 
subcylindrical,  20-27  x  G-7  micr.,  4-spored,  interspersed  with  abund- 
ant sterile,  inflated  cells.  CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR  none.  TASTE 
mild. 

On  debris  and  on  the  ground  in  woods  in  extensive  gregarious  and 
caespitose  clusters  of  numerous  individuals. 

Throughout  the  State.     May-October.     Common. 

This  species  is  well  named;  the  thousands  of  plants  which  often 
cover  the  ground  and  debris  around  stumps  are  an  attractive  sight 
when  fresh.  It  sometimes  appears  in  greenhouses  according  to 
Atkinson.  The  microscopic  structure  of  the  hymenium  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  Coprini,  and  some  authors  (vide  Ricken)  refer  it  to 
that  genus. 

217.    Psathyrella  crenata  (Lasch.)     Fr. 

Hymen.  Europ.,  1874. 
"  Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  847. 

"PILEUS  2-3.5  cm.  broad,  hemispherical,  hygrophanous,  rufe- 
scent  or  ochraceous,  then  pallid,  atomate,  sulcate-plicate,  margin  at 
length  crenate.  FLESH  membranous.  GILLS  adnate,  subventri- 
cose,  yellowish-fuscous  than  black.  STEM  6-7  cm.  long,  1-2  mm. 
thick,  slender,  glabrous,  whitish,  striate  and  mealy  at  apex." 


228  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

The  description  is  adopted  from  Fries.  Our  plants  had  a  more 
convex  pileus,  at  first  dark  gray  then  rufescent  or  ochraceous;  the 
gills  were  rather  narrow,  sub-distant,  edge  white-fimbriate ;  stem 
fragile,  stulfed-hollow ;  the  spores  elliptic-oblong,  10-12.5  x  6-7  micr., 
smooth,  purplish-black  under  microscope.  CYSTIDIA  few  or  none. 
The  crenate  folds  of  the  margin  of  the  cap  included  two  to  three 
striae.     It  agrees  well  with  Cooke's  figure. 


Panoeolus    Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  pmiaiolus,  meaning  all-variegated.) 

Black-spored.  Gills  grayish-black,  dotted  by  the  spores,  ascend- 
ing, more  or  less  attached  but  seceding.  Stem  central,  polished, 
subrigid.  Pileus  not  striate,  rather  firm  but  not  very  fleshy. 
Veil  woven-submembranous  or  subsilky. 

Dung-inhabiting,  slender-stemmed,  slightly  persistent  but  putre- 
scent mushrooms,  whose  otherwise  glabrous  pileus  is  either  ap- 
pendiculate  or  slightly  white-silky  on  the  margin  by  the  collapsing 
of  the  more  or  less  evanescent  veil.  Often  ring-marked  on  the  stem 
by  the  spores  falling  on  the  remnants  of  the  veil.  It  is  a  rather 
small  genus,  and  the  rarer  species  are  not  well  known.  Peck  has 
described  five  species,  of  which  P.  epimyces  is  to  be  looked  for 
under  Stropharia.  The  spores  are  opaque,  black,  smooth  and  usual- 
ly lemon-shaped  or  elliptical;  they  remain  aggregated  in  tiny 
clusters  on  the  gills  as  these  mature  and  so  produce  the  dotted- 
variegated  appearance  of  the  gills.  Later  the  gills  become  entirely 
gray-black  to  black. 

218.     Panoeolus  solidipes  Pk.     (Edible) 

X.  Y.  Slate  ^fus.  Eep.  2.3,  1872. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  4,  Fig.  1-5. 

Hard,  Muslirooms,  PI.  41,  Fig.  278,  p.  34.3. 

^^■llite,  Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.,  Xo.  3,  PI. 

27,  p.  53. 
Plate  XLIV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  large,  firm,  at  first  hemispherical  then 
broadly  convex,  obtuse,  moist,  glabrous,  it7iife  when  fresh,  even, 
at  length  rimosc-ficahj  and  yclloicish,  especially  on  disk.  FLESH 
rather  thick,  white,  watery  near  the  gills.     GILLS  ascending,  nar- 


*»" 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  229 

rowly  adnate,  'broad,  ventricose,  close,  white  at  first,  then  ashy  to 
black,  variegated  by  the  spores,  edge  white-flocculose.  STEM  long 
and  rather  stout,  8-20  cm.  long,  5-15  mm.  thick,  equal,  firm,  solid, 
fibrous,  glabrous,  ivhite  within  and  without,  apex  striate  and 
beaded  wdth  drops,  straight  or  curved  at  base,  sometimes  twisted. 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  smooth, 
15-18x9-11  micr.,  black.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills, 
broadly  lanceolate,  30-35  micr.  long,  subobtuse.  BASIDIA  short- 
clavate,  about  33  x  14  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR  and  TASTE  slight. 
Edible. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  manure  piles  rich  in  straw,  on 
dung  and  on  richly  manured  lawns.  Ann  Arbor.  May-July.  Spas- 
modic. 

This  is  our  largest  Pana^olus  and  an  excellent  species  for  the 
table.  It  is  probably  to  be  found  throughout  the  southern  part  of 
the  State;  it  has  only  appeared  during  a  few  seasons  but  then  in 
abundance.  The  large  size,  white  color  when  fresh,  the  solid  stem 
and  the  marked  striations  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  stem  are  its 
distinguishing  characters.  The  striations  sometimes  extend  the 
whole  length  of  the  stem.  Its  flavor  when  cooked  is  quite  agree- 
able. It  is  often  a  noble  plant  and  our  illustration  does  not  do  it 
justice. 

219.    Panoeolus  retirugis  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Epicrisis,  1838. 

Illustrations:     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  509. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  3,  PL  40,  Fig.  7. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.  11,  Fig.  45,  p.  45,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PI.  40,  Fig.  276,  p.  340,  1908. 
Reddick,  Ind.  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Resour.  Rep.  32,  Fig.  9,  p. 
1231,  1907. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  rather  firm,  at  first  elliptic-oval,  then 
campanulate-hemispherical,  obtuse,  glabrous,  dark  smoky  when 
young  and  wet,  becoming  paler,  or  in  dry  weather  grayish,  pale 
clay  color  or  creamy-white,  sliining-micaceous  when  dry,  surface 
usually  reticulate-veined  on  disk,  sometimes  even,  margin  connected 
with  stem  in  young  stage  by  a  foccose-submembranoiis,  ring-like 
veil,  veil  soon  broken  and  margin  markedly  appctidiculate  in  ex- 
panded pileus.  FLESH  rather  thin,  equal.  GILLS  adnate-seced- 
ing,  broad,  ventricose,  close,  white  then  variegate-spotted  by  the 


230  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP    MICHIGAN 

black  spores,  edge  white-flocciilose.  STEM  5-lG  cm.  long,  2-6  mm. 
thick,  equal,  cylindrical,  sometimes  flexiious,  Avhitish,  rufcscent  or 
tinged  pnr{»lish  Avitliin  and  without,  darker  below,  hollow,  often 
covered- with  frost-like  blootn,  sometimes  minutely  rinuilose,  bulbil- 
late.  SPOKES  broadly  oval-elliptical,  ventricose,  15-18x9-11  micr., 
smooth,  black,    i^tcrilc  cells  on  edge  of  gills,  narrow,  subcapitate. 

dregarious  or  scattered  on  dung-hills,  manured  lawns,  fields, 
road-sides,  etc.,  in  woods  or  in  the  open.  Throughout  the  State. 
May-October.     A'ery  common. 

The  most  widely  distributed  of  our  species.  In  favorable  weather 
it  occurs  abundantly  where  stock  is  pastured.  In  dry  weather  it 
is  smaller  and  paler.  In  the  woods  or  in  drizzly  w^eather  the  stems 
are  large  and  the  colors  are  very  different.  Some  disagreement  ex- 
ists as  to  the  size  of  the  spores,  which  are  variable  in  dimension  but 
rather  constant  in  shape.  Kicken  describes  and  figures  a  form  which 
is  scarcely  our  plant,  and  Cooke's  figure  is  not  convincing.  It  is 
not  poisonous  but  is  rather  unattractive  and  usually  avoided  when 
collecting  for  the  table.  The  older  name  is  P.  carhonarius.  It  is 
possible  that  this  runs  into  P.  canipanulatus  Fr.  and  is  often  con- 
fused with  it. 

220.     Panceolus  campanulatus  Fr.    (Suspected) 

Epicrisis,  183G-38. 

Illustration:    Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  G9,  Fig.  8. 

''PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  brownish-gray  or  yellowish-gray,  per- 
sistenthj  conic-campanulate,  never  expanded,  glahrous,  often  some- 
what silky-shining,  neither  hygrophanous  nor  viscid,  margin  some- 
what appendiculate  by  the  rather  persistent  veil.  FLESH  thin, 
coucolor.  GILLS  adnate,  ventricose-ascending,  broad,  close,  varie- 
gated gray  to  black  by  the  spores,  edge  white-flocculose.  STEM 
7-10  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  tliick,  straight,  rigid-fragile,  equal,  reddish- 
hroiai,  pulverulent-pruinose,  apex  striate,  black-dotted  and  beaded 
with  drops  in  wet  weather.  SPORES  lemon-shaped,  15-18x10-13 
micr.,  smooth,  opaque,  black." 

The  description  is  adopted  from  Ricken.     According  to  Godfrin 
(Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  19,  p.  45)   this  species  differs  from  P.* 
retirugis  in  the  structure  of  the  cuticle.     In  the  latter  species  the 
surface  cells  of  the  pileus  are  four  or  five  layers  thick,  gradually 
passing  into  the  longer,  tramal  cells  below;  while  in  P.  campanu- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  231 

latus  there  are  only  one  or  two  rows  of  abruptly  clitferentiated  cells 
with  large,  clavate,  erect  cystidia-like  cells  intermiugled.  The 
species  has  not  been  uniformly  conceived  by  different  authors  and 
needs  further  comparison.  It  is  said  to  be  very  common  in  Europe 
and  is  widely  reported  in  this  country.  The  majority  of  authors 
give  the  same  spore-size  as  Kicken. 

221.    Panoeolus  papillionaceus  Fr.      (Suspected) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustration:     Eicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  09,  Fig.  3. 

"PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  subhemispherical,  at  length  exjjanded, 
never  viscid  nor  hygrophanous,  at  length  rimose-scaly  or  areolate, 
pallid  or  sordid-tcliitish  to  smoky-gray  or  brownish-pallid,  margin 
with  evanescent,  pallid  veil.  FLESH  slightly  thick,  white.  GILLS 
broadly  adnate,  often  very  broad,  ventricose,  close,  variegated  gray- 
blackish  from  the  spores,  at  length  black.  STEM  6-8  cm.  long,  2-5 
mm.  thick,  cartilaginous-toughish,  rigid,  hollow,  somewhat  attenu- 
ated, whitish,  with  brownish  base,  apex  striate  and  white-pruinose. 
SPORES  lemon-shaped,  15-18  x  9-11  micr.,  smooth,  black." 

The  description  is  adopted  from  Ricken.  The  spores  are  some- 
what more  narrow  according  to  most  authors.  This  species  seems 
to  be  infrequent  with  us.  Small  forms  occur  A\hich  may  be  referred 
here,  in  which  the  pileus  is  less  than  a  centimeter  broad  and  the 
spores  are  smaller.  The  species  is  not  too  well  known.  Its  main 
character  seems  to  be  the  whitish  stem  but  no  doubt  the  forms  with 
such  a  stem  need  segregation  as  shown  by  some  of  my  collections. 

> 

222.    Panoeolus  j-^p. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  obtuse,  not  expanded, 
1-1.5  cm.  high,  hygrophanous,  bibulous,  smoky  gray  ichen  moist, 
livid-buff  when  dry,  glabi  ous,  dull  and  subpruinose,  at  length  coarse- 
ly crenate-wavy  when  dry;  veil  absent  or  fugacious.  FLESH 
thickish,  rather  firm,  concolor  (moist),  then  pallid.  GILLS 
rounded  behind,  adnate-seceding,  not  broadly  attached,  ventricose. 
crowded,  gray  then  variegated  black,  edge  white-flocculose.  STEM 
5-7  cm.  long,  slender,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  rigid-fragile,  flexuous  or 
straight,  hollow,  livid  smoky-gray,  concolor  within,  pruinose,  gla- 
brescent,  base  white-mycelioid.     SPORES  elliptical,  ventricose,  9-10 


232  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

X  G  micr.,  smooth,  obtusely  pointed,  black.  Sterile  cells  on  edge  of 
i,'ills,  linear,  subcapitate,  30-40  x  4-5  micr.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.  On  horse  dung  and  soil,  in  woods  pastured  by  horses. 
Ami  Ailxir.    October. 

This  is  close  to  P.  sphbwtrinus  Fr.  in  most  of  its  characters,  but 
differs  in  its  niucli  smaller  spores  and  in  the  lack  of  a  persistent, 
appendiculate  veil.  The  surface  portion  of  the  pileus  has  the  same 
structure  that  is  given  by  Godfrin  (1.  c.)   for  P.  spMnctrinus. 


AMAUROSPORAE 

Psalliota  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  Psallion,  a  ring  or  collar.) 

Purple-brown-spored.  Stem  fleshy,  separable  from  the  pileus, 
provided  with  a  persistent  or  evanescent  annulus.  Gills  free,  usually 
pink  or  pinkish  in  the  young  stage. 

Fleshy,  mostly  compact  and  large  mushrooms,  growing  on  the 
ground  in  woods  among  fallen  leaves,  etc.,  or  on  lawns,  pastures, 
open  ground  or  cultivated  fields.  They  correspond  to  Lepiota  of 
the  white-spored  group.  They  are  all  edible,  the  larger  ones  being 
among  the  best  known  and  most  widely  used  of  edible  mushrooms. 
Several  species  have  been  cultivated  a  long  time  and  are  of  con- 
siderable commercial  importance,  especially  in  Europe.  (See  re- 
marks under  P.  campestris.) 

Tlie  1*ILEUS  is  glabrous,  fibrillose  or  fibrillose-scaly,  either  white 
or  whitish  or  dark  colored  by  the  color  of  the  fibrils  on  its  surface; 
the.se  fibrils  compose  a  thin  layer  on  the  very  young  cap,  and  as  the 
cap  expands  are  broken  up,  except  at  the  slow-growing  center,  into 
fibrillose  scales.  The  young  cap  of  these  species  is  therefore  much 
more  uniformly  colored  than  later  in  the  expanded  stage.  The  sur- 
face of  the  whitish  species  is  often  stained  somewhat  with  yellowish 
of  i-ufcscont  hues  when  bruised  or  in  age.  The  she  varies;  most  spe- 
cies may  become  quite  large,  P.  suhrufescens  reaching  a  size  of  20 
cm.  across  the  cap ;  a  few  are  quite  small.  The  surface  is  dry,  or  it 
may  be  slightly  viscid  as  in  P.  cretacella.  The  GILLS  are  free,  as 
in  Loi»iola.  ^^'hen  tlie  button  is  quite  small  it  is  white,  but  in  some 
species,  e.  g.  P.  campestris,  becomes  pink  quickly.  This  character 
has  been  used  to  separate  the  species,  but  is  a  dittlcult  point  for  be- 
ginners to  dotorniiue.    As  the  spores  begin  to  take  on  color,  the  pur- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  233 

plish-brown  hues  appear  and  when  old,  most  gills  appear  blackish- 
brown  because  of  the  dense  layer  of  spores.  The  STEM  is  either 
almost  undifferentiated  within  and  is  then  solid,  or  has  a  distinct 
pith  which  soon  disappears  and  leaves  it  hollow,  often  in  the  form 
of  a  narrow  tubule.  It  is  fleshy  and  when  fresh  has  no  cartilaginous 
cortex;  it  is,  however,  of  different  texture  from  that  of  the  pileus 
and  easily  separates  from  it. 

The  VEIL  is  single  or  double.  When  double  the  substance 
of  the  under  layer  is  similar  to  that  of  the  pileus  and  the  base  of 
the  stem  and  is  probably  a  part  of  a  universal  cuticle.  Sometimes 
it  is  very  voluminous  and  forms  a  large  pendulous  annulus,  as  in 
P.  placomyces  and  P.  siibrujesccns.  Usually  it  is  quite  thick  and 
persistent.  The  lower  layer  breaks  off  soonest,  ceases  expansion 
and  cracks  into  radial  patches  which  remain  on  the  under  side  of 
the  annulus ;  sometimes,  as  in  P.  abruptihulha,  it  is  veiy  evane- 
scent. 

The  genus  may  be  divided  irito  two  sections  based  on  the  structure 
of  the  veil.  The  Friesian  grouping  is  entirely  artificial,  and  the 
difference  in  the  color  of  the  young  gills,  used  by  some  as  a  basis  for 
grouping,  seems  too  variable  a  criterion  for  the  purpose. 

Kcfj  to  the  Species 

(A)     Plants  large;   pileus  normally  much  more  than  4  cm.  broad.     (See 
P.  campestris.) 
(a)     Growing  in  forests,  thickets,  groves,  etc. 
(b)     Pileus  white,  not  fibrillose-scaly,  usually  glabrous. 

(c)     Pileus   turning   yellowish   on   disk   when   rubbed;     stem    with 

small,  abrupt  bulb.     226.     P.  abruptidulha  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  firm,  cha,lky-white,  not  stained  yellow;  without  abrupt 
bulb.     223.     P.  cretaceUa  Atk. 
(bb)     Pileus  with  fibrils  or  fibrillose  scales  on  the  surface. 

(c)     Flesh  turning  pink  to  blood-red  where  broken;    fibrils  brown- 
ish-gray.    231.     P.  haemorrhodaria  Fr. 
(cc)     Flesh  not  or  scarcely  changing  color. 

(d)      Annulus  single,   not   covered   on   under    side    with    floccose 

patches;  fibrils  brown.     230.     P.  silvatica  Fr. 
(dd)     Annulus  double,  as  shown  by  the  patches  on  under  surface, 
(e)     Disk  of  pileus  blackish,  fibrils  brown;    odor  not  marked. 

227.  P.  placomyces  Pk. 

(ee)     Disk  reddish-brown,  fibrils  tawny;  odor  of  almo4ids;  large. 

228.  P.  subrufescens  Pk. 

(aa)     Growing  in  fields,  open  places,  cultivated  grounds  or  lawns,  not 
scaly. 
(b)     Annulus  as  a  broad  band  with  spreading  edges;   gills  very  nar- 
row as  compared  to  the  thick  flesh;  in  cities.     224.     P.  rodmani 
Pk. 
(bb)     Annulus  different. 

(c)     Pileus  large,  surface  stained  yellowish  on  disk  when  bruised; 

annulus  double.     225.    P.  arvcnsis  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  medium,  surface  unchanged;  annulus  lacerated,  simple; 
gills  bright  pink.     229.    P.  fiampestris  Fr. 


234  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

(AA)     Pileus  1-5  cm.  broad. 

(a)     Flesh  of  stem  soon  blood-red;  in  hot-houses.     235.     P.  echinata  Fr. 
(aa)     Flesh  whitish,  not  turning  red. 

(b)     Fibrils   of   pileus   grayish-brown    or   brown;    gills   at   first   gray. 

232.     P.   micromegctha  Pk. 
(bb)     Not  markedly  fibrillose. 

(c)     Pileus  creamy-white,  with  yellowish  stains.  233.  P.  comtula  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  with  pinkish  to  reddish-brown  hues,  slightly  fibrillose. 
234.     P.  diminutiva  Pk. 


Section  I.  Bifchircs.  Aniiiiliis  double,  with  thick  flocciilose 
patches  on  under  side. 

223.    Psalliota  cretacella  Atk.      (Edible) 
Jour,  of  Mycology,  Vol.  8,  1902. 

PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  convex  to  expanded,  thin,  glabrous,  white, 
sometimes  inclined  to  be  slightly  viscid  in  wet  weather,  even. 
FLESH  white,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  pink.  GILLS  free, 
crowded,  narrow,  3-4  mm.  broad,  narrowed  behind,  white  at  first, 
tJioi  slowly  pink,  later  dark  grayisJi-hroicn,  not  becoming  blackish. 
STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  0-10  mm.  thick,  tapering  from  the  enlarged 
base,  white,  glabrous  above  the  annulus,  chalky-white  below  and 
covered  with  minute,  white,  powdery  scales  often  arranged  in 
irregular  concentric  rings  below,  solid,  but  center  less  dense.  AN- 
NULUS double,  persistent,  white,  smooth  above,  the  lower  surface 
with  very  fine  floccose  scales  similar  to  those  on  the  stem  from  which 
the  annulus  Avas  separated.  SPORES  4-5  x  3  micr.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  of  almonds  as  in  P.  arvensis. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  leaf-mold,  debris,  etc.,  in 
coniferous  regions.  Marquette,  Bay  View.  August-September.  In- 
frequent. 

The  description  is  adapted  from  that  of  Atkinson.  P.  cretacella 
is  closely  related  to  /'.  crrtaceus  Fr.  which  differs,  according  to 
Fries'  description,  in  the  hollow  stem,  the  blackish-fuscous  gills 
when  mature  and  in  that  the  pileus  becomes  at  length  scaly.  Our 
plants  liave  a  glabrous  chalky-white  pileus  and  solid  stem.  Rickeu 
gives  spores  of  P.  cretaceus  as  8-9  x  5-0  micr. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  235 

224.    Psalliota   rodmani  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  y.  State  Mils.  Rep.  3G,  1884. 

Illustrations :    Peck,  A'.  Y.  Mus.  Eep.  48,  PL  9,  Fig.  1-G,  189G. 
Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  25,  op.  p.  7G,  1905. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  17,  p.  19,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  250,  p.  309,  1908. 
Plate  XLY  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  (more  often  medium  size),  at  first  de- 
pressed-hemispherical to  broadly  convex,  at  length  subexpanded  to 
plane,  firm,  dry,  glahrous,  subsilky,  ivhite  or  whitish,  cream  color  to 
subochraceous  in  age,  the  margin  at  first  incurved  and  surpassing 
the  gills.  FLESH  thick,  compact,  white,  not  changed  by  bruising. 
GILLS  free  but  nearly  or  quite  reaching  the  stem,  abruptly  rounded 
behind,  narrow,  icidth  ahout  one-third  the  thickness  of  pileus,  crowd- 
ed, at  first  dull  pink,  then  purplish-brown,  finally  blackish-brown, 
edge  entire.  STEM  short,  2-5  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  thick,  stout,  equal, 
solid,  glabrous  below,  apex  slightly  scurfy,  white  within  and  with- 
out, provided  at  the  middle  or  helow  with  a  'band-like,  double,  white 
ANNL^LUS,  with  somewhat  spreading  edges,  sometimes  narrow  and 
merely  grooved,  or  somewhat  lacerated.  SPORES  minute,  5-6.5  x 
4-4.5  micr.,  broadly  elliptical  or  broadly  oval,  smooth,  purplish- 
brown,  blackish-brown  in  mass.  BASIDIA  30-3G  x  8  micr.,  4-spored. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  agreeable. 

Solitary  on  the  ground  especially  along  city  pavements,  or 
caespitose  on  lawns  or  grassy  places.  Throughout  the  State.  Ann 
Arbor,  Detroit,  Holland,  Houghton,  etc.  Maj^-October.  Not  infre- 
quent. 

A  well-marked  species,  whose  margined,  band-like  annulus,  nar- 
row gills,  solid  stem  and  squatty  habit  characterize  it  sufficiently. 
The  young  gills  are  white  for  a  much  longer  time  than  in  P. 
campestris.  The  pileus  may  become  yellowish-tinged  but  the  flesh 
is  not  changed  by  bruising  except  that  it  becomes  slightly  rufescent 
in  the  stem.  Peck  says  the  annulus  is  rather  thick  at  times ;  in  our 
specimens  it  was  thin  and  almost  membranous.  Sometimes  it  occurs 
on  lawns  in  dense,  caespitose  clusters  of  50  to  100  individuals; 
such  a  growth  was  observed  in  Ann  Arbor  by  myself,  and  the  same 
condition  has  been  reported  to  me  by  Dr.  L.  L.  Hubbard  at  Houghton. 
It  apparently  prefers  city  conditions,  as  it  is  almost  exclusively 
found  there.  It  is  edible  and  much  "prized  by  those  acquainted  with 
it. 


236  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

225.    Psalliota  arvensis  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Sverig.  iitl.  o  gift.  Swamp,  PL  4. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  523. 

Gillet,  riiainpignons  de  France,  No.  571  (as  Pratella). 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PI.  10,  Fig.  4. 
:MicIiael,  Fiilirer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  61. 
Kieken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  62,  Fig.  2. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PI.  34  and  Fig.  252,  p.  312. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  etc.,  PI.  38,  Fig.  13,  op.  p.  114. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PL  8. 
Plate  XLVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-20  cm.  broad,  large,  subhemispherical  at  first,  then 
convex-expanded,  disk  plane,  firm,  even,  gkihrous,  almost  shin- 
ing, or  with  appressed,  small,  fibrillose  scales,  dry,  lohite  or  tinged 
yelloicisli-ochraceons  on  disk,  especially  iclien  I'uhhed,  sometimes 
rimose-areolate.  FLESH  thick,  ivJiite,  at  length  yellowish-tinged. 
GILLS  free,  crowded,  rather  broad,  at  first  ichitish  then  slowly 
grayish-pink,  finally  Mackish-'broicn,  edge  entire.  STEM  5-20  cm. 
long,  10-30  mm.  thick,  stout,  white,  yellowish-stained  tvJiere  hruised, 
silky-shining  above  the  annulus,  stuffed  by  a  loose  pith,  then  Jiollow, 
equal-cylindrical  above  the  abrupt,  small  and  short  bulb,  glabrous; 
ANNULUS  thick,  rather  large,  douhle,  the  lower  layer  radially 
cracked  into  rather  large  ochraceous-tinged  patches.  SPORES  6-7 
X  4-4.5  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  purplish-brown,  blackish-brown  in 
mass.    ODOR  of  anise  or  of  tenzaldeliyde. 

On  the  ground,  cultivated  fields,  pastures,  on  grassy  mounds  in 
woods,  in  the  north  on  lawns;  scattered-gregarious  or  solitary. 
Tlu-ougliout  the  State,  more  frequent  in  the  Northern  Peninsula. 
July-Octolicr.    Infi-ecpient  in  the  south  part  of  State. 

The  'Tield  mushroom"  or  "ploughed  land  mushroom"  is  not  limit- 
ed to  cultivated  fields.  It  w^as  found  in  several  cities  along  Lake 
Superior  on  lawns.  It  is  much  prized  by  the  inhabitants  for  the 
table.  It  is  larger  than  P.  campestris,  and  can  be  distinguished  by 
the  tendency  of  the  center  of  the  cap  and  base  of  stem  to  turn  yellow- 
ish-ochraceous  when  rubbed  or  bruised.  The  gills,  although  pink  for 
a  brief  time  at  one  stage,  are  white  much  longer  than  in  the  other 
species.  Also  there  is  often  a  slight  but  distinct  odor  of  oil  of  bitter 
almonds  when  the  flesh  is  crushed.  It  is  curious  to  note  the  various 
spoi-e-monsurements  given  by  authors.     Ours  agree  practically  with 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  237 

the  size  given  by  Bresadola,  Kicken  and  Massee.  On  the  other  hand, 
Karsten,  W.  Smith,  Schroeter,  Saccardo  and  Peck  give  them  9  (or 
11)  x6  micr.  and  as  one  suspects  from  other  remarks  about  the 
plant,  some  other  species  is  probably  at  times  mistaken  for  it, 
Eicken,  whose  figure  is  numbered,  through  an  error,  for  that  of  P. 
cveiaceus,  emphasizes  the  point  that  in  his  plants  the  flesh  of  the 
stem  becomes  blackish  in  age.  This  has  not  been  observed  in  our 
region  and  the  dried  specimens  do  not  show  it.  Its  edibility  is  not 
to  be  questioned. 

226.     Psalliota  abruptibulba  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  91,  1905  (as  Agaricus). 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  1900  (as  Agaricus  ahruptus). 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  59,  Fig.  8-14,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  254,  p.  313,  1908. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  19-20,  1900   (as  P.  silvicola). 
Marshall,  Mushrooms,  PL  26,  op.  p.  77,  1905. 
Plate  XLVII  of  this  Keport.^ 

PILEUS  7-15  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expandcd-plane,  brittle,  dry, 
glabrous  or  covered  with  white,  appressed  silky  fibrils,  sometimes 
obscurely  appressed-scaly,  icJiite  or  creamy-tvhite,  often  with  dingy 
yellowish  stains  on  disk,  silky-shining.  FLESH  moderately  thick, 
turning  yellowish  iclien  hruised,  especially  under  the  cuticle. 
GILLS  free,  remote,  crowded,  narrow,  soon  pink,  then  dark  brown, 
edge  entire.  STEM  8-15  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  cylindrical  or 
tapering  upward  from  a  small,  snbahrnpt  hiilh,  relatively  slender  at 
times,  creamy-white,  yellowish  when  bruised,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
subglabrous.  ANNULUS  broad,  douMe,  smooth  above,  cracking  be- 
low into  thick,  sometimes  evanescent,  yellowish  patches.  SPOKES 
5-0  X  3-4  micr.,  elliptical,  smootli,  purple-brown.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
agreeable. 

Scattered  or  subcaespitose  on  the  ground  among  fallen  leaves  in 
frondose  or  mixed  woods.  Throughout  the  State.  July-October. 
Fairly  common. 

The  species  is  known  by  its  habitat  in  woods,  its  flat  cap  at  ma- 
turity which  is  shining-whitish,  the  rather  slender,  abruptly-bulbous 
stem  and  the  tendency  for  the  flesh  of  the  cap  and  stem  to  become 
yellowish  where  bruised.  It  differs  from  P.  arvensis  in  its  very 
different  stature;  from  P.  placomyces  in  the  absence  of  any  brown- 
ish or  rufous  fibrils  on  the  cap,  and  from  P.  sylvaticus  Fr.  by  its 


238  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

bulbous  .stem.  Teek  first  referred  it  to  P.  arvensis  as  a  variety, 
later  be  called  it  Agaricus  ahriqjtus;  but  as  tbis  name  was  pre- 
ompte<l  it  was  changed  to  ahruptihuJha.  Sometimes  the  veil  ap- 
pears to  be  single,  but  tbis  is  merel}^  accidental.  Mcllvaine  says 
•■'it  has  a  strong,  spicj',  rausbroom  odor  and  taste  and  makes  a 
biglily  llavored  disb.  It  is  delicious  Witb  meats;  tbe  very  best 
muslirooni  for  catsup."  Since  it  occurs  in  tbe  woods,  it  must  be 
carefully  distinguisbed  from  tbe  deadh',  wbite  Amanitas. 

227.    Psalliota  placomyces  Pk.     (Edible) 

y.  y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  29,  1878. 

Illustrations :     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PL  9,  Fig.  7-12. 
Atkinson,  Musbrooms,  Fig.  21-23,  pp.  2.3-21,  1900. 
Hard,  Musbrooms,  Fig.  255,  257,  pp.  314-31G,  1908. 
Clements,  .Minn.  Musbrooms,  Fig.  12,  p.  71,  1910. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  at  first  broadly  ovate,  convex-expanded, 
finally  quite  j)^ttne,  sometimes  subumbonate,  not  striate,  squamu- 
lose,  wbitisb,  except  where  dotted  with  the  hroioi  scales  which  are 
more  dense  toicard  the  center,  forming  a  blackish-brown  disk,  in 
age  tbe  surface  may  be  entirely  brown.  FLESH  white  or  tinged 
yellowish  under  cuticle,  rather  thin  except  disk.  GILLS  free, 
crowded,  thin,  wbite  at  first,  soon  pink  then  blackish-brown,  edge 
entire.  STEM  rather  long,  7-12  cm.  long,  tapering  upward  or 
clavate-hulhoiis,  1-8  mm.  thick,  stuffed  then  hollow,  whitish,  the 
bulb  sometimes  yellowish-stained,  glabrous.  ANNULUS  large, 
superior,  double,  tbe  under  layer  cracking  radially  and  leaving 
patches,  finally  darkened  by  the  spores.  SPORES  5-6  x  3.5-1  micr. 
(rarely  few  longer),  elliptical-oval,  nucleate,  smooth,  purplish- 
brown,  blackish-brown  in  mass.    ODOR  not  marked. 

Solitary  or  scattered,  sometimes  a  few  caespitose,  on  the  ground  in 
frondose,  hendock  or  mixed  woods,  rarely  on  lawns.  Ann  Arbor, 
Lansing,  New  Richmond,  probably  throughout  tbe  State.  July- 
September.    Infrequent,  during  some  seasons  rare. 

A  beautiful  plant  when  one  comes  across  it  at  its  best,  with  its 
artistically  decorated  cap  and  symmetrical  stature.  It  differs 
clearly  from  all  others.  It  is  edible  although  tbe  flesh  is  thinner 
than  in  the  preceding .  species.  It  is  known  by  tbe  minute  brown 
scales  on  the  flattened  cap,  tbe  clavate-bulbous  stem  and  tbe  large, 
flabby  annulus.  During  some  seasons,  it  seems  to  be  absent  even 
under  favorable  Aveatber  conditions. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  239 

228.    Psalliota  subrufescens  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  4G,  1893. 

Illustratious :     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PI.  7,  1S9G. 
Plates  XLVIII,  XLIX,  L,  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  8-18  cm.  broad^  ?fl'"^e.  at  first  liemisplierieal  then  convex, 
finaUi/  plane,  becoming  wavy  and  split  on  the  margin,  silky-fiJ)rillose 
at  first,  the  tibrillose  surface  soon  breaking  up  to  form  very  numer- 
ous, appressed,  pale  tawny  fihrillose  scales,  disk  reddish-brown  and 
not  scaly,  sometimes  rimose,  not  striate.  FLESH  white,  unchange- 
able, rather  thin,  softj  fragile  at  maturity.  GILLS  free,  not  very- 
remote,  narroir,  croicclcd,  at  first  white,  then  pinkish,  finally  black- 
ish-broAvn,  edge  at  first  minutely  white-fimbriate.  STEM  7-15  cm. 
long,  tapering  upirard,  1-1. .5  cm.  thick  at  apex,  twice  as  thick  below, 
white  and  almost  glabrous  above  the  annulus,  floccose-fibrillose  to 
subscaly  toward  base,  stuffed  hy  soft  icliite  pith  then  hollow,  the 
bulb  varying  clavate  to  more  or  less  abrupt.  ANNULUS  very 
voluminous,  refiexed,  double,  rather  distant  from  the  apex  of  the 
stem,  smooth  and  white  above,  with  soft,  floccose,  pale  tawny  scales 
below,  becoming  dark  from  spores.  SPORES  6-7.5  x  4-5  micr.,  ellip- 
tical, smooth,  dark  purjde  brown,  blackish-brown  in  mass. 
STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  numerous,  subcylindrical,  very 
narrow,  hyaline.  ODOR  wlien  crushed,  strong  of  almonds.  TASTE 
of  green  nuts. 

Caespitose,  on  masses  of  decaying  fallen  leaves  in  frondose  woods 
and  in  richly  manured  hot-house  beds.  (It  is  also  cultivated  for 
the  market.) 

Ann  Arbor,  Detroit.    August-October.    Rather  rare. 

Our  largest  Psalliota,  probably  at  times  surpassing  the  size  given 
above.  The  original  description  was  made  by  Peck  from  old  ma- 
terial, and  later  (48th  Rep.)  he  points  out  that  the  cap  is  coated 
with  fibrils  which  at  length  give  it  the  scaly  character.  Peck's  de- 
scription of  this  species  is,  therefore,  misleading,  and  probably  his 
specimens  did  not  show  the  full  development  of  the  scales  shown  in 
our  photographs.  Some  of  our  specimens  were  sent  to  Dr.  Peck  who 
pronounced  them  P.  subrufescens  Pk.  None  of  our  other  Psalliotas 
could  be  easily  confused  with  P.  subrufescens  when  it  appears  in 
the  woods.  Of  the  European  species,  P.  augusta  Fr.  and  P.  perrara 
Bres.  approach  it  in  size.  These  are  at  once  distinct,  according  to 
Ricken's  descriptions,  by  their  paler  caps  and  larger  spores.     The 


240  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

spores  of  P.  augiista  are  12-14  x  G-7  micr.,  per  Kicken;  of  P.  pcrrara, 
8-10x5  micr.,  per  Bresadola.  P.  sUvaiiva  Fr.  differs  in  the  smaller 
size,  the  simple  annulus  and  differently  colored  pileus.  P.  suhru- 
fisccns  sometimes  appears  in  hot-honse  beds  and  has  been  rednced  to 
cnltivation,  wliere  its  characters  seem  to  be  somewhat  changed,  so 
that  Peck  has  made  a  lengthy  comparison  between  it  and  P.  cam- 
pc8tris,  to  which  tlie  wild  form  has  no  close  resemblance. 

Section  II.  Univelares.  Annnlns  simple,  not  with  thick  floccose- 
patches  ini  under  side. 

229.     Psalliota  campestris  Fr.     (Edible) 

Svst.  ^hc,  1S21. 

Illustrations:     (Selected,  very  numerous.) 
Fries,  Sverig.  iitl.  o.  gift.  Swamp.,  PI.  5. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  526. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  Xo.  573  (As  Pratella). 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  60. 
liresadola,  I.  Fung.  mang.  e.  velenos,  PI.  53. 
Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PL  23,  op.  74  and  PL  24,  op. 

75,  1905. 
Gibson,   Our   Edible   Toadstools    and   Mushrooms,    PL  5,  p. 

83  and  PL  6,  p.  89. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  T,  PL  3,  Fig.  1. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  248  and  249,  p.  307,  1908. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Figs.  1-8,  pp.  2-8,  1900. 
Atkinson,  Bot.  Gaz.,  Vol.  43,  p.  264  et.  al.,  PL  7,  8,  9,  10,  11 

and  12  (showing  all  stages  of  development). 

• 

PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad  (occasionally  larger,  especially  when 
cultivated),  at  first  flattened  hemispherical  then  convex-expanded 
or  nearly  plane,  firm,  even,  glabrous  or  at  length  minutely  floccose- 
silky  or  delicately  fibrillose-scaly,  dry,  ivJiite  (scaly  forms  are 
brownish,  etc.),  the  margin  extending  beyond  gills,  edge  often 
fringo«l  wlien  fresh  by  the  tearing  of  the  partial  veil.  FLESH 
thick,  white,  not  changing  when  bruised.  GILLS  free  but  not  re- 
mote, rounded  behind,  ventricose,  not  broad,  close,  almost  from 
the  very  first  delicate  pink,  then  deep  fi,esh  color,  finally  purplish- 
brown  to  hlackish,  edge  even.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  thick,  usually 
suhcqual  or  tapering  downuard,    rarely    subbulbous,    solid-stuffed, 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  241 

usually  rather  short  aud  firm,  white  or  whitish,  glabrous.  AX- 
NULUS  above  and  near  tlie  middle,  edge  lacerate,  often  evanescent 
in  age,  derived  from  the  thin,  simple,  white,  partial  veil,  SPOKES 
elliptical,  7-9x4.5-5.5  micr.,  purple-brown,  IjlacJxisJi-hroicii  in  inass^ 
smooth.     ODOR  and  TASTE  agreeable. 

On  the  ground  in  lawns,  gardens,  golf-links,  roadsides,  especially 
in  sheep-pastures,  sometimes  in  cultivated  fields. 

Throughout  the  State.  Less  frequent  in  spring,  usually  in  July- 
October.  Uncommon  excei>t  locally  during  some  seasons,  rare  at 
other  times. 

This  is  the  Avell-known  ''pink-gilled"  or  ''edible"  mushroom,  by 
many  people  in  this  country  considered  in  addition  to  the  "sponge 
mushroom,"  Morchella  esculenta,  as  the  only  mushroom  safe  to  eat; 
all  others  are  dubbed  "toadstools."  Some  persons,  hov.ever,  know 
and  eat  a  larger  number  of  kinds ;  again,  all  others  are  ''toadstools" 
to  them.  The  Avord  toadstool,  therefore,  means  nothing  definite;  it 
only  expresses  the  ignorance  of  people  concerning  those  fungi  of 
which  they  are  afraid.  The  two  words  refer  to  the  same  group  of 
plants  and  can  be  used  interchangeably. 

In  the  young  or  ''button"  stage  the  gills  are  soon  tinged  pink,, 
and  as  it  is  possible  to  mistake  the  button 'of  the  deadly,  white 
Amanita  verna  for  it  at  this  stage,  every  button  should  be  broken 
open  while  collecting.  By  the  time  the  veil  breaks  the  pink  color 
of  the  gills  is  quite  marked.  All  who  use  this  mushroom,  should 
read  carefully  the  remarks  under  Amanita. 

This  mushroom  has  been  eaten  from  time  immemorial,  and  its 
artificial  cultivation  carried  on  extensively  for  centuries.  In  and 
around  large  cities,  large  establishments  exist  to  raise  it  for  the 
market,  selling  it  for  75c  to  90c  a  pound  in  this  country.  ''The  an- 
nual product  of  the  Chicago  mushroom  beds  is  said  to  be  from 
sixtv  to  seventv-five  tons."  (Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  of  Chicago  Acad. 
Sci.  Bull.  VII,  part  1,  p.  90.)  Special  underground  mushroom 
houses,  caves,  abandoned  mines,  cellars,  etc.,  have  been  adopted  for 
the  cultivation  of  this  mushroom.  Duggar  states  that  in  1901  the 
total  product  of  the  mushroom  industry  in  the  environs  of  Paris, 
France,  was  5,000  tons  or  10,000,000  pounds.  This  shows  the 
extent  to  which  Europeans  eat  mushrooms  as  compared  witli 
our  American  consumption.  About  the  same  ratio  exists  in  the 
use  of  the  many  different  edible  wild  species.  In  this  country  we 
have  hardly  begun  to  realize  the  immense  amount  of  palatable  food 
that  goes  to  waste  in  our  fields  and  woods. 

Numerous  varieties  of  P.  cainpcstris  have  been  described.     With 

31 


242  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

US  the  white  variety  is  the  common  form,  although  an  occasional 
patch  of  the  variety  with  brownish  and  more  fibrillose  caps  may 
be  found.  The  caps  are  apparently  not  as  large  as  in  more  moist 
cliinalcs.  although  occasionally  one  finds  large  plants  in  cultivated 
tields.  \ar.  rillalivK-s  Fr.  has  been  raised  to  specific  rank  by  Bres- 
adola ;  [hv  pileus  of  this  species  is  large  and  scaly  and  the  stem  is 
scaly  and  coated  or  subvolvate  by  the  inferior  veil.  I  have  not  seen 
it.  No  discussion  is  given  here  of  the  cultivated  varieties.  Those 
iiiicicsicd  ill  ilicir  cultivation  should  read  Duggar's  "The  Principles 
ot  .Mushroom  Growing,  etc."  Bull.  No.  85,  Bureau  of  T^lant  Ind., 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  or  the  chapter  in  Atkinson's  Mushrooms,  last 
(Hlition. 

230.     Psalliota  silvatica  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  183G. 

Illustrations:    Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  PL  00. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  530  {=P.  penara  per  Bres.) 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  G8. 

"PILEUS  8-11  cm.  broad,  campanulate  then  expanded,  at  first 
cinereous  then  yellowish-Avhitish  with  a  rufous-fuscous  center,  cover- 
ed by  brown  scales.  FLESH  rather  thick  except  margin.  GILLS 
free,  remote,  crowded,  white  at  first,  then  rosy-flesh  color,  at  length 
reddish-cinnamon.  STEM  6-9  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  hollotv, 
whitish,  glabrous,  or  subfibrillose,  equal  or  with  a  bulbous  base, 
bulb  sometimes  marginate,  white  within  when  broken,  yellowish  at 
apex,  slightly  rose-red  on  sides.  ANNULUS  simple,  ample,  distant, 
superioi'.  white,  substriate,  flocculose.  SPOEES  6-7x3.5-4  micr., 
elliptical,  incarnate  fulvous.  BASIDIA  clavate,  25  x  6-7  micr. 
ODGK  and  TASTE  agreeable." 

Reported  by  Longyear.    In  woods. 

The  doscrii)tion  is  adopted  from  Bresadola.  The  descriptions 
ill  our  iiiuslirooiii  books  are  scarcely  satisfactory.  The  figures  of 
(/Ooke  and  Gillet  are  said  to  depart  from  the  characteristics  of  the 
plant.  It  seems  to  be  rare,  and  I  have  never  collected  it.  The  gray 
coloi-  of  the  young  plant  and  the  truly  brown  color  of  the  scales, 
the  hollow  stem  and  spores  ought  to  make  it  recognizable.  Ricken 
emphasizes  the  change  of  gills  and  flesh  to  blood-red  when  bruised 
and  considers  P.  hacmorrhoidaria  as  an  autumnal  form.  This  com- 
plicates matters,  especially  iu  the  absence  of  specimens  of  our  own. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  243 

231     Psalliota  hsemorrhodaria  Fr.     (Edible) 

Hymen.  Europ.,  1885. 

Illiistratioiis :     Cooke,  111.,  PL  531. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  577  (as  Pratella), 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  PL  75,  1901. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  at  first  subglobose  to  subovate  then 
campaniilate-expanded,  nearly  plane,  covered  by  rather  dense, 
fibrillose,  brownish-gray,  appressed  scales,  sometimes  glabrous 
toward  margin  and  paler,  margin  subpersistently  incurved. 
FLESH  white,  turning  jiink  to  l)lood-red  ichen  broken,  thick  on 
disk,  thin  on  margin.  GILLS  free,  moderately  broad,  crowded, 
white  at  first,  then  rosy-Hesh-color,  finally  dark  brown.  STEM 
5-10  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  subequal,  rarely  bulbous,  stuffed  then 
holloiD,  floccose-fibrillose,  glabrescent,  white  or  pallid,  darker  in 
age.  ANNULUS  large,  pendulous,  persistent,  superior,  simple, 
white,  at  length  colored  by  spores.  SPORES  6-7  x  4  micr.,  elliptical, 
purplish-brown,  smooth.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  clavate, 
enlarged-rounded  above.     ODOR  and  TASTE  agreeable. 

Caespitose  or  scattered,  on  the  ground  or  about  the  base  of  trees 
in  low  places  in  mixed  woods,  usually  near  birch  and  maple  trees. 
Marquette,  New  Richmond.  August-October.  Infrequent  in  the 
coniferous  regions  of  the  State. 

Easily  known  by  the  change  of  the  flesh  to  red,  which  color  fresh 
plants  immediately  show  when  broken.  This  character  is  said  to 
be  found  also  in  the  seashore  mushroom,  P.  halophila  Pk.  which 
has  a  solid  stem  and  has  not  been  found  inland.  Peck  says  its 
flavor  when  cooked  is  similar  to  P.  campestris,  and  gives  to  the  milk 
in  which  it  is  stewed  a  brownish  color.  Ricken  considers  it  a 
mere  form  of  P.  silvatica,  but  describes  the  latter  differently  from 
most  authors.    It  is  certainly  distinct. 

232.    Psalliota  micromegetha  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  1001.     (As  Agariciis  jmslllus). 
Illustration :    N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  IIG,  PL  107,  Fig.  1-6,  1907. 

"PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  fragile,  convex  becoming  plane,  some- 
times subdepressed  in  center,  dry,  silky-fihriUose  or  phrillose-scahj, 
grayish-hrown  or  hrnini   in  center,  often  with  yellowish  or  ferrugi- 


244  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

nous  stiiiiis.  FLl'^SIl  white  or  wiiitisli,  not  chamjiny  color  irliere 
wounded.  (JILLS  free,  close,  (jrai/ish  at  first,  soou  pinkish,  tinally 
brown.  STEM  2-5  em.  long,  G-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  taper- 
ing u]t\vard,  sometimes  bulbous,  stulTed  or  hollow,  slightly  fibril- 
lose,  wliile.  AXXULUS  slight,  often  evanescent.  SPOKES 
broadly  elliptic  or  subglobose,  5x4  micr.     Edible.'' 

Solitary  or  caespitose,  on  grassy  ground,  in  sandy  or  clay  soil. 
SeplemberOsovember.     Detroit. 

The  description  is  adapted  from  the  revised  one  in  N.  Y.  State 
Bull.  IIG,  p.  44,  11)07.  The  original  description  was  made  largely 
from  smaller  plants  sent  to  Peck  from  Detroit  by  Dr.  R.  H.  Stevens, 
and  named  Agariciis  pusiUus;  later  the  name  was  changed  to  that 
given  above,  meaning  small  to  large  in  size.     I  have  not  seen  it. 

233.    Psalliota  comtula  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1830. 

Illustrations:     Fries,   Tcones,   PI.   130. 
Tooke,  111.,  PI.  533. 

liicken.  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  62,  Fig.  1  (as  P.  rusiaphylla) . 
Atkinson,  ^Mushrooms,  Fig.  24,  p.  25,  1900. 

PILEUS  2-4.5  cm.  broad,  convex-subexpanded,  subumbonate  or 
umbo  obsolete,  silky,  creamy-white  to  grayish-white,  tinged  irith 
yeJloiri^sh  hues  on  disk,  sometimes  rufous-tiuged.  FLESH  whitish, 
becoming  ochraceous  under  cuticle,  thickish  on  disk.  GILLS  free, 
broader  in  front,  narrowed  behind,  up  to  5-6  mm.  broad,  dingy  in- 
carnate, at  length  smoky-umber.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  2.5-5  mm. 
thick,  subequal,  hollow,  innately  silky,  pallid  or  slightly  yellowish- 
stained.  ANNULUS  median,  membranaceous,  thin,  whitish,  often 
suhevunescent.  SPORES  5-6x3-3.5  micr.,  elliptical;  smooth,  dark 
purple-brown.  BASIDIA  20  x  6  micr.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge 
of  gills  inflated-clavate.     ODOR  not  marked. 

On  the  ground  among  fallen  leaves  in  pine  and  beech  woods.  New 
Richmond.     Sei)tember.     Infrequent. 

The  description  shows  a  slight  variation  from  that  of  other 
authors.  Atkinson  gives  the  spore  measurements  3-4x2-3  micr. 
Ricken  considers  Fries'  plant  as  identical  with  P.  rusiophylla 
Lasch,  and  also  gives  small  spores  and  basidia.  Except  for  the 
pale  color  of  the  cap,  our  plants  could  be  referred  to  Ricken's  P. 
saga t a  Fr.     The  species  needs  further  studv. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  245 

234.     Psalliota  diminutiva  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  20,  1874. 

Illustrations :    N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  PL  74,  Fig.  1-8,  1901. 
Plate  L  of  this  report. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  fragile,  convex  then  plane,  sometimes 
subdepressed,  silky-fibrillose,  the  fihrils  forming  delicate,  pinkish- 
drab  to  reddish-brown  scales  toward  center  and  on  disk,  paler  and 
denuded  on  margin,  white  or  tinged  gray  under  fibrils,  not  striate. 
FLESH  thin,  whitish.  GILLS  free,  not  remote,  thin,  close,  moder- 
ately broad,  ventricose,  edge  entire.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long  (rarely 
longer),  2-5  mm.  tliick,  equal  or  tapering  upwards,  stuffed  by  deli- 
cate white  pith  then  hollow,  glabrous,  innately  silky,  even,  whitish, 
sometimes  subbulbous  at  base.  ANNULUS  delicate,  thin,  rather 
persistent,  narrow,  whitish,  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  none. 
BASIDIA  27  X  5-0  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Solitary  or  gregarious  on  mossy  ground,  or  among  leaf -mould  in 
low  moist  frondose  or  mixed  Avoods.  Tliroughout  the  State.  August- 
September  (rarely  in  spring).     Frequent. 

This  dainty  little  Psalliota  is  known  by  its  delicate  pinkish  or 
reddish  fibrils  on  the  cap,  the  entire  gills  and  persistent  annulus. 
It  is  not  supposed  to  possess,  like  the  preceding,  the  yellowish 
stains  on  cap  and  base  of  stem,  but  specimens  are  found  which  have 
this  character  which  do  not  seem  to  belong  elsewhere.  As  they 
are  rather  scattered  in  occurrence  no  sufQcient  study  has  been 
made  of  these  forms.  It  may  be  that  several  little  species  run  into 
each  other.  Peck  says  they  are  very  jtalatable  when  fried  in  butter, 
but  their  small  size  does  not  attract  the  collector  who  is  looking  for 
a  meal. 


235.     Psalliota  echinata  Fr. 


Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 


Illustrations:     Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  155  (as  Pholiota). 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  395   (as  Inocybe). 
Ricken,  P>latterpilze,  PI.  31,  Fig.  0  (as  Inocybe). 
Montague,  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  1830,  PI.  10,  Fig.  3  (as  Agariciis 
oxyosmus) . 
PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  obtusely    campanulate    then    expanded, 
margin  at  first  incurved  and  somewhat  appendiculate,  then  recurved, 
densely   covered   with    smoky-brown,    minute-floccose,    wart-like   or 


246  THE  AGARICACEAE   OP   MICHIGAN 

pointed  scales,  not  striate,  sometimes  rimose  iu  age.  FLESH 
whitish  at  first,  then  reddish,  thin.  GILLS  free,  thin,  narrow, 
crowded,  bright  pink  to  old  rose-color,  finally  dark  purplish-red. 
STEM  '2o  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick,  equal,  stutfed  with  loose  w^hite  fib- 
rils then  tubular,  elsewhere  soon  hlood-red  within,  surface  floccosely- 
pulverulent  with  a  smoky  bloom  below  the  annulus,  often  mycelioid- 
swollen  at  base.  VEIL  floccose-submembranaceus,  easily  lacerated, 
coucolor,  forming  an  imperfect  ANNULUS.  Spores  minute,  ellip- 
tical, 4-5  X  2-2.5  micr.,  smooth,  with  a  tinge  of  purple-l)roiDn  under 
microscope,  many  immature  and  hyaline,  cinnahar-purple  prown  in 
mass.  CYSTIDIA  none.  Trama  of  gills  composed  of  large  cells, 
about  20  micr.  in  diameter.  ODOR  and  TASTE  slight,  not  of  cu- 
cumber, even  after  crushing. 

Subcae8i)itose  or  gregarious,  in  a  green-liouse  of  the  Michigan 
Agricultural  College,  East  Lansing.     September.     Rare. 

As  shown  by  the  references,  this  plant  has  been  placed  in  three 
different  genera.  It  is  therefore  difficult  of  identification,  the  more 
so  because  of  its  rarity.  It  seems  that  the  spores  mature  slowly, 
or  perhaps  in  some  regions  or  under  hot-house  conditions  do  not 
take  on  a  purplish  tinge.  Under  the  microscope  some  of  the  spores 
of  our  specimens  showed  the  usual  delicate  tint  in  the  exospore 
which  is  characteristic  of  many  of  this  group.  Fries  (in  Hymen. 
Europ.)  says  he  never  saw  them  rosy.  Patouillard  says  they  are 
hyaline  under  the  microscope  but  that  on  a  white  background  they 
appear  tawny  ("fauve").  Ricken  applies  the  word  "erdfarbig." 
All  the  illustrations  picture  our  plant  well,  which,  to  quote  Berkeley, 
*'is  a  most  curious  species."  In  Europe  it  occurs  in  hot-houses  al- 
most exclusivel3^ 

Stropharia  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  strophos,  a  sword-belt,  referring  to  the  annulus.) 

Purple-brown-si)ored.  Stem  fleshy,  confluent  ivith  the  pileus;  an- 
nulus membranous  or  fibrillose-floccose.  Gills  attached.  SPORES 
I»uri)le-brown  or  violet.    Pileus  usually  viscid. 

Putrescent,  terrestrial  or  coprinophilous,  of  medium  size,  in 
fields,  barnyards,  dung  hills  or  forest.  They  correspond  to  Armil- 
l;iri;i  f>f  1lio  white-spored,  and  Pholiota  of  the  ochre-brown-spored 
groujts  in  the  adnate  gills  and  annulate  stem ;  differing  from 
Hyj)holoma  in  that  the  veil  collapses  on  the  stem  to  form  an  annulus, 
instead  of  remaining  as  a  fringe  on  the  margin  of  the  pileus. 

It  would  bo  preferable,  in  my  judgment,  to  limit  the  genus  to 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  247 

those  species  with  a  viscid  pellicle;  but  with  the  data  at  hand  it 
seems  best  to  defer  this  arraugemeut.  Ricken  divide's  the  genus 
by  the  size  of  the  spores,  but  this  method  neglects  other  more  im- 
portant morphological  characters.  On  the  other  hand,  some  species 
could  be  better  located  iu  the  genus  Hypholoma  as  is  done  by  Ricken 
for  S.  ca put-medusae  Fr.,  ^.  scoUnaceum  Fr,  and  xS'.  lattarae  Fr. 
There  are  then  two  sections:     Viscipelles  and  Spintrigeri. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(a)      Pileus  with  bluish-green   or  olive  shades,  viscid. 

(b)     Stem    4-7    mm.    thick,    greenish-blue;     pileus    thick,     green;     on 

debris  in  woods.     236.     8.  aeruginosa  Fr. 
(bb)     Stem  1.5-2  mm.  thick,  long  and  slender;   pileus  thin,  olvaceous- 
gray;    on    dung   and    mud.     (See   268.     Psilocybe   ucla   Fr.) 
(aa)      Pileus  without  green  or  olive. 

(b)      Stem  ventricose-radicating;     pileus    umber    to    tawny-alutaceus, 

viscid.     237.     8.  ventricosa  Mass. 
(bb)      Stem  not  radicating. 

(c)     Parasitic  on  Coprinus,  whitish.     244.     S.  epimyces   (Pk.)   Atk. 
(cc)     Not  parasitic;    pileus  viscid   or   subviscid. 
(d)     Growing  on  dung. 

(e)     Pileus   citron-yellow,   2-5   cm.   broad;    common. 

(f)     Pileus  persistently  hemispherical.     242.     8.  semiglobata 

Fr. 
(ff)      Pileus  convex-subexpanded.     241.     8.  stercoraria  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  ochraceous-brown,  1-2.5    cm.   broad,    conic-campanu- 
late.     243.     8.  umbonatescens  Pk. 
(dd)     Not  on  dung, 
(e)     Pileus  5-10  cm.  broad,  cinnamon-drab,  viscid,  stem  squar- 

rose-scaly.     238.     8.  depilata  Fr. 
(e)     Pileus  1-4,  cm.  broad, 
(f)     Gills    strongly   violet-purplish;    pileus     ochraceous-pallid. 

240.     8.   coronilla  Bres. 
(f)     Gills     strongly     gray-tinged;      pileus     white     to     buff. 
239.     8.  albonitens  Fr. 

Section  I.    Viscipelles.    Pileus  provided  with  a  distinct  gelatinous 
pellicle,  hence  viscid;  glabrous  or  scaly. 

^Groicing  on  the  ground  or  on  debris. 
236.     Stropharia  aeruginosa  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Cooke,  111.,  PL  551. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  G50. 

Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  G3,  Fig.  4. 

Pattouillard,  Tab.  Aualyt.,  No.  231. 

Swanton,  Fungi,  PI.  38,  Fig.  7-9. 

Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  pt.  II,  PI.  (34,  1913. 


248  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad  (often  rather  small  in  our  climate). 
Cami»ami]ate-convex,  at  length  plane,  snbnmbonate,  covered  ivith 
verdit/ris  (jrccn,  thick  (jlutcn,  lience  viscid,  sometimes  dotted  with 
scattered,  white  .scales,  especially  on  margin,  at  length  fading  to 
yellowish,  i»ellicle  separable.  FLESH  pallid,  or  tinged  blue,  rather 
soft,  thickish.  GILLS  broadly  adnata,  sometimes  emarginate-sin- 
iiate,  rather  broad,  close,  whitish  at  first,  soon  drab-gray  or  reddish- 
gray,  finally  purplish-chocolate-brown,  edge  ivhite  and  minutely 
flocculosr.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  soft, 
greenish  hliic,  viscid,  at  first  scaly  or  fibrillose  below  the  annulus. 
ANNULUS  distant  from  apex,  narrow,  submembrauous,  here  and 
there  floccose,  subevanescent.  SPOKES  pale,  smooth,  7-8  x  4-5  micr., 
oval-elliptical.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  clavate,  lanceo- 
late. 

On  debris  in  liemlock  woods,  and  occasionally  in  frondose  woods. 
Houghton,  New  Eichmond,  Detroit.     August-October.     Infrequent. 

Although  this  is  a  brightly  colored  and  striking  plant,  we  have 
come  across  it  infreciuently,  but  in  Europe  it  is  said  to  be  very 
common  in  forest,  field  and  garden.  The  gills  sometimes  run  down 
the  apex  of  the  stem  in  lines.  The  annulus  is  sometimes  lacking. 
Our  plants  are  well  shown  by  the  figures  of  European  authors,  and 
seem  to  agree  perfectly.  It  is  said  to  be  poisonous.  It  is  probably 
more  common  northward. 

237.     Stropharia  ventricosa  Massee 

British  Fungus  Flora,  Vol.  I,  p.  400,  1892. 

Illnstrntion  :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1188  (as  a^.  merdaria  var.  majors. 

I'lLEUS  ?>-7)  cm.  broad,  parabolic  then  convex-expanded,  margin 
for  long  time  decurved,  very  viscid,  somewhat  uneven  when  young, 
glabrescent  and  shining  pale  umber  at  first,  then  tawny-alutaceus. 
FLESH  white,  thick  on  disk,  abruptly  thin  on  margin.  GILLS 
adnate,  at  length  decurrent  by  tooth,  close,  rather  narrow,  pallid 
at  first,  tlien  mouse-gray  with  purplish  tinge,  finally  purplish- 
brown.  STEM  8-12  cm.  or  more  long,  ventricose-radicating,  up  to 
15  mm.  thick  at  broadest  part,  thinner  above,  rooting-attenuate  at 
base,  sometimes  subequal,  white  at  first,  becoming  dingy  yellowish. 
dry,  covered  up  to  the  annulus  hy  sqaarrose  scales,  markedly  striate 
above,  stuffed,  whitisli  within.  ANNULUS  persistent,  white,  large, 
striate  above.  SPORES  9-12x5-0  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  with  a 
puiple  tinge  under  the  microscope,  brown  in  mass.     CYSTIDIA 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  249 

oval  or  short  veutricose,  obtuse  at  apex,  about  45  x  24  micr.,  hya- 
line. 

Caespitose  ou  very  decayed  debris  about  stumps  and  roots  in 
forest  of  hemlock,  maple,  etc.    Bay  Mew.    September.    Kare. 

This  has  very  much  the  stature  of  Cooke's  figure  of  PJioUota  radi- 
cosa  (111.,  PL  301)  and  grows  in  similar  places,  but  the  pileus  of 
our  plants  has  a  glabrous,  viscid  pellicle,  and  the  spores  are  purple- 
tinged.  The  odor  Avas  not  noted.  The  root-like  prolongation  pushes 
deep  down  into  the  debris  and  the  mycelium  was  attached  to  dead 
roots.  This  agrees  so  well  with  Massee's  description  that  I  have 
ventured  to  refer  it  thither,  in  spite  of  its  larger  size  and  more 
scaly  stem. 

238.     Stropharia  depilata  Fr. 

Hymen.  Europ.,  1874. 

Illustrations:     Harper,  Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  IG,  PI.  62 
and  G3,  1913. 

PILEUS  4-12  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  to  plane  or  broadly  umbo- 
nate,  obtuse,  glabrous,  viscid,  light  cinnamon-drab  (Kidg.)  when 
young  and  with  a  smoky  tinge,  at  length  dark  olive-buff  or  pinkish- 
buff  (Ridg.),  even  on  the  decurved  margin  whicli  is  sometimes  ap- 
pendiculate  when  young.  FLESH  Avhitish,  thick  except  the  thin 
margin.  GILLS  adnate,  often  subdecurrent  and  running  down  the 
stem  in  lines,  close  to  crowded,  broad,  pallid  at  first,  soon  pale 
purple-drab  (Ridg.)  or  aslti/,  at  length  purplish-black.  STEM  6-12 
cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  subequal  or  subventricose,  stufl'ed,  whitish 
within  and  without,  becoming  yellowish-tinged,  clothed  helow  an- 
nulus  hy  suhsquarrose,  lacerate,  fihrillose  or  floccose  whitish  or 
creamy-yellow  scales,  apex  glabrescent,  often  deeply  immersed  at 
base.  ANNULUS  distant,  membranous,  persistent,  at  first  white, 
firm  and  erect,  then  deflected  and  clove-brown  (Ridg.).  SPORES 
elliptical,  smooth,  9-12  x  5-6.5  micr.,  dark-gray  with  tint  of  purple 
under  microscope.  CYSTIDIA  none.  Edge  of  gills  with  sterile 
cells.    ODOR  none.     TASTE  tardily  disagreeable. 

Solitary  or  subgregarious,  rarely  subcaespitose ;  among  debris  or 
about  logs  and  stumps  in  mixed  woods  of  balsam,  si)ruce,  birch, 
etc.    Northern  Michigan.     Frequent  locally.     September-October. 

The  large  size,  scaly  stem  and  slate-gray  gills  are  the  striking 
characteristics  of  this  species.  Harper  reports  it  from  Neebish 
Island.     It  is  also  an  inhabitant  of    the    Adirondack    Mountains, 


250  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

where  I  have  collected  it.    It  seems  to  fruit  preferably  in  the  autumn 
and  in  dry  weather. 

239.     Stropharia  albonitens  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Monographia,  1SG3. 

Illustrations:     Fries.  Icones.  PI.  130,  Fig.  2. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  G3,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  then  plane-subumbonate, 
witli  a  viscid  pellicle,  icliite  to  huff,  sometimes  yellowish-tinged  om 
disk,  becoming  gray  on  margin,  shining  when  dry,  glabrous,  even. 
FLESH  white,  moist,  thin.  GILLS  adnate  becoming  emarginate, 
suhdistant,  rather  broad,  ventricose,  gray  to  purplish-gray  then 
darker,  edge  minutely  white-fimbriate.  STEM  elongated,  3-7  cm. 
long,  l*-.'>  iimi.  thick,  equal,  stuffed  with  a  white  pith  then  hollow, 
whitish,  tinged  yeUoio  in  age,  yellowish  within,  dry,  pruinose  or 
flocculose.  ANNULUS  superior,  white,  evanescent,  soon  colored  by 
spores.  SPORES  7-9  x  4.5  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  puri)le-brown 
in  mass.    CYSTIDIA.    ODOR  none. 

On  the  ground  in  open,  grassy  woods.    Ann  Arbor.    October. 

Known  by  the  gray  color  of  the  gills  and  the  yellowish  tinge  to 
the  stem  in  age. 


«fe^ 


240.     Stropharia  coronilla  Bres.     (Suspected) 

Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  1881   (Fr..  Syst.  Myc,  1821). 

Illustrations :     Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  G3,  Fig.  5. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  ^'o.  232. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  535. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  subviscid,  even, 
ocliraccous-ichitish,  glabrous,  subpruinose  when  dry.  FLESH  white, 
rather  thick.  GILLS  adnate,  rounded  behind  or  sinuate,  ventricose, 
close,  moderately  broad,  fuscous-violaceous  then  purple-hlackish, 
edge  Avhite-fimbriate.  STEM  3-4  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  equal  or 
slightly  ta]KM'ing  upward,  stuffed  then  hollow,  dry,  white,  minutely 
flocculose  above  the  annulus.  tibrillose  below  then  shining.  AN- 
NULUS  thickish-membranous.  persistent,  distant  from  apex,  striate 
above.  SPORES  8-0.5x4-5  micr..  elliptic-ovate,  violet-purple  un- 
der microscope,  smootli.    CYSTIDIA  short,  broadly  clavate,  round- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  251 

ed  but  apiculate  above.  ODOR  slight,  unpleasant.  On  the  ground 
in  woods  of  white  pine  and  beech.  '  New  Eichmond.  September. 
Infrequent. 

This  differs  from  S.  alhonitens  in  the  strong  violet  color  of  gills 
and  spores.  The  cap  is  more  ochraceous  and  more  convex.  The 
gills  are  more  crowded.  This  seems  to  be  closely  related  to  S. 
melaspcrma  Fr,,  and  the  cystidia  figured  for  that  species  by  Patouil- 
lard  (Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  555)  are  characteristic  of  our  specimens. 
/S'.  Mlamellata  Pk.  is  a  much  larger  plant,  with  larger  spores,  and 
the  thick  annulus  has  radiating  gill-like  ridges  on  its  upper  surface. 
(See  Peck,  PI.  112,  Fig.  5-10,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  122,  1908  and 
Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  Pt.  II,  PI.  65.) 

**Growmg  on  dimg. 

241.     Stropharia  stercoraria  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  538. 

Harper,  Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  17,  Pt.  II,  PL  G7. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  convex-hemispherical,  then  broadly  con- 
vex or  suhexjmnded,  viscid  from  the  separable,  gelatinous  pellicle, 
glabrous,  even,  citron-yellow,  buff  or  whitish  when  dry,  often  stained 
by  the  spores.  FLESH  white  or  tinged  yellow,  thin  on  margin^ 
soft.  GILLS  adnate  at  length  subdecurrent,  very  broad,  close,  um- 
ber-fuscous to  purplish-olivaceous  or  blackish,  edge  white  flocculose. 
STEM  6-18  cm.  long,  2-6  mm,  thick,  elongated-cylindrical,  stuffed 
by  white  pith  then  hollow,  base  thicker,  yellowish-white,  covered  up 
to  the  evanescent,  narrow  annulus  by  the  floccose-scaly  thin  remains 
of  a  membranaceus  veil.  SPORES  large,  elongated-elliptical,  15-21 
X  8-12  micr.,  variable  in  size,  smooth,  violet-purple  under  microscope, 
blackish-purple  in  mass.  "CYSTIDIA  on  the  sides  and  edge  of  the 
gills,  lanceolate,  50-70x12-18  micr."  (Ricken.)  TASTE  of  pellicle 
slightly  bitter. 

On  dung  hills,  manure  piles  or  similar  places;  gregarious. 

Throughout  the  State.  May-October.  Common,  apparently  more 
common  than  the  next,  at  least  in  southern  Michigan. 

So  close  in  appearance  to  S.  semiglobata  that  they  are  difficult  of 
easy  separation.  S.  stercoraria  is  aj)parently  almost  limited  to  dung 
or  manure,  while  the  other  has  a  wider  range.   It  differs  microscopic- 


252  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

ally  acconliii};  to  Kickon.  by  the  presence  of  cj'stidia  which  occur  also 
on  the  sides  of  ilie  j;ills  mid  wliicli  are  absent  in  S.  semiglobata  ex- 
cept on  the  ed<ie.  The  pileus  of  tlie  latter  is  more  i>ersisteutly  hemis- 
pherical. A  sterile  form  has  been  observed,  in  every  particular  like 
the  above,  except  that  the  gills  remained  pale  yellow  or  straw- 
color;  spores  were  lacking  at  full  expansion  of  the  pileus  and  the 
hymeniuni  was  composed  of  large,  inilated,  sterile  cells  in  place 
of  the  basidia. 

242.     Stropharia  semiglobata  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  539. 

Gillet,  Cham])ignons  de  France,  No.  651. 
I'atouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  234. 
Kicken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  G3,  Fig.  2. 
Atkinson,  Muslirooms,  Fig.  30,  p.  31,  1900. 
Hard.  Mushrooms,  Fig.  200,  p.  320,  1908. 
Mnrrill,  :Myco]ogia,  Vol.  4,  PL  56,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  1-1  cm.  broad,  persistently  hemispherical,  very  viscid 
from  tlie  pellicle,  glabrous  and  naked,  even,  citron-yellow,  shining 
when  dry.  faded  in  age,  stained  purplish-black  by  spores.  FLESH 
tliick  on  disk,  thin  on  margin,  pallid,  soft.  GILLS  broadly  adnate, 
rery  broad,  close  to  subdistant,  olive-gray  to  purplish-brown,  clouded 
blackisli,  edge  minutely  wliite  floccose.  STEM  5-12  cm.  long,  2-5 
mm.  thick,  subequal  or  cjdindrical,  straight,  hollow,  I'igid,  often 
viscid  Avlien  young  or  fresh,  covered  below  up  to  the  narrow  annulus 
by  tlie  tliin,  membranous,  llocculose  veil.  SPORES  elliptical,  15-18 
X  9-10  micr.,  smootli,  violet-purple  under  the  microscope,  brownish- 
pnrple  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  only  on,  edge  of  gills,  short-filamentous, 
30-45  X  3-4  micr.   (Ricken.) 

On  dung  liiils  and  grassy  i)laces  in  tlie  open.  Probably  through- 
out the  State.    May-October.     Frequent. 

See  notes  on  the  preceding. 

243.     Stropharia  umbonatescens  Pk.     (Suspected) 
X.  Y.  State  :\rns.  Rep.  30,  1878. 

Illnstrations:     Hariier,  AYis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  VoL  7,  Pt.  II,  PL 
(;5,  P.. 
Plate  LI  of  this  Report. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  253 

•PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  conico-camiKinuJate,  at  length  more  or 
less  mammilately  iimbonate,  with  a  viscid  pellicle,  pale  ochraceous- 
brownish  or  grayish  on  margin,  umho  hrUjht  ochraceous  hroivn  to 
reddish-hroicn,  even  or  obscurely  substriate,  shining,  glabrous. 
FLESH  thin,  pallid.  GILLS  adnate  to  adnate-decurrent,  hroad  to 
suMrianguhir,  close,  at  first  wliitish  then  gray,  finally  jjurplish- 
brown  to  blackish.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  slender,  equal,  stufl'ed 
then  hollow,  toughish,  puUid,  tinged  ochraceous,  covered  at  first  by 
thin,  obscure,  scaly  remnants  of  the  veil  up  to  the  fugacious  AN- 
NULUS.  SPORES  17-19  x  10  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  purple-brown 
under  microscope,  dark  purplisli  in  mass.  ODOR  often  strong  of 
radish  or  foetid. 

.     Gregarious  on  dung  hills  or  about  manure  heaps.     September- 
October.     Ann  Arbor.     Not  infrequent. 

Much  more  slender  and  with  a  thinner,  smaller  cap  than  the  two 
preceding;  also,  the  cap  is  very  difl'erent  in  shape.  Its  rather  foetid 
odor  and  large  spores  distinguish  it  from  others.  It  is  close  to 
/S.  paradoxa  P.  Henn.  in  the  shape  of  pileus  and  size  of  spores. 

Section,  JT.  Spintrigeri.  Pileus  without  a  distinct  pellicle, 
usuall}^  innately  fibrillose,  not  viscid. 

244.     Stropharia  epimyces  (Pk.)  Atk. 

Plant  World,  Vol.  X.  Figs.  21-21,  p.  121,  1907. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  35,  1884  (as  Panoeolus  epimyces  Pk.). 

Jour.  My  col..  Vol.  8,  1902   (as  Stropharia  coprinophila  Atk.). 

Illustrations :     Atkinson,  Plant  World. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  227,  p.  311,  1908  (as  Panoeolus). 
Miss  Sherman,  Jour.  MycoL,  Vol.  II,  PI.  80,  opp.  p.  1G9,  1905 
(as  Panoeolus). 

PILEUS  2-G  cm.  broad,  rarely  larger,  at  first  globose-oval,  then 
convex-expanded,  sometimes  margin  is  elevated  in  age,  silky-fibril- 
lose,  white  then  dingy,  even,  margin  at  times  appendiculate.  FLESH 
thick  except  tlie  tliiu  margin,  wliite.  (HLLS  narrowly  adnate, 
rather  narrow,  broader  in  front,  close,  thin,  grayish  at  first  then 
blackish-brown,  edge  ivhite-finilriate.  STEM  2-7  cm.  long,  5-15  mm. 
thick,  fleshy,  equal  or  tapering  ui)ward,  solid-stufl'ed  then  liolb)\v, 
soft,  flocculose-mealy,  striate,  ivhite-annuhite  near  the  'base  from  the 
white  floccose-veil,  often  abruptly  obconic  at  base  wliere  it  is  in- 
serted in  the  depression  (often  volva-like)  of  the  host  mushroom. 
SPORES    oval-elliptical.    7-S.5  x  3.5-5    micr.,    smooth,    darl-    purple- 


254  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

broirti  iiiuh  r  microscope,  almost  black  iu  mass.  CYSTIDIA  on 
sides  and  cdjio  of  jiills,  clavate  or  subventricose  on  a  slender  stalk, 
obtnse  at  apex,  40-00  x  10-14  niicr.,  abnndant  on  edge.  BASIDIA 
25-35x7-9  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Parasitic,  from  one  to  seven  on  the  host;  on  Coprinus  atrnmenta- 
riiis  and  Coprinus  comatus. 

Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  Port  Hnrou.  September-November.  Infre- 
quent. 

This  curious  Agaric,  like  Nyctalis  asterophora  and  the  European 
Volvaria  Joveiana,  seems  to  have  no  other  home  than  on  the  founda- 
tion furuislicd  by  some  species  of  another  Agaric.  Rumors  have 
come  lo  luc  that  it  occurs  also  on  C.  micaceous,  but  no  specimens 
have  been  seen.  It  is  distributed  over  northeastern  North  America, 
having  been  seen  iu  the  states  of  New  York,  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
Minnesota  and  by  Dr.  Pennington  in  Canada  as  far  west  as  Winni- 
peg. It  is  a  good  Stropharia,  although  at  first  referred  by  Peck  to 
Panoeolus  with  a  suggestion  that  it  might  be  put  under  Hypholoma. 
As  Atkinson  has  shown  (Plant  World),  the  nature  of  the  veil  and 
annulus  and  tlie  purple  tinge  to  the  spores  are  Stropharia  char- 
acters. The  host  mushrooms  are  deformed  and  may  not  de- 
velop sufficiently  to  be  recognized.  Excellent  specimens  were  re- 
ceived from  Mr,  A.  W.  Goodwin  of  Port  Huron.  Harper  has  pointed 
out  (Mycologia,  Vol.  5,  p.  167)  that  the  figures  of  an  European 
species,  Pilosace  algeriensis  Fr.,  by  Lanzi  (Fung.  Mang.,  PL  67, 
Fig.  3)  may  represent  our  plant.  An  examination  of  these  figures 
has  convinced  me  that  there  is  a  probability  that  they  illustrate 
our  species.  It  remains  very  doubtful,  however,  whether  Lanzi's 
])lant  when  fresli  had  free  gills.  In  any  case,  our  plant  is  not  a 
Pilosace,  although  collectors  may  disagree  as  to  whether  it  is  a 
Stropharia  or  a  Hypholoma. 

Hypholoma  Fr. 

(From  the  Greek,  hijpha,  a  web,  and  loma,  a  fringe;  referring  to 
the  fringe  left  by  veil  on  margin  of  pileus.) 

T'uride-brown-spored.  Stem  fleshy,  confluent  with  the  pileus;  gills 
adnate-secedinf/.  Veil  breaking  aivay  from  the  stem,  leaving  shreds 
or  a  silJci/  border  on  the  margin  of  the  pileus,  flocculose-fibrillose. 
Margin  of  pileus  at  first  incurved. 

Putrescent  fungi,  growing  on  decaying  wood  or  on  the  ground, 
often  very  caespitose  around  stumps  or  decayed  roots  of  trees.    The 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  255 

genus  corresponds  to  Tricholoma  of  the  white-spored  group,  in  the 
lack  of  a  true  annulus  and  by  the  attached  gills.  Many  of  the 
Hypholomas  are,  however,  much  thinner  and  more  fragile  than  the 
Tricholomas.  It  differs  from  Stropharia  and  Psalliota  in  that  the 
veil  which  is  cortinate  remains  as  a  fringe  on  the  margin  of  the  pileus 
instead  of  forming  an  annulus  on  the  stem.  It  is  more  difficult  to 
separate  the  thin-capped  species  from  Psilocybe.  The  latter  differs 
in  some  cases  only  in  a  relative  sense.  The  cortina-like  veil  in 
Psilocybe  is  only  very  slightly  developed  and  leaves  no  shreds  on 
the  margin  of  the  pileus  or  on  the  surface  as  in  the  hygrophanous 
species  of  Hypholoma.  An  account  of  the  development  of  H.  sub- 
lateritium  by  Miss  Allen  (Ann.  Myc,  Vol.  4,  p.  387, 1906)  shows  that 
the  young  button  is  surrounded  by  a  universal  veil.  This  is  probably 
also  true  of  the  hygrophanous  species  where  this  outer  veil  often 
leaves  flocciilent  particles  on  the  surface  of  the  young  cap. 

The  genus  is  divided  into  two  sections  whose  species  are  notably 
different  in  their  general  appearance  and  the  texture  of  the  flesh. 
In  the  first  section  the  PILEUS  is  thick,  compact  and  firm;  in  the 
second,  it  is  rather  thin,  somewhat  fragile  and  soft.  The  former 
have  usually  brighter  colors,  while  the  latter  are  brownish,  gray  or 
white.  The  GILLS  vary  much  in  color  during  the  course  of  their 
development.  This  character  is  often  used  to  separate  the  species, 
but  is  less  reliable  for  the  purpose  than  in  the  genus  Cortinarius. 
The  STEM  is  fleshy,  and  in  the  fragile  forms  it  is  soon  hollow. 
The  SPORES  are  elliptical  except  in  H.  popuUna  Britz.  var.,  where 
they  are  variously  shaped.  In  H.  velutinum  and  H.  7-ugocephaliim 
they  are  more  or  less  tuberculate.  Many  species  have  CYSTIDIA 
on  the  sides  of  the  gills,  or  sac-shaped  sterile  cells  on  the  edge.  The 
large  fleshy  ones  are  edible,  although  at  times  they  develop  a  dis- 
agreeable bitter  taste.  This  is  thought  by  some  to  be  due  to  the 
passage  of  the  larvae  of  insects  tlirough  the  flesh;  needless  to  say, 
such  bitter  plants  should  not  be  eaten.  Of  the  thin  ones,  H.  mcertum 
and  allied  forms  are  much  sought  after. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus   firm,   compact,   not  hygrophanous,   dull   reddish    or    yellow; 
caespitose. 
(a)     Pileus  dark  brick-red,  especially  on  disk. 

(b)     Gills  at  first  whitish.     245.    H.  suUateritium  Fr. 
(bb)     Gills    at    first   yellow.     245.     H.   sublateritium   var.    perplexum 
Pk. 
(aa)     Pileus  yellow  or  yellowish;   no  red. 

(b)     Gills  at  first  sulphur-yellow,  soon  green.     H.  fasciculare  Fr. 
(bb)      Gills   at  first  pallid,  never  with   green   shades, 
(c)      Gills  gray  or  smoky  gray.     H.  capnoides  Fr. 


256  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

(cc)     Gills  purple-gray,  at  length  coffee-brown;  stem  long-radicating. 
//.  epixanihium   Fr. 
(AA)     Pileus    rather    fragile,    sometimes    hygrophanous,    rarely     red     or 
vellow. 
(a)     Pileus  viscid,  small,  bay-brown.     246.     H.  peckianum  sp.  nov. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  or  slightly  viscid. 

(b)     Stem  with  a  wine-colored  juice  when  broken.     250.     H.  vinosum 

sp.  nov. 
(bb)     Stem  not  with  a  colored  juice. 

(c)     Pileus   with   innate   hairy   or   fibrillose   scales. 

(d)     Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  with  umber-brown  hairy  scales;   spores 
irregular;    gregarious-scattered.     249.     H.  populininn   Britz. 
var. 
(dd)     Pileus  3-10   cm.   broad;    caespitose. 

(e)     Pileus      whitish,      dotted      with      brownish      scales.     247. 

H.  lachi-ymabundum   (Fr.)    Quel, 
(ee)     Pileus  tawny   to  yellowish;    gills   often  beaded   on   edge. 
248.     H.  velutinum    (Fr.)    Quel, 
(cc)     Pileus  soon  glabrous  and  naked. 

(d)     Pileus  6-10  cm.  broad,  rugose,  subviscid.     251.     H.  rugoceph- 

alum  Atk. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  over   6   cm.   broad,  hygrophanous.  j 

(e)     Growing  on  lawns,  fields  or  other  grassy  places,  rarely  in  I 

woods;   densely  gregarious-subcaespitose.     252.     H.  incer-  | 

turn  Pk. 
(ee)     In  woods,   swamps,   thickets,   etc. 
(f)     Caespitose  around  stumps,  etc. 

(g)     Pileus  when  moist  watery  dark  brown;    gills  at  first 
grayish-brown;       spores      minute.       255      and      256. 
H.   IxyclropTiiliim   Fr. 
(gg)      Pileus   when   moist  honey-brown;    gills   at   first   per- 
sistently whitish.     253.     H.  appendinilatum  Fr. 
(ff)     Gregarious-scattered,  singly;   gills  narrow. 

(g)      Pileus  4-7  cm.  broad,  umber-brown  when  moist;    gills 

very  narrow.     254.     H.  coronatiim  Fr. 
(gg)     Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  pale  watery  brown  when  moist; 

very  fragile.     257.     H.  saccharin ophilum  Pk. 
(ggg)     Pileus  3-6  cm.  broad;  pale  honey  brown  when  moist; 
stem    5-10    cm.    long.       252.      H.    incertum    var. 
sylvestris. 

Section  I.     Fascicuhnia.     Pileus    flesliy,    naked    aud    glabrous, 
margin  at  first  silky,  brightly  colored,  not  hygrophanous. 

*  Large,  caespitose:  pileus  not  viscid. 

245.     Hypholoma  sublateritium  Fr.     (Edible) 

i:i)icrisis,  1830-38. 

Illustrations:'    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  577. 

(iillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  357. 
Atkinson,  Muslirooms.  Fig.  25,  opp.  p.  2(3,  1900. 
Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  29,  opp.  p.  81,  1905. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  257 

Reddick,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  &  Xat.  Res.  Ind.  32,  p.  1231,  Fig.  11, 

1908. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  1,  (as  H.  perplexum). 
Plate  LI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  dark  'brick- 
red,  darker  on  disk,  paler  on  margin,  even,  glabrons,  naked  except 
the  decurved  margin,  which  is  white-silky  from  the  veil.  FLESH 
thick,  compact,  whitish,  in  age  slightly  yellowish.  GILLS  aduate, 
crowded,  narrow,  at  first  tvhitish,  then  grayish  to  sooty-olive,  finally 
dark  purplish-brown,  edge  minutely  wliite-crenulate.  STEM  8-12 
cm.  long,  rather  stout,  5-12  mm.  thick,  equal  or  attenuated  down- 
ward, stuffed,  whitish  above,  ferruginous  below,  floccose-fibrillose, 
glabrescent,  ascending  or  curved  from  the  crowded  insertions. 
SPORES  6-7x3-4  micr.,  oblong-elliptical,  smooth,  purple-brown,, 
blackish  purple  in  mass.  BASIDIA  about  24  x  5  micr.,  4-spored. 
CYSTIDIA  few  or  scattered,  obclavate  with  apiculate  apex,  30  x  12 
micr.;  sterile  cells  on  edge,  shorter,  inflated.  ODOR  none.  TASTE 
mild  or  bitterish. 

Very  caespitose,  forming  large  clusters  in  autumn,  growing  from 
the  base  of  trees  or  stumps  or  on  buried  roots,  etc. 

August-November.     Throughout  the  State.     Very  common. 

Var.  perplexum  Pk.  has  the  gills  yellow  at  first,  finally  dark  pur- 
ple-brown, intermediate  stage  with  olive  tints.  The  STEM  becomes 
hollow.  The  PILEUS  has  more  yellow  on  the  margin.  SPORES 
etc.  the  same  as  in  H.  sublateritium. 

This  species  is  widely  distributed  and  common  in  autumn.  It  is 
easily  recognized  by  its  dark  brick-red  cap,  by  the  compact,  thick 
flesh  and  caespitose  habit.  It  is  quite  variable,  and  Peck  seems  to 
have  based  his  species  H.  perplexum  (N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23, 
1872)  on  such  a  variation.  The  conditions  of  weather,  the  nature 
of  the  wood  and  other  factors  no  doubt  produce  some  of  these  forms. 
An  effort  has  been  made  by  Peck,  followed  by  Mcllvaine  (see  the 
latter,  p.  355,  1900)  to  provide  a  key  for  the  separation  of  these  two 
and  of  related  European  species.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state 
I  have  examined  many  clusters  for  the  purpose  of  verifying  this 
key  but  found  that  the  mild  or  bitter  taste,  the  stuffed  or  hollow 
stem,  and  the  various  shades  of  color  which  the  gills  possess  during 
the  process  of  maturing,  were  so  variable  and  unreliable  that  no 
distinct  species  could  be  separated  by  them.  I  have  not  met  the 
other  European  species:  H.  capnoides,  H.  epixanthium  and  //. 
fasiculare,  which  lack  the  red  color  of  the  pileus  of  our  plants,  and 

33 


258  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

all  of  which  are  described  with  caps  colored  some  shade  of  yellow. 

Our  plant  is  edible^  aud  is  eaten  by  many  with  safety  and  relish. 
In  luirope,  the  same  species  is  said  to  be  poisonous,  and  is  so 
niaiked  by  Iticken  in  the  latest,  extensive  work  of  that  country. 

**Pileus  viscid. 

246.    Hypholoma  peckianum  sp.  nov. 

P ILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  convex,  obtuse,  subexpanded,  viscid, 
ji:l:iI)rons,  hay-brmni,  blackish  on  disk,  paler  on  marj^in,  even,  mart?in 
bordei'od  by  white,  silky  fibrils  from  the  veil.  FLESH  whitish, 
moderately  Ihin,  thicker  on  disk.  GILLS  adnate,  rounded  behind, 
2.".  mm.  broad,  abruptly  narrower  in  front,  close,  at  first  flesh- 
cnJored  then  dark  purplish-brown,  edge  white-fi,mh)-iate.  STEM  3-4 
(111.  long,  2-2.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  white-floccose  above,  innately  fibril- 
lose  elsewhere,  pallid  to  hroivnisJi,  brown  within  except  the  white 
[)i(li,  at  length  hollow,  flexuous.  SPORES  10-12  x  5-6  micr..  ventri- 
cose-elliptical,  pointed  at  ends,  smooth,  tinged  purple  under  the 
microscope,  purplish-brown  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none.  STERILE 
CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  clustered,  linear-cylindrical,  obtuse,  about 
20  X  4  micr.  BASIDIA  subcylindrical,  30  x  0  micr.,  4-spored. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Scattered  on  debris  of  leaves  and  decayed  wood  in  woods  of  hem- 
lock, beech,  maple,  etc.    New  Richmond.     September.     Rare. 

The  viscid,  dark-colored  cap,  the  flesh-colored  young  gills  and 
the  small  size,  distinguish  the  species.  The  cortina  is  white  and 
distinctly  fibrillose. 

flection  II.  Limbata.  Pileus  somewhat  fleshy  or  thin,  at  first 
innately  fibrillose  or  dotted  with  superficial  floccose  scales  on  the 
surface  or  margin. 

This  grouj)  approaches  the  genus  Psilocybe,  but  the  veil  is 
always  recognizable  under  favorable  weather  conditions  by  the 
series  of  floccose  remnants  which  border  the  margin  of  the  fresh 
pileus;  in  wind  and  rain  these  rapidly  disappear.  In  most  of  the 
Ki>ecies  the  remnants  of  the  veil  are  scattered  over  the  surface  of  the 
very  young  i)ileus  as  superficial  flocculent  particles  or  minute  scales ; 
tliese  usually  disappear  early.  In  other  species  the  veil  remains 
hanging  to  the  margin  of  the  pileus  in  an  appendiculate  manner. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  259 

*Pileus  innately  hairy,  fibrillose-scaly  or  velvety. 

247.    Hypholoma  lachrymabundum  (Fr.)  Quel.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821  (Pro  parte)  ;  Jura  et.  Vosges,  1872. 
(See  Miiire,  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Bull.  27,  p.  411,  1911). 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  1.34,  Fig.  1. 

Cooke,  111.,  PI.  543  (as  H.  storea  var.  caespitosa). 

(iuelet.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  Vol.  23,  PI.  2,  Fig  5  (as  Stro- 

phnria  cotonea). 
Plate  LTI  of  this  Report. 

PILEFS  4-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  campanulate,  obtuse  or  dis- 
coid, f/roiind-color  whitish  to  huff,  then  pale  brownish-ochraceous, 
moist,  covered  except  on  disk  by  scattered,  rather  large  appressed 
broicnish  hairy  scales,  paler  on  margin,  not  striate,  margin  at  first 
incurved  and  appendiculate  from  the  thickish,  floccose-white  veil, 
sometimes  rugulose  on  disk.  FLESH  thick,  thin  on  margin,  firm, 
white.  GILLS  adnate-seceding,  narrow,  crowded,  at  first  whitish, 
at  length  purplish-brown,  edge  white-flocculose,  sometimes  distilling 
bead-like  drops.  STEM  6-12  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow, 
striate  above,  fibrillose  or  subscaly  below,  glabrescent,  ivhitish  then 
sordid,  base  sometimes  stained  yellowish  when  bruised,  white- 
mycelioid  at  base.  SPORES  6-7.5  x  3-4  micr.,  elliptical,  slightly 
curved,  smooth,  dark  brownish-purple  under  microscope.  CYS- 
TIDIA  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills  short,  rather  abundant, 
30-40  X  12-15  micr.,  ventricose. 

Densely  caespitose  at  or  about  the  base  of  trees,  in  beech,  maple 
and  birch  woods  of  conifer  regions.  Bay  View,  Houghton.  August- 
September.     Rather  rare. 

This  differs  from  H.  velutina  (which  is  the  H.  lachrymahundum 
of  most  books)  in  the  whitish  color,  paler  gills  at  first,  the  small 
spores  and  different  cystidia.  According  to  Maire  (1.  c.)  the  two 
species  were  originally  combined  bj^  Fries,  and  later  segregated  by 
Quelet.  It  has  been  described  under  various  names  and  much  con- 
fusion has  resulted.  The  unravelling  of  the  tangle  is  due  to  Prof. 
Maire,  with  the  result  that  the  species  ordinarily  called  H.  lachry- 
mahundum in  this  country  is  really  H.  velutina.  H.  aggregatum  Pk. 
is  in  my  opinion  only  a  smaller  form  of  the  same  plant.  The  gills 
of  this  species  are  rarely  found  ''weeping,"  although  in  H.  velutina 
thev  are  usually  '"beaded  with  drops." 


200  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP"    MICHIGAN 

248.     Hypholoma  velutinum  (Fr.)  Quel.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821 ;  Jura  et.  Vosges,  1872. 

(See  Maire,  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Bull.  27,  p.  114,  1911). 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111..  PI.  .~)<;:5. 

(JilU't.  Clianipignous  de  France,  No.  358. 

Clillet,  CliaHipignons  de  France,  No.  356  (as  H.  lachrymahiui- 

duin). 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  117  (as  H.  lacJirymahumlum) . 
lierkeley.  Outlines,  IM.  11,  Fig.  2. 
Atkinson,  Musli rooms.  Fig.  28,  p.  29,  1900   (as  //.  hichrijma- 

hiDiduin). 
Hard,   Mushrooms,  Figs.  263-2G1,  pp.  325-320,  1908    (as  H. 

Jachnjmahnndum) . 
Plate  LIII  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  broadly  campanulate,  some- 
times obtusely  umbonate,  finally  plane,  at  first  covered  by  a  hairy 
tomenlum,  then  a^ypressed  fihrillose-scaly,  not  striate,  tawny  to  yel- 
loicish,  darker  to  umber  on  center,  sometimes  radially  rugulose, 
margin  at  first  appeudiculate  from  the  veil,  at  length  split.  FLESH 
thick  on  disk,  soft,  watery-brown  to  sordid  yellowish.  GILLS  ad- 
nate-seceding,  broad  behind  but  sinuate,  narrowed  toward  front, 
crowded,  not  reaching  margin  of  pileus,  at  first  pale  yellowish  then 
umber  and  dotted  by  spore  masses,  edge  white-flocculose,  headed 
with  drops.  STEM  2-8  cm.  long,  variable  in  length,  1-10  mm.  thick, 
equal,  soon  hollow,  fibrillose  to  floccose-scaly  and  tawny  up  to  the 
obsolete  annulus,  whitish  above;  veil  soft-fibrillose,  soon  breaking, 
dingy,  wliite,  remnants  clinging  to  the  margin  of  the  pileus. 
SPOKES  oval  to  broadly  elliptical,  9-12x7  micr.,  tiiherculate,  dark 
I»urplisli-umber  under  microscope.  CYSTIDIA  few  or  scattered  on 
sidc\s  of  gills,  CA'liudrical,  in  groups  of  several,  about  GO  x  9-10  micr., 
abundant  on  edge,  cylindrical-subcapitate,  45-55x0-7  micr.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  earthy. 

Caesjjitose,"  scattered  or  solitary  on  alluvial  soil  or  swampy 
grounds  in  woods.  Throughout  the  State.  July-October.  Fre- 
quent. 

This  is  the  II.  lachrymahundtun  Fr.  of  most  authors.  See  notes 
on  the  preceding.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  tawny  or  darker  color, 
very  characteristic,  tuberculate  spores  and  cylindrical  cystidia. 
The  gills  usually  distil  drops  from  their  edge  in  moist  weather. 
These  drops  are  often  dark  colored  from  the  spores,  hence  Fries 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  261 

remarks  that  the  edge  is  "nigro-pimctate."  Peck  (N.  Y.  State  Mus. 
Bull.  150,  p,  81,  1911)  has  given  (iiuder  H.  lachryma'bundum)  spore 
measuremeuts  which  are  misleading ;  and  the  rest  of  the  description 
applies  to  extreme  forms. 

249.     Hypholoma  populinum  Britz.  var. 
Bot.  Centralbl.,  Vol.  77,  p.  402,  1899. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex  to  subcampannlate,  obtuse,  at 
length  expanded,  innately  pilose-scaly,  not  striate,  hygrophanous, 
grayish-'huff,  scales  uiiihcr-hrown  to  inirplish-hiown,  fading  to  pale 
grayish-white,  margin  appeudiculate  at  first  from  the  veil.  FLESH 
concolor,  rather  thin.  (JILLS  adnate-seceding,  rounded  behind, 
moderately  broad,  close,  thin,  at  first  whitish,  soon  drab,  then  dark 
purplish-brown,  edge  wliite-fimbriate.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  1.5-2 
mm.  thick,  equal,  white,  dotted  with  fuscous,  fibrillose  scales,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  shining  when  dry,  base  submycelioid.  VEIL  mem- 
branaceus,  white,  soon  disappearing.  SPORES  variously  shaped, 
subtriangular,  inequilateral-elliptical,  subangular,  etc.,  sometimes 
curved,  G-7.5  x  4.5  micr.,  dark  purple-brown.  CYSTIDIA  clavate 
to  obclavate,  or  subventricose,  stalked,  not  abundant,  50-40  x  15-18 
micr.     ODOR  none. 

On  very  rotten  wood,  scattered ;  in  frondose  low  woods  or  swamps. 
Ann  Arbor,  May-June  and  September.     Infrequent.  / 

Characterized  by  the  peculiarly  shaped  spores,  which  are  often  the 
shape  of  corn-kernels,  or  are  elliptical,  curved  or  very  irregular. 
Britzelmayr's  species  is  much  larger,  the  cap  measuring  7  cm.  across ; 
his  spores  also  are  a  little  larger.    It  is  probably  a  distinct  species. 

250.     Hypholoma  vinosum  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  5-20  mm.  broad,  fragile,  convex,  then  companulate,  sub- 
umbonate,  pulverulent-floccose,  velvety  in  appearance,  umber-color- 
ed, obscurely  tinged  with  purple,  darker  in  center,  dry,  even,  obscure- 
ly rugulose,  margin  appeudiculate  at  first  by  pale  fragments  of  the 
veil.  FLESH  thin,  dingy-white,  fragile.  GILLS  adnate,  seceding, 
crowded,  rounded  behind,  ventricose  and  rather  broad,  hrif/lit 
vinaceous-umber  (Sacc.)  finally  dark  umber,  edge  entire.  STEM 
2-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  except  enlarged  base,  straiglit, 
slender,  hollow,  vinaceous-uviher,  color  persisting,  pulverulent  like 
pileus,  iclth  a  slight  purplish,  juice  when  broken  in  the  fresh  con- 
dition.    SPORES  minute,  5-G  x  2.5.3  micr.,  oblong,  suiooth,  obtuse 


202  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

at  ends,  inirplish-black  in  mass,  pale  under  microscope.  CYSTIDIA 
none. 

On  very  decayed  wood,  or  logs  in  mixed  woods  of  hemlock  and 
beech,  etc.  lia.v  View,  New  Richmond.  August-September.  In- 
frequent. 

This  striking  little  Hypholoma  is  known  by  its  tinge  of  dark  wine- 
color  mixed  with  umber,  the  purplish  Avatery  juice  of  the  stem  and 
the  minute  spores.  The  trama  of  the  gills  and  pileus  is  composed 
of  large,  inflated  cells,  75-90x20  micr.,  and  the  surface  layer  of  the 
pileus  of  globose  cells,  several  rows  thick,  uj)  to  30  micr.  diameter, 
tinged  smoky  vinaceous.  When  fresh  and  young  it  is  provided 
wiih  a  thin,  evanescent  veil,  which  sometimes  forms  a  slight  ring 
on  the  stem,  and  which  soon  disappears.  It  has  no  relationships 
to  such  i»lants  as  Lephta  haematosperma  (Fr.)  Bres.  and  Aniiillaria 
haematites  Berk.  &  Br.  which  are  much  stouter  plants,  have 
whitish  or  red-tinged  spores,  and  well  developed  annulus.  It  ap- 
proaches more  closely  FsalUota  echinata  Fr.,  but  the  gills  are  not 
free,  and  the  trama  is  composed  of  larger  cells.  The  pileus  never  has 
pointed  scales,  and  is  ditferently  colored.  The  base  of  the  stem  is 
slightly   bulbous. 

**Pileus  glabrous,  rugose,  not  hygrophanous. 

251.     Hypholoma  rugocephalum  Atk.     (Probably  Edible) 

Mushrooms,  1900. 

Illustration:    Ibid,  PI.  8,  Fig.  29,  opp.  p.  30. 

PILEUS  G-10  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded  to  plane,  the  margin 
at  length  elevated,  broadly  umbonate,  strongly  radkitcly  rugulose, 
moist  or  subviscid,  glabrous,  watery  brown  to  tawny,  then  alutaceus- 
tan.  FLESH  thick  on  disk,  thin  on  margin,  tinged  yellowish. 
GILLS  adnate,  seceding,  rounded  behind  or  sinuate,  moderately 
close,  rather  broad,  5-7  mm.,  mack-sprinkled,  edge  white-fimbriate. 
STEM  8-12  cm.  long,  G-10  nnn.  thick,  equal,  subbulbous,  even,  glab- 
rous, hollow,  concolor  below,  paler  above,  subannulate  by  obscure 
threads  of  the  veil,  marked  by  the  blackish  stain  from  the  spores. 
SPORES  9-11  X  6-8  micr.,  ventricose-elliptical,  abruptly  pointed  at 
both  ends,  minutely  fuherculate,  inequilateral,  dark  purple  brown, 
black  in  n.ass.  CYSTIDIA  on  sides  of  gills  cylindrical,  enlarged  at 
apex,  clustered,  hyaline:  on  edge  narrowlv  flask-shaped.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  263 

On  the  groimd,  siibcaespitose  or  gregarious,  iu  low  or  swampy 
frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  South  Haven,  New  Kichmond.  July- 
September.     Not  infrequent. 

This  species  approaches  H.  vclutinum  in  the  character  of  the 
spore-surface  and  habit,  the  cap  lacks  the  fibrillose  covering  of  that 
species.    The  shape  of  the  spores  is  distinctive. 


*** 


Pileus  hijgrophanous,  at  the  first    dotted   tcith    superficial 
flocculent  particles  or  scales,  glahrescent. 

252.     Hypholoma  incertum  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  1878. 

Illustrations :    N.  Y,  State  Mus.  Bull.  25,  PI.  58,  Fig.  13-20,  1899. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  60,  Fig.  1-9,  1900. 
Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  28,  opp.  p.  80,  1905. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PL  7,  Fig.  26  and  27,  p.  27,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PI.  37,  Fig.  262,  p.  324,  1908. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  4,  PI.  56,  Fig.  1  (as  //.  appendictila- 

tum ) . 
Plate  LIV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  fragile,  at  first  oval,  obtuse,  then  broadly 
campanulate  to  expanded,  at  length  split  radially,  hygrophanous, 
pale  honey-yellowish,  then  buff  to  white  as  moisture  disappears, 
white-flocculeut  or  at  length  glabrous,  even  or  slightly  wrinkled 
when  dry,  the  margin  at  first  hung  with  loose  shreds  of  the  veil, 
in  age  often  violaceous,  lilac  towards  margin.  FLESH  thin,  white. 
GILLS  adnate-seceding,  narrow,  almost  linear,  thin,  close,  at  first 
white,  then  pale  dingy  lilac  or  rosy-brown,  finally  purplish  or  darker, 
edge  minutely  white-fimbriate.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick, 
rather  slender,  equal,  hollow,  subrigid,  easily  splitting  lengtliwise, 
even,  white,  innately  silky,  flocculose  or  mealy  above.  SPORES  7-8 
x4  micr.,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  smooth,  purple  brown  in  mass. 
CYSTIDIA  none  on  sides  of  gills.  STERILE  CELLS  sac-shaped, 
i.  e.  inflated  above,  obtuse,  30-40x12-15  micr.  BASIDIA  32x9 
micr.,  short-clavate.     ODOR  and  TASTE  agreeable. 

Densely  gregarious  or  subcaespitose,  sometimes  scattered,  among 
grass  on  lawns,  roadsides,  fields  or  rarely  in  woods  among  sticks 
and  debris,  nearly  always  around  old  stumps  or  buried  remains  of 
stumps,  roots  or  decayed  wood ;  sometimes  in  greenhouses. 


j.ll  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

Throutrliout  llio  State.  May  to  September.  (Earliest  record  May 
;'.().)      \'(iv  ((Miiiuon  (luring  rainy  seasons  in  early  summer. 

This  is  j)r(»halily  the  American  form  of  //.  candolleanum  Fr,  The 
siMj,'h'  j)hrase,  ''}i;ill.s  at  first  violaceous,"  in  Fries'  description  de- 
terred Peck  from  referring  it  there.  Rickeu  says  "gills  at  first 
white,  then  sordid-rosy  or  violaceous";  this  gives  the  gill-colors  of 
the  lOuropean  plant  without  a  doubt,  and  this  condition  is  not  much 
(lilferent  from  that  in  our  plants.  As  in  H.  suhlatcritium,  the  gill- 
color  varies  somewliat  with  the  conditions  surrounding  the  develop- 
ment of  the  plant.  Because  of  the  abundance  of  individuals  usually 
found  in  a  ])atcli,  its  well-known  edibility  makes  it  a  plant  much 
sought  after.  Although  the  caps  are  thin,  the  meat  is  crisp  and 
of  delicate  fhivor  and  it  often  growls  at  our  very  doors  in  the  grass 
over  some  old  hidden  remains  of  a  stump.  This  is  also  presumably 
the  //.  append'wulatum  of  many  American  authors. 

A  rarictij  occurs  in  the  woods,  which  only  differs  in  that  the 
plants  are  mostly  solitary  and  long-stemmed,  scattered  here  and 
there  among  decayed  sticks  or  leaves;  its  spores  are  perhaps  slightly 
longer  and  sliglitly  variable  in  shape,  but  otherwise  it  is  very  similar. 
It  may  be  called  var.  sylvestris. 

* 

Illustrations  of  H.  candolleanum  Fr. 
Tooke,  111.,  PI.  546. 
<;illet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  352  (as  H.  appendicula- 

tinn). 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  G4,  Fig.  4. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  350. 

253.    Hypholoma  appendiculatum  Fr.     (Edible) 

Ei)icrisi.s,  183G-38. 

Illustrations:    Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  64,  Fig.  5. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt,  No.  349  (faded  condition). 

"PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  campanulate-hemispherical,  hygrophan- 
ous.  dark-hnnei/hrou-n  (moist)  isabelline  to  ochraceous  (dry),  wath 
a  dull  luster,  naked,  hut  at  first  floccose  or  fihrillose  on  the  surface 
or  fipitrndiculate  from  the  white  veil,  slightly  wrinkled  and  almost 
atomatc  when  dry.  FLESH  thin,  pallid.  GILLS  broadly  adnate, 
ascending,  n-owded,  6-7  mm.  hroad,  almost  equal  in  width,  at  first 
and  (I  loufi  time  irhitish.  ihen  gratjish-piirplish,  at  length  purple- 
bntwii.     STEM  .")-10  em.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick,  fragile,  narrowed  up- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  265 

wards,  often  elongated,  mostly  curved  worm-like,  uudulate,  white, 
silky-sliiuing  above,  apex  mealy  and  striate,  rarely  with  loose  shreds 
forming  a  temporary  ring.  VEIL  white,  floccose-membranous,  at 
first  uniting  the  margin  of  the  pileus  with  the  stem,  very  soon  dis- 
appearing. SPOEES  almost  cylindrical-elliptical,  9-11x4-5  micr., 
smooth,  red-brown  under  microscope.  CYSTIDIA  almost  lance- 
olate, on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  40-45  x  10-13  micr." 

''Caespitose,  in  beech  woods  on  leaves  and  about  stumps." 
The  description  is  adapted  from  Ricken's  Blatterpilze.  This 
species  has  been  much  discussed,  and  is  reported  in  most  American 
books.  The  pileus  is  brown  when  moist  according  to  most  European 
authors  and  occurs  in  the  forests  where  it  forms  caespitose  tufts. 
I  have  not  been  able  to  distinguish  it  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  but  have  given  a  description  from  the  most  recent  work  on 
European  Agarics,  for  the  sake  of  comparison. 

254.     Hypholoma  coronatum  Fr. 

Hymen.  Europ.,  1881. 

Illustration :     Fries,  Icones,  PL  134,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  fragile,  at  first  oval,  then  convex-campan- 
ulate,  hygrophanous,  obtuse  or  subumbonate,  umher-hroivn  on  disk, 
gradually  paler  toward  margin,  irhltish-tan  or  paJc  ahifaceous  tchen 
dry,  disk  often  retaining  an  umber  shade  and  at  length  blackish 
stained  in  spots,  at  first  dotted  with  white,  flocculent,  superficial 
scales,  soon  denuded,  even  or  obscurely  wrinkled  on  margin,  margin 
hung  by  remains  of  veil  in  a  dentiform  manner.  FLESH  thin, 
concolor.  GILLS  narrowly  aduate,  seceding,  very  narrow,  crowd- 
ed, at  first  dingy-white,  soon  pale  lilaceous-brown,  then  um'ber- 
colored,  edge  minutely  white-fimbriate.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  rather 
slender,  3-4  mm.  thick,  tapering  upward  or  subequal,  hollow, 
slightly  toughish,  ichite,  dingy  in  age,  often  innately  flocculose-scaly 
then  glabrescent  and  shining,  even,  sometimes  subcompressed. 
SPORES  elliptical,  G-7  x  4  micr.,  smooth,  purplisli-brown.  CYSTI- 
DIA  none.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  broadly  cylindri- 
cal, obtuse,  abruptly  short-stipitate,  36  x  10  micr.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  pleasant. 

Gregarious  or  scattered,  attached  to  leaf-mould,  fallen  leaves  and 
very  rotten  wood.     Ann  Arbor.     July-August.     Rare. 

This  dift'ers  from  the  solitary  form  of  H.  incertiiin,  wliich  also 
occurs  in  woods,  by  the  umber  color  of  the  entire  very  young  pileus 


266  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

wliicli  has  evaiR'scont  wliite-floccose  scales  sprinkled  over  it,  and 
in  the  less  roseate  line  of  the  ijills  in  the  intermediate  stage.  It 
has  the  si/c  ami  shape  of  //.  incerium.  The  margin  of  cap  does  not 
become  violaceons-tinged  in  age.  Fries  says  "caespitose"  in  habit, 
and  In  that  extent  onr  plant  is  a  variety. 

255.     Hypholma   hydrophilum    Fr.     (sense   of    Rickon)     (Suspected) 

Fpiciisis.  ]S;'(!-:?S.     (Hymen.  p]nrop.  as  Bolbitins.) 
Illiisti-alioii  :     Kicken.  Bliitterpilze.  PI.  (U,  Fig.  (1. 

riLI\;iS  l!-(i  (111.  broad,  fragile.  cam|>annlate-convex,  then  ex- 
panded, watery  ciiDKiinon-hroicn  to  cJiestnut-hroirn  when  moist, 
hygrophanons,  ochraceons-bntl"  when  dry,  even  or  pellucid-snbstriate 
on  margin,  often  wavy,  margined  Kith  a  delicate^  superficial ,  white, 
silkif  border  which  represents  the  remains  of  the  veil.  FLESH  thin, 
coucolor.  GILLS"  adnate-seceding,  thin,  ventricose,  not  broad, 
crowded,  at  first  (jraijish-hroini,  then  purplish-um'bcr  or  dark  hrotcn, 
edge  minutely  white-fimbriate  when  young.  STEM  4:-()  cm.  long, 
3-0  mm.  thick.  e(pml,  hollow,  splitting,  elastic,  glabrous  except  the 
]»ruinose  apex,  shining-u-hite,  undulate,  base  mycelioid.  SPORES 
5-6x2.5-3  micr..  minute,  smooth,  pale  purplish-brown  under  micro- 
scope. CYSTIDIA  few  or  none.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of 
gills  inflated-saccate,  short.  :'.0-8  micr.    ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Caespitose  in  extensive  clusters  on  or  near  stumps  and  decayed 
wood,  or  at  base  of  living  trees.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond,  (prob- 
ably throughout  the  State). 

Sej)tend)er-Novend)er.     Not  infrequent. 

Fries  says  it  distills  drops  of  moisture  along  the  edge  of  the 
gills,  but  this  is  rare  in  our  climate,  although  it  does  occur.  It  is 
a  very  fragile  plant,  willi  a  white  stem  and  a  watery-brown  cap 
which  fades  quickly  in  the  wind  as  the  moisture  escapes.  Its 
minute  spores  distinguish  it,  although  European  authors  are  not 
agreed  on  the  spore  size.  Ricken  and  Massee  give  them  as  above. 
Saccanio  seems  to  be  in  error,  or  there  may  be  two  closely  allied 
plants  as  with  us.  We  have  another  species,  which  is  almost  like 
it. 

256.     Hypholoma  hydrophilum  Fr.     (sense  of  Saccardo) 

This  dilVers  from  the  preceding  as  follows:  PILEUS  at  first 
sprinkled  over  its  surface  with  white,  floccose  particles  or  minute 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  267 

scales,  even  on  margin  when  moist.  STEM  fibrillose-flocculose, 
glabrescent.  SPORES  7-8  x  4-5  micr.,  slightly  nneqnally  elliptical. 
CYSTIDIA  on  sides  of  gills  scattered  to  somewhat  unmerons, 
ventricose-sublanceolate  but  obtuse,  about  50  micr.  long.  STERILE 
CELLS  pyriform-inflated.  numerous  on  edge  of  gills. 

In  large  or  small  tufts  about  logs,  stumps,  etc.,  in  swampy  woods. 
June-July.     Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  Bay  View.     Not  infrequent. 

This  may  be  PsUocyhc  pohjccpliala  (Paul.)  (see  N.  Y.  State 
Mus.  Bull.  157,  p.  98,  PI.  127,  Fig.  1-9,  1912),  which  it  approaches 
very  closely.  It  is  not  Psilocyhe  spadicea  and  does  not  appear  to 
be  closely  related  to  it.  It  is  close  to  H.  hydropliilum  with  which 
it  agrees  except  in  the  pointy  mentioned.  Cooke's  figure  (111.,  PI. 
1157)  which  is  doubtfully  referred  to  H.  instratum  Britz.  is  per- 
haps the  same;  at  least  it  is  not  Britzelmayr's  plant  Avhich  has 
rounded-triangular  spores. 

257.     Hypholoma  saccharinophilum  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  25,  1873. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  fragile,  obtuse,  ovate  at  first,  then  cam- 
panulate  to  plane,  pale  watery-brown  and  even  when  moist,  pallid- 
ochraceous  when  dry,  hygrophauous,  in  age  assuming  a  livid-graij  or 
icatery -soaked  appearance  when  remoistened,  at  first  sprinkled  with 
white  flecks  or  flocculent  scales,  glabrescent  and  subatomate. 
FLESH  soft,  thin.  CILLS  adnate-seceding,  narrow,  sublinear  or 
subventricose,  close,  white  at  first,  slowly  becoming  pinkish  to 
fuscous-purplish,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  3-7  cm.  thick, 
fragile,  subequal,  undulate,  white,  silky-fibrillose,  pruinose-floccose 
at  apex,  hollow',  even,  subbulbillate  at  base  with  radiating  mycelium. 
VEIL  delicate,  flocculose-fibrillose,  white,  evanescent.  SPORES 
6-7  X  3-4.5  micr.,  elliptical-oblong,  smooth,  obtuse,  purplish-brown  in 
mass,  pale  under  microscope.  CYSTIDIA  none  on  sides  of  gills. 
STERILE  CELLS  on  edge,  large,  undulate-cjdindrical,  abundant, 
broadly  obtuse,  10-50  x  9-11  micr. 

Gregarious  or  scattered,  attached  to  sticks,  humus,  decaying 
leaves  and  wood  in  low  swampy  woods  of  maple,  elm,  poplar,  etc. 
Ann  Arbor.     July-August.     Frequent. 

Although  this  species  was  rejected  by  Peck  in  his  monograph  of 
the  New  York  species  (Bull.  150,  1911)  it  is  revived  here  to 
supply  a  name  for  our  species.  The  cap  is  characterized  by  its  nou- 
striate  margin,  and  by  its  peculiar  change  in  color  when  nuitnre 


oc.s;  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

and  wlu'ii  it  a^'ain  becomes  moist.  On  drying  the  cap  finally  be- 
comes grayish-white;  mature  specimens  during  wet  weather  assume 
a  li\  ill  ,may  api-caraiur.  wliich  is  also  the  case  w^hen  kept  moist  in  a 
box  al'icr  colbHiiii,-;-.  It  is  a  rather  small,  unimportant  plant  of 
swamps  wiicic  ii   is  soinelimes  plentiful. 

Psathyra  Fr. 
(From  the  Greeli,  psathyros,  friable.) 

rnri>]e-brown-spored.  Stem  icith  a  cartilaginous  cortex,  rigid- 
fragile,  slender  and  liollow.  Gills  ad-nate  or  adnexed.  Margin  of 
pilcus  at  first  straight.  Veil  either  none  or  universal,  in  the  latter 
case  leaving  dclirate  Hecks  or  fibrils  over  the  surface"  of  the  young 
pileus  and  stem.     Pileus  hygrophanous. 

Putrescent,  terrestrial  or  on  decayed  wood.  The  genus  corre- 
sponds to  Mycena  of  the  wdiite-spored  group  in  that  the  stem  is 
somewhat  cartilaginous  and  the  margin  of  the  pileus  is  at  first 
straight  and  appressed  to  the  stem;  the  pileus  is  therefore  likely 
to  be  persistently  cam])anulate  as  in  Mycena.  See  Plate  LVI.  The 
species  are  slender,  fragile  and  hygrophanous.  It  is  somewhat 
dilliiult  to  tell  some  of  the  species  from  Psilocybe  except  in  the 
I)resence  of  very  young  stages  showing  the  straight  margin  of  the 
cap. 

The  genus  naturally  falls  into  two  sections,  the  first  composed 
of  species  without  cortina  or  universal  veil;  the  second,  where  the 
young  plants  are  surrounded  by  a  delicate,  usually  white,  fibrillose 
or  flocculose  universal  veil.  The  veil  breaks  up  early  and  leaves 
til  in  superficial  flecks  or  scales  on  cap  and  stem,  or  sometimes 
merely  white  fibrils,  which  are  unrecognizable  in  age  or  after  rains. 
The  species  occur  rather  infrequently,  but  quite  a  number  have 
been  found  in  the  state.  Of  these  only  a  part  are  here  presented, 
as  it  has  been  impossible  to  identify  the  others  with  any  certainty. 
Their  edibility  has  not  been  reported. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus  at  first  with  fibrillose  fiecks  or  hairs, 
(a)     Densely  caespitose;    pileus  even,   slightly  pelliculose;    stem  short. 

262.     P.  microspcnna  Pk. 
(aa)     Gregarious;    pileus   and    stem    superficially    white-hairy    at   first. 
261.     P.  semivcstitn  Berk. 
(AA)     Pileus  glabrous;   stem  polished. 

(a)     Caespitose  on  or  near  wood;   pileus  striatulate  when  moist;   stem 
long.     259.     P.  umb07iata  Pk. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  269 

• 

(aa)     Not  densely  caespitose;    solitary  or  gregarious. 

(b)     Spores   7-9    micr.    long;    pileus    umber.     259.     P.    ohtusata   Fr. 
(bb)      Spores   10-12   micr.   long;     pileus    rufous-brown.     260.     P.   per- 
simplex  Britz. 

Section  I.  Conopilac.  (Incl.  of  Obtusatae  Fr.)  Surface  of 
pileus  glabrous;  stem  polished  and  shining. 

258.    Psathyra  umbonata  Pk. 

N.  y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  50,  1897. 

Illustrations:     Plates  LV,  LVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-5  era.  broad  at  maturity,  2-3  cm.  high,  subcylindrical 
at  the  very  first,  then  eonico-campanulate,  at  length  strongly  and 
obtusely  umbonate,  hygrophanous,  dark  hay-hroicn  to  purplish- 
hroivn  and  striatulate'  (moist),  grayish-white,  even  and  atomate 
(dry),  sometimes  faintly  rugulose  when  dry.  FLESH  thin,  con- 
color.  GILLS  ascending,  adnatc-seceding ,  rather  broad,  3-4  mm., 
narrowed  in  front,  close,  becoming  dark  purplish-brown,  finally  al- 
most black,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  2-3  mm. 
thick,  slender,  flexuous,  rigid-fragile,  equal,  hollow,  sometimes 
twisted,  shining-ivhite  becoming  pallid.  SPORES  13-15.5  x  7-8  micr., 
elliptical,  obtuse,  smooth,  dark  purplish  under  the  microscope, 
black  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none  on  sides  of  gills;  sterile  cells  on 
edge,  cystidia-like,  ventricose,  apex  obtuse.  BASIDIA  4-spored, 
narrowly  stalked,  inflated  above. 

Caespitose  or  gregarious-subcaespitose,  on  decayed  wood,  usually 
stumps  and  logs.  June-September.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond. 
Not  infrequent. 

Forming  large  clusters  of  many  individuals,  often  at  the  end  of 
old  moist  logs.  Its  long  slender  stems  and  cone-shaped  caps 
distinguish  it  at  once  from  Hypholoma  clusters.  Sometimes  only 
a  few  individuals  occur  in  one  place.  It  has  the  stature  and  general 
appearance  of  P.  conopilea  Fr.,  as  shown  in  the  published  figures, 
but  differs  in  the  truly  adnate  gills  and  the  striate  margin  of  the 
moist  cap.  Peck  compares  it  with  P.  corrugis  Fr.  (B)  Another 
species  sometimes  occurs,  which  difters  from  the  preceding  mainly 
in  the  size  of  its  spores  :  15-18  x  7-8  micr.  This  differs  from  P.  elata 
Mass.,  in  the  margin  being  long-striate.  The  size,  shape  and  colors 
are  the  same  as  in  P.  iimhonata.  Because  of  its  almost  black  spores 
it  might  be  mistaken  for  PsathyreUa  suhatrata,  but  that  species 
does  not  grow  on  wood. 


.^7j  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

259.     Psathyra  obtusata   Fr. 
Syst.  Myc.  1821. 

riLi;rs  1  :;  cm.  hroa*!.  cninpamilate-convex,  obtuse,  hygropha- 
iKius.  kiiiIki-  and  laintly  or  not  at  all  striate  when  moist,  pale 
otliraicous  to  l)iiir  and  atoniate  when  dry,  glabrous;  veil  none. 
FLi:siI  thin.  (JILLS  ascending,  aduate,  rather  broad,  close  to  sub- 
distant,  undK'r  when  mature,  edge  white-fimbriate.  Stem  5-8  em, 
long.  1-;;  mm.  thick,  equal,  glabrous,  hollow,  white  then  pallid,  rigid- 
li-agih'.  (lexuous,  curved  at  base.  SPOKES  elliptical,  7-9x4-4.5 
niici-..  smooth,  dark  purplish-brown. 

Solitary  or  subcaespitose,,  on  very  rotten  wood.  September. 
New   Richmond,  Bay  View.     Infrequent. 

Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the  obtusely  convex  pileus, 
more  scattered  liabit  and  shorter  stems.  Form  minor:  This  varies 
smaller,  with  a  i)ileiis  .5-1  cm.  broad  and  rather  slender  stem.  The 
sjmres,  etc.,  are  the  same.  Cook's  figure  (111.,  PI.  593)  does  not 
r('l)rosent  our  plants. 

260.    Psathyra  persimplex  Britz. 
Bot.  Centralbl.,  VoL  77,  p.  436,  1899. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate  at  first  then  campanulate- 
convex,  obtuse,  margin  soon  spreading,  hygrophanous,  rufous-brown 
to  fuscous  brown  and  striatulate  when  moist,  whitish-buff  to  pale 
orhraceous  wlieii  dry,  atomate,  glahroiis.  Veil  none.  FLESH  very 
tliin.  (JILLS  ascending-adnate,  rather  broad,  ventricose,  close  to 
sulxlistant,  Avhitish  then  gray  to  grayish-umber,  edge  white-fimbriate. 
STEM  4-10  cm.  long,  slender,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  whitish  or  pallid, 
somewliat  fragile,  stuffed  by  white  pith  then  hollow,  glabrous,  shin- 
ing, tlcxuous,  pruinate  at  apex,  rooting  at  base  and  attached  to 
w.hhI  l.y  Iijiirs.  SPORES  elliptical,  10-12x5-6.5  micr.,  obtuse, 
smooth,  dark  purple-brown  under  the  microscope.  CYSTIDIA 
scattered  or  few  on  sides  of  gills,  up  to  70  x  15  micr.,  sometimes 
bif\irciUe  at  apex,  ventricose-lanceolate ;  smaller  on  edge,  30-45  x 
6-12  micr.,  obtuse.  BASIDIA  30x10-12  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR 
none. 

<Jr('garious  on  sticks  and  decayed  wood  in  hemlock  woods.  New 
Richmond.     Septendjer.     Rare. 

This  seems  to  be  a  segregate  from  P.  obtusata,    from    which    it 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  271 

differs  in  the  size  of  its  spores  and  the  characteristic  spreading  of 
the  margin  of  the  pileus. 

Section  II.  Fihrillosac.  Stem  and  pileus  when  young  flocculose 
or  fibrillose  from  the  universal  veil. 

261.    Psathyra  semivestita  Berk,  and  Br. 

Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  920,  183G. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  VI.  578. 

Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PL  07,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  ovate-campanulate,  subobtuse,  hygro- 
phanous,  rufous-umber  and  pellucid-short-striate  when  moist,  pale 
isabelline  when  dry,  surface  sprinkled  ivhen  young  hy  superficial, 
white  fibrillose  fiecks.  FLESH  very  thin,  soon  ochraceous-tinged. 
GILLS  broadly  adnate,  narrowed  in  front,  sometimes  almost  sub- 
triangular,  close,  dark  smoky-fuscous,  edge  at  times  white-fimbriate. 
STEM  4-G  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  even,  rigid- 
fragile,  pale  fuscous,  pallescent,  closely  sprinMed  over  loith  tvhite, 
fibrillose  flecks.  SPORES  elliptical,  9-12  x  5-6  micr.,  variable  in 
size,  smooth,  dark  purple-brown.  CYSTIDIA  few  on  sides  of  gills, 
numerous  on  edge,  ventricose-sublanceolate,  obtuse,  50-GO  x  12-15 
micr.     BASIDIA  short  and  stout,  21x9-10  micr.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious,  on  horse-dung.     New  Richmond.     September. 

Known  by  the  rufous  tinge  to  the  color  of  the  pileus  and  the  white 
fibrils  which  at  the  very  first  cover  the  cap  and  stem.  P.  vestita 
Pk.  is  very  similar,  if  not  the  same,  but  the  spore-sizes  are  given 
somewhat  smaller;  see  description  in  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  105, 
p.  28. 

262.    Psathyra  microsperma  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  20,  1899. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  at  first  ovate  or  subhemispherical,  then 
convex-campanulate,  often  irregular,  obtuse,  even,  hygrophanous, 
slightly  pellicnlose,  ])a\e  v>'atevJ-hvo^vn  (moist)  cinereous-buff  (dry), 
at  first  with  scattered  flocculose  white  scales,  glabrcscent,  margin  at 
first  straight.  FLESH  thin,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate-seceding, 
close,  not  broad,  subventricose,  narrowed  toward  front,  at  first 
whitish  then  grayish-brown  tinged  purplish,  edge  white-fimbriate. 


272  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  equal,  rigid-fragile,  hollow,  pj^re 
tchitc,  apex  .sultprniuose,  subfibrillose,  at  first  covered  by  minute, 
white  fibrils  from  the  universal  veil.  SPOKES  elliptical,  6-8x4-4.5 
micr.,  smootli.  purplish-brown. 

Vcri/  eaesjiitose,  on  grass  or  about  stumps  in  or  near  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     October.     Kare. 

This  sjjecies  wa.s  described  by  Peck  from  material  sent  from 
Ohio;  he  does  not  rei»ort  it  from  Xew  York  State.  The  pileus  is 
]inivi(lc(l  with  a  slight  pellicle  Avhich  is  scarcely  gelatinous.  The 
stem  separates  rather  easily  from  the  pileus  when  the  gills  have 
receded  from  it.  Our  specimens  grew  out  of  the  turf  with  no  sign 
of  nearby  wood.  They  were  sent  to  Peck  who  identified  them  as  his 
species.  It  is  easily  mistaken  for  a  Psilocybe,  but  the  margin  of  the 
young  cap  is  straight  at  first. 

Psilocybe' Fr. 

(From  the  Greek,  psiJos,  naked,  and  l^ybe,  head,  referring  to  the 
lack  of  veil-remnants  on  the  pileus.) 

Purple-browu-spored.  Stem  with  a  cartilaginous  cortex,  rigid- 
fragile  or  toughish.  Gills  adnexed  to  adnate-subdecurrent.  Veil 
scarcely  noticeable  or  entirely  lacking,  neither  forming  an  annulus 
nor  appendiculate  on  the  margin  of  the  pileus.  Margin  of  pileus  at 
first  incurved. 

Putrescent,  terrestrial,  on  very  decayed  wood  or  around  stumps, 
buried  roots,  sticks,  etc.  The  genus  corresponds  to  Collybia  of  the 
wliite-si)ored  group  in  that  the  stem  has  a  cartilaginous  cortex  and 
the  margin  of  the  pileus  is  at  first  incurved.  The  species  are  usually 
rather  thin  and  fragile  and  not  large.  They  are  distinguished  from 
the  Hyi)liolomas  by  the  scanty  or  absent  veil;  those  species  which 
possess  a  veil  often  show  no  signs  of  it  in  windy  or  dry  weather. 

The  PILEUS  is  convex  or  campanulate  and  expands  in  many 
cases  until  quite  plane.  The  color  is  usually  dull,  even  in  those 
with  reddish,  yellow  or  olive  hues.  It  is  usually  glabrous;  a  few 
species,  however,  like  P.  canofacious,  have  a  somewhat  fibrillose  sur- 
face. The  GILLS  are  broadly  adnate  and  mostly  slightly  decurrent 
or  triangular  in  the  first  section;  in  the  other  sections  they  are 
rounded  behind  or  adnexed-emarginate.  In  age  they  are  often 
sprinkled  in  a  variegated  manner  by  the  spores.  The  STEM  is 
neither  stout  nor  truly  fleshy.  It  is  often  white  when  young,  but 
varies  to  brownish,  reddish  or  grayish. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  273 

The  geiuis  is  divided  here  into  three  sections,  separated  funda- 
mentally by  the  broad,  snbdecurreut  gills  of  the  first  group,  the 
pellicle  of  the  pileus  in  the  second  group,  and  the  hygrophanous 
flesh  of  the  plants  in  the  third  group.  Few  species  have  any  record 
for  or  against  their  edibility;  P.  foenlsecil,  however,  is  known  to 
be  edible. 

Key  to  the  Species  . 

(A)     Pileus  hygrophanous. 

(a)     Spores   in  mass  brick-reddish.     277.    P.   conissans   Pk. 
(aa)     Spores  not  red  in  mass. 
(b)     Large;  pileus  5-12  cm.  broad,  brown  when  moist.     270.    P.  larga 

sp.  nov. 
(bb)     Smaller;   pileus  4  cm.  or  less  in  width. 

(c)      Spores  large,  13-18  micr.  long;    common  on  lawns  and  grassy 

places.     276.     P.  foenisecii  Ft. 
(cc)     Spores  less  than  13  micr.  long. 

(d)     Pileus  subviscid   and   rufous-brown   when   moist;    gills  very 
broadly  adnate. 
(e)     Growing  on  dung  or  pastured  fields.     264.     P.  suiviscida 

Pk. 
(ee)     Growing  on  the  ground  in  woods.     265.    P.  atrorufa  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  subviscid;  gills  not  subdecurrent. 
(e)     Stem  pale  fuscous,  10-15  cm.  long;  on  sphagnum.    267.    P. 

airobrunnea  Fr. 
(ee)     Stem  white,  shorter. 

(f)     Spores  small,  6-7  micr.  long. 

(g)     Pileus   1-4   cm.   broad,   livid-brown    when    moist    and 

striate.     271.     P.  cernua  Fr. 
(gg)      Pileus  less  than   1   cm.   broad,    dull-brownish    when 
moist,  spotted.     275.     P.  submaculata  Atk. 
(ff)      Spores    8-10    micr.    long    or    longer,    pileus    dark-brown 
when  moist, 
(g)     Stem  falsely  bulbous  from  adhering  sand,   often  sub- 
caespitose    and    clavate.     273.     P.   arenuUna   Pk;    P. 
ammophila  Mont, 
(gg)      Stem  not  markedly  enlarged  by  adhering  sand,  equal, 
(h)     Gills  narrow;   spores  10-12x6    micr.;    stem  slender, 

1-2  mm.  thick.     272.     P.  murcida  Fr. 
(hh)     Gills  medium   broad;    spores   7-9x4-5   micr.;    stem 
3-4   mm.   thick,   shorter.     274.     P.   agrariella  Atk. 
(AA)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 

(a)     Pileus  with   white  fibrils  or  hairy  scales  on  the  surface;    umber- 
colored.     268.     P.  canofaciens  Cke. 
(aa)     Pileus  glabrous   except  margin,  viscid   or  subviscid. 
(b)     Stem  long,  7-10  cm.,  pileus  grayish-olive;  on  sphagnum  or  dung. 

268.     P.  uda  Fr. 
(bb)     Stem  shorter;    pileus  without  olive  tints. 

(c)     On   dung;    pileus  livid-brownish-yellow;    gills  broadly  adnate; 

spores  very  large.     263.     P.  merdaria  Fr. 
(cc)     On  the  ground  in  woods;  pileus  tawny-fulvous;  gills  emargin- 
ate-adnate.     219.     P.  ericaea  Fr. 

Section  I.     Deconicae.     Gills  broad  and  broadly  adnate,  some- 
times decurrent  by  a  tooth;  margin  of  pileus  at  first  with  a  floc- 
culose  or  fibrillose,  delicate  and  very  evanescent  veil. 
35 


274  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

This  set'tiou  approaches  Stropharia ;  it  was  raised  to  generic  rank 
by  ^^^  O.  Smith  under  the  name  Deconica.  The  veil,  although 
usually  very  evanescent,  may  at  times  leave  a  slight  annular  mark 
ou  the  stem  so  as  to  simulate  Stropliaria,  and  hence  the  species  must 
be  carefully  compared  with  species  of  that  genus. 

263.     Psilocybe  merdaria  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821   (as  Stropharia  in  Hym.  Europ.). 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  130,  Fig.  3   (as  Stropharia). 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  537  (?)    (as  Stropharia). 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  619   (as  Stropharia). 
Kickcu,  Bliitlerpilze,  PI.  G6,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  campanulate-hemispherical,  finally  plane, 
livid-broicnish  to  livkl-yelloiv,  obtusely  subumbonate,  slightly  darker 
on  umbo,  glabrous,  even,  subviscid,  at  first  with  slight  flecks  on  the 
margin.  FLESH  pallid,  thin.  GILLS  'broadly  adnate  to  triangu- 
lar-subdecurrent,  hrood,  suhdistant,  yellowish  at  first,  then  pow- 
dered by  purple-brown  spores,  at  length  dark  brown.  STEM  2-1 
cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick,  equal,  even  or  slightly  ridged  at  apex  by 
decurrent  gills,  delicateh^  flocculose-fibrillose,  glabrescent,  jiale  yel- 
lowish, stull'ed  then  hollow,  often  with  slight  annular  remnants  or 
fibrils.  SPORES  larf/e,  14-17x7-8  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  pur- 
plish-brown under  the  microscope.    CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR  mild. 

On  horse  dung  along  with  Stropharia  stcrcoraria.  Ann  Arbor. 
May-June.     Infrequent. 

Not  to  be  confused  with  Naucoria  semiorhicularis,  N.  pediades 
and  A*.  platysj)cr7na,  the  spores  of  which  are  smaller  and  lack  the 
purple  tinge.  It  is  said  to  differ  from  P.  coprinophila  by  the  grayish 
young  gills  of  the  latter.  I  have  followed  Karsten  and  Britzelmayr 
(quoted  by  Sacc.)  in  referring  this  plant  with  large  spores  under 
/*.  merdaria.  Other  authors  differ  widely  and  it  is  clear  that  several 
species  are  either  confused  or  that  the  plant  needs  segregation. 
Oooke,  in  the  Illustrations,  gives  the  size  8x5  micr. ;  W.  G.  Smith, 
9x6  micr. ;  Ricken,  12-13  x  7-9  micr.  Ricken  says  ''the  purplish 
color  of  the  spores  disappears  in  dried  specimens,"  hence  the  study 
of  exsicatti  is  of  little  value. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  •  275 

264.    Psilocybe  subviscida  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Miis.  Eep.  41,  1888  (as  Decouica). 

PILEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  fragile,  ovate-campanulate  then  subex- 
panded  and  obtusely  umbonate,  hygrophanous,  at  first  viscid  and 
chestnut-brown  or  rufous-hrown  and  striatulate  when  moist,  very 
soon  buff  with  or  without  an  ochraceous  umbo  when  dry,  glabrous, 
suhviscid.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  broadly  adnate,  subtriangular, 
thickish,  subdistant,  broad,  at  first  whitish,  then  umber.  STEM 
2-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal  or  tapering  downwards, 
pallid  to  fuscescent,  varying  to  chestnut  brown  within  and  without, 
at  first  covered  with  delicate  white  fibrils.  SPORES  oval  or  ovate, 
6-7  X  4-5  micr.,  smooth,  pale  brown  tinged  with  wine-color  under 
microscope.     VEIL  slight,  fugacious. 

In  pastured  fields  among  grass,  on  dung,  and  on  moss  in  woods. 
April-June.     Ann  Arbor.     Infrequent. 

This  approaches  P.  physaloides  Fr.  (sense  of  Ricken)  in  color,  but 
the  gills  are  not  crowded  and  the  spores  are  smaller.  It  also  differs 
from  P.  bullacea  Fr.  in  the  subdistant  gills.  The  latter  species  is 
doubtless  native  here,  but  the  discrepancies  in  the  descriptions  by 
the  different  authors  make  it  difficult  to  place.  Saccardo  fol- 
lowing Fries,  says  cap  of  P.  bullacea  is  fulvous-bay-color  when 
moist,  and  gives  the  spores  6-10  x  4-7  micr. ;  Ricken  describes  the 
cap  as  chocolate-brown  when  moist,  with  spores  like  our  P.  sub- 
viscida. Which  of  these,  if  any,  is  P.  bullacea  is  therefore  hard  to 
tell;  nevertheless  it  is  desirable  to  follow  the  description  of  Fries. 
The  chestnut  or  rufous-brown  color,  and  the  visicidity  quickly  dis- 
appear and  the  pileus  is  then  tan-colored  and  even. 

265.    Psilocybe  atrorufa  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustration:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  571. 

PILEUS  5-12  mm.  broad,  convex-hemispherical,  obtuse,  hygroph- 
anous, umber-brown  then  rufous-brown  and  striatulate  lohen  moist, 
glabrous  and  pale  alutaceus  when  dry,  not  viscid,  margin  faintly 
veiled.  FLESH  tliin,  concolor,  broadly  adnate  or  subdecurrent, 
subtriangular,  close,  at  length  umber-colored.  STEM  3-4  cm.  long, 
1-2  mm.  thick,  slender,  hollow,  equal  or  tapering  downward,  ob- 
scurely flocculose-fibrillose,  glabrescent,  rufous-bai/  color  through- 


276  •  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

out.  SPOKES  5-8  X  4-.J.5  iiiicr.,  oval,  somewhat  pointed  at  ends, 
smooth,  r{'(hlish-bi"own  nnder  microscope.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
STEKILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  slender,  lanceolate-subulate,  30- 
34  X  5  micr. 

(Ircgaricnis.  on  ilie  ground  in  woods.     Ann  Arbor,  Ba}'  View. 
(Pr(>bably  throughout  the  State).    June-July. 

Dilleiing  from  the  preceding  in  the  non-viscid  pileus  and  closer 
gills.  Here  again  two  very  different  spore-sizes  have  been  given, 
and  althougli  Cooke's  figure  is  somewhat  illustrative  of  our  plant, 
his  sj>ores  are  too  large,  10-12  x  6  micr. 

><cction  II.  Tcnaces.  Pileus  with  a  pellicle,  moist  or  subviscid 
when  young;  veil  slight,  cortiuate.  Toughish  and  someichat 
brif/htly  colored. 

266.     Psilocybe  canofaciens  Cke. 

Grevillea.  Yol.  14.  p.  1,  1885. 
Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  621. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  then  expanded,  ob- 
tuse or  subumbonate,  even,  innher-hroivn,  covered  at  first  hy  delicate, 
white,  scattered  fibrils,  at  length  somewhat  appressed  fibrillose- 
scaly  and  fibrils  concolor.  FLESH  thickish  on  disk,  concolor. 
(ilLLS  adnate,  rather  broad,  ventricose,  subdistant,  dark  umher. 
STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  tapering,  stuffed 
tluMi  hollow,  dark  umhcr-color,  darker  at  base,  covered  with  long 
fibrils  which  become  matted,  toughish.  SPORES  elliptical-oblong, 
slightly  curved  in  one  plane,  ^ery  variable  in  size,  10-15  micr.  long 
(rarely  much  longer),  4-5  micr.  thick,  purple-brown  under  micro- 
scope, umber  in  mass. 

On  the  ground  in  woods.    Negaunee.    August.    Rare. 

Sent  to  me  by  Miss  Rose  M.  Taylor.  It  is  a  very  characteristic 
jilant,  witli  its  dark  colors, -the  fibrillose-hairy  covering  on  the  cap 
and  stem  and  the  variable  spore-size.  This  plant  is  a  striking  com- 
mentai-y  on  the  value  of  spore-characters  in  identification.  Massee 
(British  Fungus  Flora)  states  that  the  spores  vary  very  much 
in  size  in  tlie  English  specimens,  and  in  Michigan  this  peculiar- 
ity is  also  found. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  277 

267.    Psilocybe  atrobrunnea  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38.' 

Illustration:     Plate  LVI  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  14  cm.  broad,  campcuiulate-convex,  obtusely  umbouate, 
liygrophanous,  umher  ivhen  moist,  fading  to  dingy  ochraceous,  even, 
glabrous.  FLESH  thin,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate  but  rounded 
behind,  not  uncinate,  seceding,  rather  broad,  suhdistant,  brownish- 
gray,  then  smoky-fuscous,  edge  whitish.  STEM  5-15  cm.  long,  elon- 
gated, 1.5-4  mm.  thick,  slender,  flexuous,  equal  or  subatteuuate  at 
base,  even,  paZe  fuscous,  covered  with  white  silkg  fibrils,  stuffed, 
concolor  within,  cartilaginous,  toughish.  SPORES  elliptical, 
10-12  X  5-6  micr.,  smooth,  dark  purplish-brown.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
slight,  somewhat  farinaceous. 

In  tamarack  bogs,  among  sphagnum.  Sei)tember-November. 
Ann  Arbor.     Local. 

Known  by  its  sphagnum  habitat,  dark  color  when  moist  and  its 
long  stems.  The  superficial  white  fibrils  on  the  stem  seem  to  in- 
dicate a  veil. 

268.    Psilocybe  uda  (Fr.)  Battaille 

Syst.  Myc,  1821,  Bull,  de  la.  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  27,  p.  371, 
1911. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  mammilate,  with  a  viscid 
pellicle,  striatulate  and  grayish-olive  with  rufous-broivn  umbo  when 
moist,  shining,  fading  to  creamy  white  with  pale-3'ellow  umbo, 
glabrous.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  adnate  or  slightly  subdecurreut, 
very  broad,  close  to  subdistant,  gray  then  violaceous-blackish,  edge 
white-flocculose.  STEM  7-10  cm.  long,  slender,  1.5-2  mm.  thick, 
slightly  thicker  toward  base,  equal  elsewhere,  pallid-whitish,  rigid, 
glabrous,  even,  hollow,  sometimes  annulate  by  the  delicate,  superior, 
fibrillose  remains  of  the  veil.  SPORES  elliptical,  17-20  x  9-10  micr., 
smooth,  bright  molet-jmrplc  under  the  microscope,  purplish-black- 
ish in  mass.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  narrow,  linear. 
ODOR  none. 

On  horse-dung,  in  low  woods.     New  Richmond.     September. 

This  species  is  slender-stemmed  like  Stropharia  unibonatescens, 
and  its  spores  are  about  the  same  size.  It  differs  from  S.  nm- 
ionatescens  in  the  olive-colored,  striate  pileus,  and  lack  of  odor. 


27S  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

This  is  refeiTed  to  by  Fries  as  var,  clongata  (Hymen.  Eiirop.).  The 
varietal  name  is  used  by  Kicken  for  a  jdant  which  he  calls  Hyplio- 
lonid  cIoiKjatNiii,  which  lias  much  smaller  spores,  while  he  claims  that 
r.  uda  has  no  trace  of  a  veil,  but  has  the  large  spores.  Battaille 
(1.  C.I  describes  our  plant  well  and  emphasizes  the  deep  violet  color 
(»r  I  lie  siM.rcs.  wliich  is  quite  marked  in  the  Michigan  specimens,  as 
well  as  the  slight  evanescent  annulus.  The  only  discrepancy  is  that 
the  habitat  of  P.  uda  is  on  dung  instead  of  sphagnum  and  while  this 
is  important  it  is  deemed  best  to  refer  it  for  the  present  to  the 
above  species.     It  is  a  better  Stropharia. 

269.    Psilocybe  ericaea  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  13G,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  5G8. 

PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  convex  then  subexpanded,  obtuse  or  um- 
bonate,  even^  suhviscid,  with  a  gelatinous  separable  pellicle,  tawny- 
fulvous,  glabrous,  at  first  with  a  whitish,  fibrillose  cortina  on  edge, 
FLESH  firm,  thickish,  rather  compact,  pallid.  GILLS  adnate,  be- 
coming emarginate,  J)road,  close  or  almost  crowded,  whitish  at  first, 
then  fulvous-brown  and  sprinkled  with  blackish  spots,  edge  minutely 
white-fimbriate.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  equal,  flexuous, 
stuffed  icith  a  rather  persistent  pith,  glabrous,  apex  pruinose,  pallid 
then  fuscescent,  curved  at  base  and  attached  to  fallen  leaves,  etc. 
SPORES  oval-elliptical,  inequilateral,  9-11x5-5.5  micr.,  pale  pur- 
plish under  the  microscope,  dark  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
STEKILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  subcylindrical,  elongate-narrow, 
3-4  micr.  diam.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

On  the  ground  in  mixed  woods.    New  Richmond.     September. 

Agrees  well  in  size,  shape  and  color  with  the  figures  of  Fries. 
Authors  give  conflicting  spore-sizes  and  it  seems  impossible  to  be 
certain  of  the  plant  on  this  point. 

Section  III.  Rifjidac.  Cortinate  veil  none  or  slight  (except  in 
P.  larga),  pileus  hygroplianous,  rigid-fragile  when  dry,  scarcely  or 
not  at  all  i)elliculose. 

This  section  has  the  appearance  of  the  second  section  of  the  Hy- 
pholomas  excejit  in  the  absence  of  or  reduced  development  of  the 
veil;  the  first  species  represents  a  connecting  link  between  them. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  279 

270.    Psilocybe  larga  sp.  nov. 
Illustration :     Plate  LVII  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  large,  4-14  cm.  broad,  oval-campanulate  at  first,  at  length 
expauded-plane  and  radialh^  cracked  or  split  on  the  margin,  fragile, 
hygrophanous,  hay-l)roicn  to  ochraceons-brown  and  even  ivJicri  moist, 
ivhitish-tan  and  radiately  rugulose  wlien  dry,  at  -first  dotted  ivith 
scattered,  small,  snoiv-whitc,  floccose,  superficial  scales,  quickly- 
denuded,  often  only  with  white-silky  margin.  FLESH  rather  thin, 
white  when  dry,  scissile,  homogeneous,  with  large  cells.  Gills  ad- 
nate,  rounded  behind,  rather  hroad,  close  to  subdistant,  white  at 
first,  then  pale  fuscous,  finally  iimher,  edge  minutely  white-fimbriate. 
STEM  stout,  5-10  cm.  long,  5-15  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  up- 
ward, soon  holloiv,  terete  or  compressed,  ratter  firm,  usually  striate 
to  silicate,  furfuraceous  but  glabrescent,  then  shining,  white,  cortex 
subcartilaginous.  SPOKES  elliptical,  8-9.5  x  4-5  niicr.,  smooth, 
obtuse,  jmrj)le-hroicn  under  microscope,  umber  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA 
abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  70-80  x  12-15  micr.,  subventri- 
cose  to  subcylindrical,  narrow-stalked,  obtusely  rounded  above. 
BASIDIA  4-spored.    ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Gregarious  or  caespitose  around  old  stumps,  buried  roots,  etc.,  in 
grassy  clearings  or  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  May-September.  (More 
frequent  in  spring.)     Not  infrequent  in  elm  swamps  or  clearings. 

A  large  and  striking  species,  related  to  P.  spadicea  and  Hypho- 
loma  sarcocephalum.  From  the  former  it  differs  raarkiedly  in  the 
presence  of  a  veil,  the  adnate  gills  and  the  striate  stem ;  from  the 
latter,  in  its  strongly  marked  hygrophanous  character,  and  lack 
of  any  pellicle.  Ricken  suggests  that  these  two  species  are  identical. 
I  suspect  that  all  three  are  variations  of  the  same  plant,  but  at 
present  this  cannot  be  established.  Our  i)lant  is  often  found  with- 
out a  sign  of  the  floccose  remnants  of  the  veil,  especially  after  a  rain 
or  in  windy  weather.  Under  favorable  weather  conditions,  however, 
the  developing  plant  shows  the  veil  well.  Psilocyhe  spadicea  seems 
to  be  differently  understood  by  authors.  According  to  Quelet, 
Ricken  and  others  it  is  a  large  plant,  like  P.  larga.  If  this  is  true, 
Cooke's  figures  are  very  misleading,  and  as  the  English  authors 
have  followed  his  idea,  it  is  not  surprising  to  have  it  reported  by 
Peck  and  others  for  this  country  in  a  way  to  suggest  Hypholoma 
hydrojjhilum,  which  is  a  much  smaller  and  more  densely  caespitose 
plant.  I  have  not  seen  P.  spadicea  Fr.  in  the  sense  of  Ricken  and 
Quelet. 


2S0  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

271.     Psilocybe  cernua  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  571. 
Plntc  L^'1TI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  couvex-campauulate,  hygropliauous,  livid 
iratcri/-hrown  ichen. moist  and  then  striate,  whitish  when  dry,  often 
areolate  cracked  and  rugulose  in  age,  veil  entirely  lacking.  FLESH 
ratlier  tliin,  whitish  when  dvy.  GILLS  adnate-seceding,  moder- 
ately broad,  rounded  behind,  close,  at  first  whitish,  finally  purplish- 
umber,  edge  minutely  white-flocculose.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
thick,  equal  or  tapering  below,  delicately  stuffed  then  tubular,  ichite, 
ri</ id-cart Uagiiious  wheji  dry,  subfibrillose,  apex  pruinose,  flexuous 
or  varioush''  curved.  SPORES  oblong-elliptical,  6-7  x  3-4  micr., 
smooih,  purple  brown  under  microscope.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  short,  subsaccate,  25x7  micr. 
OLOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Caespitose  or  subcaespitose-gregarious,  at  the  base  of  trees. 

Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

The  i)ileus  is  rather  firm  when  dry,  iiot  splitting  easily  on  the 
margin  on  drying.  This  species  agrees  well  with  the  descriptions 
jiiid  Cooke's  illustration. 

272.    Psilocybe  murcida  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

PILEUS  2-1  cm.  broad,  obtuse,  fragile,  campanulate-convex, 
then  ex])anded,  hygrophanous,  darl;  haij-hrowii  and  striatulate  on 
margin  when  moist,  fulvous-alutaceous  or  rufous-tinged  when  dry, 
then  subrugulose  and  atomate,  glabrous.  FLESH  thin,  subrigid 
and  fragile.  GILLS  adnate,  almost  close,  narrow,  attenuate  in 
front,  subventricose,  becoming  fuscous-purplish,  edge  white-floc- 
culose. STEM  G-8  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  mm.  thick,  slender,  fragile,  ivhite 
at  first,  then  pallid,  slightly  fibrillose,  glabrescent,  stuffed  with  a 
white  pith  then  liollow,  undulate.  VEIL  none.  SPORES  elliptical- 
oblong,  10-12x0  micr.,  obtuse,  smooth,  purple-brown  under  micro- 
scope, purplisli-black  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  scattered,  on  sides  and 
edge  of  gills,  ventricose-elongated,  narrow  above,  50-00x9  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Solitary  and  scattered.     On  low,  wet  ground  in  low  woods.     Ann 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  281 

Arbor,  New  Eiclimoud.    May,  June  and  September.    Not  infrequent 
in  wet  weather. 

Agrees  well  with  the  Friesian  description.  The  gills  are  perhaps 
not  truly  subdistant  but  rather  close.  The  color  of  the  cap  changes 
from  umber  to  rufous  then  pale  tan.  The  slender,  white,  equal 
stem  is  a  marked  character.  When  moist,  the  cap  is  somewhat 
shining,  with  a  gelatinous  appearance,  but  there  is  no  pellicle  and 
the  trama  is  homogeneous. 

273.  Psilocybe  arenulina  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  30,  1878. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  glabrous,  hygropha- 
nous,  darl:  hroicii  and  coarselij  striate  on  margin  ichen  moist,  dingy 
white  when  dry,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  fibrillose-flocculose. 
FLESH  thin,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate,  close,  not  broad,  ventricose, 
becoming  brownish  then  purple-brown  and  dotted  by  spore-masses. 
STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  thick,  tapering  upward,  hollow,  tvMt- 
ish,  the  lower  half  covered  with  adhering  sand  and  sometimes  cla- 
vate.  SPOEES  10-11  x  5  niicr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  purple-brown 
under  the  microscope.     CYSTIDIA  none. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose,  on  saudj'  soil.  Port  Huron,  New 
Eichmond.     September-October. 

This  seems  to  be  close  to  P.  ammophila  Mont,  (see  illustration  in 
Hard's  Mushrooms,  Fig..2GS,  p.  330,  1908).  The  spores  of  that 
species  appear  to  be  too  large,  and  the  habit  is  different.  At  least 
our  plants  were  not  like  those  figured  by  Hard. 

274.  Psilocybe  agrariella  Atk. 
Ann.  Myc,  Vol.  VII,  p.  371,  1909. 

PILEUS  1-3.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  obtuse,  then  ex- 
panded, fragile,  hj'grophanous,  ohscurely  rivulose  or  striatulate  and 
iimhcr-'brownish  to  pate  rufous  when  moist,  glabrous,  pallid 
ochraceous  or  whitish  when  dry,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  deli- 
cately white-silkj'  from  the  evanescent  veil.  FLESH  thin,  nearly 
homogeneous,  of  floccose  cells,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate,  seceding, 
moderately  broad,  ventricose,  c7o.se,  at  length  purplish  umber,  edge 
white-fimbriate.  STEM  4-G  cm.  long,  3-1  mm.  thick,  equal,  fragile, 
white,  even,  apex  pruinose,  glabrous,  stuft'ed    soon    hollow,    base 


282  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

wliite-iiiycolioi<l.  S1*0I\ES  elliptical,  7-9  x  4-5  micr.,  inequilateral, 
smooth,  dark  purple-brown  under  the  microscope,  blackish-jDurple 
in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  scattered  on  sides  of  gills,  more  numerous  on 
edge,  45-55  x  10-15  micr.,  veutricose-lanceolate,  apex  obtuse.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  scattered,  on  the  ground  or  leaf  mould,  in  wet  places 
of  low  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.  May,  June  and 
September.     Infrequent. 

The  color  is  somewhat  variable  in  different  localities  but  the 
other  characters  are  the  same.  It  differs  from  P.  cernua  in  the 
presence  of  a  very  slight  veil  when  young.  The  pileus  is  slightly 
rigid  but  fragile ;  its  surface  has  a  slight  gelatinous  feel  when  wet, 
but  there  is  no  distinct  pellicle,  merely  a  somewhat  differentiated 
upper  layer  of  more  turgid  cells. 

A  closely  related  species  occurs  in  low  wet  ground  in  woods, 
which  differs  from  this  mainly  in  possessing  a  thin  subgelatinous 
pellicle  of  horizontal  narrow  hj'phae,  wdth  narrower  gills  and 
pellucid-white  stem.  The  color  of  cap  and  stem  and  the  microscopic 
characters  are  otherwise  the  same.  Perhaps  it  is  a  variety  of  P. 
ericaea  Fr.,  but  the  pileus  is  distinctly  hygrophanous. 

275.    Psilocybe  submaculata  Atk. 
Ann.  Myc,  Vol.  VII,  p.  375,  1909. 

"PILEUS  4-10  mm.  broad,  convex,  glabrous,  hygrophanous,  dull 
brownish,  then  dull  white  wdth  dark  watery  and  yellowish  spots, 
margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  with  a  surface  layer  of  sub- 
pyriform  to  subglobose  angular  cells,  inner  portion  floccose  and 
grading  into  the  surface  cells.  GILLS  adnate,  emarginate,  ratlier 
crowded,  brow^nish  with  a  purple  tinge,  edge  w^hitish.  STEM  2-3 
cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  fistulose,  even,  somewhat  flexuous,  white 
and  shining,  apex  w^hite-mealy,  base  with  Avhite  mycelium.  SPORES 
suboblong,  subelliptical,  slightly  inequilateral,  G-7  x  3-4  micr.,  pur- 
ple-brown under  the  microscope.  BASIDIA  4-spored.  CYSTIDIA 
few  on  sides  of  gills,  ver}-  numerous  on  edge,  ventricose,  apex  crystal- 
line.   On  very  rotten  wood." 

The  description  is  adapted  from  that  of  Atkinson,  w^ho  reported 
specimens  from  Michigan.     I  have  not  studied  it. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  283 

276.     Psilocybe  foenisecii  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  590. 

Gillet,  Cliampignons  de  France,  No.  592. 
Kicken,  Die  Bliltterpilze,  PL  66,  Fig.  8. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  9,  Fig.  1. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  3,  PL  40,  Fig.  5. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  267,  p.  329,  1908. 
Plate  LIV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  rarely  broader,  campauulate  convex  or 
subhemispherical,  obtuse,  seldom  plane,  hj^grophanous,  dark  grayisli- 
hroicii,  to  smoky-fuscous  and  even  wlieii  moist,  sometimes  rufescent, 
subzonate  on  drying,  drab-tan-color  to  buff  when  dry,  glabrous,  veil 
entirely  lacking.  FLESH  thin,  dingy-pallid.  GILLS  aduate,  al- 
most subdistant,  hroad,  ventricose,  sometimes  sinuate-emarginate, 
purplish-fuscous  or  fuscous-brown,  variegated,  edge  white-fimbriate. 
STEM  slender,  4-8  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  rigid-elastic, 
fragile,  hollow,  even,  glabrous,  pruinose  at  apex,  pallid  to  subru- 
fescent,  not  rooting.  SPORES  variahle  in  size,  13-18  x  8-10  micr., 
broadly  elliptical,  or  in  another  plane  broader  at  one  end,  sliglitly 
tuherculate,  apiculate,  purplish-brown  under  the  microscope.. 
CYSTIDIA  none.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge,  narrow,  30-36x3-5 
micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Gregarious  or  scattered,  among  grass  on  lawns,  roadsides,  grassy 
places  in  woods,  meadows  and  pastures.  Throughout  the  State. 
May- June  (less  often,  July-September).     Very  common. 

The  ''haymarker's  Psilocybe"  is  to  be  looked  for  during  the  warm 
spring  months  on  our  lawns  everywhere.  Its  colors  are  dull  and 
quite  variable,  but  because  of  its  abundance  it  can  soon  be  recog- 
nized under  its  many  guises.  A  zonate  effect  is  often  seen  on  the 
pileus  as  the  moisture  dries  out.  It  is  edible.  The  spore-sizes  are 
given  incorrectly  hf  several  authors,  but  this  is  not  surprising  be- 
cause of  their  great  variability,  even  in  the  same  plant.  The  rough 
character  of  the  surface  of  the  spore  distinguishes  it  from  the 
others. 


284  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

277.     Psilocybe  conissans  Pk. 
^^  Y.  State  Mils.  Rep.  41,  1888  (as  Clitopiliis). 

PILEUS  2.5-5  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  becoming  plane,  bygro- 
phauous,  icatery-hrowu  to  pale  chestnut  ichen  moist,  pale  alutaceous 
to  buff  wlien  dry,  striatnlate  tben  subrugnlose,  glabrous  or  sub- 
pruiuose,  veil  lacking.  FLESH  thin,  whitish.  GILLS  adnexed, 
rounded  behind,  thin,  close,  brownish  then  dusted  hy  the  reddish- 
cinnamon  or  vinaceous-red  spores.  STEM  2.5.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
thick,  equal,  rather  slender,  rigid-fragile,  hollow,  white,  curved  or 
flexuous,  glabrous,  pruinose  at  apex.  SPORES  elliptical  or  almost 
oblong,  7-9x4-5  micr.  (rarely  longer),  smooth,  hyaline  but  with 
reddish  tinge  under  the  microscope,  brick-red  in  mass. 

Caespitose  around  base  of  stumps  in  hemlock-maple  woods. 
Marquette  and  Houghton.     August-September.     Rather  rare. 

A  peculiar  plant,  whose  spores  might  well  lead  one  to  look  for 
it  under  the  pink-spored  group  but  whose  general  appearance  is  that 
of  a  Psilocybe.  Under  the  microscope  the  spores  are  almost  hyaline- 
white  but  the  exospore  is  slightly  tinged  with  reddish ;  when  dusted 
on  the  cap  and  stem,  as  is  often  the  case,  they  have  a  brick-red  to 
vinaceous  color.  Peck  originally  referred  it  to  Clitopilus,  but  in  the 
N.  Y.  State  Bull.  122,  he  changed  it  to  Psilocybe. 

OCHRASPORAE 

Paxillus  Fr. 
(From  the  Latin  Paxillus,  a  small  stake.) 

Ochre-spored.  Stem  confluent  with  the  pileus,  fleshy,  tending  to 
be  eccentric  or  lacking.  Gills  mostly  decurrent,  forked  behind  and 
anastomosing  on  the  stem,  easily  separable  from  the  trama  of  the 
pileus. 

Fleshy,  putrescent,  distinct  fungi,  growing  on  the  ground,  forest 
debris  or  decayed  wood.  When  present  the  stems  are  stout  and 
usually  slightly  eccentric,  sometimes  central;  in  two  species  the 
pilens  is  sessile  and  lateral,  and  the  stem  is  lacking.  The  genus 
Paxillus  is  here  limited  to  include  only  tlie  plants  placed  by  Fries 
under  the  tribe  Tapinia.  The  white-spored  species  have  been  re- 
ferred to  Clitocybe  under  the  section  Paxilloideae.  P.  lepista  Fr., 
which  is  said  to  have  reddish  spores  is  not  known  to  me.    Ricken 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  285 

has  placed  some  of  the  species  of  Clitopiliis  with  reddish  spores 
next  to  PawiUus  lepista^  an  arrangement  which  hardly  solves  the 
problem.  Several  species  of  Clitocybe  and  Tricholoma  with  a  tint 
of  reddish  in  the  spore-print  and  with  gills  separable  from  the  pileus 
are  equally  close  to  P.  Icpista  as  it  is  described,  and  an  arrange- 
ment of  these  species  under  a  single  genus  is  desirable :  such-  are 
Tricholoma  panoeolum  var.  cacspitosum  and  TricJioloma  nudum. 
Karsten,  Earle  and  others  have  raised  the  tribe  Tapinia  to  the  rank 
of  a  genus  and  include  under  it  the  species  described  below.  No 
uniformity  of  agreement  has  so  far  resulted  and  I  prefer  to  retain 
the  name  Paxillus  in  this  report  because  of  its  established  use  for 
our  plants  and  therefore  its  practical  convenience. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(a)     Stem  present;   pileus  medium  large. 

(b)     Stem  covered   by  blackish-brown,   dense,  tomentose  hairs.     280. 

P.^atrotomentosus  Fr. 
(bb)     Stem  not  tomentose-hairy. 

(c)     Gills    golden-yellow;     pileus    reddish-yellow-brown.      278.      P. 

rhodoxanthus   Schw. 
(cc)     Gills     dingy     olivaceous-yellowish,     becoming     brown     when 
bruised.     279.     P.  mvolutus  Fr. 
(aa)     Stem  lacking;   pileus  lateral. 

(b)     Gills  orange-yellow,  corrugate.     281.     P.  corrugatus  Atk. 
(bb)     Gills    pale    yellowish    or    yellowish    tan;    sinuous-crisped.      282. 
P.  panuoides  Fr. 

278.    Paxillus  rhodoxanthus   Schw. 

Synopsis  Fung.,  1822. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  834  (as  P.  paradoxus) . 

Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  PI.  207  (as  PhyUoporus  rhodoxan- 
thus). 

Fries,  Icones,  PI.  115,  Fig.  2  [as  Flammula  tammii). 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  136  (as  Clitocyhe  pelle- 
tieri) . 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  351   (as  Paxillus  tammii). 

Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  28,  Fig.  1. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.  47,  Fig.  156,  1900. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  234,  p.  289,  1908. 

PILEUS  4-9  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex,  then  expanded,  depressed  or 
obtuse,  somewhat  turbinate,  color  varying  reddish-ycUow-hroivn  to 
chestnut  trown,  sometimes  pale  cinnamon-brown,  minutely  tomen- 
tose, glabrescent,  dry,  often  rimosely  cracked.     FLESH  thick  at 


286  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

disk,  pallid  tinged  yellowish.  GILLS  long,  decurrent,  arcuate, 
tliickish,  rather  broad  toward  stem,  close  to  subdistaut,  golden-yel- 
low to  clirome-yelloic,  sometimes  forked,  very  intervenose,  some- 
times reticulate-porose  toward  stem.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  5-10  mm. 
thick,  equal  or  ventricose,  solid,  pale,  reddish-yellow,  yellow  at  base, 
punctate  with  small,  reddish-brown  scales  or  dots.  SPORES 
elongated-oblong,  almost  fusiform,  9-12  x  3-4.5  micr.,  yellowish  in 
mass.  CYSTIDIA  numerous  on  edge  and  sides  of  gills,  clavate- 
lanceolate,  GO-70  x  9-15  micr.,  filled  with  yellowish  content.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  or  among  mosses  in 
frondose  or  conifer  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View.  July-August. 
Infrequent. 

This  species  appears  to  represent  a  link  between  the  Boletaceae 
and  the  Agaricaceae.  The  top  of  the  pileus  may  easily  be  mistaken 
for  Boletus  suhtomcntosus  and  in  its  extreme  variation  the  gills 
anastomose  to  such  an  extent  as  to  almost  appear  porose  near  the 
stem.  The  plant  has  been  placed  in  Gomphidius,  Flammula,  and 
Clitocybe,  while  Bresadola  erected  the  genus  Phjdloporus  for  it, 
where  it  might  well  be  left.  The  plant  was  first  described  by  Rev. 
David  de  Schweiuitz  from  specimens  gathered  in  North  Carolina. 
It  occurs  also  in  Europe  where  it  has  had  a  variety  of  names. 

279.    Paxillus  involutus   Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  875. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  514. 

Berkeley,  Outlines,  PL  12,  Fig.  5. 

Michael,  Fiihrer,  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  30. 

Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  28,  Fig.  2. 

Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  40,  Fig.  7-8. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  155,  p.  166,  1900. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  232,  p.  287,  1908. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PL  28,  Fig.  18-23. 

PILEUS  4-9  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded-depressed,  firm, 
])liant  in  age,  ochmceous-rusty-hrovm,  reddish-hroivn  or  olive-hroivn, 
somewhat  cottony-tomentose,  margin  at  first  involute  then  spread- 
ing and  furrowed  or  ridged,  sometimes  subviscid,  shining  in  spots 
when   dry.     FLESH  thick,    yellowish-pallid,    becoming    brownish 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  287 

when  bruised.  GILLS  decurrent,  arcuate,  crowded,  rather  broad, 
anastomosing,  or  reticuhited-porose  on  the  stem,  olivaceous-yellow 
becoming  Iroicn  when  hruised.  STEM  4-G  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm. 
thick,  solid,  glabrous,  even,  central  or  eccentric,  somewhat  enlarged 
at  base,  dingy  yellowish-brown  or  concolor.  SPORES  broadly 
elliptical,  pallid,  rusty-ochraceous,  7-9  x  5  micr.,  smooth.  GYSTIDIA 
moderately  abundant  or  scattered,  lanceolate,  50-70  x  10-12  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild.    Edible. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  or  among  forest  debris, 
sometimes  at  the  sides  of  logs  or  base  of  stumps,  etc.  More  com- 
mon in  the  coniferous  regions  of  the  State,  rather  infrequent  else- 
where. Isle  Royale,  Houghton,  Marquette,  Bay  View,  New  Rich- 
mond, Detroit,  Ann  Arbor,  etc.  July-October.  Common  in  the 
north. 

The  dingy  and  dull  colors  are  somewhat  variable  in  various  stages 
of  development.  It  is  not  usually  an  attractive  plant  because  of 
the  hues  assumed  by  the  flesh,  etc.,  in  age.  I  have  but  seldom  found 
it  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  or  where  conifers  are  absent. 

280.     Paxillus   atrotomentosus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  876. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  512. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  29. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  28,  Fig.  4. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  157,  p.  169,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  233,  p.  288,  1908.      . 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  firm,  tough,  convex  then  plane  or  de- 
pressed, dry,  more  or  less  pruinose-tomentose,  at  length  naked, 
rusty-brown  to  black ish-brotvn,  even,  margin  at  first  involute,  per- 
sistently incurved.  FLESH  thick,  compact  to  spongy,  white. 
GILLS  adnate-decurrent,  separable  from  the  pileus,  close,  rather 
narrow,  forked  behind  and  often  anastomosing,  sometimes  porose 
on  stem.  STEM  3-12  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  thick,  often  eccentric,  stout, 
solid,  tough,  straight  or  curved,  arising  from  a  rooting  base,  covered 
by  a  blackish-brown  velvety  tomentum.  SPORES  oval,  smooth,  5-6 
x3-4  micr.,  yellowish  in  mass.  GYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  slight.    Edible. 

Solitary  or  caespitose.     On  decaying  logs,  stumps,  etc.,  or  base 


288  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

of  trees,  in  coniferous  woods.    Huron  Mountains,  Bay  View,  Sagi- 
naw, New  Kic'liniond.     July-September.     Infrequent. 

Very  distinct  by  the  blackish  hairs  which  clothe  the  stem.  It  is 
apparently  limited  to  wood  or  debris  from  coniferous  sources.  Oc- 
casional specimens  attain  quite  a  large  size  and  often  occur  singly 
at  the  base  of  pine  trees.  The  cap  is  sometimes  nearly  lateral  es- 
pecially when  growing  in  tufts. 

281.  Paxillus  corrugatus  Atk. 

Mushrooms,  p.  170,  1900. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PL  18,  Fig.  158. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  lateral,  shelving,  narrowed  down  in  an 
irregular  wedge-form  to  the  sessile  base,  convex  then  expanded, 
maize-yellow  to  canary-yellow ,  with  a  reddish-brown  tinge  near  the 
base,  glabrous  or  slightly  tomentose,  margin  at  first  involute. 
FLESH  pale  yellow,  spongy.  GILLS  2-3  mm.  broad,  not  crowded, 
regularly  dichotomoush'  forked,  thin,  very  wavy  and  crenulate, 
sides  corrugated,  orange-yellow,  easily  separating  from  pileus. 
STEM  lacking.  SPORES  minute,  broadly-elliptical  to  oval,  3x 
1.5-2  micr.,  faintly  yellow,  olive-yelloAV  on  white  paper.  ODOR 
characteristic,  disagreeable. 

On  hemlock  stumps  or  Avood.  Houghton,  Marquette.  August- 
September.    Infrequent  or  rare. 

Known  best  by  the  deep  orange-yellow  color  of  the  corrugated 
gills  and  the  lack  of  a  stem, 

282.  Paxillus  panuoides  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  878. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PI.  12,  Fig.  G. 
Michael,  Fiilirer  f.  Pilzfreunde.  Vol.  Ill,  No.  50. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  28,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  3-12  cm.  broad,  sessile,  or  laterally  extended  to  a  stem- 
like base,  petaloid  or  conchate,  dull  yellow  to  olivaceous-yellow, 
tinged  with  brown,  downy  at  first,  glabrescent,  margin  thin,  acute, 
wavy  or  crisped.  FLESH  white,  soft,  not  very  thick.  GILLS 
radiating  from  tlie  base,  forked,  anastomosing,  often  crisped,  close, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  289 

pale  yellow.     STEM  lacking.     SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  4-G  x  3-4, 
pale  yellow  in  mass.     CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subimbricate.  On  decaying  logs,  etc.,  in  coniferous 
woods. 

Houghton,  Munising,  Bay  A'iew.     July-August.     Infrequent. 

Paler  and  with  less  corrugated  gills  than  the  preceding.  It  is 
said  to  be  very  variable  in  form  and  habit.  In  Europe  it  occurs 
in  dark  places,  in  cellars,  mines,  etc.,  attached  to  the  timbers.  It. 
appears  to  be  much  less  common  in  this  country. 

Pholiota  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek  PlioUs,  a  scale.) 

Ochre-brown  or  rusty  spored.  Stem  continuous  with  the  pileus, 
provided  with  a  memhranous  annulus,  which  is  formed  from  a 
partial  veil;  no  volva,  hence  no  universal  veil;  gills  adnate  becom- 
ing emarginate  or  decurrent  by  a  tooth,  sometimes  adnexed. 

Putrescent,  terrestrial  or  liguicolous  mushrooms,  of  great  varia- 
bility of  types.  They  correspond  to  Armillaria  of  the  white-spored 
group,  and  Stropharia  of  the  purple-brown-spored  group.  The  near- 
est genera  are  Flammula  and  Cortinarius  whose  veils  differ,  when 
present,  in  being  cortinate.  The  large,  wood-inhabiting  species  are 
often  densely  caespitose.  Kone  are  known  to  be  poisonous,  and 
manj^  are  excellent  when  cooked. 

The  PILEUS 'varies  according  to  the  section  to  which  it  belongs. 
In  one  section  it  is  often  very  scaly,  in  the  others  it  is  usually 
glabrous.  It  may  be  dry  or  hygrophanous.  The  color  is  usually 
whitish  or  dull  yellowish  in  the  first  section.  Those  growing  on 
wood  are  often  very  attractive,  with  bright  yellow  colors,  in  P. 
aeruginosa  tinged  with  dark  green,  and  in  others  a  watery-brown. 
The  GILLS  are  attached  to  the  stem,  adnate,  adnexed,  or  decurrent 
by  a  tooth;  in  all  these  cases,  the  gills  may  secede  from  the  stem 
during  the  expansion  of  the  pileus,  and  they  nearly  always  become 
emarginate  or  sinuate  at  maturity.  This  separates  them  from  the 
genus  Flammula  whose  gills  never  become  sinuate.  The  color 
changes  from  the  young  condition  to  maturity  and  it  is  necessary 
in  many  cases  to  know  the  color  of  the  young  gills  to  identify  the 
species;  this  is  usually  white  or  yellow,  but  at  length  changes  to 
the  color  of  the  spores,  which  are  either  ochraceous,  fuscous  or 
ferruginous.  The  STEM  is  fleshy  or  fibrous,  solid  or  stufted,  and 
provided  with  a  membranous  annulus  which  is  either  persistent  or 
37 


290  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

may  break  up  into  easily  removed  shreds,  so  that  it  may  appear  to 
be  lacking  in  rainy  weather.  The  SPOKES  are  elliptical  or  oval, 
non-angular  except  obscurely  so  in  a  few  species,  e.  g.  P.  acericola, 
P.  hoiceana  and  /*.  aegerita;  in  P.  aggcricola  they  are  often  some- 
what pear-shaped.  The  color  when  caught  on  white  paper  varies 
considerably,  and  has  been  used  to  subdivide  the  sections. 
CYSTIDIA  are  present  only  in  two  sections,  as  far  as  is  known, 
viz.  in  the  Humigeni  and  Hygrophani.  This  fact  may  serve  as  a 
basis  for  raising  these  sections  to  generic  rank,  as  has  been  done 
bv  Earle  and  others. 

The  genus  Pholiota  furnishes  some  excellent  species  for  the  table. 
P.  praecox  and  its  near  relatives  are  among  the  early  edible 
mushrooms,  and  as  they  occur  on  lawns  and  grassy  places  are 
within  easy  reach.  A  number  of  the  large,  caespitose  forms,  like 
P.  sqiKi)  rasa,  P.  squarrosoides  and  P.  adiposa  are  among  those  eaten, 
and  in  Europe  P.  niutahilis  is  highly  prized  as  an  ingredient  of 
soups,  and  is  often  artificially  cultivated  on  the  wood  on  which 
it  is  found.  On  the  other  hand,  wood-inhabiting  Pholiotas  as  well 
as  others,  are  apt  to  have  a  strong  odor  or  taste,  derived  from  the 
wood,  and  this  does  not  always  disappear  on  cooking.  As  far  as 
known,  no  virulent  poisons  are  present  in  any  of  this  genus. 

The  genus  is  rather  large,  but  many  species  are  found  rather  in- 
frequently. The  following  key  includes  most  of  the  species  reported 
for  the  north-eastern  United  States,  and  no  doubt  some  which  are 
not  yet  described  will  be  discovered  from  time  to  time.  Fries 
divided  the  genus  into  three  sections;  to  these  I  will  add  the  sub- 
division Hj'grophani,  as  they  seem  to  stand  out  sufficiently  clear 
from  the  rest  of  the  species.    The  four  sections  follow : 

I.  Humigeni 

II.  Truncigeni 

III.  Hygropliani 

IV.  Muscigeni 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus  viscid  when  moist.     [See  also    (AA)    and    (AAA).] 

(a)     Pileus  scaly;  often  very  caespitose;  on  wood,  sometimes  on  debris. 
(b)     Pileus  bright  yellow. 

(c)     Gills  broad,  adnate  then  emarginate,  at  first  yellow;  pileus  very 

viscid,  ochre-yellow. 
(cc)     Gills  narrow.     297.     P.  adiposa  Ft. 
(d)     Gills   yellow    at   first;    pileus    sulphur-yellow,    covered    with 
tawny    or    reddish-brown    scales;    stem    peronate.      299.      P. 
hicifera    (Lasch.)    Bres. 
(dd)     Gills  whitish  at  first;  pileus  lemon-yellow.    P.  Iim07iella  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  not  at  all  or  tinged  slightly  with  yellow. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  291 

(c)     Pileus  tinged  red,  pink  or  purplish;  subcaespitose;  gills  white 

or  yellow-tinged  at  first.     P.  ornella  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  with  red  or  pink. 

(d)     Very  caespitose;    pileus  and   stem  with  dense,  erect  or  re- 
curved tawny  scales  on  buff  ground-color.     290.     P.    squar- 
rosoides  Pk. 
(dd)      Solitary  or  very  few  in  one  tuft. 

(e)  Edge  of  gills  beaded  with  white  drops;  pileus  yellowish- 
fulvous,  spotted  with  removable  scales.  291.  P.  al- 
hocrenulata  Pk. 
(ee)  Edge  of  gills  not  beaded;  pileus  yellowish-white  or  some- 
times darker;  stem  bulbous-radicate.  289.  P.  destruens 
(Lasch.)  Bres.  (syn.  P.  comosa  Fr.),  (syn.  P.  heterocUta 
Ft.) 
(aa)     Pileus  glabrous. 

(b)     Spores  large  and  variable,  10-15  micr.  long,  pileus  dark  brown  or 
blackish  brown;    on  the  ground   in  woods.     288.     P.   aggeri- 
cola  Pk. 
(bb)      Spores  9  micr.  or  less  in  length. 

(c)     On  decaying  logs,  etc.;   pileus  hygrophanous,  rufous-cinnamon 

(moist).     304.     P.  discolor  Pk. 
(cc)     On   lawns,   grassy   places,   etc.;    pileus  whitish-buff  or  white, 
thick.     283.     P.  praecox  Fr. 
(AA)     Pileus  hygrophanous,  not  viscid. 

(a)     Growing   on   moss   or   sphagnum;    pileus   small;    stem   slender   to 
filiform;    annulus  membranous, 
(b)     Pileus   umbonate;    stem  solid;    annulus   slight.     P.   minima  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  not  umbonate;   stem  hollow;   annulus  persistent,  entire. 
308.     P.  mycenoides  Fr. 
(aa)     On   decaying  logs,   stumps,   chips,   saw   dust,   etc.,   sometimes   on 
debris   in   woods,   or   on   the   ground. 
(b)     Gills  at  first  yellowish  or  ochraceous. 

(c)     Large;    pileus   5-10   cm.   broad,    cinnamon     (moist);     annulus 

fugacious;    fiesh  yellowish.     P.  cerasina  Pk. 
(cc)     Much  smaller;    annulus  persistent. 

(d)     Gills  broadly  adnate,  subtriangular;   appearance  of  P.  mar- 

ginata,  subcaespitose.     305.     P.  unicolor  Fr. 
(dd)     Gills   adnexed,    relatively   broad;     solitary;     pileus    small, 
rugose.     307.     P.  rugosa  Pk. 
(bb)     Gills  never  with  yellowish  tints. 

(c)      Very   caespitose;    pileus   yellow-cinnamon   to   pale   cinnamon; 
stem   squarrose-scaly,  below  the  blackish-brown   annulus.     P. 
mutabilis  Fr. 
(cc)     Gregarious;   stem  not  scaly. 

(d)     Annulus  fugaceous,  small,  scarcely  membranous;   gills  nar- 
row;  pileus  watery-cinnamon.     306.     P.  marginata  Fr. 
(dd)     Annulus  ample,  membranous. 

(e)     Pileus    densely   floccose-dotted,    rufous-cinnamon   to   brick- 
red;  very  fragile.     303.    P.  confragosa  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus     glabrous,     rugose-wrinkled,     ochraceous-cinnamon 
then  paler.     302.     P.  acericola  Pk. 
(AAA)      Pileus  neither  viscid  nor  hygrophanous. 
(a)     Pileus  scaly;   on  wood,  logs,  trunks,  etc. 
(b)     Gills  yellow,  at  length  ferruginous. 

(c)     Pileus    silky,    floccose-squamulose    on   disk,    buff-yellow;     taste 

bitter;  annulus  fugacious.     P.  lutea  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  entirely  squamulose. 

(d)     Scales    sulphur-yellow,    superficial,    pilose;    stem    squarrose- 
scaly,  hollow.     298.     P.  flammans  Fr. 
(dd)      Scales  innate,  i.  e.,  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  cuticle, 
(e)     Gills    narrow,    adnato-decurrent;    pileus    golden-yellow    to 
tawny;    annulus   ample,   near  apex    of    ventricose    stem. 


292  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

296.     P.  spectaMlis  Fr. 
(ee)     Gills  broad. 

(f)     Pileiis  and  stem  variegated  yellow    and    green,    or    with 
greenish     scales;     on    exposed,     hard     wood.      301.      P. 
aeruginosa  Pr. 
(ff)     Pileus  without  green  shades. 

(g)      Stem  hollow  at  length;   pileus  covered  with  ferrugin- 
ous, pointed,  fasciculate  scales.     295.     P.  muricata  Fr. 
(gg)     Stem  solid;   pileus  pale  red  or  yellowish;   gills  sub- 
distant.     300.     P.  luteofolia  Pk. 
(bb)     Gills  not  yellow  at  first,   (becoming  yellowish  in  P.  curvipes). 
(c)     Very  caespitose;   pileus  and  stem  squarrose-scaly;   gills  pallid- 
olivaceous  at  first,  narrow.     P.  squarrosa  Fr. 
(cc)     Solitary  or  subcaespitose. 

(d)     Stem  bulbous,   subradicate,   solid;    gills   rounded-adnexed   or 

adnate.      (Dry  condition.)     289.     P.   destruens  Fr. 
(dd)     Stem  equal,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
(e)     Pileus  small,  2-3  cm.  broad. 

(f)     Pileus    covered    with    superficial,    erect,    small    spine-like 

scales,  tawny-brown.     294.     P.  erinaceella  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  with  innate,  flocculose    minute    scales.     293.     P. 
curvipes   Fr. 
(ee)     Rather   large,    6-12    cm.    covered    with '  appressed,    tawny 
fibrillose    scales;     gills    narrow;     annulus    ample.     292. 
P.  fulvosquaviosa  Pk. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  scaly;   growing  on  the  ground, 
(b)     In  moist,  rich  woods, 
(c)     Moderately  large. 

(d)     Large;    pileus  covered  with  white  flocci,  lacunose-wrinkled; 
annulus     large,     persistent     and     movable.      284.      Pholiota 
caper  at  a,  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  glabrous;    disk  ochre-yellowish. 

(e)     Gills  adnexed  or  nearly  free;   stem  solid;    annulus    thick. 

285.     P.  johnsoniana  Pk. 
(ee)     Gills  adnate,  decurrent  by  a  tooth;  stem  hollow;   annulus 
ample;   caespitose.     286.     P.  aegerita  Fr. 
(cc)      Small;    pileus    ochraceous;    spores     7-8x3-4;     annulus     mem- 
branous, distant;   gills  yellowish.     P.  togiilaris  Fr. 
(bb)     On  lawns,  grassy  places,  etc.,   medium  size. 

(c)      Stem  solid,  hard.     Pileus  tan-color  but  variable;   in  cultivated 

fields  and  gardens.     284.     P.  dura  Bolt, 
(cc)      Stem    stuffed    then    hollow;     pileus    varying    white,     whitish 
tinged  with  tan  or  yellowish. 
(d)     Open   places,   in   fields,   thickets,   etc.     Spores    9-10.5   x    5-5.5, 

obscurely  5-angled.  287.     P.   hoioeana  Pk. 
(dd)     Annulus      membranous,     fragile,     subfugacious,    brown     in 

mass.     P.  duroides  Pk. 
(ddd)     Annulus    membranous,    fragile,    subfugacious. 

(e)     On   lawns,    etc.,    in    the    spring;     spores     8-10x5-6     micr., 

pileus  whitish.     284.     P.  praecox  Fr. 
(ee)     Later  in  the  season;   spores  11-12.5  x  7-7.5  micr.,  similar 
to  the  preceding.     284.     P.  vermiflua  Pk. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  293 

Section  I.  Humigeni.  Terrestrial,  rarely  caespitose,  not  liygro- 
phanous,  not  attached  to  mosses,  cystidia  present  or  absent. 

283.     Pholiota  praecox  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821.     (As  Psalliota  praecox.) 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Plate  4t2,  p.  150,  1900. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  3,  PI.  49,  Fig.  1. 
Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PI.  27  and  28,  1913. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  209,  p.  258,  1908. 
Marshal],  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  30,  p.  84. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  55,  Fig.  4. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.   112. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  Plate  57. 
Plate  LTX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  soft,  glabrous,  or 
nearly  so,  even,  inoist,  in  wet  weather  often  slightly  viscid  to  the 
touch,  whitish  or  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellowish  or  leather-color 
when  old,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  white,  medium  thick. 
GILLS  adnate  seceding  or  becoming  emarginate,  somewhat 
rounded  behind,  close,  of  medium  width,  at  first  whitish, 
then  tinged  gray,  'finally  hroivnish  or  rusty  hrown,  edge  crenulate. 
STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  rather  slender,  equal  or  subequal, 
usually  straight,  glabrous,  apex  pruinose,  almost  solid  or  stuffed  hy 
a  fibrous  white  pith,  even  or  striate  at  apex,  whitish.  VEIL  whitish, 
thin  and  frail,  breaking  variously,  sometimes  forming  a  thin,  fragile 
ANNULUS,  sometimes  adhering  in  shreds  to  the  margin  of  pileus. 
Annulus  apical,  fugacious.  SPORES  elliptical,  9-13x0-7  micr., 
smooth,  rusty-brown  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  scattered,  swollen-ventri- 
cose  with  short,  broad  apex,  35-45  micr.  long,  12-15  micr.  thick. 
ODOR  farinose.     TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  gregarious,  rarely  subcaespitose.  On  lawns,  pastures, 
roadsides,  etc.,  sometimes  in  woods.  Througliout  the  State.  Com- 
mon in  May  and  early  June,  after  heavy  rains. 

One  of  our  early  edible  mushrooms;  easy  to  get,  as  it  grows  at 
our  very  doors.  It  has  several  near  relatives  and  varies  somewhat 
when  growing  in  the  woods.  Peck  has  called  the  wood  form  var. 
sylvestris;  the  cap  is  darker,  brownish  to  rusty-brown.  Another 
form,  because  of  its  small  size  (pileus  2-3  cm.)  and  appeudiculate 
margin  of  the  pileus,  was  called  var.  minor  by  Fries. 


294  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

The  normal  form  varies  also;  in  wet  weather  the  pileus  is  sub- 
viscid,  while  ordinarily  it  is  dr3^  The  gills  of  different  specimens 
are  attached  differently  to  the  stem,  adnexed,  adnate  or  even  slight- 
ly decurrent  at  times ;  on  expansion  of  pileus,  however,  they  become 
sinuate  or  emarginate;  their  edge  is  whitish-crenulate  because  of 
the  cystidia.  Sometimes  the  base  of  stem  is  attached  to  white 
strands  wliicli  enter  the  turf.  The  stem  is  almost  homogeneous  at 
first.  P.  vermiflua  Pk.  is  closely  related  to  it.  (See  illustration:  N. 
Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  75,  Plate  73,  1904.)  Authors  differ  somewhat 
as  to  the  spore  measurements,  and  may  have  confused  other  species 
with  P.  praecox,  P.  dura  Fr.  (see  illustration:  Hard,  Mushrooms, 
Fig.  210,  p.  259)  has  not  been  detected  in  Michigan  but  doubtless 
grows  here.  Its  solid  stem,  tan  to  brownish  pileus,  which  usually 
cracks  on  the  surface  into  areas,  and  its  preference  for  soil  which 
has  been  cultivated,  distinguish  it.  Ricken  gives  the  spore-size  of 
P.  dura  as  11-13  x  7-8  micr.  P.  temnophylla  Pk.  is  separated  by 
Peck,  on  account  of  its  dingy-yellow  or  ochraceous  cap  and  very 
hroad  gills.  One  specimen,  which  may  be  this  species,  was  collected 
in  hemlock  and  spruce  woods,  Sault  Ste.  Marie;  the  veiy  broad  gills 
were  obliquely  truncate  at  the  inner  extremity,  but  the  spores  were 
somewhat  smaller  than  given  by  Peck.  Otherwise  it  resembles  P. 
praecox.  Not  infrequently  specimens  of  P.  praecox  having  the  char- 
acters of  the  type  rather  than  those  of  var.  sylvestris  are  found  in 
low,  moist  woods. 

284.    Pholiota  caperata  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  348. 

Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  55,  Fig.  2. 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  49   (as  Rozites 

caperata). 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  520. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PI.  31,  Fig.  212. 
Harper,  Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Arts  &  Let.,  Vol.  XVII,  Pt.  1, 

PI.  24. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  oval  at  first,  campanulate-expanded, 
obtuse,  markedly  wrinkled  or  furrowed,  dry,  at  first  with  a  super- 
ficial hoariness  or  fioccosity,  straw-color  to  alutaceous,  at 
length  glabrous.   FLESH  white,  thick  on  disk.   GILLS  adnate,  then 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  295 

emargiuate,  medium  close,  whitish  then  dhirjij  pale  ferruginous,  edge 
uneven  or  crisped.  STEM  stout,  7-12  cm.  long,  10-20  mm.  thick, 
subcylindrical,  firm,  solid,  glabrous,  dingy  white,  furnished  7iear 
the  middle  icith  a  reflexed,  persistant,  whitish,  membranous  an- 
nulus.  SPOKES  12-14  x  7-9  micr.,  inequilateral,  elliptical,  tuber- 
culate,  yellowish.     ODOR  and  taste  mild. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  woods,  especially  c^ 
conifers.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View,  Marquette,  etc.  August-Septem- 
ber.    Frequent  locally. 

This  species  has  been  separated  from  the  Pholiotas  by  Karsten 
who  invented  the  genus  Rozites  for  it.  It  is  quite  distinct  from  the 
other  species  by  its  peculiar  covering  when  young.  Its  stout  stem, 
distinct  annulus,  large  size  and  terrestrial  habit  make  it  easily 
recognizable. 


'fe^ 


285.     Pholiota  johnsoniana  (Pk.)  Atk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872  (as  Psalliota  johnsoniana). 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888  (as  Stropharia  johnsoniana) . 

Illustration :     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Plate  44,  p.  145,  1900. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane  and  subturbinate, 
g1al}rous,  ochre-ycUoicish,  often  shading  to  whitish  on  margin 
which  is  thin  and  sometimes  finely  striate.  FLESH  quite  thick  on 
disk,  white,  soft.  GILLS  adnexed  or  almost  free,  rounded  behind, 
thin,  crowded,  rather  narrow,  grayish-white  at  first,  then  rusty- 
brown,  at  length  ascending  toward  front.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long 
(or  more),  6-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  thickened  at  base,  solid, 
glabrous,  innately  fibrillose,  rarely  floccose-torn,  whitish.  SPORES 
elliptical-oval,  5-6  x  3-4  micr.,  smooth,  brown  with  a  slight  rusty 
tinge.  CYSTIDIA  none,  but  scattered  over  the  hymenium  are 
clusters  of  stellate  crystals.  ANNULUS  thick,  swollen,  with  obtuse 
edge. 

(Dried:  Pileus  yellowish-alutaceous ;  gills  fuscous-umber;  stem 
buff) . 

Gregarious.     On  leaf-mould  in  rich  woods;  also  said  to  occur 
in  pastures.     Ann  Arbor.     September.     Rare. 

As  Atkinson  points  out,  the  plant  is  quite  readily  distinguished 
by  its  subturbinate  (i.  e.  top-shaped)  pileus  and  the  thick  annulus. 
Variations  occur  with  erect  tawny  squammules  on  the  center  of  the 
pileus,  or  with  its  surface  innately  floccose  or  fibrillose.  The  base 
of  the  stem  is  sometimes  connected  with  the  soil  by  white  strands  of 


296  THE   AGARICACEAE   OP   MICHIGAN 

mycelium.  A  constaut  peculiarity  of  the  plant  seems  to  be  the 
clusters  of  stellate  crystals  which  are  scattered  amoug  the  basidia 
as  seen  under  the  microscope. 


286.    Pholiota  aegerita  Fr. 


Epicrisis,  183G-3S. 


Illustrations :     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  524. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plates  453,  365. 

PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  margin  at  length 
elevated,  fragile,  moist,  glabrous,  disk  subrugulose,  ochraceous-y el- 
low  to  fulvous,  paler  on  margin,  edge  even  and  thin.  FLESH  not 
thick,  white.  GILLS  adnate,  decurrent  by  a  tooth,  rather  close, 
broad,  whitish  at  first,  then  grayish  fuscous,  finally  umber.  STEM 
8-12  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal  or  slightly  thicker  at  base, 
fibrillose-striate,  floccose  at  base,  stuffed  then  hoUow,  whitish.  AN- 
NULUS  whitish,  membranous,  rather  thin,  sometimes  disappearing. 
SPOKES  ohscurely  5-angled,  i.  e.  truncate  at  one  end,  subacute  at 
the  other,  9-11  x  5-6  micr.,  fuscous  umber.  CYSTIDIA  scattered, 
ventricose,  obtuse  at  apex,  about  65-70  micr.  long. 

(Dried:  Pileus  fulvous-tan;  gills  fuscous-umber;  stem  dingy 
buff). 

Caespitose.  Among  debris  in  low  grounds,  poplar,  willow,  etc., 
edge  of  hemlock  woods.    Houghton.     July.     Bare. 

The  figures  and  description  given  by  Gillet  fit  our  plant  well. 
The  spores  agree  with  the  size  given  by  Ricken  and  Bresadola.  The 
caespitose  habit,  uneven  pileus  and  slender,  hollow  stem  character- 
ize it.  It  doubtless  varies  more  as  to  form  than  my  specimens  indi- 
cate, and  Cooke  has  given  very  aberrant  examples  in  the  figures 
cited.  The  peculiar  outline  of  the  spores  is  shown  also  in  P.  aceri- 
cola  and  P.  hoioeana.  The  flesh  is  very  moist,  almost  hygropha- 
nou.s,  but  in  other  respects  differs  from  the  section  of  hygrophanous 
species.  It  approaches  P.  acericoUi,  which  has  slightly  smaller 
spores  and  a  large,  persistent,  curtain-like  annulus,  and  is  solitary 
or  gregarious.  Fries  says  the  annulus  is  tumid,  in  which  respect 
our  specimens  differ.  Harper  figures  a  plant  under  this  name, 
which  reminds  one  of  a  discolored  form  of  P.  aeruginosa  Pk.  Ric- 
ken  says  it  has  a  strong,  rather  pleasant  odor. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  297 

287.  Pholiota  howeana  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

PILEUS  1.5-5  cm.  broad,  convex  expanded,  fragile,  subnmbonate, 
dry,  glabrous,  even,  pale  ocliraceous,  nnicolor  or  center  darker. 
FLESH  white.  GILLS  adnate,  with  a  tooth,  narrow,  close,  subven- 
tricose,  white  at  first  then  rusty-brown,  edge  entire  and  concolor. 
STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  1.5-4  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  rather  rigid, 
corticate,  glabrous,  even,  stuffed  with  wliite  pith,  whitish  to  pale 
ochraceous.  ANNULUS  apical,  thin,  membranous,  and  easily  rub- 
bed off.  SPORES  odsiirchj  5-angled  or  sub-regular,  truncate  at 
one  end,  pointed  at  the  other,  9-10.5  x  5-5.5  micr.,  fuscous-brown. 
CYSTIDIA  none  or  very  few.  ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 
(Dried:  Pileus  and  stem  pale-tan,  gills  rusty-brown.) 
Gregarious.  In  grassy  fields.  Ann  Arbor.  June.  Infrequent. 
•  Our  collections  average  smaller  than  Peck's  description.  The 
slight  angularity  of  the  spores  is  obscure  but  easily  made  out.  In 
shape  it  looks  like  a  small  P.  praecox  but  the  colors  differ  and  the 
stem  has  a  different  texture.  The  pileus  is  sometimes  slightly  pitted- 
lacunose  on  the  margin.  In  size  and  appearance  it  resembles 
Naucoria  semiorhicularis,  but  with  an  annulus;  it  also  approaches 
Peck's  P.  temnophylla ;  but  that  species  has  very  broad  gills  and 
the  spores  are  larger. 

288.  Pholiota  aggericola  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  30,  1878  (as  Pholiota  indecens  Pk.). 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  28,  1899  (as  Pholiota  arjgerata  Pk.). 

Illustrations:     Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  p.  73. 
(Compare  Cooke's  111.,  Plate  358  of  P.  erehia.) 
Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol  17,  PI.  30  (as  P.  erehia 
Fr.). 

PILEUS  1.5-4  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane  and  at  length  with 
recurved  margin,  viscid,  dark  fuscous-umber,  fading  to  cinnamon, 
glabrous,  even,  rlvulose  or  rufjose,  margin  obscurely  striatulate. 
<tILLS  adnate  or  arcuate  suhdecurrent,  close  to  subdistant,  rather 
broad  behind  and  subtruncate,  pallid  at  first,  then  grayish,  finally 
rusty-brown.     STEM  3-0  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal, 


298  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

fibrillosc-striate,  stuffed  then  hollow,  dark  fuscons-iimber  below,  pale 
at  apex.  ANNULUS  membranous,  thin,  fragile,  veil  fuscous  and 
striate  above,  pale  below;  veil  sometimes  adhering  to  margin  of 
pileus.  SPOEES  variable  in  size  and  shape,  long  cUiptical,  to  sub- 
yijrlform,  12-15  x  5-7  micr.,  sometimes  dominantly  12  micr.,  some- 
times 15,  smooth,  on  slender  sterigmata.  BASIDIA  hispored, 
CYSTIUIA  nine-pin  shaped,  or  lanceolate,  40-50  micr.  long,  scat- 
tered, fragile,  shorter  on  edge  of  gills. 

Gregarious.  In  hemlock  mixed  woods  in  paths  or  among  debris^ 
usually  in  moist  ground.  Bay  View,  Houghton,  Marquette,  New 
Richmond.     July-October.     Rather  frequent  locally. 

This  species  has  a  confused  history.  It  was  given  several  names 
by  Peck.  Under  P.  Indecens  Peck  gives  spore-measurements  12-15 
micr.  long,  but  in  his  monograph  of  the  New  York  State  Pholiotas, 
they  are  said  to  be  10-12.5  micr.  long.  This  discrepancy  is  due  to 
spore  variations  in  different  individuals  as  I  have  assured  myself. 
Often  many  spores  of  a  specimen  are  less  than  12  micr.,  but  the 
majority  of  collections  show  a  dominance  of  spores  15  micr.  long. 
Often  they  vary  much  in  the  same  specimen.  This  i>lant  prefers 
low,  moist  hemlock  woods  although  it  is  found  elsewhere.  Its  viscid 
character  disappears  in  dry  weather,  and  the  pileus  in  luxuriant 
plants  is  often  very  rugose;  this  is  var.  retiriigis  Pk.  The  European 
species,  P.  erebia,  as  figured  by  Cooke  and  Patouillard  remind  one 
very  much  of  our  plant.  But  the  pileus  of  that  species  is  described 
as  hygrophanous  although  Fries  says  it  is  also  subviscid.  The 
cystidia  are  also  figured  difierently  bj^  Patouillard,  yet  I  should  not 
be  surprised  if  our  plant  were  to  turn  out  to  be  identical  with  P. 
erehia  Fr.  Some  specimens  have  a  distinct  fuscous-purplish  tinge 
to  the  gills,  and  the  spores  under  the  microscope  suggest  a  Stro- 
pharia  rather  than  a  Pholiota ;  but  this  character  also  seems  vari- 
able, even  where  spores  and  cystidia  are  the  same. 

Section  II.  Truncigeni.  Lignatile,  caespitose  or  solitary.  Pileus 
scaly,  not  hygrophanous.     Gills  changing  color.     Cystidia  lacking. 

*GiUs  at  first  white  or  icJiitish. 

289.     Pholiota  destruens  (Fr.)  Bres. 

Fungi  Tridentini,  I,  1881. 

Hymen.  Europ.,  1871.      (As    Pholiota    destruens    Fr.,    Pholiota 
comosa  Y^\,  and  Pholiota  heteroclita  Fr.). 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  299 

Illustrations :     Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  I,  Plate  84. 

Cooke,  111.,  PL  GOO   (as  Pholiota  coniosa). 

Cooke,  111.,  Plate  366  (as  PJwUota  heteroclita) . 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  522. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  521  (as  Pholiota  comosa). 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  214,  p.  264,  1908  (as  Pholiota  heter- 
oclita) . 

Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PL  45  (as  P.  comosa). 

Harper,  ibid,  PL  46  and  47  (as  P.  heteroclita) . 

Chicago  Nat.  Hist.  Sun.,  Bull.  VII,  Plate  9,  1909  (as  Pholi- 
ota comosa). 

Plate  LX  of  this  Report. 

'TILEUS  0-15  cm.  broad,  fleshj,  convex  then  expanded,  sometimes 
gibbous  or  broadly  unbonate,  suh viscid,  yellowish-white,  disk  ful- 
vous, elegantly  covered  ivith  white,  ivooly,  seceding  scales,  margin 
at  first  involute  and  librillose.  GILLS  crowded,  rounded-adnexed 
behind  or  adnate,  decurrent  by  a  line,  whitish  at  -first  then  cinna- 
mon-umber. STEM  5-17  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  thick,  solid,  attenuated 
at  apex,  bulbous-radicate  at  base,  white-squamose,  glabrescent  in 
age,  concolor.  FLESH  white,  fulvous-cinnamon  at  base  of  stem. 
SPORES  elliptical,  or  obovate,  8-10  x  4-6  micr.,  yellow  under  micro- 
scope. BASIDIA  clavate,  20-25  x  6  micr.  ODOR  strong,  somewhat 
nauseous.     TASTE  rather  agreeable." 

Solitary  or  subcaespitose.  On  trunks  of  poplar,  birch  and  willow. 
Autumn.     Detroit,  Frankfort.     Infrequent. 

The  description  is  that  of  Bresadola,  who  has  shown  the  identity 
of  the  three  species  given  by  Fries  (see  above).  It  was  collected 
by  Dr.  Fischer  near  Detroit  and  one  of  his  photographs  was  pub- 
lished by  Hard  as  P.  heteroclita.  It  seems  to  be  rare  in  the  state. 
Harper  recently  reported  it  from  Frankfort. 

290.    Pholiota  squarrosoides  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  31,  1879. 

Illustrations :     Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  Plate  73. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Plate  21,  p.  42,  1908. 
Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PL  36  and  37. 
Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  3,  Plate  21. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  subglobose  when  j'oung,  then  convex, 


300  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

viscid  lolien  moist,  adorned  tcith  terete,  erect,  pointed,  tawny  scales, 
more  dense  on  disk,  on  a  whitish  ground-color.  FLESH  white, 
thick.  GILLS  rather  narrow,  adnate  or  arcuate  subdecurrent, 
often  becoming  sinuate  in  age,  close  or  crowded,  whitish  becoming 
brownisli-ferruginous.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  equal, 
firm,  stiiljcd.  rough  with  numerous,  thick,  floccose,  tawny  scales, 
which  terminate  above  in  a  lacerated,  floccose  ANNULUS,  glabrous 
and  white  above  the  annulus.  SPOKES  oblong,  short-elliptical  to 
ovoid,  5-5.5x2.5-3.5  micr.,  smooth,  rusty-brown.  CYSTIDIA  scat- 
tered, about  30  micr.  long,  obtuse  at  apex. 

(Dried:    Ochraceous,  with  tawny  scales.) 

Very  caespitose,  up  to  50  in  a  cluster.  On  trunks  of  living 
maple,  birch  and  beech,  also  on  dead  wood:  logs,  stumps,  etc.,  of 
deciduous  trees.  Northern  Peninsula,  frequent;  not  found  else- 
where.    August-September.     Edible. 

The  "sharp  scale"  Pholiota  is  closely  related  to  the  European 
P.  squarrrosa.  It  is  said  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  p.  183)  to  differ 
in  tlie  viscid  pileus,  emarginate  gills  and  smaller  spores.  The  gills, 
however,  are  not  constant,  and  frequently  I  have  seen  our  plant  with 
arcuate-decurrent  gills,  without  a  sign  of  emargination.  In  1908  in 
company  of  C.  G.  Lloyd,  I  came  across  a  tuft  of  a  Pholiota  in  the 
grounds  of  Upsala  University,  Sweden,  which  had  all  the  macros- 
copic characters  of  our  plant;  it  was  slightly  viscid  (moist),  and 
the  colors  were  the  same  as  in  the  specimens  collected  in  northern 
Michigan.  Unfortunately,  I  was  unable  to  get  the  spore-measure- 
ments. Fries  in  Epicrisis,  p.  166,  says  the  color  of  P.  squarrosa  is 
croceo-ferruginous,  and  it  is  thus  figured  by  Michael,  Vol.  II,  No.  76, 
and  Cooke,  111.,  Plate  367.  On  the  other  hand,  Patouillard  in  Tab. 
Analyt.,  p.  154  and  No.  340,  paints  it  like  our  species  and  unites  with 
it  P.  verruculosa  Lasch.  which  Cooke  in  Illust.,  Plate  614,  figures  in 
such  a  way  as  to  remind  us  strongly  of  P.  sqiiarrosoides.  Either  the 
American  plant  occurs  in  Europe  also,  or  there  is  great  variation 
in  the  color  of  P.  squarrosa,  both  of  cap  and  gills.  The  gills  of  the 
latter  are  said  by  all  the  European  authors,  to  be  pale  olivaceous 
at  first,  and  the  spore  measurements  are  given  as  8  x  4.  Maire  (Soe. 
Myc.  France  Bull.,  Vol.  27,  p.  437)  says  the  spores  are  smooth.  Fur- 
ther, the  odor  of  P.  squarrosa  is  said  to  be  strong,  disagreeable. 
Patouillard,  Gillet  and  Michael  describe  the  flesh  as  yellow.  P. 
squarrosa  may  then  be  said  to  difl'er  from  P.  squarrosoides,  in  the 
color  of  the  young  gills,  the  disagreeable  odor,  the  yellow  flesh,  the 
crocus-yellow  or  tawny  color,  and  the  larger,  smooth  spores.  It  has 
been  reported  from  the  United  States  by  various    authors,    and   it 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  301 

seems  desirable  that  the  two  species  be  more  carefully  studied.  I 
have  never  found  a  plant  in  Michigan  which  could  be  referred  to 
P.  squarrosa,  but  Harper  has  illustrated  collections  from  Frankfort, 
Michigan,  under  the  latter  name. 

291.    Pholiota  albocrenulata  Pk. 

X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  25,  1S7.3. 

Illustration :     Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PL  42  and 
43. 

PILEUS  3-12  cm.  or  more  broad,  firm,  broadly  convex  or  campan- 
ulate,  often  unbonate,  very  viscid,  orange-fulvous,  becoming  ferru- 
ginous-tawny in  age,  spotted  loitli  superficial,  darker,  fihrillose, 
scales  which  become  whitish  on  drying,  margin  even  and  at  length 
rellexed,  often  appendiculate.  FLESH  thick,  whitish.  GILLS 
adnate,  becoming  sinuate  and  rounded  behind,  very  broad,  close, 
whitish  at  first,  then  grayish,  at  length  rusty-umber,  edge  cremilate 
and  headed  with  wliitc  drops.  STEM  5-15  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick, 
firm,  equal  or  tapering  slightly  upward,  stuft'ed  by  a  loose  pith,  soon 
hollow,  dingy  whitish  or  ochraceous,  covered  with  squarrose,  brown 
scales  up  to  the  fugacious  ANXULUS,  apex  pruinose  and  white. 
SPORES  ventricose-subfusiform,  inequilateral,  11-14  x  5.5-6.5  micr., 
smooth,  rusty-umber.      CYSTIDIA  none. 

Solitary,  or  two  or  three  in  a  cluster.  Mostly  growing  out  of  a 
crack  or  Avound  of  living  trees,  towards  the  base  of  the  trunk;  on 
living  sugar  maple,  yellow  birch  and  hemlock.  Julj^-September. 
Frequent  in  the  Northern  Peninsula,  rare  in  southern  Michigan. 

This  fine  plant  prefers  the  sugar  maple,  and  may  yet  be  found 
to  be  injurious  to  the  living  trees,  as  it  has  the  characteristic  habit 
of  parasitic  mushrooms.  Peck  and  Harper  report  it  on  prostrate 
trunks  and  decaying  wood,  but  I  have  always  found  it  on  living 
trees.  Morgan  also  reports  it  from  Ohio  on  the  base  of  standing 
maple  trees.  The  white-headed  edge  of  the  gills,  the  peculiar  scales 
and  large  spores  distinguish  it.  The  spores  average  longer  than 
noted  by  Peck,  although  they  vary  considerably  in  length.  The 
pileus  may  attain  to  quite  large  dimensions.  Its  edibility  is  un- 
known. 


302  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

292.    Pholiota  fulvosquamosa  Pk. 

ToiT.  Bot.  Club.  Bull.  30,  1903. 

lllu.stialion :     Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol  17,  PI.  60. 

"PILIOUS  G-12  cm.  broad,  fleshy,  rather  thin,  convex  becoming 
nearly  i)lane,  dry,  adorned  with  numerous,  appressed,  tawny  scales, 
concentrically  cracked  about  the  disk.  FLESH  white,  becoming 
brown isli  where  cut.  GILLS  narrow,  close,  attenuated  towards  the 
stem  and  attached  to  a  narrow  collar,  whitish  becoming  pinkish- 
cinnamon.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  thick,  equal,  rigid,  stuffed 
or  hollow,  adorned  below  with  numerous,  erect,  subfloccose,  tawny 
scales,  glabrous  above  and  below  the  ample,  jtersistent  ANNULUS, 
whidi  is  white  above  and  tawny  floccose-squamulose  below. 
SPOKES  elliptical,  7-8x4-5  micr.  '  ODOR  and  TASTE  of  radishes." 

About  the  base  of  oak  trees.  M.  A.  C,  East  Lansing.  Septem- 
ber.   B.  O.  Longyear.    Neebish  Island,  October,  E.  T.  Harper. 

I  have  never  collected  this  species.  It  was  discovered  by  Long- 
year,  and  found  again  by  Harper.  Its  ample  annulus,  narrow  gills, 
and  the  tawnj^  scales  seem  to  distinguish  it. 

293.    Pholiota  curvipes  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  Plate  104. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plate  370. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  innately  floccose 
all  over  when  j'oung,  then  minutely  scaly,  taicny-yellow,  dry,  not- 
striate,  margin  incurved.  FLP^SH  rather  thin,  firm  when  dry. 
GILLS  adnatc,  not  emarginate,  hroad,  close  to  subdistant,  whitish 
at  first  then  yellowish  to  rusty-cinnamon.  STEM  short,  2-3  cm. 
long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  curved  or  ascending,  equal,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
becoming  fibrillose.  ANNULUS  soon  vanishing,  at  first  floccose- 
radiate,  almost  lacking.  SPORES  elliptical,  6-8  x  3-4  micr.,  smooth, 
pale-yellowish  under  the  microscope,  rusty-brown  in  mass.  CYS- 
TIDIA  none.     ODOR  none.     TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  logs  of  elm,  etc.  Ann  Arbor. 
June.     Infrequent. 

Closely  related  to  species  of  Flammula,  because  of  its  poorly  de- 
veloped annulus.     The  different  color  of  the  young  gills  and  the 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  303 

nature  of  the  scales  on  the  pileus,  separate  it  from  P.  murlcata.  It 
is  evident,  from  his  description  of  the  species  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull. 
122)  that  Peck  has  referred  a  different  plant  under  this  name,  since 
the  spores  of  his  specimens  are  too  large,  and  the  gills  are  yellow 
and  close.  From  present  advices  the  large-spored  species  is  prob- 
shlj  P.  tuhcrciilosa  Fr,  On  the  other  hand,  Hard  (Mushrooms,  p. 
264,  19U8j  and  Moffatt  (Chicago,  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull  VII,  p.  78) 
■doubtless  had  our  species.  I  cannot  agree  with  those  who  would 
combine  P.  muricata  Fr.  with  this  species,  although  the  spores  are 
very  similar. 

294.     Pholiota  erinaceella  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  28,  187G  (as  P.  detersihilis) . 
Illustration :     Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PI.  51. 

"PILEUS  l-2.,5  cm.  broad,  hemispherical  or  convex,  dry,  densely 
•coated  tvitli  small,  erect,  separable  pyramidal  or  spine-like  scales, 
tawny-brown.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  adnexed,  broad,  close,  pallid 
becoming  cinnamon-broAvn.  STEM  1-2.5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick, 
€qual,  stuffed  or  hollow,  densely  squamulose  below  the  slight  an- 
nuliis,  often  curved,  colored  like  the  pileus.  SPORES  boat-shaped, 
7.5-9  X  4-5  micr." 

On  logs  in  woods.     Frankfort.     August.     Rare. 

Reported  by  Harper.  The  description  is  adapted  from  Peck, 
who  says  that  the  small,  soft,  crowded  scales  of  the  pileus  which 
can  be  easily  rubbed  off,  constitute  a  prominent  character  of  the 
species.  Peck  changed  the  original  name  in  the  30th  N.  Y.  State 
Mus.  Rep.  because  it  had  been  preoccupied.  This  species  may  be  an 
■extreme  form  of  P.  curvipes,  which  differs  in  the  innate  floccosity  of 
the  surface  of  the  young  pileus.  From  P.  muricata  it  seems  to  differ 
mostly  in  its  larger  spores,  pallid  young  gills,  and  the  superficial 
scales  on  the  cap. 


304  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

**GiUs  at  first  ydloK,  'becoming  ferruginous. 

295.     Pholiota  muricata  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Harper,  "Wis.  Acad.   Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PL  52 
and  53. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  dr}^,  obtuse  or 
depressed,  covered  with  dense,  fasciculate  or  granular,  taicny -yel- 
low, pointed  scales,  ferruginous  on  disk,  not  striate,  margin  when 
young  often  adorned  by  remnants  of  the  veil.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS 
adnate,  seceding,  moderately  broad  and  close,  yellow  at  first  then 
ferruginous-stained,  edge  concolor  and  minutely  fimbriate  from 
the  sterile  cells.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  curved,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  tawny,  floccose-fihrillose  or  granular  scaly  up  to  the 
fugacious  ANNULUS.  SPOKES  short  elliptical,  6-7x3-4  micr., 
smooth,  pale  ferruginous-brown.     CYSTIDIA  none. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  decaying  logs,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay 
View.     August-Se^jtember.     Infrequent. 

Our  plants  fit  well  the  description  of  Fries,  except  that  the  gills 
are  not  adnexed.  They  approach  P.  curvipes,  but  seem  to  me  suffi- 
ciently ditferentiated  by  the  pointed,  fasciculate  or  granular  scales 
of  the  cap,  which  are  sometimes  also  found  on  the  stem,  and  by 
the  color  of  the  gills  which  is  yellow  at  first.  P.  erinaceela  Pk.  is 
also  close,  but  the  scales  on  the  cap  are  superficial. 

296.     Pholiota  spectabilis  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:    Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PI.  44. 
Fries,  Icones,  Plate  102. 

Eicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  55,  Fig.  1,   (As  Pholiota  aurea), 
Cooke,  111.,  Plate  352. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  529. 
Plate  LXI  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  convex,  then  campanulate-expanded^ 
finn,  sometimes  broadly  umbonate,  tawny-orange,  dry,  surface 
glabrous  at  first,  then  broken  into  minute  fibrillose  scales,  margin 
even  and  sometimes  wavy.    FLESH  thick,  compact,  yellowish,  thin 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  305 

at  margin.  GILLS  adnate  becoming  emarginate  with  decurrent 
tooth,  narrow,  crowded,  yellow  then  ferruginons,  edge  niinntely 
floccose-fimbriate.  STEM  stont,  4-10  cm.  long,  7-15  mm.  thick, 
comjiact,  often  hard,  solid,  sahventricose,  peroiiate-scaly,  fibrillose 
in  age,  concolor  to  fnscons  below  the  ring,  prninose  and  j)aler  above. 
ANNULUS  near  apex  of  stem,  membranaceons,  persistent,  thin, 
mostly  entire,  yellowish.  SPOKES  broadly-elliptical,  7-9  x  5-G 
micr.,  ferrnginous,  tnherciilate-rough.  CYSTIDIA  none,  bnt  edge 
of  gills  are  tnfted  with  sterile  cells.     TASTE  markedly  hitter. 

Growing  from  the  base  of  yellow  birch  trunks.  Marquette,  Nee- 
bisli  Island.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

A  very  imposing  and  elegant  plant.  Its  colors,  narrow  gills, 
apical  annulus,  bitter  taste  and  rough  spores  separate  this  from 
all  others.  P.  adiposa  has  similar  colors  but  differs  widely  in  all 
other  respects.  The  figures  of  European  authors  show  the  plant 
with  a  peronate  stem  in  its  best  condition  and  they  are  excellent, 
but  somewhat  misleading  after  the  annulus  has  become  pendant. 
The  spores  are  similar  to  those  of  many  Cortinarii. 

297.     Pholiota  adiposa  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Plate  43,  Pig.  144,  p.  152, 
1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  211,  p.  260,  1908. 
Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PI.  40. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  I,  PL  7,  Figs.  1  and  2. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  Plate  XI,  p.  61,  1905. 
Freeman,  Minnesota  Plant  Diseases,  Fig.  129,  p.  263,  1905. 
Clements,  Minnesota  Mushrooms,  Fig.  37,  p.  62,  1910. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  or  more  broad,  compact,  convex  to  hemispher- 
ical, obtuse,  very  viscid,  covered  with  separable,  chrome-yellow  to 
orange  concentric  scales  which  are  darker  in  age  and  often  squar- 
rose,  margin  even,  appendiculate,  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  tliick, 
firm,  yellowish-Avhite.  GILLS  adnate,  becoming  emarginate, 
broad,  close,  thin,  yellow  then  ferruginous,  toughish,  edge  entire. 
STEM  stout,  3-10  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  solid,  firm,  usually 
curved,  subequal,  yellow,  becoming  ferruginous-stained  from  spores, 
scaly,  glabrescent.  ANNULUS  slight,  floccose,  fugacious.  SPORES 
7-8  X  4-5  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  ferruginous.  CYSTIDIA  none, 
39 


30ti  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP   MICHIGAN 

and  veiy  short;  sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills.  ODOR  none,  TASTE 
mild. 

Solitary  or  caespitose.  On  decaying  logs,  etc.,  and  from  wounds 
on  trunks  of  living  sugar  maple  and  white  ash.  Throughout  the 
State.    June-October.    Frequent,  especially  in  the  autumn.    Edible. 

Easily  recognized  by  its  bright  color  and  viscid  pileus.  In  wet 
weather  the  pileus  becomes  glutinous.  The  floccose  annulus  termi- 
nates the  scaly  part  of  the  stem  above,  and  is  often  lacking.  The 
stem  of  our  plant  is  always  solid,  and  Fries  (Hymen.  Europ.)  must 
have  erroneouslj^  written/'farcto,"  as  other  European  authors  refer 
to  it  also  as  solid.  Massee  and  Rickeu  give  spore-measurements 
which  are  too  small  for  the  American  plants.  Occasional  specimens 
become  larger  than  the  size  of  the  plant  given  above.  The  gelatin- 
ous layer  of  the  cap  should  be  i^eeled  before  cooking. 


298.    Pholiota  flammans  Fr. 


Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 


Illustrations:    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  101. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  368. 
Michael,  Ftihrer  f.  Pilzfreuude,  Vol.  II,  No.  75  (as  Pholiota 

flammula  A.  &  S.). 
Rickeu,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  55,  Fig.  5. 
Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PI.  41  C. 

'•PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded  to  plane,  entirely  dry, 
subunibonate,  fiery-yellow  to  almost  orange-red,  clothed  hy  super- 
ficial, sulphur-yelloiD,  squarrose-fihrillose  scales.  FLESH  bright 
yellow,  becoming  reddish-brownish.  GILLS  emarginate-adnexed, 
i-ery  narrow,  thin,  crowded,  bright  yellow,  becoming  ferruginous. 
STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  equal,  mostly  curved,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  hright  yellow,  dry,  squarrose-scaly,  up  to  the  torn,  some- 
what membranous  annulus.  SPORES  minute,  cylindrical-elliptical, 
4x2  niicr.     ODOR  almost  like  radish." 

On  decaying  stumps  and  logs,  probably  only  on  coniferous  wood. 
Northern  Michigan.    September. 

Known  by  the  paler,  sulphur-yellow  scales  on  a  more  deeply  color- 
eil  l)ackground,  and  by  the  very  small  spores  and  squarrose-scaly 
cap  and  stem.  It  is  usually  caespitose.  Harper  reports  it  from 
NeoI)isli  Island.     The  description  is  adapted  from  Ricken. 


cLlAlSsification  of  agarics  307 

299.    Pholiota  lucifera  (Lasch.)     Bres. 

Fungi  Ti'identini,  I,  1881. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  Plate  85. 

Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  54,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  at  length  umbonate, 
viscid,  sulphur-yellow  to  flavus,  covered  on  disk  by  tawny  or  red- 
dish-broAvu,  appressed,  fibrillose,  thin  scales,  margin  even,  incurved 
and  appendiculate.  FLESH  whitish,  yellow  under  cuticle.  GILLS 
adnate-subdecurrent,  becoming  sinuate,  bright  yellow,  at  length 
ferruginous,  moderately  narrow,  crowded,  edge  crenulate  from  the 
flask-shaped  sterile  cells.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  thick,  fibrous, 
equal  or  subequal,  yellow,  paler  at  apex,  ferruginous  at  base,  solid, 
fihrillosely  'peronate.  ANNULUS  narrow,  floccose,  fugacious, 
rusty-yellow.  SPORES  obovate,  7-8  x  4-5.5  micr.,  smooth,  ferrugi- 
nous in  mass. 

Gregarious.  On  very  rotten  wood,  in  mixed  woods.  Marquette. 
August-September.     Rare. 

This  is  a  well-marked  plant,  found  but  once,  and  apparently 
limited  to  our  northern  woods.  Our  specimens  had  rather  short 
stems  which  were  solid,  and  in  this  respect  differ  from  Bresadola's 
description.  P.  limoneUa  Pk.  appears  to  be  similar,  but  differs  in 
its  gills  which  are  whitish  at  first  and  adnexed.  P.  adiposa  has 
broad  gills  and  the  scales  are  large  and  often  recurved. 

300.    Pholiota  luteofolia  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  27,  1875. 

Illustration:    Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol  17,  PI.  48. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  compact,  convex-expanded,  dry,  obtuse, 
scaly,  dotted  on  disk  ivith  fasciculate-pointed  pinkish  to  reddish- 
hroivn  scales,  elsewhere  areolate-cracked  and  with  ochraceous- 
brown,  adpressed  scales.  FLESH  lohite.  GILLS  emarginate, 
hroad,  subdistant,  yelloio  then  ferruginous,  edge  serrate.  STEM 
short  or  long,  3-6  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  firm,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
curved,  fibrillose,  subequal,  yellowish,  floccose-pruinose  above  the 
slight,  evanescent  ANNULUS.  SPORES  elliptical,  7-8x5  micr., 
smooth,  ferruginous  in  mass.    CYSTIDIA  none. 


308  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Siibcaespitose.  On  decaying-  log  of  white  oak.  Ami  Arbor.  Sep- 
tember,    liare. 

lias  the  stature  ot  P.  acnujinosa,  but  the  scales  and  colors  differ. 
Our  plants  have  pointed  tuberculate  scales  on  the  disk  of  the  pileus 
at  first,  and  the  stem  does  not  remain  solid. 

301.    Pholiota  aeruginosa  Pk. 

N.  \.  State  Mus.  Eep.  43,  1890,  Bot.  ed. 
Illustration:     Plate  LXII  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  hemispherical  or  convex,  obtuse,  p-m, 
subglabrous  to  scaly,  the  scales  erect,  pointed  and  mostly  on  the 
disk,  ojten  areolate  cracked,  dry,  varying  in  color,  dark  green,  green- 
ish or  fulvous-yellow  hlotched  with  green,  the  scales  darker  when 
present,  margin  incurved  at  first,  often  adorned  with  fragments  of 
the  veil.  FLESH  whitish,  tinged  green,  thin  except  on  disk. 
GILLS  adnate  and  rounded  behind  at  first,  then  emarginate  with 
decurrent  tooth,  hroad,  close,  yellowish  at  first,  hecoming  bright 
orange-ferruginous,  edge  entire.  STEM  short,  3-4  cm.  long,  4-8  mm. 
thick,  equal  or  tapering  at  base,  straight  or  curved,  tough,  cortex 
subcartilaginous,  fibrillose,  sulcate-striate  at  apex,  colored  like 
pileus  leloiv  the  lacerate,  submembranaceous,  fugacious  ANNULUS 
whose  remnants  are  soon  colored  by  bright  ferruginous  spores. 
SPOKES  0-8x3-4.5  micr.,  subelliptical,  smooth,  copious,  bright 
ferruginous.    CYSTIDIA  none. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  old  railroad  ties,  board-walks,  old 
logs  in  woods,  etc.  Throughout  the  State;  Ann  Arbor,  New  Rich- 
mond an<l  Marquette.     June  and  September.     Infrequent. 

Like  Lentinus  Icpideus,  this  Pholiota  frequents  railroad  ties  and 
other  wood  exposed  to  the  light.  It  is  a  well-marked  species  and 
was  found  on  several  occasions  about  Ann  Arbor.  The  colors  are 
sometimes  very  striking,  since  the  dark  green  of  pileus  and  stem 
cnntrast  shar])ly  with  the  bright  ferruginous  gills  and  ring,  while 
the  apex  of  the  stem  is  at  the  same  time  of  a  rosy  hue.  A  study 
of  a  number  of  collections  shows  that  there  is  considerable  varia- 
tion in  color,  as  well  as  in  the  character  of  the  surface  of  the  pileus, 
so  that  Peck's  description  had  to  be  revised  considerably.  It  is 
one  of  our  few  green  mushrooms  and  must  not  be  confused  with 
t^trophtiria    aeruginosa. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  309 

Section  III.  Hygrophani.  Pileiis  liygroplianoiis.  Cystidia  pres- 
ent on  gills. 

302.     Pholiota  acericola  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  25,  1873. 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  then  plane,  sometimes 
depressed  in  age,  hygrophanous,  glabrous,  varying  rugose-reticu- 
lated to  rugulose,  yellowish  cinnamon  (moist)  often  darker  on  disk, 
paler  when  dry,  not  striate  on  margin.  FLESH  rather  thin.  GILLS 
adnate- becoming  sinuate,  close,  somewhat  narrow  to  moderately 
broad,  pallid,  or  tinged  gray  at  first,  then  cinnamon.  STEM  4-10 
cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  stuffed  then 
hollow,  fibrillose-striate,  whitish,  fuscous  at  base.  ANNULUS 
large,  niemhranoiis,  flahhy,  persistent,  deflexed,  radiately  striate  on 
upper  surface,  and  stained  cinnamon  by  the  spores.  SPORES  ob- 
scurely 5-angled  or  obovate,  truncate  at  one  end,  pointed  at  basal 
end,  9-10  x  5-G  hiicr.,  cinnamon  and  tinged  rusty  in  mass.  CYS- 
TIDIA short,  much  swollen  below,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  short 
obtuse  prolongation,  18-20  micr.  thick  below,  about  25-30  micr.  long, 
numerous  on  sides  of  gills. 

On  much  decayed  logs  of  hard  maple  and  beech  in  mixed  woods 
of  northern  Michigan,  and  on  debris,  etc.,  of  maple  woods  in  the 
south.  Common  around  Bay  View,  Negaunee,  Ann  Arbor.  June- 
August. 

Well  characterized  by  the  reticulate-rugose  pileus,  the  large  flabby 
annulus  and  the  cystidia.  Individual  caps  vary  from  rugose  to 
almost  even,  the  latter  becoming  rugose  on  drying,  rarely  is  the 
rugosity  visible  except  under  a  lens.  The  color  of  the  pileus  is  often 
more  ochraceous  than  cinnamon.  It  prefers  to  grow  on  sugar 
maple  wood,  often  on  limbs  or  decayed  twigs  or  on  debris.  Peck 
says  the  rugosity  disappears  on  drying  while  in  most  cases  I  have 
found  it  to  become  more  prominent.  White  mycelial  strands  often 
connect  the  base  of  the  stem  with  the  substratum. 


310  THE   AGARICACEAE   OP   MICHIGAN 

303.     Pholiota  confragosa  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  183G-38. 

Illusti-atiou:     Fries  Icoues,  Fl.  105    (3). 

ilaiper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Traus.,  Vol.  IT,  Fl.  41,  D.  &  E.  (small 
plants). 

PILEUS  2-G  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  obtuse,  ground-color  almost 
irickrcd,  or  vinaceous-cinnamon  when  moist,  dotted  with  a  white 
flocculose  coating  easily  rubbed  off  and  which  disappears  with  age, 
hygrophanous,  pale  whitish-tan  when  dry,  margin  striate  when 
moist.  FLESH  thin,  fragile.  GILLS  adnate,  crowded,  narrow, 
vinaceous-fawn  color  (Ridg.).  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick, 
equal,  stuffed  to  hollow,  flexuous,  rujous,  silky-fibrillose.  AN- 
!NULUS  apical,  membranous,  persistent,  white  below.  SPORES 
6-7  X  4-5  micr.,  even,  brown.  ODOR  and  TASTE  mild.  Northern 
Michigan.     August-September.      Infrequent. 

The  stem  is  said  to  be  peronate  in  the  young  plant,  with  a  fibrillose 
white  coating  which  terminates  in  a  spreading  membranous  ring; 
with  age  the  ring  collapses  and  the  stem  is  merely  fibrillose  while 
the  cap  is  denuded.  The  rufous  color  of  all  parts  makes  it  easy  to 
recognize;  in  dry  plants  the  color  of  the  cap  and  stem  becomes 
cinnamon  or  paler,  and  of  the  gills  darker. 

304.    Pholiota  discolor  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  25,  1873. 

Illustration:    Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PI.  61  B. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  convex,  then  nearly  plane,  glabrous, 
viscid,  hygrophanous,  riifous-cimiamon  and  striatulatc  (moist), 
bright  ochraceous-yellow  and  even  (dry).  GILLS  adnate-subdecur- 
rent,  narrow,  close,  ichitish  at  first,  then  ferruginous-cinnamon,  edge 
minutely  crenulate.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  3  mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed, 
soon  hoUoic,  sometimes  compressed,  pallid-fuscescent,  fibrillose  be- 
low. ANNULUS  membranous,  persistent,  apical.  SPORES  ellip- 
tical, 7-9  x  5-6  micr.,  smooth.  CYSTIDIA  few,  fusiform,  slender, 
about  60  micr.  long.    ODOR  none,  TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  caespitose.  On  decaying  wood,  in  mixed  forests. 
New  Richmond,  Neebish  Island,  Ann  Arbor.  May-September. 
Frequent. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  311 

This  species  is  probably  more  frequent  than  my  observations  so 
far  indicate.  The  pileus  is  somewhat  viscid,  with  a.  thin  separable 
pellicle,  and  its  color  when  dry  is  characteristic.  P.  autumnalis 
Pk.  is  said  to  differ  in  having  a  non-viscid  pileus  and  a  slight  an- 
nulus;  the  colors  are  very  similar.  Some  consider  P.  autumnaUs 
identical  with  P.  marginata.  P.  discolor  sometimes  forms  scanty 
rhizomorphs  on  logs. 

305.    Pholiota  unicolor  (Fl.  D.)     Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  356. 

Ricken,  Blittterpilze,  PI.  56,  Fig.  4. 
Gillett,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  531. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  213,  p.  262,  1908. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  convex  then  almost  plane,  obtuse,  rarely 
umbonate,  liygrophanous,  watery-cinnamon  (moist),  becoming  deep 
ochraeeous  (dry),  glabrous,  even,  margin  extending  heyond  the 
gills.  FLESH  thin,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate  and  broad  behind, 
suhtriangular  behind,  often  decurrent,  close,  hroad,  ochre-cinnamon. 
STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  stuffed,  equal,  fibrillose,  con- 
color,  darker  toward  base,  which  is  often  white-mycelioid.  AN- 
NULUS  thin,  narrow,  entire,  persistent,  membranous,  apical. 
SPORES  8-10  X  4-5  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth.  CYSTIDIA  few,  broad- 
ly ventricose,  narroAved  above  and  obtuse,  about  45  micr.  long. 

Subcaespitose.  On  decaying  logs,  etc.,  in  woods.  Spring  and 
autumn.    Ann  Arbor.    Probably  rather  frequent  in  places. 

Differs  from  P.  marginata  by  its  broader  gills,  and  persistent 
annulus,  but  it  is  likely  that  intermediate  forms  will  be  found. 
Harper's  description  of  P.  marginata  applies  to  this  plant. 

306.     Pholiota  marginata  (Batsch.)  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  372. 

Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  56,  Fig.  7. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  143,  p.  151,  1900. 

Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PI.  54  and  55. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  watery  tan   (moist), 


312  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

liy<jjr<)i)li;mous,  Oarlvr  ichcn  clrij.  j^labroiis,  striate  on  margin.  GILLS 
jiiliialc,  .soinetiiiie.s  slijj;ii(ly  siilxlecnn-eiit,  narrow^  crowded,  dark 
iviMish-lti-owii  at  iiiatiirity.  STEM  2-8  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick, 
iMiual,  f/labrous,  stuU'ed  then  hollow,  concolor,  darker  at  base.  AN- 
NI'IjI'S  distant,  fugacious.  SrOKES  elliptical,  7-8.5x4-5  micr. 
CVSTlhlA  few  or  scattered,  lanceolate-linear,  GO-75  micr.,  sub- 
vent  ricose  below. 

Solitary  or  caespitose.  On  decaying  logs,  limbs,  etc.,  everywhere 
ill  woods.  Tlu-onghont  the  State.  IJecords  from  Mav  1)  to  Novem- 
l.t'l-  L*. 

A  very  common  little  Pholiota,  which  appears  to  run  into  the 
])i-ece(ling,  although  Fries  says  it  is  very  distinct.  It  has  appeared 
every  month  ot  the  season  in  different  years,  but  is  more  abundant 
in  spring  and  fall.  Peck  has  described  a  species  under  the  name 
/*.  niarginella,  which  he  says  differs  from  P.  marginata  by  the  even, 
librillose  margin  of  the  pileus,  the  adnexed  gills  and  the  paler,  uni- 
colorous  stem.  I  have  not  seen  it.  P.  autumnalis  Pk.  is  probably 
the  same  and  is  said  to  be  poisonous. 

Section  IV.  Muscigeni.  Growing  on  moss,  wet  ground  or 
very  decayed  wood.  Pileus  hj-grophanous.  Cystidia  absent,  or  in 
form  of  sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills. 

307.    Pholiota  rugosa  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  50,  1897. 

PILEUS  .5-3  cm.  broad,  (usually  about  1  cm.),  conical  or  cam- 
l>anulate,  then  expanded  and  umhonate,  hygrophanous,  striatulate 
on  margin  and  rufous-ochraceous  (moist),  yellowish  or  pale  ochrace- 
ous  (dry),  hcconiing  rugose-wrinldcd  on  drying.  FLESH  thin,  con- 
color.  GILLS  adnexed,  close  to  subdistant,  not  broad,  slightly 
venti-icose,  pallid  ochraceous  (ft  first,  then  rusty  brownish,  white- 
fimbriate  on  edge.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  1-3.5  mm.  thick,  slender, 
eciual  or  .slightly  thickened  at  base,  hoUotr,  fihriUose  or  scaly  teloiv 
the  annulus,  white-mealy  at  apex,  concolor  or  pallid.  ANNULUS 
distant,  mendu-anous,  persistent,  beautifully  striate  on  upper  side, 
whitish  beneatli.  CYSTIDIA  none;  club-shaped  sterile  cells  on 
edge  of  gills.  SPOKES  elliptical,  10-12x5-6  micr.,  smooth.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  none. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  very  decayed  wood  or  on  the  ground 
in  wet  places.     In  mixed  or  frondose  woods.     Throughout  the  State. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  313 

Bay  View,  Marquette,  New  Eichmoiid  and  Ann  Ai-boi*.     August- 
October.    Frequent. 

This  species  is  closely  related  and  perhaps  identical  with  either 
P.  togularis  Bull,  or  P.  hiattaria  Fr.  At  the  present  time  it  seems 
impossible  to  determine  its  status  with  certainty.  The  figures  of 
P.  togularis  by  Fries  and  Ricken  show  the  median  annulus  and  the 
striations  on  its  upper  surface  as  in  our  species,  and  in  most  other 
respects  they  illustrate  our  plant  well.  Ricken  also  giyes  the  spores 
of  P.  togularis  as  10-12  x  5-G  micr.  Other  European  authors  give 
smaller  spores.  Fries  changed  his  conception  of  P.  togularis  as  ex- 
pressed in  Systema  and  Epicrisis  so  that  in  Hymen.  Europ.  he  omits 
the  hygrophanous  character;  Ricken,  howeyer,  says  it  is  hygro- 
phanous,  and  both  authors  indicate  that  it  is  striatulate  on  the  cap 
when  moist.  As  to  P.  hiattaria,  Fries  considered  it  a  smaller  plant, 
more  ferruginous  in  color  and  with  almost  free  gills.  Ricken  dis- 
tinguishes it  from  P.  togularis  by  the  nature  of  the  annulus  which 
he  saj'S  is  striate  also  and  at  length  falls  to  pieces.  He  also  de- 
scribes the  plant  as  Galera-like,  a  comparison  which  Fries  had 
made  of  P.  togularis.  Ricken  assigns  spores  to  P.  hiattaria  measur- 
ing 7-8  X  3-4  micr.,  Massee  gives  them  smaller  yet,  while  Schroeter 
and  Rritzelmayr  say  they  measure  9-11  x  5  micr.  With  such  data 
not  much  can  be  decided.  Harper  has  reported  and  described  the 
two  species,  and  giyes  the  spore-sizes  the  reverse  of  those  of  Ricken. 
The  markedly  rugose  surface  of  the  pileus  of  the  American  plant  de- 
scribed above  as  P.  rugosa  Pk.,  the  expanded  pileus,  the  colors  and 
the  spore  size,  would  indicate  that  it  had  better  be  kept  distinct 
at  present. 

Illustrations :     of  P.  togularis  Bull. 
Fries,  Icones,  PI.  101,  Fig.  4. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  530. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  339. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  56,  Fig.  5. 

Harper,  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Trans.,  Vol.  17,  PI.  59   (as  P.  hiat- 
taria). 

A  variety  or  closely  related  species  of  the  same  stature  and  ap- 
pearance as  P.  rugosa  was  found  in  low,  rich  woods.  Its  PILEUS 
was  hygrophanous,  chestnut-brown  (moist),  pale-alutaceous  (dry), 
never  striate  nor  rugulose,  glabrous.  GILLS  rounded  behind,  adnate, 
pallid  at  first  (not  ochraceous),  then  pale  brown,  moderately  nar- 
row  close.     STEM  bulbilate,  liollow,  innately  fibrillose-striatulate, 


314  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP   MICHIGAN 

pallid  or  brownish,  subfragile.  ANNULUS  apical,  sul) persistent, 
soft-floccose-fibrillose,  wliite.  SPORES  7-8x4  micr.,  smooth.  It 
seemed  intermediate  between  the  genera  Pholiota  and  Naucoria. 

308.    Pholiota  mycenoides  Fr. 

Sys.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  Plate  503. 

"PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  membranacens,  campaniilate  then  con- 
vex, everywhere  striate,  hygrophanous,  ferruginous-tawny  or  pale 
tan  when  dry.  GILLS  adnate,  rather  distant,  narrow,  ferruginous. 
STEM  3-4  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  glabrous,  ferruginous,  hollow. 
ANNULUS  superior,  membranaceous,  w^hite.  SPORES  8-10x5-6 
micr. 

Among  moss  in  swamps." 

This  species  was  reported  by  LongA'ear  in  4th  Rep.  Mich.  Acad. 
Sci.  as  having  been  found  by  Beardslee  in  Montmorency  county.  The 
description  is  adapted  from  Massee. 

Cortinarius  Fr. 

(From  tlie  Latin,  Cortina,  a  curtain,  referring  to  the  cobwebby 
threads  which  hide  the  gills  of  the  young  plants.) 

Cinnamon-spored  or  rusty-brown-spored.  Stem  fleshy  and  continu- 
ous with  the  pileus.  When  young  provided  witha  cohtvehby  cortina 
which  connects  the  edge  of  the  pileus  with  the  stem;  often  also 
with  a  universal  veil  which  on  collapsing  leaves  an  annulus,  sub- 
annular  rings,  a  sheath  or  shreds  on  the  stem.  Gills  persistent, 
dry,  adnate  becoming  emarginate,  changing  color  during  process 
of  maturing,  at  length  powdei'y  with  the  clinging  dark  brown  spores. 

Putrescent,  terrestrial,  mostly  forest  mushrooms,  composing  a 
most  natural  group.  The  caps  are  often  brightly  colored  and  when 
young  the  gills  of  different  species  also  assume  various  shades  of 
color.  The  genus  is  divided  into  seven  subgenera:  Myxacium, 
P>ulbopodium,  Phlegmacium,  Inoloma,  Dermocybe,  Telamonia  and 
Hydrocybe.  Of  these  the  first  three  have  a  viscid  pileus,  and  in 
this  respect  approach  the  genus  Hebeloma.  The  latter  is  however, 
separable  by  its  paler,  alutaceus  spores  and  fibrillose  or  absent 
cortina.     The  subgenera  Inoloma  and  Dermocvbe  agree  with   the 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  315 

genus  Inocybe  in  having  innately  silky  or  scaly  dry  caps,  but  Inocybe 
differs  in  having  paler  spores,  a  more  scanty,  fibrillose-cortina  and 
often  with  verrucose-pointed  cystidia  on  the  gills.  The  genus  Fhun- 
mula  often  has  rusty  spores,  but  is  lignicolous.  Many  of  the  species 
are  known  to  be  edible  and  while  no  information  is  at  hand  that 
any  of  them  are  poisonous,  the  flavor  of  many  of  them  is  insipid 
or  disagreeable,  and  others  have  as  yet  not  been  reported  on. 

The  species  of  the  genus  Cortinarius  are  very  numerous.  Peck 
has  described  83  species  from  North  America.  Fries,  in  his  last 
complete  work  on  the  Hymenomycetes  of  Europe,  records  234 
species;  of  these  he  found  a  large  majority  in  Sweden,  where  he 
had  exceptional  opportunity  to  study  them  by  reason  of  the  aston- 
ishing number  of  species  and  individuals  which  occur  in  that 
moist  and  cool  climate.  To  quote  from  his  Epicrisis  (183G-38), 
"No  genus  is  more  natural  nor  more  sharply  distinguished  from 
others.  Beginners  alone  would  confuse  them  with  the  brown-spored 
genera,  while  experienced  persons  can  distinguish  them  by  their 
habit  at  the  first  glance.  But  although  it  is  a  great  natural  group, 
the  species  are  so  intimately  related  among  themselves  that  to  dis- 
tinguish the  separate  ones  is  almost  to  be  despaired  of.  The  large 
mass  and  number  of  individuals  compose  at  least  half  of  the  Agarics 
of  Northern  forests";  and  in  Systema  Mycologia  (1821), 
"I  did  not  admit  even  one-half  the  number  that  I  had  met  by  dili- 
gent search,  and  only  included  those  that  agreed  in  their  primary 
characters;  very  many  were  disregarded.  In  the  young  stage  and 
immediately  after  a  rain,  they  are  quite  easily  distinguished.  After 
becoming  discolored  and  in  age  or  dry  weather  even  the  large,  well- 
marked  species  are  scarcely  separable." 

The  PILEUS  may  be  viscid,  dry,  silky  or  scaly,  or  hygrophanous, 
and  these  characters  are  used  in  the  separation  of  the  subgenera. 
The  color  is  often  veyy  attractive:  violet,  purple,  red,  yellow,  green 
or  shades  of  brown^  but  in  most  cases  it  fades  into  some  shade  of 
brown  or  tan  in  age.  The  size  varies  greatly;  in  the  subgenera 
Inoloma,  Bulbopodium  and  Phlegmacium  the  plants  are  usually 
of  large  size.  In  Dermocybe  and  Hydrocybe  they  are  rather  small. 
Telamonia  is  represented  by  all. sizes.  The  GILLS  are,  next  to  the 
cortina,  the  most  definite  means  of  recognizing  the  genus.  When 
young  they  may  be  whitish,  yellow,  green  or  olive,  blue,  violet, 
purple,  red  or  shades  of  brown.  As  they  mature,  they  become  dis- 
colored from  the  cinnamon  or  rusty-brown  spores  which  cling  to 
the  surface  for  some  time,  often  producing  a  powdery  appearance. 
The  color  of  the  young  gills  must  be  known  in  order  to  determine  a 


■Sia  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

species  correctly,  iind  in  tlie  following  pages  the  subgenera  are 
divided  into  subsections  on  this  basis.  The  mature  gills  often  show 
traces  of  tlie  original  color,  esi)ecially  if  the  spores  are  removed, 
and  this  makes  it  possible  at  times  to  determine  even  a  fully  ma- 
tnred  jdant  especially  when  other  characteristic  marks  are  still 
l)resent.  The  attachment  of  the  gills  varies  somewhat  but  in  nearly 
all  species  they  are  at  length  emarginate-adnate  or  emarginate-ad- 
nexed;  a  few  species  have  the  gills  obscurely  subdecurrent.  Many 
species  are  well  marked  by  crowded,  subdistant  or  distant  gills  and 
frequently  their  width  can  be  used  to  discriminate  between  them. 
The  edge  is  scarcely  ever  sufficiently  constant  for  use  in  diagnosis; 
sometimes  it  is  very  entire,  sometimes  much  eroded  or  minutely 
serratulate,  but  only  a  few  species  show  well  developed  projecting 
sterile  cells.  The  trama  is  of  the  '^parallel"  type.  The  STEM  is 
used  as  a  means  of  distinguishing  some  of  the  subgenera.  When 
it  is  at  first  covered  by  the  glutinous  veil,  the  plant  is  referable  to 
the  subgenus  ^lyxacium.  "When  it  has  a  sharply  defined  marginate 
bulb,  the  subgenus  Bulbopodium  is  indicated.  In  the  larger  forms 
of  the  subgenera  Phlegmacium,  Inolonm  and  Telamonia  the  stem 
is  often  clavate-bulbous.  The  veil-remnants  on  the  stem  of  the  sub- 
genus Telamonia  separates  that  hygrophanous  group  from  Hydro- 
cybe.  Its  texture  is  most  often  spongy-fleshy  in  the  large  forms, 
while  in  the  smaller  ones,  especially  of  the  subgenus  Hydrocybe  the 
external  layer  is  rigid  and  subcartilaginous.  The  tissue  of  the 
stem  is  continuous  with  that  of  the  pileus,  and  hence  the  stem  is 
not  separable  from  it  as  in  Lepiota,  etc. 

The  COKTINA  is  composed  of  loose  silky  hyphae,  almost  from 
the  time  it  is  discernible,  and  forms  a  ''cobwebby"  curtain  in  front 
of,  i.  e.,  below  the  gills.  The  threads  of  this  curtain  are  inserted 
for  some  distance  vertically  along  the  stem  and  converge  in  a  wedge- 
shaped  manner  toward  the  edge  of  the  pileus  and  then  coalesce  with 
the  tissue  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  pileus.  In  some  species  it  is 
very  copious  and  as  the  pileus  expands  the  cortina  collapses. on  the 
upper  portion  of  the  stem  forming  a  loose,  fringe-like  spurious  ring 
which  often  becomes  discolored  by  the  falling  spores.  Sometimes 
it  is  more  scanty  and  disai)])ears  early  or  is  noticeable  in  the  ex- 
panded plant  only  as  a  slight  annular  stain  on  the  stem.  In  other 
cases,  the  margin  of  the  pileus  as  it  spreads  carries  with  it  the 
silky  threads  which  remain  as  decorative  shreds  near  its  edge;  in 
this  case  the  nuirgin  is  at  first  definitely  incurved  and  the  cortina 
is  attaclied  at  a  little  distance  from  the  incurved  edge.  Although 
the  very  young  plant  shows  that  the  hyphae  of  the  cortina  and  the 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  317 

surface  of  the  pileiis  are  coiitiuiious,  as  it  matures  the  tissue  along 
the  margin  of  the  pileus  is  ditferentiated  and  becomes  looser  so  as 
to  appear  superficial  along  the  margin. 

Lying  adjacent  to  the  cortiua  and  continuous  with  it  on  its 
outer  side,  is  a  thin  layer  of  tissue,  more  intimately  woven  to- 
gether— sometimes  almost  membranous — which  is  called  the  Uni- 
versal Veil.  It  is  present  in  a  more  or  less  well-developed  form  in 
some  of  the  .species  of  all  the  subgenera  except  Hydrocybe.  In 
Myxacium  it  is  composed  of  gelatinous  hyphae  and  when  moist  be- 
comes viscid  or  glutinous;  it  envelops  the  young  button  below  and 
becomes  continuous  with  the  gelatinous  layer  of  the  pileus.  In 
Bulbopodium  and  Phlegmacium  it  is  scarcely  or  not  at  all  gelatin- 
ous but  fuses  above  with  the  gelatinous  and  similarly  colored  pellicle 
of  the  pileus.  In  the  other  subgenera,  Avhen  present,  it  leaves  shreds, 
annular  zones  or  a  sheath  on  the  stem  and  is  dry  and  silky-woven. 
Further  descriptions  of  this  veil  are  given  under  the  subgenera. 

The  SPOKES  are  of  great  diagnostic  value  in  this  genus,  since 
in  the  various  species  they  differ  sufficiently  for  use  as  a  check  to 
distinguish  forms  otherwise  very  similar.     Some  authors   (Ricken, 
Die  Bliitterpilze)  have  attempted  to  separate  the  sections  of  some 
of  the  subgenera  on  spore-characters.     The  marks  which  are  useful 
are  size,  shape  and  the  structure  of  the  epispore.     The  color,  al- 
though not  entirely  uniform,  cannot    be    used    effectively.     Their 
size  is  most  important.     "There  is  no  doubt  that  the  size  of  the 
spores  of  a  single  individual  varies,  and  that  it  varies  when  there 
is  every  evidence  that  the  spores  are  mature.     But  that  they  vary 
within  limits  Avhich  are  sufficientlv  constant,  anv  one  can  determine 
for  himself."'    (Kautfman,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.,  Vol.  32,  p.  813, 
1905.)      Some  species  have  relatively  large  sjjores,  12-15  micr.  or 
more  in  length,  others  are  small,  3-5  micr.  in  diam.     Their  shape 
is    elliptical,    often    almon<l-shaped     (i.  e.  inequilateral),    oval    or 
spherical.     The  surface  is  usually  covered  with  tubercular,  some- 
times spiny  processes,  which  are  very  marked  in  some  species  but 
are  scarcely  evident  in  others ;  under  the  ordinary  high  power  objec- 
tive of  the  microscope  some  appear  to  be  quite  smooth,  unless  very 
highly  magnified.     In  using  this  as  a  specific  character,  one  must 
never  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  when  young  the  epispore  is  smooth. 
It  is,  therefore,  necessary  to  compare  the  spore-sizes  given  in  the 
text  with  spores  which  are  mature.     The  BASIDIA  are  also  quite 
constant  in  size  and  shape  for  any  species,  and  in  such  species  as 
I  have  measured,  their  size  is  given. 

The  TASTE  of  some  species  marks  them  clearly.    In  C.  cibratilis, 


318  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

C.  iodioiilcs,  C.  elcgantoidcs,  C.  injractus  and  G.  ochroleucus  the  sur- 
face of  the  pileus  or  of  its  flesh  has  a  distinctly  bitter  taste;  a  few 
others  are  sometimes  slightly  bitterish.  Most  Cortinarii  have  a 
mild  or  merely  fungoid  taste.  The  European  C.  damascenus  is  said 
to  have  an  acrid  taste.  The  ODOR  is  occasionally  like  that  of 
radish  when  the  plant  is  crushed,  e.  g.,  C.  annidatus,  C.  armillatus, 
C.  cvernius,  G.  intrusus,  etc.,  but  in  the  majority  of  species  no 
special  odor  is  noticeable. 

The  HABITAT  is  mostly  the  forest  floor  where  the  rich  humus 
soil  is  abundant  and  moist.  Like  many  other  species  of  Agarics 
they  thrive  best  on  a  substratum  capable  of  retaining  moisture,  i. 
e.,  a  forest  with  either  a  clay  subsoil,  or  with  dense  masses  of 
humus,  mosses  or  fallen  leaves.  In  forests  of  pine,  hemlock  and 
spruce,  in  ravines  of  beech,  oak  and  maple,  where  the  moisture  is 
persistent  or  the  hillside  springy,  one  usually  finds  them  abundant- 
ly. Many  of  them  have  a  tendency  to  form  mycorhiza  on  the  roots 
of  forest  trees;  in  Michigan  I  have  found  C.  ruhipes,  and  G.  ele- 
gantior  var.  to  be  thus  associated  with  living  roots.  They  often 
occur  in  troops  of  closely  aggregated  individuals,  sometimes  in 
arcs,  pushing  up  the  leaves  in  late  fall  like  windrows;  especially 
is  this  true  of  some  of  the  subgenus  Bulbopodium,  like  G.  glaucopus 
and  G.  aggrcgatus.  Others  occur  in  tufts  of  several  individuals  or 
are  scattered  here  and  there  in  limited  areas,  while  not  a  few  are 
found  solitary,  especially  in  dry  weather.  The  subgenera  Telomonia 
and  Hydrocybe  are  much  more  frequent  in  northern  conifer  forests, 
IMilegmacium  and  Bulbopodium  in  frondose  woods  farther  south. 

The  following  key  and  text  of  this  genus  includes  not  only  Michi- 
gan species,  but  all  the  Cortinarii  of  the  northeastern  portion  of 
the  United  States  which  have  been  described  or  which  I  have  seen. 
Since  I  have  made  a  more  extended  study  of  this  genus  than  of 
any  other,  and  since  Dr.  Peck  has  not  monographed  this  group,  it 
seemed  advisable  to  do  this  with  the  material  now  at  hand.  Dr. 
Peck's  type  specimens  have  been  carefully  examined,  and  during 
several  week's  stay  in  Sweden,  near  Stockholm,  some  fifty  species 
of  Cortinarii  were  collected  and  studied,  most  of  which  were 
recognizable  as  Friesian  species.  In  addition  a  thorough  study 
was  made  of  Fries'  unpublished  plates, — most  excellent  figures  in 
color— which  are  deposited  in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Stockholm; 
.these  plates  illustrate  practically  all  the  species  described  by  Fries 
in  Iiis  Monograph  of  Cortinarius  and  his  other  works.  I  have,  there- 
fore, included  152  species,  90  of  which  I  have  collected  in  Michigan, 
and  in  the  latter  case  the  description  is  always  made  from  Michi- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  319 

gau  ijlants.  Many  others,  doubtless  definite  and  distinct  species, 
have  not  been  identified,  either  because  of  few  collections  or  be- 
cause no  young  stages  were  found.  The  work  has  been  based  as 
much  as  possible  on  the  thorough  foundation  established  for  this 
group  by  Fries,  with  the  exception  that  one  subgenus,  viz.  Bulbopo- 
dium,  lias  been  segregated  along  lines  already  recognized  by  Fries 
himself.  This  name  was  proposed  by  Earle  (N.  Y.  Bot.  G^ard.  Bull., 
Vol.  5,  p.  441)  who  raised  the  subsection  Scauri,  of  Fries,  to  the 
rank  of  genus.  For  the  sake  of  uniformity  in  the  present  report 
and  since  there  is  no  special  practical  gain  in  breaking  up  such  a 
natural  genus  as  Cortinarius,  it  seemed  preferable  to  raise  the  sub- 
sections of  Fries  only  to  subgeneric  rank.  The  descriptions  of  the 
species  of  Peck  which  I  have  not  collected  are  given  in  quota- 
tions, with  such  changes  as  adapt  them  to  the  plan  of  the  report; 
in  some  cases  additions  were  made  from  an  examination  of  the 
types  in  order  to  facilitate  their  further  study.  In  the  key  an 
efi'ort  has  been  made  to  avoid  the  use  of  the  hygrophanous  character 
wherever  possible,  so  that  dry  weather  forms  may  be  more  easily 
run  down. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus  with  a  gelatinous  cuticle,  always    more    or    less    viscid    or 
glutinous  when  moist. 
(a)     Stem  at  base  with  a  marginate-depressed  bulb.     (Bulbopodium.) 
(b)     Pileus  normally  between  3  and  5  cm.  broad. 

(c)     In     green-houses,     mushroom    beds,    etc.;     gills    whitish    to 
ochraceous  at  first;   pileus  pale  alutaceous.     344.    C.  intrusus 
Pk. 
(cc)     In  woods, 
(d)     Spores   12-14x6-7   micr.;    pileus,   gills  "and   stem  violaceous. 

332.     C.  caerulescens  Ft. 
(dd)     Spores  8-9x5  micr.;    pileus  not  blue, 
(e)     Pileus- ochre-yellow  to  citron;  gills  violaceous  at  first;  bulb 

shallow.     320.     C.  calochrous  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  olivaceous-brown;    gills  olivaceous   at  first;     stem 
violaceous-blue.     322.     C.  herpeticus  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus    normally   between    5    and    12    cm.    broad.        (See    also 
C.  herpeticus.) 
(c)     In  some  part  or  wholly  with  violet  blue  or  purple  shades, 
(d)     Gills  white  at  first,  never  violaceous,  lower    part    of    stem 

yellow.     334.     C.  caesius  Clements, 
(dd)     Gills  violaceous  or  purplish  at  first, 
(e)     Pileus  deep  purple  when  young. 

(f)     Flesh  or  gills  changing  to  purple  when  cut  or  bruised, 
(g)     Spores  spherical;     pileus    8-16    cm.    broad.      330.     C. 

sj)lioerosperma  sp.  nov. 
(gg)     Spores  elliptical;   pileus  5-8  cm.  broad, 
(h)     Stem  solid.     327.     C.  purpurascens  Fr. 
(hh)     Stem   stuffed    or   hollow.       328.       C.   subpurpura- 
scejis  Fr. 
(ff)     Flesh  and  gills  not  changing  to  purplish  when  bruised; 
mature    pileus    smoky-olive-gray    and    streaked;    young 
pileus  blue.    329.    C.  aggregatus  sp.  nov. 


320  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP   MICHIGAN 

(ee)     Pileus  not  purple, 
(f)     Whole  plant  pale  violaceous  to  violaceous-white. 

(g)      Spores    8-10.5    micr.    long;     pileus     and     stem     tinged 

lilaceous.     333.     C.  michiganensis  Kauff. 
(gg)      Spores    10-12    micr.    long;    bulb   with    remains    of    a 
white  universal  veil.     324.     C.  caesiocyaneus  Britz. 
(ff)     Pileus  not  entirely  violaceous. 

(g)      Spores  13-16  micr.  long;  pileus  yellow  to  tawny;  stem 

violet.     319.     C.    atkinsonianus   Kauff. 
(gg)     Spores  10-12  micr.  long. 

(h)     Pileus    dull    tawny-red;    stem   pallid,    scarcely   lilac- 
violaceous.     331.     C.  imrpureophyUus  sp.  nov. 
(hh)     Pileus  violet-buff  to   ochraceous;    stem    violaceous- 
blue;   cortina  copious.     321.     C.  velicopia  sp.  nov. 
(cc)     Without  violet  or  purplish   color. 

(d)     Gills  with  green  color  at  first.     337.     C.  virentophyllus  sp. 

nov. 
(dd)     Gills  not  green. 

(e)     Pileus  light  red  to  vermillion  at  first. 

(f)     Gills   caesius    (bluish-gray)    at   first;    spores   15-18   micr. 

long.     325.     C.  rubens  sp.  nov. 
(ff)     Gills  whitish  at  first;    spores   10-12.5    micr.    long.     342. 
C.  sublatei'itius  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  not  red. 

(f)     Gills  at  first  yellow;  pileus  yellow  tawny,  rusty  or  orange- 
fulvous, 
(g)     Pileus   coarsely   corrugate;    stem   long,   7-12   cm.     341. 

C.  corrugatiis  Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  not  corrugate;    stem  short,  stout,  with  broad 
bulb, 
(h)     Taste  of  flesh  slowly  bitter;  spores  15-19  micr.  long. 

326.     C.   elegantioides  sp.   nov. 
(hh)     Taste  not  bitter;    spores  smaller. 

(i)     Pileus,  etc.,  pale  sulphur-yellow.  339.  C.  fulmineus 

var.  sulphureus  var.  nov. 
(ii)     Pileus  tawny-yellow,  orange-fulvous,  etc.,  large, 
(k)     Spores  12-14  micr.  long;    bulb  of  stem  scarcely 
depressed.     340.     C.  elegantior  Fr.  var. 
,    (kk)      Spores  9-12   micr.  long,  bulb  broad,  much   de- 
depressed.     338.     C.  ftilgens  Fr. 
(ff)     Gills  not  yellow  at  first. 

(g)     Gills   caesius  or  pallid-bluish  at  first;    flesh   of  pileus 
at  first  whitish, 
(h)     Pileus  fulvous-streaked  on  a  steel-gray  ground-color; 
spores   8-9   micr.   long;    stem    at    length    yellowish- 
stained.     336.     C.  glmicopus  Fr. 
(hh)     Pileus  not  streaked,  pallid-alutaceous  to  russet-tan; 
spores   10-12   micr.   long;-  stem    whitish.     335.      C. 
aleuriosmus   Maire  var. 
(gg)     Gills  at  first  whitish, 
(h)     Pileus  pale  olivaceous-straw  color;  bulb  small.     323. 

C.  olivaceo-strnmineus  Kauff. 
(hh)     Pileus  without  any  olive  tint, 
(i)     Pileus  hoary-canescent    on    an    ochraceous-buff    to 
rusty  ground-color.     Spores  7-9  micr.   long.     343. 
C.  mxiltiformis  Fr. 
(ii)     Pileus   and    stem    white;    spores    9-11    micr.    long. 
345.     C.  alhidus  Pk. 
(aa)     Stem  equal,  clavate  or  bulbous;   bulb  not  marginate. 
(b)     Stem  viscid  or  glutinous  from  the  universal  veil.      (Myxacium.) 
(c)     Stem   cylindrical,    6-13   cm.    long;    spores   large,   more   than   10 
micr.  long. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  321 

(d)     Stem    marked   by    floccose,     concentric     interrupted     rings; 

never  violaceous.     309.     C  mucifluus  Fr. 
(dd)      Stem  scarcely  marked  by  thin  adnate    patches,    or    silky- 
fibrillose. 
(e)     Stem  at  first  violaceous,  lavender  or  lilac. 

(f)     Gills  at  first  violaceous;    spores  12-15  micr.    long.     310. 

C.  cylindripes  Kauff. 
(ff)     Gills  at  first  pallid  or  whitish;   spores  15-18  micr.  long, 
stem  5-7  cm.    long.      311.     C.    splendidus  Pk.     311.     C. 
elatior  pallidifolius  Pk. 
(ee)      Stem  w^hite  or  pallid. 

(f)     Pileus  tawny-orange;   gills  yellowish  at  first;   spores  14- 

17  micr.  long.     311.     C.  nmscigenus  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  yellowish-brown;     gills    creamy-yellow    at    first; 
spores  10-12.5  micr.  long.     312.     C  submarginalis  Pk. 
(cc)      Stem  subequal  to  clavate,  3-7  cm.  long;    spores  less  than  10 
micr.  long    (except  C   heliotropicus) . 
(d)     Taste  of  surface  of  pileus  bitter. 

(e)     Pileus  yellow;   stem  pure  white.     314.     C.  vibratilis  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  lavender-violet;  stem  white,  tinged  violet  in  spots. 
317.     C.  iodeoides  sp.  nov. 
(dd)     Taste  not  at  all  bitter. 
(e)     Pileus  violet  to  purplish. 

(f)      Spores  spherical.     316.     C.  salor  Fr. 
(ff)     Spores  elliptical. 

(g)      Spores   8-10  micr.   long,   odor  not  of  radish.     316.     C. 

iodes  B.  &  C. 
(gg)      Spores  10-12.5  micr.  long;    odor  of  radish.     318.     C. 
heliotropicus  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  not  violet  nor  purple;   spores  globose. 

(f)     Pileus  pale  yellow;   gills  violet-tinged.     313.    C.  sphoero- 

sponis  Pk.      (See  also  C.  berlesianus   (Pk.)    Sacc. 
(ff)     Pileus  and  gills  grayish  to  drab,  stem  dingy-white.     315. 
C.  sterilis  Kauff. 
(bb)      Stem  not  viscid    (Phlegmacium). 

(c)     Stem  annulate  or  spotted  with  brown  or  ochraceous  scales. 
(d)     Pileus   5-10  cm.  broad,  yellow  and   ochraceous;    stem  stout, 

annulate.     346.     C.  triumphans  ¥t. 
(dd)     Pileus   3-6  cm.  broad,   bay-red;    stem   spotted    with    brown 
scales.     347.     C.  macuUpes  Pk. 
(cc)     Stem  not  spotted  nor  annulate. 

(d)     Stem  very  long,  10-15  cm.,    (8-10  mm.  thick). 

(e)     Stem  round-bulbous  at  base;  on  sphagnum;  gills  and  stem 

at  first  tinged  violet.     348.     C   sphagnophihis  Pk. 
(ee)      Stem  not  bulbous,   subequal. 

(f)     Spores       subsphoeroid;        pileus       yellowish-ochraceous. 

357.     C.  longipes  Pk. 
(ff)      Spores      elliptical;       pileus      reddish-yellow.       361.       G. 
ophiopus  Pk. 
(dd)     Stem  not  remarkably  long,  4-10   cm. 
(e)     Pileus    corrugated,    pale    ochre;    gills   violaceous    at    first; 

stem  subequal.     352.     C.  copakensis  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  not  corrugated. 

(f)     Pileus    reddish    to    tawny-orange;     stem    stout,     clavate- 

bulbous;   nowhere  violet.     360.     C.  coloratus  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  not  reddish. 

(g)     Pileus    olive    to    smoky-brownish     or     brownish-ochra- 
ceous. 
(h)      Spores  subglobose. 

(i)     Taste  of  surface  of  pileus  bitter;  plant  sooty-olive. 
355.     C.  infractus  Fr. 

41 


322  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(ii)     Not    bitter;      pileus     brownish-ochraceous;      gills 
olivaceous.     358.     C.  glutinosus  Pit. 
(hli)     Taste  not  bitter;   spores  elliptical, 
(i)     Gills  dark  olivaceous  at  first;  stem  tinged  violace- 
ous.    356.     C.  oUvaceus  Pk. 
(ii)     Gills  yellow  at  first;  stem  whitish.     359.     C.  luteo- 
fuscoiis  Pk.     . 
(gg)     Pileus  grayish  to  buff  color  or  yellow, 
(h)     Pileus  virgate,    becoming    yellowish    in    age;    gills 
violaceous  at  first, 
(i)     Stem  oval-bulbous  at  base;   at  first  densely  fibril- 
lose.     349.     C.  lanatipes  Pk. 
(ii)     Stem  equal;   pileus  dark  gray.      351.     C.    lapido- 
philus   Pk. 
(hh)     Pileus  not  virgate,  pale, 
(i)     Stem  stout,   clavate-bulbous. 

(k)     Pileus   yellow;    gills   at   first   caesius.      350.      C. 
claricolor  Fr. 
'  (kk)     Pileus    buff;     gills    pale    violaceous.     353.     C. 

albidipes  Pk. 
(ii)     Stem  3-7  mm.  thick,  equal, 
(k)     Spores   subglobose;    gills   caesius  at  first.     354. 

C.  decolorattis  Fr. 
(kk)     Spores   elliptical;    gills  whitish   at   first.     362. 
C.  communis  Pk. 
(AA)     Cuticle  of  pileus  not  composed  of  gelatinous  hyphae,  hence  neither 
viscid  nor  glutinous, 
(a)     Pileus    (and  sometimes  stem)    distinctly  scaly,  usually  large    (ex- 
cept C.  flexipes). 
(b)     Scales  pink-red  to  cinnabar-red,  present  on  cap  and  stem;   gills 

whitish  or  pallid  at  first.     368.     C.  bolaris  Fr. 
<bb)     Without  red-scales  on  pileus. 

(c)     Stem  marked  by  cinnabar-red  zones;    pileus   tawny-rufescent; 

gills  pale  brown.     422.     C.  armillatus  Fr. 
(cc)     Stem  without  red  bands. 

(d)     Pileus,  gills  and  stem  persistently  dark  violet;    stem  long 
and  stout;  spores  12-16  micr.  long;  in  conifer  forests.     375. 
C.  violaceus  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  violet. 

(e)     Pileus  some  shade  of  yellow. 

(f)     Stem  arising  from  a  white  mycelium;   pileus  and  stem 

tawny-yellow.     369.     C  annulatiis  Pk. 
(ff)     Stem  arising  from  a  yellow  mycelium;  pileus  and  stem 
saffron  to  chrome-yellow.     371.     C.  croceocolor  Kauff. 
(ee)     Pileus  brown,  umber  or  chocolate-color. 

(f)      Stem   provided   above  with   a  band-like  annulus;    whole 

plant  soon  chocolate-color.     366.     C.  squamulosus  Pk. 
(ff)      Stem   squarrose-scaly,  brown  to  umber. 

(g)     Giils  at  first  lilaceous  or  purplish;   spores  subglobose, 

5-7  micr.     365.     C.  phoUdeus  Fr. 
(gg)     Gills   at   first   fulvous-brown;    spores   elliptical,    12x6 
micr.     374.     C.  sguarrosus  Clem, 
(aa)     Pileus  not  distinctly  scaly,  rarely  fibrillose  or  tomentose. 
(b)     Wholly  or  in  part  violet,  purplish  or  lilaceous,  at  least  the  gills 
when  young, 
(c)     Pileus  normally  large,  5-10  cm.  broad, 
(d)     Gills  narrow  and  close, 
(e)     Pileus,  gills  and  stem  unicolorus,  pale  violaceous;    spores 

8-10  micr.  long.     377.     C.  nrgentntus  Fr.  var. 
(ee)     Pileus  brownish-lilac;    stem   whitish,   spores    12-15    micr. 
long.     381.     C.  hraendlei  Pk. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  323 

(dd)     Gills  broad,  subdlstant. 
(e)     Pileus,  gills  and  stem  unicolorous,  lilaceous;  stem  clavate- 

bulbous.     376.     C.  lilaciniis  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  and  gills  not  unicolorous. 

(f)     Stem  peronate  or  annulate  from  the  whitish  universal 
veil, 
(g)     Gills  at  first  dull  deep  purple;   pileus  grayish-buff  at 
first;    spores   9-10.5  micr.   long.     364.      C   subpulchri- 
folms  sp.  nov. 
(gg)     Gills  at  first  pallid,  lilaceous  or  pale  lavender. 

(h)     Pileus    densely    fibrillose-tomentose;    gills    pallid    at 

first;  stem  violaceous.     412.     C.  plumiger  Fr. 
(hh)     Pileus   subglabrous. 

(i)     Pileus   hygrophanous,    purplish-umber,    fading    to 

pinkish-buff.     414.     C.  umidicola  Kauff. 
(ii)      Pileus    not    hygrophanous,    violaceous-fulvous    to 
rusty-fulvous,      micaceous-glistening.        391.        C. 
canimis    Fr. 
(ff)     Stem    not    peronate,    pileus    reddish-gray;    gills    purple. 
379.     C.  ptilchrifolius  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  medium  or  small  in  size, 
(d)     Pileus  3-7  cm.  broad   (medium), 
(e)     Stem  distinctly  peronate. 
(f)     Pileus  and  stem  silvery  violaceous-white;   stem  clavate. 

363.     O.  alboviolaceus  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  some  shade  of  dark  purplish  brown;  gills  smoky- 
purplish, 
(g)     Stem  clavate-bulbous,  stout;   spores    8-11    micr.    long. 

411.     C.  torvus  Fr. 
(gg)     Stem   equal   or  subattenuate  downwards;    spores   7-8 
micr.  long.     415.     C.  scutulatus  Fr. 
(ee)     Stem  not  peronate. 
(f)     Stem   marked   by   reddish,   subannular   scales,   subequal, 

4-9  cm.  long.     393.     C.  spilomeus  Fr. 
(ff)     Stem  not  variegated  with  red. 

(g)     Stem  long  or  much  elongated,  8-18  cm.  long,  marked 
by  remnants  of  veil, 
(h)     Pileus   grayish-tawny,   dry;    stem   thickened  toward 
base;    universal   veil   violaceous.     367.     C.  erraticus 
Pk. 
(hh)     Pileus  at  first  violet-fuscous,    hygrophanous,    fad- 
ing; stem  intense  violet  at  first,  attenuated  below; 
veil  whitish.     413.     C.  everniiis  Fr. 
(gg)      Stem  rather  short,  3-7  cm.  long. 

(h)      Stem  rather  stout,  7-12  mm.  thick^  or  more. 

(i)     Bulb  of  stem  obliquely  marginate-depressed ;   gills 
at    first    heliotrope    or    deep    violet.      378.      C. 
ohliquus  Pk. 
(ii)     Bulb  if  present  not  marginate;  stem  bulbous,  clav- 
ate or  tapering  upward, 
(k)     Pileus   reddish-ashy,    not    hygrophanous;     stem 
with  an  oval  bulb.     382.     C.   rtibrocinereus  Pk. 
(kk)     Pileus  paler,  without  any  reddish  tinge;   stem 
not  round-bulbous. 

(I)  Pileus  hygrophanous. 

(m)      Stem  marked  with  remnants  of  a  universal 

veil.     416.     C.  deceptivus  Kauff. 
(mm)     Stem  silky  at  first,  glabrescent.     441.    C. 
saturninus  Fr.  var. 

(II)  Pileus  not  hygrophanous;  gills  and  flesh  at 
first  only  slightly  violaceous.  392.  C.  anomo- 
lus  Fr. 


324  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(hli)     Stem  smaller,  4-7  mm.  thick, 
(i)     Pileus,  stem  and  gills  unicolorous,  pale  violaceous- 
drab;   stem  abruptly  bulbillate  at  base.     394.     C. 
sithiahularis  sp.  nov. 
(ii)     Pileus  not  violet;   gills,  flesh  and    apex    of    stem 
violaceous   at   first.  " 

(k)     Pileus  hygrophanous. 

(I)  Pileus     chestnut     color     when     moist;      stem 

solid.     440.     C.  imbutus  Ft. 

(II)  Pileus    sooty-brown    to    olive-gray;     in    pine 
woods.     442.     C.  livor  Pr. 

(kk)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 

(I)  Pileus    pale    brownish-tan;    stem    solid.     383. 

C.  clintonianus  Pk. 

(II)  Pileus  dingy-white  to  clay-color;  stem  hollow, 
very  short.     395.     C  brevissimus  Pk. 

(dd)     Pileus  small,  1-3  cm.  broad. 
(e)     Pileus  at  first  conical,  blackish-brown. 

(f)      Stem  subannulate,  slender;   spores  6-7.5x3-4  micr.     419. 

C.  subflexipes  Pk. 
(£f)     Stem  not  annulate;   spores  7-9x5-6  micr.     456.     C  ery- 
tlirimis  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  campanulate-convex,  chestnut-color, 
(f)      Stem  4-6  mm.  thick.     443.     C.  castaneus  Fr. 
(ft)     Stem  1-2  mm.  thick.    455.     C.  fuscoviolaceus  Pk. 
(bb)     No  violet,  purple  nor  lilac  colors  present, 
(c)     Pileus  large,  5-10  cm.  broad. 

(d)     Bulb  of  stem  oval-clavate  and  dark  brick-red;   pileus  hygro- 
phanous, rufous-brown.     421.     C.  rubripes  Kauff. 
(dd)     Stem  not  red. 

(e)     Pileus  with  a  rufous  tinge  either  when  fresh  or  on  drying, 
(f)     Pileus  hygrophanous,  very  glabrous,  stem  pallid-whitish, 
subclavate.     444.     C.  armcniacus  Fr.     448.     C.  glabrel- 
lus  Kauff. 
(ff)     Pileus  dry,  reddish  to  brownish-orange,  stem  yellow  oi* 
concolor,   long  and  equal.     387.     C.  whitei  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  without  reddish  tinge. 
(f)     Pileus  creamy-yellow,   yellow,   ochraceous,   orange-yellow 
or  rusty-yellow, 
(g)     Stem  peronate  by  a  close-appressed  sheath. 

(h)     Sheath  pale  tawny-yellowish;     pileus    tawny-yellow, 

often  scaly  on  disk.     369.     C.  annulatus  Pk. 
(hh)      Sheath  whitish;   pileus  pale. 

(i)     Pileus  creamy-buff,  large;    spores  subglobose.    370. 

C.  flavifolius  Pk. 
(ii)     Pileus  pale  ochraceous;  spores  elliptical.    372.     0. 
ochraceus  Pk. 
(gg)     Stem  not  sheathed. 

(h)     Pileus  hygrophanous,  dark  ochraceous;  stem  almost 

equal,  subannulate.     423.     C.  morrisii  Pk. 
(hh)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 

(i)     Pileus  pale  yellow  to  buff;  stem  white,  caespitose, 

388.     C.  caespitosus  Pk. 
(ii)     Pileus  and  stem  chrome-yellow  to  rusty-yellow, 
(k)     Pileus  streaked  with  rusty  fibrils;  stem  with  an 

oval  bulb.     385.     C.  autumnalis  Pk. 
(kk)     Pileus  not  streaked;     stem    clavate,    streaked 
lengthwise.     384.     C  calUsteus  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  neither  reddish  nor  yellow, 
(g)     Stem  white  or  whitish, 
(h)     Pileus  hygrophanous,  brown  when  moist. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  325 

(i)     Pileus    conic-campanulate;     stem    clavate;     sllky- 

fibrillose.     446.     C.  sp. 
(ii)     Pileus    convex-plane;    stem    tapering   down,    glab- 
rous.    445.     C.  cluracinus  Fr.  var. 
(hh)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous,  pale  gray;  stem  clavate- 
bulbous. 
(i)     Stem  peronate  by  a  white  sheath,     373.     C.  cane- 

sce7is  Pk. 
(ii)     Stem  not  peronate. 

(k)     Spores  7-8  micr.  long;  gills  watery-cinnamon  at 

first.     386.     C.  catskillensis  Pk, 
(kk)     Spores   10-12  micr.   long;    gills  at  first  pallid. 
418.     C.  griseus  Pk. 
(gg)     Stem  brown  or  fuscescent. 
(h)     Stem  annulate  by  a  white  band;  spores  10-12  micr. 

long.     432.     C.  hrunneofulvus  Fr, 
(hh)     Stem  annulate  at  times  by  a  fuscous  zone;  spores 
8-9  micr.  long.     433.     C.  lirunneus  Fr, 
(cc)     Pileus  medium  size  or  small,  between  1  and  5  cm, 

(d)     Stem  not  very  slender,  more  than  3  mm,  thick,  sometimes 
clavate-bulbous  at  first, 
(e)     Gills  blood-red  or  cinnabar-red;  stem  equal,  not  stout, 
(f)     Pileus  and  stem  tawny-yellow  to  cinnamon-yellow,     408. 

C.  semisanguineus  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  and  stem  blood-red  to  cinnabar, 

(g)     Pileus   rather  broader  than  the  length   of  the  stem; 
spores  8-9  x  5-5.5  micr.,  in  oak  woods,     409.     C.  cinna- 
harinus  Fr. 
(gg)     Pileus  narrow,  stem  longer;   spores  6-7x4  micr,;  on 
moss,  conifer  regions.     409b,  G.  sanguineus  Fr. 
(ee)     Gills  not  red. 
(f)     Stem  clavate,  subclavate  or  at  least    tapering    upward, 
often  clavate-bulbous  at  first, 
(g)     Pileus  hygrophanous. 

(h)     Pileus  conic-campanulate  at  first;   on  mosses. 

(i)     Spores     10-12x6    micr.;     stem    long,    cylindrical, 

pallid  to  fuscescent.     390.     C,  gracilis  Pk, 
(ii)     Spores  7-8.5x5-6  micr.;   stem-  subzonate  from  the 
veil;  wholly  fawn-brownish.     424.     C,  mammosus 
sp.  nov. 
(hh)     Pileus  not  conic. 

(i)     Stem    distinctly    fuscescent,     solid,     pileus     dark 

fuscous-brown.    451,     C.  rubricosus  Fr,  var, 
(ii)      Stem  not  becoming  dark  fuscous. 

(k)     Pileus  white-hoary  at  first    on    a    chestnut-bay- 
brown  ground  color.    450,    C,  subrigens  sp,  nov. 
(kk)     Not   markedly   white-hoary  at   first, 

(I)  Pileus  grayish-umber,  with  rufous  tinge  when 

moist.     447.     C.  erugatus  Fr. 

(II)  Pileus  fuscous-brown,  never  rufous,     449.    C. 
privignus  Fr,  var, 

(gg)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 

(h)     Gills    cadmium-yellow;     narrow;     pileus    and    stem 
olivaceous-cinnamon.    402.    C.  cinnamomeus  Fr,  var. 
(hh)     Gills  pallid  or  whitish  at  first. 

(i)     Pileus  whitish,  tinged  pale  yellowish;   stem  varie- 
gated with  pallid-yellowish  scales.     396  C.  albidi- 
folius  Pk. 
(ii)      Pileus    alutaceous;    stem    subfibrillose,    concolor. 
389.     C.  modestus  Pk. 


326  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(ff)     Stem   equal,   attenuated    below    or    subventricose;     not 
definitely  thickened  at  the  base, 
(g)     Pileus    watery-brown,    bay-brown    or    chestnut    color 
when  moist, 
(h)     Gills  distant  or  subdistant,  brov.mish  at  first, 
(i)     Stem  rather  stout,  5-12  mm.  thick. 

(k)     Stem  normally  annulate  by  a  white  zone;   gills 

distant.     434.     C.   distans   Pk. 
(kk)     Stem  not  annulate. 
(1)     Stem     subequal,     gills    brown,     close    to    sub- 
distant.     452.     C.    uraceus    Fr. 
(11)     Stem   equal;    gills    purplish-brown,    distant. 
417.     C.  adustus  Pk. 
(ii)      Stem   3-5   mm.    thick,    pallid     at    first.      453.       C. 
juberinus  Fr.  var. 
(hh)     Gills  close  or  crowded. 

(i)      Stem   with   remnants  of  the  veil;    gills  brownish- 
ochre  at  first;  spores  7x3.5  micr.     435.     C.  nigrel- 
lus  Pk. 
(ii)     Stem  subsilky;  gills  reddish-umber  at  first;  spores 
7-10   X   6.5   micr.     454.     C.  praepallens   Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  not  dark  brown, 
(h)     Flesh  olivaceous  to  green. 

(i)     Pileus   and   stem   fulvous   to   tawny-fulvous.     407. 

C.  malicorhis  Fr. 
(ii)     Pileus  and  stem  light  olive.     410.     C.  rapJianoides 
Fr. 
(hh)     Flesh  not  olivaceous-green, 
(i)     Stem  stout,  8-12  mm.  thick, 
(k)     Pileus,  gills  and  stem  yellow;  spores  subglobose. 

404.     C.  luteus  Pk. 
(kk)      Pileus,  gills  and  stem  white  or  whitish,  taste 
bitterish.     397.     C.  ochroleucus  Fr. 
(ii)      Stem  3-6  mm.  thick. 

(k)      Stem  peronate  by  a  yellow  sheath;  gills  saffron- 
yellow;   pileus  rusty    color    when    moist.     425. 
C.  paludosus  Pk. 
•     (kk)     Stem  not  peronate. 

(I)  Stem  with  white  annular  zone;  pileus  yellow- 

ish, fragile.     426.     C.  Mnnuleus  Fr.  var. 

(II)  Stem  not  annulate. 

(m)     Pileus  hairy,  tawny;   stem  short,  pallid  to 

pale  tawny.     400.     C.  hasalis  Pk. 
(mm)     Pileus  silky    to    appressed    tomentulose; 
gills  yellow. 
(n)     Stem  rather  long,  4-10  cm. 
(o)     Pileus   obtusely  conic-campanulate,   ruf- 
ous-fulvous;   with    stem   streaked   with 
rufous-fulvous  fibrils.     403.     C.   croceo- 
conus  Fr. 
(oo)     Pileus    campanulate-convex,    yellowish- 
cinnamon,  tawny,    etc.,    stem    chrome- 
yellow.     401.     C.  citinamovietis  Fr. 
(nn)      Stem  short,  2-4  cm.  long. 
(o)     Spores  10-12.5  micr.  long;   pileus  cinna- 
mon-brown;   odor    of    radish.     405.     C. 
aureijoliiis  Pk. 
(oo)      Spores   6-7   micr.    long;     pileus    cinna- 
mon;   gills    saffron-yellow     to     orange. 
406.     C.  croceofolius  Pk. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  327 

(dd)     Stem  slender,  1-3.5  mm.  thick, 
(e)     Pileus  conical,  then  campanulate. 

(f)     Pileus  fibrillose-hairy,  fuscous  to  umber. 

(g)     Stem  slender,  with  delicate  white  zones,  fuscescent. 
(h)     Spores  10-12x5-6.5  micr.     429.     C.  iliopodiiis  Fr. 
(hh)     Spores  6-8  X  4-5  micr.     439.     C.  paleacetis  Fv. 
(gg)      Stem  short  annulate  by  single  median  whitish  zone, 
fuscescent.     431.     C.  impoUtus  sp.  nov. 
(ff)     Pileus  glabrous,  or  soon  glabrous. 

(g)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous,  chestnut  color;,  spores  large, 

15-16  micr.  long.     398.     C.  sericipes  Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  hygrophanous,  watery-brown,  fulvous  or  chest- 
nut color  at  first. 
(h)      Stem  attenuated-subrooting,  soon  rigid,  whitish  and 

shining  when  dry.     459.     C.  scandens  Fr. 
(hh)      Stem  equal. 

(i)     Stem  "rubello"-tinged  or  yellowish  at  first. 

(k)      Stem  pallid  or  rufous-tinged;   pileus  even,  with 

blackish  umbo.     457.     C.  decipiens  Fr. 
(kk)      Stem  yellowish  at  first;    pileus    striate    when 
moist.     462.     C.  acutus  Ft. 
(ii)      Stem  not  yellowish. 

(k)     Growing   on   decayed   wood,   gills    broad;     stem 

cingulate.     460.     C.  lignarius  Pk. 
(kk)     Not   on   decayed  wood. 

(I)  Gills  narrow;  pileus  pale  chestnut  color  when 

moist,      spores     8-10     micr.     long.       461.       C. 
acutoides  Pk. 

(II)  Gills  rather  broad;  pileus  watery-cinnamon 
when  moist;  spores  7-8  micr.  long.  458.  C. 
leucopus  Fr.  var. 

(ee)     Pileus  campanulate-convex  to  plane. 

(f)     Pileus  canescent  with  superficial  fibrils.     438.     C.  hemi- 

trichus  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus   glabrous,    chestnut-brown   when   moist. 

(g)     Pileus    not    hygrophanous,    umbo    blackish.     399.     C. 

castanellus  Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  hygrophanous. 

(h)     Spores    10-12    micr.    long;    stem   2-4   cm.    long;    gills 
at    first    yellowish,    cream    color    or    whitish.     428. 
C.  badius  Pk. 
(hh)      Spores  6-7.5  micr.  long. 

(i)     Gills      rufous-cinnamon;     stem     fuscescent,     with 

whitish  median  annulus.     436.     C.  rigidus  Fr. 
(ii)     Gills     yellowish     or     yellowish-cinnamon;     stem 
pallid,  spotted  by  subannular,  white  zones.     427. 
C.  castaneoides  Pk. 

SUBGENUS  iMYXACIUM:  Provided  with  a  glutinous  or  viscid 
universal  veil ;  j)ileus  and  stem  becoming  polished  by  the  drying  of 
the  gluten. 

This  group  corresponds  to  the  subgenus  Limaciuni  of  the  genus 
Hygrophours.  The  entire  plant  Avhen  young  is  covered  by  a  differ- 
entiated gelatinous  layer  Avhich  becomes  glutinous  in  moist  weather, 
and  which  breaks  up  on  the  stem  so  as  to  leave  shreds,  patches 
or  rings  of  various  degrees  of  definiteness.  In  some  species  the  glu- 
tinous remnants  on  the  stem  are  verv  thin  and  subevanescent  and  not 


328  THE   AGARICACEAE   OP   MICHIGAN 

easily  made  out ;  in  others,  e.  g.  C.  miicifluus,  the  thick  layer  of  the 
uuiveisal  veil  is  cracked  and  torn  crosswise,  and  the  resultant  bands 
01'  rings  are  rather  marked  and  persistant,  while  in  still  other  cases 
the  stem  is  peronately  but  very  thinly  sheathed.  Because  of  their 
great  variability,  especially  in  color,  which  varies  with  habitat, 
weather,  ago,  etc.,  the  species  of  this  group  have  as  yet  uncertain 
limits  and  are  differently  interpreted  by  different  authors. 

309.     Cortinarius  mucifluus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  188G-38. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  148,  Fig.  1.   • 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  740  (fresh  condition). 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  738  (older  stage,  as  C.  collinitus). 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  206  (as  C.  collinitus). 
Ilicken,  Die  Blatterpilze,  PI.  34,  Fig.  1  (as  C.  collinitus). 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreuude,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  85  (as  C.  col- 

Unitus). 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PL  13,  Fig.  1-6  (as  C.  collinitus). 
Plate  LXIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  at  the  very  first  subglobose,  then  cam- 
panulate-convex  and  margin  incurved,  finally  campanulate-expanded 
to  plane,  obtuse,  glutinous  icJien  moist,  the  gluten  derived  from  the 
very  thick  gelatinous  pellicle  varying  in  color  from  whitish  when 
young  to  straiv-ycllow ,  orange-i/clloiu  or  taicuy-fulvous,  sometimes 
stained  with  rusty  or  sulphur  hues,  shining  when  dry.  FLESH 
pallid  or  stained  in  age  with  yellow  or  rust  color.  GILLS  at  first 
pallid  or  grayish-white  (caesious),  then  clay  color  to  rusty-cinna- 
mon, adnate  to  subemarginate,  medium  broad,  close.  STEM  6-12 
cm.  long,  7-12  mm.  thick,  cylindrical  or  tapering  dowmcard,  rather 
stout  from  the  first,  rigid,  spongy-stuffed,  at  the  very  first  whitish 
and  covered  by  the  thick  gelatinous  layer  of  a  universal  veil,  which 
cracks  transversely,  forming  scaly,  thick,  sometimes  squarrose  hands 
of  dried  gluten,  especially  below,  soon  becoming  discolored  and  then 
yellowish,  rusty  or  tawny,  terminating  above  with  the  discolored 
cortina  in  the  form  of  a  collapsed  ring.  SPORES  10-13  x  6-7  micr. 
(rarely  up  1o  14.")  micr.  long),  almond-shaped,  tuberculate,  in- 
equilateral-elliptic, rusty-cinnamon  in  mass.  BASIDIA  4-spored, 
.36-42  X  0  10  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  not  marked. 

Gregarious.     In  low,  rich  ground  of  coniferous  or  frondose  woods, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  329 

copses,  swamps,  etc.,  among  mosses  or  on  liumus,  or  rich  loam. 
Throughout  the  State.     August-October.     Frequent. 

This  species  is  distinguished  from  all  others  by  its  peculiar  trans- 
versely-banded stem,  although  often  only  the  lower  portion  shows 
this  character  distinctly.  The  white  cortina  extends  down  the  stem 
inside  the  gelatinous  layer  as  a  soft,  floccose  layer,  and  when  the 
outer  glutinous  layer  breaks  across  on  drying,  the  floccose,  cortinate 
layer  is  exposed  and  gives  the  floccose  efl:ect  to  the  bands.  The  young 
plants  often  arise  deep  in  the  humus,  and  the  stout  stem  at  this 
time  has  almost  the  diameter  of  the  young  cap.  The  gluten  on  the 
upper  half  of  the  stem,  often  of  most  of  the  part  above  the  sub- 
stratum, is  inclined  to  dry  or  dissolve,  so  that  the  diffracted-scaly 
character  is  found  only  in  the  lower  protected  part.  In  the  young 
stage  the  arrangement  of  the  two  veils  can  be  easily  made  out. 
It  is  edible  but  should  be  peeled  before  cooking. 

This  is  Cortinarius  coJlinitus  Fr.  of  all  authors,  except  of  Fries 
himself.  Of  this  I  satisfied  myself  by  an  examination  of  the  plates 
of  Fries  which  are  deposited  in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Stockholm, 
Sweden,  and  by  collections  around  Upsala  and  Stockholm.  In 
the  persistently  moist  climate  of  that  region,  the  thick  rings  on  the 
stem  develop  much  more  perfectly  than  with  us,  and  this  is  well 
shown  by  Fries  in  the  published  i^late  in  Icones  referred  to  above. 
Furthermore,  there  exists  in  the  same  collection  an  unpublished 
plate  by  Fries,  marked  C.  collimtus  Fr.,  illustrating,  in  all  its 
stages,  a  plant  frequent  in  conifer  forests  around  Stockholm.  This 
is  very  similar  to  C.  cyUndripes  Kaufl".,  differing  only  in  having 
larger  spores.  Fries,  himself,  has  brought  about  the  confusion,  in 
his  description  of  the  two  species.  For  example,  the  description 
accompanying  Plate  148,  Fig.  1,  in  Icones,  does  not  apply  to  those 
figures,  nor  does  his  description  of  C.  colUnitus  in  any  of  his  works, 
apply  to  the  figures  of  the  unpublished  plate  at  Stockholm.  Start- 
ing with  his  description  of  C.  colUnitus  in  "Systema,"  where  he 
says  the  gills  are  ''purpurascens"  or  "violascens,"  he  gradually 
changes  it  in  his  later  works,  and  in  Hymen.  Europ.  describes  them 
as  at  first  ''argillaceous"  or  "caesious."  In  Systema  the  scales 
are  said  to  be  "appressed"  to  the  stem,  and  his  whole  diagnosis  in 
the  Systema  might  be  interpreted — although  somewhat  forced — 
to  refer  to  his  unpublished  plate.  In  view  of  these  facts,  I  have 
ventured  to  correct  what  appears  to  have  become  an  established 
error.  In  the  case  of  the  descriptions  the  matter  remains  debatable, 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  about  the  plates. 

This  is  a  very  variable  species,  and  a  number  of  ecological  forms 


330  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

mighl  be  Ncpaiated.  Ricken  has  discovered  two  forms  with  different 
spore  sizes,  one  which  he  calls  the  type  has  spores  13-15  x  7-8  micr. ; 
the  other,  which  he  calls  var.  repanda  has  spores  11-13  x  G-7  micr. 
All  collections  examined  by  me,  including  two  of  Peck's  and  several 
from  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  yielded  the  spore-size  given  in  my  description. 
Two  of  Peck's  collections,  from  Sand  Lake  and  Catskill  Mountains 
referred  to  in  his  23rd  Ilei^ort,  when  examined  had  spores  measuring 
15-19  X  7-8.5  micr.,  and  in  other  respects  showed  that  they  did  not 
belong  here,  but  are  probably  close  to  C.  muscigenus  Pk. 

310.     Cortinarius  cylindripes  Kauff. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  32,  p.  321,  1905. 

Illustrations :     Ibid,  Fig.  2,  p.  306. 

Jour,  of  Mycology,  Vol.  13,  p.  3G,  PI.  98,  1907. 
Mycological  Bull.,  Vol.  V,  Fig.  241,  p.  318,  1907. 
Plate  LXIV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  ixrtj  glutinous  at  first  and  shining,  later 
opaque,  at  the  very  first  lavender,  then  yellowish  with  a  violaceous 
tinge,  at  length  brownish-ochraceous,  somewhat  stained  by  these 
colors  at  various  stages,  obtusely  orbicular  when  young,  then  cam- 
panulate  and  expanded,  rather  small  in  comparison  with  the  length 
of  the  stem,  margin  incurved  and  pellucid-striate,  surface  smooth, 
at  length  longitudinalhj  u'rinkled.  FLESH  thick  on  disk,  thin  else- 
where, violaceous,  soon  sordid-white.  GILLS  rather  broad,  at  length 
5-8  mm.,  adnate,  emarginate,  not  attenuate  in  front,  violaceous  or 
lavender  when  young,  becoming  pale  cinnamon,  not  crowded,  thin, 
edge  serratulate-Hocculose  and  paler,  somewhat  wrinkled  at  the 
sides  but  not  veined.  STE^M  S-10  cm.  long,  5-9  mm.  tliick,  elastic, 
remarkahly  equal,  covered  hy  a  violaceous,  glutinous,  universal  veil, 
which  remains  as  evanescent,  adnate  patches  and  at  its  junction 
with  the  partial  veil  as  a  slight  annulus,  smooth  or  fibrillose-striate 
at  the  apex,  violaceous  to  dingy  white  within,  solid  stuffed. 
SPORES  almond-shaped,  rough-tuberculate,  inequilateral-elliptic, 
12-15  X  6.5-8  micr.,  dark  brown.  BASIDIA  10-45  x  10-13  micr.,  4- 
spored,  with  sterigmata,  5-7  micr.  long.  ODOR  and  TASTP:  not 
specific. 

(iregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  low,  rich  ground  or  humus, 
conifer  and  frondose  woods.  Throngliout  the  State.  From  late  July 
to  early  October.     Frequent. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  331 

C.  cylindripes  usually  occurs  in  considerable  numbers  where 
found.  Its  cylindrical  stem  is  at  first  a  beautiful  pale  azure-blue, 
due  to  the  thin  universal  veil,  which  fades  and  leaves  whitish  thin 
patches  which  sometimes  disappear.  The  species  corresponds  to 
Fries'  species,  figured  in  his  unpublished  plates  at  Stockholm  and 
named  C.  colli nitus.  (See  notes  under  C.  inucifiKii)^.)  Specimens 
of  that  species  collected  in  Sweden  are  in  my  herbarium  and  have 
spores  measuring  14-18  micr.  long,  much  larger  than  in  the  American 
form.  I  consider  that  species,  common  around  Stockholm,  as  Fries' 
original  C.  collinitus.  Our  species,  described  above,  has  violaceous 
or  blue  tints  just  like  that  one,  and  as  Fries  has  described  no  other 
species  to  which  the  Stockholm  plants  could  be  referred,  the  indi- 
cation is  strong  that  he  considered  them  C.  collinitus.  For  the 
present  the  ditterence  in  the  spore  size  will  be  sufficient  to  keep 
C.  cylindripes  distinct.  The  violaceous  gills,  etc.,  distinguish  C. 
cylindripes  from  both  Fries'  and  Kicken's  conception  of  C.  mucosus, 
and  from  the  related  species  of  Peck:  (7.  muscigenus  Pk.,  C.  spleti- 
didus  Pk.,  and  C.  elatior  pallidifolius  Pk. 

311.     Cortinarius  muscigenus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888. 

'TILEUS  3-G  cm.  broad,  at  first  ovate,  then  convex,  or.  concave 
from  the  recurving  of  the  margin,  subumbonate,  glabrous,  viscose 
tvith  a  separable  pellicle,  tawnyormige  and  widely  striate  on  the 
margin  when  moist,  tawn}^  and  shining  when  dry.  FLESH  dingy 
white,  tinged  with  yellow.  GILLS  broad,  ventricose,  adnate,  with  a 
broad,  shallow  emargination,  somewhat  rugose  on  the  sides,  yellow- 
ish, becoming  cinnamon.  STEM  7-10  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick, 
elongated,  subequal,  viscid,  even,  silky,  solid,  ivhitc  or  whitish.'^ 
SPORES  almond-shaped,  rough-tuberculate,  14-17x7-9  micr.  (rarely 
up  to  18.5  micr.  long). 

"Mossy  ground  under  balsam  trees.  Wittenberg  Mountains, 
New  York.     September." 

This  species  appears  to  have  the  stature  of  C.  cylindripes,  but 
has  larger  spores  and  lacks  the  violaceous  color  entirely.  The 
spores  of  the  type  specimens  are  larger  than  given  by  Peck  in  the 
original  description.  The  color  of  the  pileus  is  similar  to  that  of 
C.  mucifliius  Fr. 

Cortinarius  splendidus  Pk.  (N.  Y,  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  1878), 
differs  from  C.  muscigenus  in  smaller  size  and  violaceous  stem.   Its 


332  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

spores  are  similar,  15-18  x  G-S  micr.,  larger  than  given  by  Peck.  The 
dried  type  speoinieus  indicate  that  they  are  closely  allied,  and  that 
one  is  a  varietj'  of  the  other. 

Cortinarlus  elatior  palUdifolius  Pk.  is  also  probably  a  variety  of 
C.  7nuscigcuus  Pk.  The  spores  are  the  same,  15-17.5x7.5-9  micr., 
but  the  stem  is  tinged  with  lilac.  Both  varieties  have  a  shorter  stem 
than  C.  muscigenus,  and  the  caps  are  said  to  be  pale  fuscous,  al- 
though in  the  dried  specimens  they  have  the  same  shining,  tawny- 
tan  color  as  in  that  species.  The  last  variety  is  described  and  fig- 
ured in  N.  Y.  ^fus.  Kep.  54,  1901. 

312.  Cortinarius  submarginalis  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  54,  1902. 
Illustrations :     Ibid,  Plate  L,  Fig.  G-10. 

''PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  becoming  nearly  plane, 
concave  by  the  elevation  of  the  margin,  viscid  when  moist,  yellowish- 
hrown,  generally  a  little  paler  on  the  rather  definite  and  commonly 
fibrillose  margin.  FLESH  whitish;  GILLS  thin,  close,  rather 
broad,  adnate,  creamy-yellow  when  young,  soon  cinnamon.  STEM 
7-15  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  thick,  elongated,  equal  or  slightly  thickened 
at  the  base,  solid,  silky-fibrillose,  slightly  viscid,  whitish  or  pallid." 
SPORES  almond-shaped,  slightly  rough,  10-12.5  x  5-6  micr. 

"Low  moist  places  in  Woods.  Bolton,  New  York.  August.  The 
margin  is  separated  from  the  rest  by  a  definite  line,  is  6-12  mm. 
broad  and  conspicuously  fibrillose."  The  description  is  adopted 
from  that  of  Peck. 

313.  Cortinarius  sphaerosporus  Pk. 

K.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 
Illustration :  Plate  LXV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  hemispherical-convex  then  expanded- 
plane,  glabrous,  even,  with  a  thick  gelatinous  straw-yellow  pellicle, 
which  is  glutinous  when  moist.  FLESH  thin  on  margin,  violaceous 
at  -first,  soon  pallid.  GILLS  violaceous  at  the  very  first,  soon  whitish 
then  cinnamon,  adnate-subemarginate,  close,  rather  broad.  STEM 
5-10  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  thick,  subclavate  or  tapering  upward,  equal 
above,  spongy-stuffed,  glutinous  when  moist  from  the  thin  universal 
veil,  which  on  drying  leaves  thin  yelloivish  patches  on  the  lower* 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  333 

portion,  apex  at  first  pale  violaceous,  soon  white.  SPORES  oval- 
subglobose,  slightly  rough-punctate,  6-7.5  x  5.5-G.5  micr. 

In  low,  moist  woods  or  swamps.  August-September.  Coniferous 
regions.    Infrequent. 

This  species  corresponds  closely  with  the  European  C.  dellbntus 
Fr.  which  also  has  subgiobose  spores.  In  the  American  plant  the 
spores  are  constantly  a  little  smaller,  as  shown  by  two  collections 
from  Sweden.  In  that  species  the  spores  measure  7-8.5  x  6-7  micr. 
Britzelmayr  reports  under  the  name  C.  delibutus,  a  species  with 
spores  14-16  x  6  micr.  Such  a  plant,  with  all  other  characters  simi- 
lar to  C.  delibutus  Fr.,  has  been  collected  by  me,  but  not  sufficient 
data  are  at  hand  to  describe  it.  It  is  possible  that  C.  berlesianus 
(Pk.)  Sacc.  of  which  the  spores  of  the  type  specimens  measure  7-8  x 
6-6.5  micr.,  is  a  form  of  the  European  C.  delibutus  Fr.,  but  its  stem 
has  a  rounded  bulb. 

314.     Cortinarius  vibratilis  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  Plate  744. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  256. 
Ricken,   Blatterpilze,  PI.  35,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  surface  bitter  to  the  taste,  convex,  obtuse, 
gibbous,  with  a  glutinous  pellicle,  hygrophanous,  yelloio,  ochre-yel- 
loiv  to  fulvous-yelloic,  paler  when  dry,  glabrous,  even.  FLESH  soft, 
thin  except  disk,  white  or  whitish,  bitter.  GILLS  adnate  to  slightly 
subdecurrent  or  subemargiuate,  thin,  close,  rather  narrow,  pallid 
to  pale  ochraceous,  then  pale  ochraceous-cinnamon.  STEM  3-7  cm. 
long,  variable  in  length,  4-10  mm.  thick,  subclavate  or  tapering 
either  way,  soft,  pure  ivhite,  clothed  lohen  young  by  a  glutinous,^ 
'  hyaline,  universal  veil  which  soon  dries,  often  viscid  only  at  base, 
soft-stuffed.  SPORES  narrowly  elliptical,  almost  smooth,  6-7.5  x  4-5 
micr.  BASIDIA  26-28,x  7  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR  mild  or  subaro- 
matic.     TASTE  of    every  part  intensely  hitter.     CORTINA  white. 

In  conifer  and  frondose  woods,  among  leaves  or  humus. 
Throughout  the  State.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

The  American  plant,  named  C.  amarus  by  Peck,  does  not  ditfer 
from  C.  vibratilis  Fr.  as  it  occurs  around  Stockholm.  The  spores, 
bitter  taste  of  all  parts  and  the  hyaline  gluten  of  the  universal  veil 
are  the  same.  C.  amarus  Pk.  was  originally  referred  to  the  sub- 
genus Phlegmacium    (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  32,  p.  30,  1879)   but 


334  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

later,  Dr.  l*eck  referred  it  to  its  proper  position.  C.  vihratilis 
is  (listinj-iiislied  by  its  pure  white  stem,  pallid  gills  and  yel- 
low cap ;  the  last  may  take  on  fulvous  or  rufous  brown 
hues  on  the  disk.  An  occasional  individual  of  larger  di- 
mensions occurs.  The  stem  varies  in  length  and  shape,  and 
in  mossy  wet  places  often  becomes  more  elongated.  The 
gluten  often  drips  from  the  edge  of  the  cap  in  moist  weather  and 
on  drying  the  ca])  becomes  shining.  This  species  might  be  confused 
Willi  ('.  (■(tiisticiiiii  Fj'.,  unreported  in  Michigan,  in  which  only  the 
viscid  i)ellicle  of  the  pileus  is  bitter.  Two  other  European  species, 
C.  emoUitiis  Fr.  and  (\  cnjstaUinus  Fr.  possess  bitter  flesh  and  some- 
what similar  colored  caps,  but  they  belong  to  the  subgenus  Plileg- 
maciuiii  ami   their  stems  are  not  pure  white. 

315.     Cortinarius  sterilis  Kauff. 

Turr.  Bot.  Club  Bull.,  Vol.  32,  1905. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  Fig.  1,  p.  304. 

Jour,  of  Mycol.,  Vol.  13,  PI.  96,  p.  36,  1907. 
Mycol.  Bull..  Vol.  5,  Fig.  242,  p.  316,  1907. 

riiJ'^US  l..")4.5  cm.  broad,  suborbicular  when  3'oung  then  convex- 
expanded,  nuirgin  incurved,  drab,  drah-gray  to  olive  huff,  even, 
smooth,  viscid,  somewhat  umbonate  at  times.  FLESH  white,  soft, 
thin.  GILLS  relatively  broad,  4-6  mm.,  drab-gray  at  first,  then  light- 
cinnamon,  rounded  behind,  then  emarginate,  not  at  all  ventricose, 
i-ather  crowded,  edge  serratulate  and  white,  later  eroded,  provided 
irifh  sterile  cells.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  at  base  up  to 
10  nnn.,  clavate  or  tapering  upward,  solid,  spongy,  or  tapering  up- 
ward, dingy-wliite,  tinged  with  light  blue  toward  apex,  clothed 
wlien  fresli  with  the  delicate  patches  of  the  viscid,  universal  veil, 
wliidi  is  of  the  same  color  as  the  pileus,  within  pale  bluish  at  apex, 
Aviiite  below.  SPORES  subsphoeroid,  almost  smooth,  6-7x5-6.5 
micr.    COBTINA  white  or  sordid. 

Gregarious  in  swamps  of  cedar,  etc.  Bay  View.  August-Septem- 
ber.   Rare. 

The  spores  and  tlie  peculiar  color  of  cap  and  veil  distinguish  this 
species.  It  lias  Ijccii  found  only  twice,  in  low,  wet,  sphagnous  or 
mossy  swami)s.  Its  name  refers  to  the  sterile  cells  on  the  edge  of 
the  gills. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  335 

316.     Cortinarius  iodes  B.  &  C, 

PILETJS  2-6  cm.  broad,  campaiiiilate-convex,  glabrous,  even,  ivith 
a  tough,  viscid,  separable  pellicle,  dark  violet  to  purplish,  at  length 
often  yellowish  on  the  disk.  FLESH  thick  on  the  disk,  abruptly 
thin  on  the  margin,  violaceous  then  paler.  GILLS  adnate,  close, 
moderately  broad,  violaceous  at  first,  then  gray-cinnamon.  STEM 
5-7  cm.  long,  equal  or  clavate-thickened  or  tapering  to  either  end,  4-8 
€r  5-15  mm.  thick,  viscid,  solid,  subfibrillose.  CORTINA  pale  vio- 
laceous. SPORES  broadly-elliptical,  minutely  rough-punctate,  8-10 
X  6-6.5  micr.    TASTE  7/m7(/.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  low,  wet  places 
in  woods.     August.     Detroit.     Infrequent. 

This  is  very  similar  in  color  and  stature  to  C.  iodeoides  but  lacks 
the  bitter  taste  of  the  pellicle  of  the  cap.  The  color  is  deeper  and 
the  spores  are  larger  than  in  that  species.  It  appears  to  be  related 
to  the  European  C.  salor  Fr.  which  has  similar  colors  but  whose 
spores  are  truly  spherical.  It  has  been  received  from  the  eastern 
part  of  the  United  States  where  it  occurs  more  frequently. 

317.     Cortinarius  iodeoides  sp.  nov. 
•   Illustration  :     Plate  LXVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  broadly  umbonate 
to  plane,  deep  lavender-violet  or  'bluish-violet  ivhen  young  or  fresh, 
fading  to  livid-ashy,  sometimes  faintly  j^ellowish  or  buff-spotted, 
with  a  bitter  pellicle  which  is  glutinous  when  moist  or  young,  gla- 
brous, even.  FLESH  at  first  pale  violaceous,  soon  white,  thin  on 
margin,  thickish  on  disk.  GILLS  adnate  then  emarginate,  rather 
narrow,  close,  pale  violaceous,  soon  whitish,  at  length  pale  ochra- 
ceous-cinnamon.  STEM  2-6.5  cm.  long,  clavate-thickened  at  base  or 
variously  thickened  or  subcompressed,  4-8  mm.  thick,  wdiite  but 
covered  when  young  by  the  thin,  delicately  violaceous,  glutinous^, 
universal  veil,  stuffed,  silky  or  glabrous.  SPORES  elliptical,  al- 
most smooth,  7-7.5  x  4-4.5  micr.,  pale  ferruginous-cinnamon  in  mass. 
ODOR  none  or  slight.  TASTE  of  flesh  mild,  of  pellicle  of  pileus 
'bitter. 

Subcaespitose  or  gregarious.  Among  leaf-mold,  often  hidden  by 
leaves,  in  frondose  woods  of  maple,  oak,  etc.  August-October.  Ann 
Arbor,  New  Richmond.     More  frequent  than  the  preceding. 

This  species  is  easily  confused  with  the  preceding,  but  is  clearly 
distinct  because  of  the  bitter  surface  of  the  cap  which  is  quickly 


336 


THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 


recognized,  and  the  dill'erent  spores.  A  more  careful  •  comparison 
shows  slight  dillerences  in  the  colors.  It  is  often  hidden  by  the 
leaves,  especially  in  the  late  fall. 

318.     Cortinarius  heliotropicus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  9^,  1905. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PI.  P.,  Fig.  1-7. 

^TILEUS  2.5-6.5  cm.  broad,  broadly  campanulate,  convex  or 
nearly  plane,  fibrillose,  viscid,  heliotrope-purple,  generally  spotted 
or  variegated  by  ycllowish-ivhite  spots.  FLESH  whitish,  thin. 
GILLS  narrow,  thin,  close,  rounded  behind,  adnexed,  concolorus 
with  the  pileus  ichcii  young,  cinnamon  when  mature.  STEM  3.5-7 
cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  jirm,  solid  or  spongy  within,  usually  slightly 
thickened  at  base,  silky-fibrillose,  viscid,  whitish  and  spotted  with 
jiurple  or  colored  like  the  pileus,  w^hite  within.  SPOKES  10-12.5  x 
5-6  micr.,  elliptic.  TASTE  mild  or  slightly  acrid.  ODOR  slightly 
of  radish. 

''In  woods.     Smithtown,  NeW'  York.     August. 

''This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  species  of  Cortinarius.  In 
some  specimens  the  spots  on  the  pileus  are  large  or  confluent,  in 
others  they  are  almost  or  entirely  absent,  but  usually  they  are  small 
and  distinct.  The  inuple  color  of  the  gills  is  persistent  for  some 
time.  In  large  specimens  the  margin  is  sometimes  adorned  by  fibril- 
lose  scales  of  the  veil." 

This  and  the  two  preceding  are  all  of  medium  size  and  beautifully 
colored.  The  description  and  notes  are  adopted  from  Peck.  This 
species  seems  to  ditfer  from  C  iodes  mainly  in  the  larger  spores  and 
perhaps  in  taste  and  color. 

SUBGENUS  BULBOPODIUM:  Stem  dry,  at  first  hidden,  then 
usually  stout,  with  a  thick,  abrupt,  marginate-depressed  bulb,  to 
whose  margin  is  attached  the  cortina;  the  universal  veil  is  either 
manifest  or  lacking  in  the  young  stage.  Pileus  with  a  viscid  pell- 
icle; equally  fleshy. 

This  is  the  section  "Scauri"  of  Fries.  The  structure  of  the 
bulb  and  the  development  of  the  stem  is  unique  among  the  Cor- 
tinarii,  and  the  grou})  deserves  equal  rank  with  the  other  subgenera. 
The  "button"  stage  of  the  young  plant  consists  only  of  pileus  and 
bulb,  the  former  smaller  than  and  closely  pressing  on  the  bulb. 
The  rest  of  the  stem  is  invisible,  since  its  beginnings  are  enclosed 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  337 

undeveloped  under  the  pileus.  The  margin  of  the  pileus  rests  on  the 
broad  bulb  and  produces  the  typical,  abruptly  depressed  edge  of 
that  body.  The  cortina  extends  from  the  margin  of  the  pileus  to 
the  bulb,  to  whose  upper  surface  it  is  attached  and,  during  develop- 
ment, is  carried  up  on  the  lower  part  of  the  elongating  stem.  The 
universal  veil  when  present  envelops  the  bulb  and  extends  to  the 
surface  of  the  pileus  in  the  form  of  a  thin,  slightly  woven  mem- 
brane, which  breaks  away  in  a  circumscissile  manner  from  the  mar- 
gin of  the  pileus  at  an  early  stage  and  is  only  noticeable,  after  the 
expansion  of  the  plant,  on  the  exterior  of  the  bulb  or  v>^here  the  torn 
fringes  of  its  upper  portion  extend  above  the  margin  of  the  bulb  and 
lie  against  the  stem;  it  is  usually  of  the  same  color  as  the  surface 
of  the  pileus  and  this  shows  on  tlie  bulb  and  on  the  stem  immediately 
above  it.  Sometimes  this  veil  is  slightly  gelatinous.  Species  occur 
which  are  intermediate  between  this  and  the  following  subgenus, 
where  the  bulb  is  scarcely  depressed  or  marginate,  or  where  the  mar- 
gin of  the  pileus  almost  covers  the  slight  bulb  so  that  the  latter  is 
margined  only  about  its  base.  The  stem  is  never  peronate  nor  an- 
nulate by  the  universal  veil  in  this  subgenus.  The  connection  of 
the  margin  of  the  bulb  Avith  the  cap  and  the  circumscissile  manner 
in  which  the  universal  veil  breaks  across  are  somewhat  similar  to 
the  conditions  in  some  Amanitas. 

The  species  of  this  group  are  numerous,  and  many  more  will  prob- 
ably be  found  in  Michigan.  Fries  appears  to  apologize  for  including 
and  naming  so  many  species  under  the  section  Scauri,  as  witness  his 
remarks  under  that  section  in  Epicrisis :  "An  astonishing  num- 
ber of  closely  related  forms,  which,  although  they  w^ere  all  constant, 
I  was  ashamed  to  separate  in  Sys.  Myc,  but  published  them  under 
titles  which  were  much  broader.  But  I  am  compelled  to  recognize 
them  lest  the  limits  appear  to  be  arbitrary,  since  their  existence 
in  nature  has  been  verified  many  times."  Not  a  few  others  have 
already  been  found  in  the  State,  but  their  identity  is  not  yet  estab- 
lished. 

43 


338  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Section  I.    Universal  veil  present. 

*  Gills,  flesh  or  stem  at  first  violaceous,  bluish,  or  purplish,  rarely 
olivaceous  or  ichite. 

319.     Cortinarius  atkinsonianus  Kauff.     (Edible) 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  32,  p.  324,  1905. 

Illustrations:    Ibid,  Fig.  6,  p.  316. 

Jour,  of  Mycol.,  Vol.  13,  Plate  99,  p.  3G,  1907. 
Plate  LXVII  ol  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  6-9  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  ivax-yelloic  or 
flavus  at  first,  tinted  with  olivaceous,  then  alutaceous  or  reddish- 
tawny  in  places,  with  a  viscid  separate  pellicle,  glabrous,  even. 
FLESH  thick,  rather  soft,  at  first  deep  violet  or  lavender,  slowly  fad- 
ing. GILLS  adnate  becoming  slightly  sinuate,  rather  narrow,  width 
uniform,  deep  violet  or  purplish  at  first,  edge  sometimes  olivaceous- 
yellowish,  at  length  cinnamon.  STEM  6-8  cm.  long,  stout,  12-18  mm. 
thick,  deep  violet  or  violaceous  hlue,  coucolor  within,  solid,  dry,  equal 
or  tapering  upward  from  a  rather  thick,  marginate,  broadly  tur- 
binate hulh  up  to  3  cm.  thick,  and  externally  clothed  by  the  oli- 
vaceous-yellow universal  veil,  apex  of  stem  fibrillose,  elsewhere  hung 
with  the  fibrillose  remains  of  the  olivaceous-yellow  cortina. 
SPORES  almond-shaped,  elliptical,  very  tuherculate,  13-15  (rarely 
16)  X  7-8.5  micr.,  rusty-cinnamon  in  mass. 

Gregarious.  In  leaf-mould  or  among  fallen  leaves,  in  rich,  mixed 
or  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  Nqw  Richmond.  Septem- 
ber-October.    Infrequent. 

This  noble  species  is  the  prince  of  known  American  Cortinarii. 
Several  collections  in  all  stages  of  development  have  made  it  possible 
to  emend  the  original  description  and  refer  it  to  its  proper  place  in 
the  genus.  The  colors  of  the  fresh  plants  are  vivid  and  most  beau- 
tiful. The  (lesh  is  at  first  intense  violet,  and  by  peeling  the  pileus 
this  color  is  at  once  exposed  under  the  yellow  pellicle.  There  is  an 
olivaceous  tinge  in  the  yellow  color  of  the  pileus,  cortina  and  uni- 
versal veil  in  the  young  plant,  and  the  edge  of  the  gills  may  also 
be  laved  with  the  olivaceous-yellow  coloring.  The  taste  and  odor  are 
mild.  It  seems  closeh'  related  to  G.  arquatus  Fr.  in  the  sense  of 
Ricken,  from  wliich  it  differs  mainly  in  its  intensely  violet  or  pur- 
plish flesh.    The  figure  of  Ricken  (Bliitterpilze,  PI.  36,  Fig.  4)  how- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  339 

ever,  gives  a  very  inadequate  conception  of  our  plant.    It  is  barely 
possible  that  this  is  the  American  form  of  that  species. 

320.     Cortinarius  calochrous  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821  (segregated,  Epicrisis,  1836-8). 

Illustrations:     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  200. 
Plate  LXVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  not  large,  convex,  soon  expanded-plane, 
UrigJit  ochre-yellow  to  citron-yellow,  fulvous  on  disk,  loitli  a  viscid 
pellicle,  glabrous,  even.  FLESH  thickish,  rather  compact,  whitish. 
GILLS  emarginate-adnexed,  crowded,  thin,  rather  narrow,  rosy- 
violet  to  violaceous-purple  at  first,  at  length  pale  clay-cinnamon, 
edge  serratulate.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  5-9  mm.  thick,  solid,  pale 
violaceous  or  whitish  at  first,  soon  becoming  dingy  yellowish,  equal 
above  the  rather  small,  abrupt,  marginate-depressed,  shallow  hulb, 
which  is  clothed  at  first  by  the  yellow  universal  veil.  SPORES  sub- 
inequilateral,  elliptical,  8-9  (rarely  10)  x  4-5.5  micr.,  cinnamon  in 
mass.  BASIDIA  28-30x7-8  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
mild. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  In  low,  rich  woods  of  maple,  beech,  etc. 
Ann  Arbor.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

A  medium-sized  plant,  never  becoming  large.  Known  by  its 
peculiar  bulb  which,  in  the  typical  condition,  has  the  shape  of  a 
small  porcelain  evaporating  disk  with  a  rim,  into  which  the  stem 
appears  inserted.  Shreds  of  the  yellow  universal  veil  cling  to  the 
rim  and  the  base  of  the  stem.  The  plant  is  excellently  figured  by 
Fries  in  the  unpublished  plate  in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Stockholm, 
showing  the  remains  of  the  universal  veil.  Gillet's  figure  is  also 
accurate  as  to  color  and  shape.  Cooke's  figure  (111.,  Plate  713) 
cannot  apply  to  our  plant.  Ricken,  Saccardo  and  Britzelmayr  give 
spore-measurements  which  indicate  a  related  species  with  much 
larger  spores. 

321.     Cortinarius  velicopia  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  6-9  cm.  broad,  convex  at  first,  soon  broadly  expanded  to 
plane,  violet  to  bujf  at  first,  becoming  dingy  yellotvish-ochrapeous 
as  if  stained,  with  a  viscid,  separable  pellicle,  even,  glabrous,  margin 
incurved  and  at  first  appendiculate  from  the  copious  cortina. 
FLESH  pale  blue-violaceous,  soon  white,  thick,  moderately  compact. 


340  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

GILLS  narrowed  hcliind,  narrowlj'  adnate,  Dioderately  broad,  close, 
at  lenjjtli  ding}'  yellowish  or  pallid,  hung  with  the  fibrillose  remains 
tlien  cinereous,  (inally  rustj'-cinuamon,  edge  minutely  fimhriate. 
STIOM  ()-S  cm.  long,  8-18  mm.  thick,  violaceous-hlue,  fading  to  bluish, 
at  lengili  dingy  yellowish  or  pallid,  hung  with  the  fibrilllose  remains 
of  the  cortina,  dry,  equal,  solid,  loith  a  marginate,  siihdepressed, 
hemispherical  bulb,  wliich  is  clothed  by  a  thin,  ochraceous-buff,  uni- 
versal veil.  COKTINA  very  copious,  white  or  faintly  bluish. 
SPOliKiS  ventricose-elliptical,  u'ith  a  j)ro7ninent,  papillate  apiculus, 
very  tuberculate,  rather  symmetrical,  9-12  x  G-7  micr.  Edge  of  gills 
provided  witli  inflated,  sterile  cells.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  Among  fallen  leaves  in  mixed  or 
frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.  September-October. 
lnfre(pient. 

Tliis  may  be  considered  a  segregate  of  (J.  caerulescens,  and  corre- 
sponds to  Ricken's  description  of  that  species  (Bliitterijilze,  p.  129), 
but  is  different  from  the  conception  of  Maire  (Bull.  d.  la.  Soc,  Myc.  de 
France,  Vol.  27,  p.  420)  and  that  shown  by  the  Friesiau  unpublished 
plates.  The  spores  of  our  plant,  as  well  as  the  very  abundant  cor- 
tina, are  quite  distinguishing.  The  colors  of  the  gills  and  stem 
incline  to  blue.  Several  collections  show  that  the  pileus  may  be 
deep  violet  at  first  in  some  forms,  but  eventually  the  ochraceous- 
bulT  cob)r  of  the  universal  veil  pervades  also  the  surface  of  the 
pileus.  The  universal  veil  is  less  manifest  and  less  persistent  than 
in  tlie  ])receding  species. 

322.     Cortinarius  herpeticus  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  183G-38. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  819. 

Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PL  37,  Fig.  4. 

I'lLEUS  3-10  em.  broad,  convex,  subexpanded,  firm,  smoky-olive  or 
olivaceous,  tinged  broAvnish  on  disk,  fading,  with  a  viscid,  separable 
pellicle,  even,  glabrous,  margin  at  first  incurved,  thin.  FLESJI 
tliickish,  firm,  abrui)tly  thin  on  margin,  evanescently  violaceous, 
then  wliitisli.  GILLS  rounded  behind,  adnexed-emarginate,  close, 
moderately  broad,  smoky-violet  or  olivaceous  at  first,  smoky-brown 
at  length  day-color  (Ridg.),  then  smoky-cinnamon.  STEM  3-5  cm. 
long,  8-18  mm.  thick,  solid,  violaceous-blue  at  first,  fibrillose  by  the 
iirJiitislt   cortina,  ecjual  above  the  margin ate-depressed  bulb,  which 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  341 

is  covered  by  the  remains  of  a  greenish  or  whitish,  thin,  universal 
veil,  bulb  1-2  cm,  thick.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  rough,  8-10  x  5-6 
micr.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  Among  mosses  in  cedar  and  balsam  swanii)s.  Bay 
View,  Michigan,  and  North  Elba,  New  York.    August.    Rare. 

This  was  considerd  a  new  species  in  the  "Key"  (Jour,  of  Mycol. 
13,  p.  35,  1907)  as  G.  olivaceoides.  It  agrees  well  Avith  the  Friesian 
species  as  characterized  in  Monographia.  In  the  11th  Report  of  the 
Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  32,  it  is  reported  as  C.  olivaceus  Pk.  C.  oUva- 
ceus  Pk.  has  larger  spores  and  belongs  to  the  section  Phlegmacium. 
C  herpeticus  appears  to  be  close  to  C.  scaurus  Fr. 

323.     Cortinarius  olivaceo-stramineus    Kauff. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  32,  1905. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  Fig.  3,  p.  309. 

Jour,  of  Mycol.,  Vol.  13,  PL  95,  1907. 
Mycological  Bull.,  Vol  5,  Fig.  213,  p.  317,  1907.    , 

PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex,  slightly  depressed  in  the 
center  when  expanded,  pale  straiv-yellow  with  an  olivaceous  tinge, 
slightly  rufous-tinged  in  age,  glabrous  or  silky-fibrillose,  disk  some- 
times covered  with  minute  scales,  viscid  from  a  gelatinous  pellicle, 
margin  incurved  at  first,  shreds  of  the  cortina  attached  to  it  on 
expanding.  FLESH  very  thick,  abruptly  thin  on  margin,  ichite, 
dingy-yellowish  in  age,  soon  soft  and  spongy.  GILLS  sinuate-ad- 
nexed,  rather  narrow,  crowded,  ivhitish  at  first,  then  pale  cinnamon, 
edge  serratulate  and  paler.  STEM  6-8  cm.  long,  5-18  mm.  thick, 
spongy  and  soft  within,  sometimes  becoming  hollow,  white  and 
pruinate  above  the  fibrillose  remains  of  the  cortina,  loitJi  a  slight, 
suhohsolete,  suhinarginate  bulb  from  whose  margin  arises  the 
copious  white  CORTINA ;  bulb  when  young  covered  by  a  thin 
universal  veil  of  the  same  color  as  the  pileus.  SPORES  ventricose- 
elliptical,  with  stout  apiculus,  almost  smooth,  granular  within,  10-12 
X  5.5-6.5  micr.  BASIDIA  about  38  x  9  micr.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
mild. 

Subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  mixed  and  frondose  woods. 
August-September.     Ann  Arbor.     Rather  rare. 

It  is  with  some  hesitation  placed  in  this  section,  as  the  universal 
veil  is  not  well  developed.  The  bulb  is  at  first  slightly  marginate 
and  the  cortina  is  attached  to  it;  later  the  bulb  almost  disappears 


342  THE  AGARICACEAE   OP  MICHIGAN 

at  times.  The  plants  are  sometimes  deformed  by  a  fungous  para- 
site, Mycogone  rosea,  causing  tlie  gills  to  remain  sterile.  It  has  been 
found  in  several  states,  but  is  apparently  rare. 

324.     Cortinarius  caesiocyaneus  Britz.     (Edible) 

Bot.  Centralbl.,  1805,  p.  10,  1899,  p.  58. 

Maire,  Bull,  de  la.  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  2G,  1910. 

Illustrations:    Maire,  Bull.  de.  la.  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  26, 
PI.  8,  Fig.  1-2. 

PILIX'S  5-12  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expauded-plane,  sometimes 
depressed  on  the  center,  Ijluish-violaceous-white  to  silvery-violaceous, 
glabrous,  even,  with  a  viscid,  separable  pellicle,  silky-shining  when 
dry,  margin  becoming  silky  and  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  pale 
violet,  fading  slowly,  thick.  GILLS  rather  narrow,  adnexed, 
rounded  behind  then  sinuate,  thin,  pale  violaceous,  soon  pale  aluta- 
ceous,  then  cinnamon,  crowded,  edge  even  or  becoming  eroded.  STEM 
stout,  4-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  solid,  pale  violaceous-white,  con- 
color  within,  equal  above  the  large,  flattened,  marginate-depressed 
hiilh,  which  is  white  on  the  surface  from  the  ivhite  universal  veil, 
attached  to  white  mycelium.  CORTINA  violaceous-white.  Spores 
10-12  (rarely  13)  x  6-7  micr.,  almond-shaped,  ellii)tical,  tuberculate, 
cinnamon  in  mass.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  among  leaves  in 
frondose  woods  of  oak,  maple,  etc.  Ann  Arbor.  September-October. 
Infrequent. 

This  is  a  segregate  of  G.  caerulescens  Fr.  The  whole  plant  has  a 
rather  uniform  pale  violaceous-whitish  color  almost  exactly  like 
(J.  michiganensis.  As  in  that  species,  the  gills  are  not  at  first 
intensely  colored  nor  at  all  purple  or  rosy.  It  has  the  large  size  of 
C.  atkinsonianus  with  which  it  sometimes  occurs.  The  flattened 
bulb  is  white  below  and  on  the  sides,  where  it  is  clothed  by  the 
white  subgelatinous  veil.  The  spores  are  larger  than  in  C.  michi- 
ganensis with  which  it  is  easily  confused  and  which  belongs  to 
anotlier  section.  Cooke's  figures  of  0.  caerulescens  (111.,  PI.  721) 
show  the  stature  and  color,  but  not  the  characteristic  bulb  and 
spores;  that  })late  is  referred  by  Maire  (Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Myc.  de 
France,  ^'()l.  20,  p.  18)  to  C.  caesiocyaneus  Britz.  Rick  en  places 
this  plant  under  C.  camphoratus  Fr.  but  without  any  good  grounds. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  343 

325.     Cortinarius  rubens  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  hemispherical  then  convex-expanded, 
ver million-red  to  orange-fulvous,  unicolorous,  with  a  viscid,  separa- 
ble, toughish  pellicle,  glabrous,  even,  shining  when  dry.  FLESH 
thick,  whitish.  GILLS  adnexed,  becoming  emarginate,  rather 
broad,  close,  caesious  or  pale  drab  at  first,  then  argillaceous-cinna- 
mon, edge  entire  and  tinged  dull  citron-yellowish.  STEM  4-7  cm. 
long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  solid,  dry,  pale  straw-yellow  to  wliitish,  citron- 
yellowish  within,  fimbriate  from  the  cortina,  equal  above  the  round- 
ed, marginate-depressed  hull)  which  is  clothed  by  the  vermillion-red 
universal  veil  except  below  where  it  is  white  and  attached  to  white 
mycelium.  SPORES  almond-shaped,  very  inequilateral,  tubercul- 
ate,  15-18  x  7-8.5  micr.  BASIDIA  45  x  13-15  micr.,  stout,  4-spored. 
CORTINA  white  or  tinged  with  red.  ODOR  faintly  aromatic. 
TASTE  of  flesh  bitterish-disagreeable,  slowly  more  intense. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  among  leaves  in 
frondose  woods  of  oak,  maple,  etc.,  its  mycelium  attached  to 
mycorhiza  of  undetermined  roots.    Ann  Arbor.    October.    Rare. 

The  bright  red  color  of  the  pileus  and  the  universal  veil  is  strik- 
ing and  is  rarely  seen  in  this  subgenus.  The  veil  is  very  evident 
on  the  fresh  plants  and  shows  on  the  margin  of  the  bulb  as  a  bright 
red  to  orange-red  decoration,  and  in  the  button  stage  is  continuous 
with  the  pellicle  of  the  pileus,  breaking  in  a  circumscissile  manner 
like  the  yellow  veil  of  C.  atkinsonianus.  There  is  no  violet  or  purple 
present  in  the  cap  although  the  J'oung  gills  have  a  dull  violaceous- 
gray  tint  called  "caesious."  The  edge  of  the  gills  is  citron-straw- 
yellow  and,  when  seen  from  below,  gives  the  impression  of  that  color 
to  the  rest  of  the  gills.  It  differs  from  C.  suhlateritiiis  I'k.  in  its  much 
larger  spores  and  the  distinct  universal  veil.  It  agrees  closely 
with  the  description  of  C.  tcstaceus  Cke.,  except  in  details.  Maire, 
however,  says  Cooke's  plant  is  identical  with  C.  i-u jo-olivaceous  Fr. 
to  which  our  plant  cannot  be  referred,  although  related  to  it. 
Specimens  of  our  species  have  also  been  received  from  Madison, 
Wisconsin. 


344  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

**GiUs,  -flesh  and  stem  yellow  at  first. 
326.     Cortinarius  elegantioides  sp.  nov. 
Illustratiou :     Plate  LXIX  of  this  ReiJort. 

riLEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expaiided-plane,  cadmium- 
yclloic,  orange-fulvous  on  disk,  becoming  fulvous-ferrnginous  in  age, 
glabrons,  even,  toith  a  glutinous  scparahle  i^eUicle.  FLESH  thick, 
whitish  or  tinged  greenish-yellow.  GILLS  adnate,  becoming  deeply 
emarginate  and  uncinate,  close,  rather  hroad,  varying  pale  yelloiv- 
ish-white,  bright  citron-yellow  or  sulphur-yellow,  at  length  ferrugin- 
ous, thin,  edge  minutely  crenulate.  STEM  5-8.5  cm.  long,  rather 
stout,  subequal,  10-18  mm.  thick,  dry,  spongy-stuffed,  yellowish- 
white  or  citron-yellow,  flesh  tinged  greenish-yellow,  with  a  margin- 
ate,  subdepressed,  subturbinate  hulh,  u:hich  is  clothed  on  the  sur- 
face by  the  yellow  to  sub  ferruginous,  sul)  gelatinous  universal  veil. 
CORTINA  slight,  fugacious.  SPORES  almond-shaped,  elliptical, 
very  tuberculate,  15-18  (rarely  19-20)  x  7-9  micr.  BASIDIA  48x12- 
13  micr.,  4-spored.  TASTE  of  flesh  tardily  but  distinctly  bitter. 
ODOR  mild. 

Solitary  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods  of 
oak,  maple,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  New  Richmond.  September- 
October.     Infrequent. 

Nearly  always  solitary  or  of  few  individuals.  Known  by  its  large 
spores,  bitter  taste  of  the  flesh  and  the  tinge  of  green  in  the  yellow 
color  of  the  flesh,  etc.  It  has  the  stature  of  C.  multiformis  of  Cooke 
(111.,  PI.  708  and  709),  but  the  spores  are  distinctive.  The  bulb  is 
not  very  broad  as  compared  with  that  of  C.  fulgens  Fr. ;  it  is  rather 
soft  and  decays  early.  The  stem  is  narrower  upwards  at  first  and 
colors  of  the  stem.  It  is  closer  to  C.  sulfurinus  Quel,  (sense  of 
Ricken)  but  differs  in  its  spores,  less  abundant  cortina  and  the 
colors  of  the  stem.  It  is  closer  to  C.  sulfurinus  Quel,  (sense  of 
Ricken),  but  neither  Quelet  nor  Ricken  mention  the  bitter  taste  nor 
the  universal  veil. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  345 

Section  II.    Universal  veil  not  manifest. 

^Gills,  flesh  or  stem  at  first  caesious,  violaceous,  Miiish  or  pur- 
plisli. 

327.     Cortinarius  purpurascens  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38.    Obs.  2,  1818. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  723. 

Gillet,  ChamiDiguons  de  France,  No. '224. 
Plate  LXXI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  to  subexpanded,  dark 
purplish-um'ber  or  entirely  violet-purple  iclien  young,  soon  discolor- 
ed and  variegated  with  clay-color  or  brown,  opaque,  glabrous,  even, 
with  a  viscid,  separable  pellicle.  FLESH  thick,  compact,  tinged 
azure  or  purplish,  fading  to  whitish  in  age,  hut  changing  rapidly  to 
deep  purple  luhen  bruised.  GILLS  adnexed  and  rounded  behind, 
then  emarginate,  rather  narrow,  close,  at  first  azure-blue  or  darker, 
changing  to  deep  purple  when  bruised.  STEM  usually  short,  stout, 
2-5  cm.  long,  10-20  mm.  thick,  solid,  subequal,  fibrillose  from  the 
cortina,  bulb  not  large,  subemarginate  to  distinctly  marginate, 
scarcely  ever  depressed,  soon  oval,  purplish,  flesh  quickly  deeper- 
colored  when  bruised.  SPORES  8-9.5  (rarely  10)  x  5-5.5  micr. 
elliptic-ovate,  rough-echinulate,  dark  in  mass.  BASIDIA  40-45  x 
8-9  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious,  solitary  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  open 
woods,  sometimes  in  bare,  exposed  places  where  soil  is  hard.  Ann 
Arbor,  Detroit.      September-October.     Infrequent. 

The  American  plant  has  more  purple  in  the  pileus  than  shown 
in  my  collection  from  Sweden  and  as  given  by  European  authors. 
In  all  other  respects  it  agrees  with  that  of  Europe.  This  is  C.  sub- 
purpurascens  in  the  sense  of  Ricken.  The  spore-measurements  as 
given  by  Massee  are  too  large.  We  have  three  related  species  which 
might  be  easily  confused  by  not  taking  account  of  the  spores :  C. 
aggregatus  has  smaller  spores  and  its  flesh  and  gills  do  not  change 
to  purple  when  bruised.  C.  sphaerosperma  is  a  much  larger  plant, 
with  almost  spherical  spores.  The  common  form  of  C.  purpurascens 
is  small,  stout  and  squatty,  although  more  luxuriant  specimens 
occur  in  favorable  weather. 


346  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

328.     Cortinarius  subpurpurascens  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  183G-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  725. 

Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  36,  Fig.  3.     (As  C.  purimrascens.) 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  campamilate,  discoid  or  gibbous, 
then  expanded,  at  length  depressed,  viscid,  tinged  purple  at  first, 
yellow-ochre  to  ochraceous  tawny  with  smoky-brown  stains,  scarce- 
ly virgate,  glabrous,  zoned  hy  the  decurved  margin.  FLESH  soon 
whitish,  not  changing  to  purple  when  bruised,  compact.  GILLS 
adnexed-emarginate,  crowded,  rather  narrow,  purplish  at  first  then 
pecan-brown  (Ridg.),  becoming  inirpUsh  when  'bruised,  edge  entire. 
STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  thick,  subequal  above  the  rather 
small  depressed-marginate  flattened  bulb,  pale  violaceous,  purplish 
ichere  bruised,  violaceous  within,  cortinate-fibrillose,  stuffed  then 
tubular.  SPORES  elliptical-oval,  8-9  x  5-G  micr.,  rough.  ODOR 
slightly  of  radish  after  picking,  somewhat  pungent.     TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  under  balsam  and 
.spruce.  North  Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.  Collec- 
tion Kauffman.     September,  1914.     Infrequent. 

This  species  differs  from  C.  purpurascens  in  its  habit,  its  stuffed 
to  hollow  stem  and  the  almost  immutable  color  of  the  flesh.  The 
gills  and  stem,  however,  change  to  purplish  where  bruised.  It  is  G. 
purpurascens  in  the  sense  of  Ricken  who  seems  to  have  exchanged 
tlie  Friesian  names.  It  seems  to  be  a  species  of  the  higher  moun- 
tains, and  perhaps  of  the  northern  forests. 

329.     Cortinarius  aggregatus  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  convex  then  subexpanded,  obtuse  and 
usually  irregular  from  crowding,  at  length  undulate,  glabrous  or 
white-pruinose  when  young,  at  first  bright  purple-blue  to  purplish- 
gray,  at  maturity  becoming  smoky  olive-gray  and  streaked,  with  a 
viscid  pellicle,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  thick,  violaceous 
then  faintly  olivaceous-gray  to  dingy  white,  not  turning  purple  ivhen 
bruised.  GILLS  adnexed  and  rounded  behind,  then  emarginate, 
close,  moderately  broad,  violet-purple  at  first,  then  gray  to  cinna- 
mon. STE:\r  4-7  cm.  long,  10-20  mm.  thick,  rather  short,  solid,  dry, 
purplish,  darker  at  base,  the  small  bulb  at  the  very  first  subemargi- 
nate,  not  depressed,  disappearing  during  development.  CORTINA 
deep  violaceous,  rather  copious,  attached  to  bulblet  at  first,  collaps- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  347 

iug  on  the  stem.  SPORES  narrowly  elliptical,  7-8x44.5  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Caespitose,  often  in  troops  forming  arcs  of  scores  of  individuals. 
In  frondose  woods  of  oak,  maple,  etc.,  in  the  late  fall  after  heavy 
rains,  half  hidden  by  the  leaves. 

September-November.  Ann  Arbor.  Infrequent,  in  very  wet  sea- 
sons. 

This  species  is  usually  quite  abundant  in  its  particular  woods. 
As  the  clusters  or  closely  crowded  rows  of  the  fruit-bodies  develop, 
they  push  up  the  thick  mat  of  leaves  in  humps,  an  appearance  which 
is  very  commonly  produced  in  frondose  woods  by  the  late-growing 
mushrooms.  The  young  clusters  may  be  so  thoroughly  hidden  by 
the  leaves  that  they  are  usually  not  found  till  more  or  less  expanded 
and  the  changes  in  color  by  that  time  are  often  extremely  confus- 
ing. In  that  case  the  deep  bluish-purple  color  of  the  young  cap  is 
lost  and  in  the  expanded  state  its  surface  assumes  a  distinct  olive- 
gray  color  and  is  then  often  markedly  streaked  with  darker  shades. 
The  bulb  becomes  soft,  is  often  infested  by  grubs  and  stained  yel- 
lowish. It  differs  from  C.  purpurascens  in  habit,  in  different  shade 
of  blue  on  the  cap  and  stem,  in  the  flesh  not  changing  to  darker 
purple  when  bruised  and  in  the  smaller  spores.  A  vigorous  cluster 
of  young  plants  are  intensely  colored,  and  often  silvery  as  if  cover- 
ed with  hoar-frost.    It  is  related  to  C.  cyanopus  Fr. 

330.     Cortinarius  sphaerosperma  sp.  nov.     (Edible) 
Illustration :    Plate  LXX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  8-lG  cm.  broad,  large,  broadly  convex-expanded,  with  a 
very  viscid,  separable  pellicle,  glabrous,  even,  deep  violet-purple, 
micaceous-shining  when  dry.  FLESH  soon  whitish,  changing  to 
purple  ivlien  bruised,  thick,  compact.  GILLS  adnate  then  sinuate- 
stildecurrent,  crowded,  not  broad,  purple  at  first,  then  rusty-umber. 
STEM  6-9  cm.  long,  15-20  mm.  thick,  solid,  stout,  dry,  hung  with 
the  dense,  spore-stained  fibrils  of  a  very  copious,  purplish  CORTINA, 
deep  purple  like  the  cap,  the  rather  small  bulb  subemarginate  and 
disappearing,  at  length  clavate-bulbous,  whitish  within,  becoming 
purple  when  bruised.  SPORES  spherical  or  subsphoeroid.  very 
tuberculate-rough,  7-8.5  x  6-7.5  micr.,  dark  ferruginous  in  mass. 
BASIDIA  30  X  9  micr.,  4-spored,  the  slender  sterigmata  3-4  micr. 
long.    ODOR  slightly  of  radish.    TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  scattered.    On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods  of  oak. 


348  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

maple,   etc.     August-September.      Aun    Arbor,    Detroit.     Rather 
rare. 

This  iiiagnilicent  species,  has  oiil}^  been  seen  thrice.  It  was  at 
first  passed  by  as  C.  purpurasccns  but  a  careful  examination  re- 
vealed important  dillereuces.  It  may  be  considered  as  a  segregate 
of  that  species,  altliough  very  likely  it  is  a  native  of  this  country. 
Ko  European  author  seems  to  have  referred  spherical  spores  to 
r.  piiriuirascois  or  C.  suhpurpurascens,  and  in  the  European  plants^ 
both  of  these  species  entirely  or  partly  lack  the  purple  color  of  the 
cai».  No  very  young  specimens  were  found,  and  it  needs  further 
study.  Both  tliis  species  and  tlie  preceding  approach  the  next  sub- 
genus in  the  scarcely  marginate  bulb. 

331.     Cortinarius  purpureophyllus  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  dull  tawny-red,  fading 
to  ochraceous-fulvous,  glabrous,  even,  icith  a  viscid,  separable  pelli- 
cle, margin  incurved.  FLESH  whitish,  thick,  compact.  GILLS 
rounded  behind  and  adnexed,  deep  lilac-purple,  color  persistent,. 
narrow,  crowded,  thin,  edge  entire  or  suberoded.  STEM  4-6  cm. 
long,  12-18  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  narrower  upwards,  pallid 
or  slifihthj  tinged  lilac-violaceous  at  first,  spongy-stuffed  or  solid^ 
fibrillose  from  cortina,  apex  violaceous  within,  n:itli  a  marginate-de- 
pressed,  flattish  hulb,  which  is  white  throughout,  attached  to  a 
white  mycelium.  CORTINA  copious,  whitish  (?).  SPORES  al- 
mond-shaped, elliptical,  tuberculate,  10-12  x(!-7  niicr.,  rusty-cinna- 
mon in  mass.  BASIDIA  36-42  x  8-9  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR  slight 
or  none.     TASTE  slowly  disagreeable,  somewhat  bitter. 

Gregarious.  Among  fallen  leaves  in  frondose  woods  of  maple^ 
oak,  etc.    Ann  xVrbor.     October-November.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  the  contrasting  colors  of  pileus,  gills  and  stem,  and 
the  size  of  the  spores.  The  llesh  is  scarcely  tinged  with  violaceous 
except  at  the  apex  of  the  stem.  The  young  gills  have  a  deep  color 
as  in  G.  purpurascens,  but  the  flesh  has  none  of  the  characteristics 
of  that  species. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  349 

332.     Cortinarius  caerulescens  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1S3G-38. 

Illustrations :     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  722. 

Qiielet,  Grevillea,  Vol.  YI,  PI.  105,  Fig.  3. 

Maire,  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  2G,  PI.  8,  Fig.  3-5. 

''PILEUS  3-G  cm.  broad,  convex  then  convex-plane,  quite  tliick, 
tuith  separahle,  viscid  pclUclc,  glabrous,  even,  violaceous-hlue, 
tinged  ochraceous  on  disk,  sometimes  entirely  ochraceous-yellow, 
not  hygroplianous,  margin  at  first  incurved  pubescent  and  white, 
then  spreading  and  violaceous.  FLESH  jjale  violaceous-Mue, 
especially  under  the  cuticle,  then  whitish,  at  length  ochraceous- 
stained.  GILLS  arcuate,  then  plane  or  slightly  ventricose,  attenu- 
ate in  front,  rounded  behind,  thin,  hroad,  rather  broadly  adnate, 
violet-amethyst  or  violet-hlue  at  first,  then  rustj^-brown,  edge  ser- 
ratulate.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  10  mm.  thick,  cylindric-conic,  ivith 
a  marginate  bulb,  fibrous-fleshy,  dry,  silky-fibrillose,  violaceous-blue 
to  amethyst-blue,  bulb  white,  solid.  CORTINA  violaceous  at  first. 
Universal  veil  rapidly  evanescent.  SPORES  12-14  x  G-7  micr.,  sub- 
amygdaliform,  elliptic,  tuberculate.  ODOR  feeble,  like  that  of  G. 
purpurascens.    TASTE  mild  or  slightly  bitterish." 

The  description  has  been  adopted  from  that  of  Prof.  Maire  (Bull. 
de  la  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  27,  p.  424,  1911).  In  America  I 
have  seen  specimens  of  this  species  only  from  Tennessee.  The 
species  stands  out  from  the  segregates  of  the  old  species  as  it  was 
variously  interpreted,  by  its  large  spores.  In  specimens  from 
Sweden,  I  find  the  same  sized  spores.  In  size,  color  of  the  young 
gills  and  in  stature  it  is  much  like  C.  calochrous.  Cooke's  figures 
(111.,  PL  721)  and  Gillet's  figures  (Champignons  de  France,  No. 
208)  are  referred  by  Maire  to  C.  caesiocyaneus,  which  they  illus- 
trate fairly  well.  As  Fries  did  not  give  spore-measurements,  I  pre- 
fer to  follow  the  decision  reached  by  Maire  after  he  had  compared 
the  species  which  occurs  near  Stockholm,  with  those  of  France. 
■Our  American  references  to  this  plant  must  be  considered  as  usual- 
ly, if  not  always,  based  on  collections  of  C  caesiocyaneus,  C.  michi- 
ganensis  or  perhaps  C.  calochrous.  It  is  possible  that  a  number  of 
intermediate  forms  also  occur  as  I  have  some  collections  which 
apparently  support  such  a  conclusion. 


350  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

333.     Cortinarius  michiganensis  Kauff.     (Edible) 
Jour,  of  Mycology,  Vol.  13,  p.  35,  1907  (synopsis). 

riLEUS  S-1-1  cm.  broad,  compact,  firm,  broadly  convex  then 
slowly  expanded,  pale  violaceous  to  lilac,  unicolor,  color  persistent, 
glabrous,  even,  glutinous  lohen  moist  or  young,  then  viscid,  margin 
persistently  inrolled  and  tomentose-silky.  FLESH  very  thick,  white 
or  tinged  with  lilac,  not  changed  by  bruising.  GILLS  rounded 
behind  and  adnexed,  or  almost  free,  narroio,  crowded,  thin,  acumi- 
nate in  front,  pale  violaccous-ichite  at  first,  then  pale  ashy,  finally 
ochrac.eous-cinnamon,  edge  scrratulate  from  the  first.  STEM  stout, 
3-6  cm.  long,  18-30  mm.  thick,  solid,  pale  violaceous-lilac  to  whitish, 
fibrillose  from  cortina,  marginate-hulhoas,  bulb  large,  up  to  4  cm. 
broad,  white  beneath,  flesh  white  except  the  violaceous  apex.  COR- 
TINA bluish-white,  at  first  attached  to  the  bulb,  evanescent,  not 
copious.  SPORES  narrowly  elliptic-ovate,  almost  smooth,  8-10.5 
X  4.5-5.5  micr.,  pale  ochraceous-cinnamon  in  mass.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild. 

Caespitose,  in  small  clusters  of  large  individuals.  On  the  ground, 
among  grass  or  leaves,  in  low,  rich,  froudose  woods  of  beech,  maple, 
etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  New  Richmond.  August-October.  In- 
frequent. 

Tills  species  is  known  by  its  large  size,  caespitose  habit,  pale  gills 
of  which  the  spores  mature  slowly,  and  by  the  lilaceous  color  of 
cap  and  stem.  When  fresh  or  young  a  clear  gluten  covers  the 
pileus  and  sometimes  the  base  of  the  young  bulb,  as  if  by  a  universal 
veil.  It  is  very  like  G.  caesiocyaneus  in  size  and  shape,  but  has  a 
different  habit,  different  color  and  spores  and  lacks  the  white 
universal  veil  of  that  species.  It  is  doubtless  in  part  the  C.  caerule- 
scens  of  some  American  lists.  C.  caesius  Clem,  according  to  the 
description,  approaches  it,  differing  in  its  scarcely  viscid  pileus,  the 
much  thicker  spores  and  the  white  gills. 

334.     Cortinarius  csesius  Clements. 
Bot.  Surv.  of  Nebraska,  IV,  1896. 

"PILEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  then  expanded, 
fleshy,  glabrous,  not  or  scarcely  viscid,  obscurely  dark  Uue-violace- 
ous,  finally  brown-punctate,  margin  involute.  FLESH  l)luish-gray, 
unchangeable.  GILLS  adnate,  subdistant,  white  then  cinnamon,not 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  351 

violaceous.  STEM  1-5  cm.  loug,  10-15  mm.  thick,  fleshy-fibrous,  solid, 
violaceous  above,  bright  yellow  below,  turbinate-bulbous,  subglobose- 
when  old,  bulb  3-1:  cm.  high  and  4  cm.  broad,  violaceous.  CORTINA 
bluish-gray.  SPORES  subelliptical  or  globose,  8-10x7-8  micr., 
verrucose,  tawny-brown. 

"Related  to  C.  glaucopus  Schaefif." 

The  description  is  adopted  from  the  original.  The  plant  was 
found  in  Nebraska  and  I  have  not  seen  it. 

335.     Cortinarius  aleuriosmus  Maire    var. 
Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  26,  p.  22,  1910. 

Illustrations :    Ibid,  PL  7,  Fig.  4-5. 

Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  39,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  very  compact,  firm,  broadly  convex 
alutaceous-whitish  at  first,  soon  dingy  ochraccous-tau  to  russct-tan, 
sometimes  sordid  tawny-yellowish  in  age,  glabrous,  icith  a  glutinous 
pellicle  when  moist  or  young,  surface  becoming  reticulate-rivulose 
from  the  drying  gluten,  margin  inrolled  at  first.  FLESH  thick, 
white  or  with  an  evanescent  violaceous  tinge.  GILLS  adnexed, 
narrow,  crowded,  caesious  at  first  (i.  e.,  pale  livid-grayish),  some- 
times pallid,  then  rusty-cinnamon,  edge  erose-serratulate.  STEM 
4-6  cm.  long,  stout,  short,  10-20  mm.  thick,  solid,  compact,  white  or 
scarcely  violaceous-tinged,  fibrillose  from  the  cortina,  ivith  a  thick, 
turbinate,  marginate  bulb,  bulb  not  depressed,  white  below  and 
arising  from  white  mycelium.  SPORES  elliptical-almond-shaped, 
minutely  tuberculate,  10-12x5-6  micr.  BASIDIA  30-35x7  micr., 
4-spored.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild  or  slight. 

Subcaespitose  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods 
of  oak,  maple,  etc.  Ann  Arbor.  August-September.  Infrequent. 
.  This  is  doubtless  the  species  reported  by  Ricken  under  C. 
aleuriosmus  Maire.  (See  Bliitterpilze,  p.  136,  No.  428).  Both 
Ricken's  and  my  collections  seem  to  be  the  same  species,  but  differ 
from  the  description  of  the  type,  given  by  Maire,  in  lacking  the 
"bitter  taste"  in  the  pellicle  of  the  pileus,  and  in  the  slightly  smaller 
spores.  Maire's  species  also  had  a  distinct  farinaceous  odor  and 
no  violaceous  nor  blue  tints  in  the  flesh  and  stem.  The  latter  point, 
however,  is  a  variation  easily  overlooked.  There  is  evidently  a 
series  of  closely  related  forms,  difi'ering  slightly  in  the  amount  of 
violet  present  and  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  slight    odor    and 


352  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

taste.  However,  I  suspect  the  species  with  the  bitter  pellicle  should 
be  kei)t  distinct.  Some  of  my  collections  had  caps  which  were 
more  tawny  or  rusty-ochraceous  than  the  descriptions  allow.  The 
fundamental  characters  are  the  caesious  or  pale  gray-drab  young 
gills,  the  white  flesh  of  the  stem  and  mostly  of  the  cap,  and  the 
spores.  This  species  is  a  segregate  of  C.  glancopus  Fr.  and  some 
of  my  collections  agree  well  with  the  color,  size  and  shape  of  the 
Friesian  plates  at  Stockholm,  but  the  flesh,  especially  of  the  stem, 
does  not  turn  yellowish.  The  European  authors  agree  that  the 
spores  of  G.  glaucopus  measure  8-9  x  5-G  micr.  Forms  occur  which 
have  a  subaromatic  odor,  resembling  ripe  pears.  As  is  often  the 
case  in  this  subgenus,  when  the  plant  develops  during  heavy  rains, 
the  glutinous  pellicle  dissolves  away  in  part,  and  the  pileus  is  later 
merely  subviscid. 

336.     Cortinarius  glaucopus  Fr. 

Sj^st.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustration :    Kicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  35,  Fig.  7. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  convex,  then  exi)anded-plane,  firm, 
rigid,  often  wavy  on  the  geniculate  margin,  viscid  or  glutin- 
ous, variegate  fulvous-streaked  on  a  slate-gray  or  steel-gray 
groundcolor,  margin  greenish-gray,  at  first  inflexed,  disk  ful- 
vous. FLESH  whitish  then  yellowish-tinged,  thick,  compact. 
GILLS  adnexed  then  emarginate,  moderately  broad,  close  to  crowd- 
ed, fl^/?rsi  t;io?aceoits-6Ztie^  then  clay-cinnamon.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long 
(sometimes  shorter),  15-25  mm.  thick,  rigid,  pallid  with  a  pale  vio- 
laceous-blue tinge,  becoming  yelloivish  in  age,  flesh  violaceous-bluish 
to  whitish  then  sordid  yellowish,  solid,  almost  equal  above  the 
ahrupt,  marginate,  scarcely  1)ulhous  base,  attached  to  a  white  mj- 
celium.  Sl'()lil<]S  almond-shaped,  subinequilateral,  slightly  rough- 
punctate,  8-9  X  4-5  micr.  BASIDIA  28-30  x  7  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  mild. 

In  dense,  caespitose  troops.  On  the  ground,  under  or  among 
leaves,  in  frondose  woods  of  oak,  maple,  etc.  Ann  Arbor.  Septem- 
ber-October.    Abundant  locally,  but  infrequent;  after  heavy  rains. 

Only  the  luxuriant  form  of  this  species  is  known  to  me.  A  squatty 
form  is  said  to  occur,  probably  in  dry  weather.  The  colors  are 
difficult  to  describe  and  vary  during  development  The  fresh,  ma- 
ture pileus  usually  has  a  steel-gray  metallic  lustre  in  wet  weather. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  353 

its  margin  is  bent  down  forming  a  faint  zone,  and  fulvous  shades, 
radiate  in  streaks  from  the  fulvous  center.  The  bulb  is  narrow^ 
somewhat  thicker  than  the  stem,  and  scarcely  depressed.  Its- 
caespitose  habit  is  very  marked.  No  good  plate  seems  to  exist* 
Cooke's  figure  (111.,  PL  712)  is  entirely  misleading,  and  Gillet'» 
figure  (Champignons  de  France,  No.  224),  doubtless  illustrates  an- 
other species.    It  is  not  at  all  commmon  in  the  regions  I  have  visited. 

**  Gills,  flesh  or  stem  at  flrst  green. 

337.     Cortinarius  virentophyllus  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  convex,  expanded-plane,  regular,  viscid, 
glabrous,  green  to  ollvaccous-yelloicish,  fading  to  pale  ochraceous  or 
straw-yellow,  sometimes  tinged  fulvous,  slightly  streaked  by  the 
drying  gluten.  FLESH  thickish  on  disk,  very  thin  on  margin, 
pallid-greenish,  fading,  subhygrophanous,  with  dark  watery-green 
border  along  the  gills.  GILLS  adnexed-emarginate,  thin,  close, 
somewhat  narrow,  gray-olive  or  green  at  first,  hecoming  deep  green, 
edge  entire.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  thick,  silky-fibrillose  at 
length,  stuffed  by  a  fibrous  pith,  becoming  hollow,  distinctly 
cyaneous  or  pale  blue,  fading  to  violaceous-whitish,  bluish  within 
but  fading,  equal  along  the  suhemarginate  dull),  which  becomes  oval 
or  subobsolete.  '  SPORES  almond-shaped,  broadly  elliptical,  dis- 
tinctly tuberculate,  9-11  x  6-7  micr.  BASIDIA  36  x  9  micr.,  4-spored. 
ODOR  mild.     TASTE  of  flesh  and  pellicle  of  cap  mild. 

Subcaespitose  in  clusters  of  few  individuals.  On  the  ground, 
among  grass  in  frondose  woods  of  oak,  maple,  etc.  Ann  Arbor. 
October-November.     Rare. 

This  attractive  species  was  found  only  twice.  The  cap  and  gills 
are  deep  green  when  fresh,  while  the  stem  is  pale  blue.  The  color 
of  the  cap  and  flesh  soon  fades  to  pale  yellowish  except  near  the 
gills.  The  axis  of  the  stem  is  composed  of  softer,  paler,  fibrous 
tissue  which  fades  quickly  and  disappears  in  part  leaving  the  stem 
tubular.  The  bulb  is  not  truly  depressed-marginate  unless  in  the 
button  stage  which  was  not  seen.  The  species  is  related  to  G. 
scaiirus,  but  the  pileus  is  differently  colored,  not  "tiger-spotted, '^ 
and  the  stem  not  solid.  The  gills  and  stem  are  also  more  brightly 
colored  than  in  that  species.  It  may  be  an  American  variety.  The 
spores  agree  closely  with  the  measurements  given  by  Ricken  for 
G.  scaurus.  It  differs  from  G.  prasinus  in  the  glabrous  pileus,  in 
stature,  and  in  the  spores,  which  according  to  Ricken  are  13-16  x  6-7 
micr.  in  size.  Specimens  were  seen  from  Madison,  Wisconsin. 
45 


354  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

***GiUs,  flesh  or  stem  yellow,  fulvescent,  or  ferruginous. 
338.     Cortinarius  fulgens  Fr.  ; 

Epicrisis,  1830-38. 

Ilhistratious :     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  710   (doubtful). 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  223   (doubtful). 

PILEUS  0-15  cm.  or  more  broad,  firm,  broadly  convex  to  plane, 
bright  orange  to  orangc-jiilvous,  disk  orange-ferruginous,  someivhat 
inrgatc  streaked,  very  viscid  when  moist,  margin  incurved  at  first. 
FLESH  thick,  yellowish  then  alutaceous.  GILLS  dilute  yellow  then 
deep  ferruginous-orange,  emarginate,  hroad,  close,  edge  entire. 
STEM  1-7  cm.  long,  15-25  mm.  thick,  firm,  solid,  yellow,  covered  hy 
the  dense  rusty-stained  fibrils  of  the  cortina,  equal  or  subequal 
above  the  large,  depressed-marginate  hull).  SPORES  almond-shap- 
ed, abruptly  apiculate,  0-12x0-7  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  subgregarious.  On  the  ground  in  open  beech  woods. 
Ann  Arbor.     September.     Infrequent. 

This  large  species  is  here  interpreted  in  the  sense  of  Fries  as 
expressed  in  his  unpublished  plates  at  Stockholm.  Authors  are 
not  agreed  as  to  its  identitA'  as  shown  by  their  plates,  different  spore- 
measurements,  etc.  Fries'  plates  show  larger  plants  than  indicated 
in  his  description,  although  he  says  they  are  "showy,  robust  and 
golden."  His  figures  of  this  and  the  following  species  show  that 
the  virgate  appearance  of  the  pileus  of  C.  fulgens  was  to  his  mind 
one  of  the  essential  differences.  The  microscope  has  shown  that 
probably  several  species  are  included  under  the  old  ones.  Speci- 
mens from  Bresadola  with  spores  15-18  x  9-10  illustrate  this  view. 
C.  phyllophilus  Pk.  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.,  157,  1912),  seems  to 
•approach  our  specimens  rather  closely. 

339.     Cortinarius  fulmineus  Fr.  var.  sulphureus  var.  nov. 

Epicrisis,  1830-38. 

Illustration :     Plate  LXXI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  sulpliur-yellow, 
scarcely  changing  to  darker,  sometimes  with  spot-like  scales  on  the 
disk,  viscid,  even,  glabrous.  FLESH  thick  on  disk,  yellow  or  yellow- 
ish-white, rather  soft.    GILLS  aduate,  then  emarginate,  moderately 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  355 

broad,  close,  sidphur-ijelloio  at  first,  finally  ochraceous-cimiamon, 
edge  becoming  eroded.  STEM  short,  3-5  cm.  long,  8-18  mm.  thick, 
dry,  pale,  sulphur-yellow,  sometimes  merely  yellowish-white,  yellow- 
ish within,  sometimes  compressed,  subfibrillose  then  glabrescent  and 
shining,  equal  above  the  shallow,  marginate-depressed  hulh  which 
is  yellowish  beneath  and  attached  to  a  yellow  mycelium.  CORTINA 
scanty,  whitish.  SPOKES  almond-shaped,  slightly  rough,  ventri- 
cose,  8-10  X  4.5.5  micr.  BASIDIA  30  x  7-8  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR 
none.    TASTE  mild,  of  pellicle  not  bitter. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  among  humus,  in  frondose 
or  mixed  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View,  New  Richmond.  Septem- 
ber-October.    Infrequent. 

When  young  the  whole  plant  is  pale  sulphur-yellow,  sometimes 
paler  but  uniform  in  color.  In  this  respect  it  differs  markedly 
from  C.  fulmineus  as  described.  The  fiigures  of  the  unpublished 
plates  of  Fries,  however,  show  a  much  less  orange  or  fulvous  plant 
than  is  indicated  by  the  descriptions.  It  is  paler  than  C.  elegant- 
ioidcs  and  lacks  the  bitterish  taste  of  the  pellicle.  In  the  list  of 
the  9th  Mich.  Acad.  Rep.  it  was  referred  to  C.  sulphurinus  Quel., 
which  differs,  in  the  sense  of  Ricken,  in  having  much  larger  spores. 
Our  variety  agrees  quite  closely  in  the  size  of  the  spores  with  the 
European  C.  fulmineus  as  given  by  Ricken  and  Saccardo. 

340.     Cortinarius  elegantior  Fr.  var. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustration:     Ricken,  Die  Blatterpilze,  PI.  38,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  7-15  cm.  broad,  compact,  firm,  convex  then  expanded, 
at  length  wavy  and  depressed,  taiouy -yellow  to  ferruginous,  gla- 
brous, even,  with  a  very  viscid,  separahle  pellicle.  FLESH  whitish 
or  tinged  ochraceous,  thick.  GILLS  adnate  becoming  emarginate, 
close,  rather  broad,  yellowishrjmlUd  at  first,  at  length  rusty-cinna- 
mon, edge  serrate-eroded.  STEM  4-6  cm.  long,  10-25  mm.  thick, 
solid,  pallid,  hecoming  rusty-yelloio,  fibrillose  from  the  abundant 
cortina,  equal  above  the  margiivate  hulh  which  is  scarcely  depress- 
ed, hecomes  rusty-yelloio  and  is  attached  to  a  yellowish  mycelium 
which  forms  mycorhiza.  SPORES  almond-shaped,  elliptical,  tuber- 
culate,  12-14  x  7-8  micr.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Subcaespitose  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground,  among  leaves,  in 
frondose  woods.    Ann  Arbor.    October.    Rare. 


356  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

This  species  forms  mycorhiza  on  the  red  oak ;  the  yellow  mycelium 
was  found  connecting  the  mushrooms  and  the  rootlets  of  the  tree 
and  on  examination  the  latter  were  found  to  be  ectotrophic  my- 
corhiza. Our  plants  depart  somewhat  from  the  descriptions  of  the 
European  C.  elegantior,  but  the  spores  and  color  and  other  major 
characters  are  the  same.  It  may  be  considered  as  a  variety  until 
more  extensively  collected.  It  differs  from  G.  fiilgens  in  its  large 
spores,  the  pallid  color  of  the  very  young  gills  and  stem  and  the 
serrate  edge  of  the  gills.  The  color  changes  markedly  to  rusty 
or  fulvous  as  the  plant  becomes  mature.  The  bulb  is  not  as  large 
and  depressed  as  in  C.  fulgens.  In  the  European  plant  the  color 
shades  slightly  into  olive,  as  in  our  C.  elcgantioides. 

341.     Cortinarius  corrugatus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

Illustrations:  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  58,  Fig.  8-15,  1000. 

White,  Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  15,  PI.  21, 
3910. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  broadly  campanulate,  obtuse,  viscid 
when  moist,  coarsely  and  radiately  corrugate  or  reticulate,  tojvny 
or  yelloicisli-jerruginous,  varying  to  yellow  or  ochraceous.  FLESH 
white,  tliin  on  margin.  GILLS  adnate,  rather  broad,  close,  trans- 
versely striate,  pallid  or  obscurely  purplish-tinged  at  first,  soon 
ferruginous-cinnamon,  edge  eroded  at  length.  STEM  7-12  cm.  long, 
6-16  mm.  thick,  long  cylindrical,  often  fibrillose,  spongy-stutfed, 
often  hollowed  by  grubs,  scurfy  at  apex,  yellowish  or  tawny-yellow, 
with  a  rather  small,  rounded-oval  hulh  which  is  clothed  when  fresh 
by  the  thin,  tawny,  adnate  and  viscid  remains  of  a  universal  veil, 
pallid  or  concolor  within.  CORTINA  almost  lacking,  evanescent. 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  very  rough-tuberculate,  variable  in  size 
10-15x7-10  micr.  (usually  12-13x8-9  micr.).  BASIDIA  clavate, 
45-48x12  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  rather  pleasant.     TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  mossy  or  moist  ground  in  low 
or  swampy,  frondose  woods.  Vicinity  of  Detroit;  but  probably 
throughout  the  State.  July-October.  Not  infrequent  in  appropriate 
habitats. 

Tills  is  a  curious  species  whose  early  button  stage  alone  shows 
its  relation  to  the  subgenus  Bulbopodium.  Latter  there  is  no  margin 
noticeable  on  the  bulb,  and  no  sign  of  the  early  attachment  of  the 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  357 

cortiua.  The  cortina,  in  fact,  disappears  very  early,  if  present  at 
all.  In  the  young  stage,  however,  the  cap  has  a  much  smaller  width 
than  the  bulb,  and  appears  to  rest  upon  it  in  the  way  characteristic 
for  this  sub-genus.  The  species  is  easily  known  by  its  corrugated 
cap,  the  peculiar  yellow  or  tawny-yellow  color  of  the  long  stem 
and  the  large  spores.  Saccardo  quotes  the  size  of  spores  incorrectly. 
Peck  has  named  a  form  with  "appressed  spot-light  scales"  on  the 
pileus,  var.  subsquamosus. 

***^ Gills,  -flesh  and  stem  at  first  white,  pallid  or  pale  alutaceous. 

342.     Cortinarius  sublateritius  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  1901. 

"PILEUS  5-7.5  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  or  nearly  plane,  glab- 
brous,  viscid,  light  red,  margin  incurved.  FLESH  white.  GILLS 
aduexed,  emarginate,  close,  thin,  plane,  pallid  at  first,  becoming 
cinnanion,  STEM  short,  3-6  cm.  long,  G-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or 
slightly  tapering  upward,  stuffed,  silky,  tvhitish,  ahruptly  hiilhous. 
SPORES  ventricose-elliptic,  abruptly-short,  pointed  at  each  end, 
rough-tuberculate,  10-12.5  x  5-G.5  micr. 

"Woods.    Westport,  N.  Y.    October." 

The  description  is  adopted  from  that  of  Peck  who  says  it  is  ap- 
parently related  to  C.  testaceus  Cke.  w^hich,  according  to  Maire  is 
C.  rufo-olivaccus  Fr.,  but  from  which  it  differs  in  its  smaller  size, 
stuffed  stem  and  smaller  even  spores.  It  also  differs  from  C.  riihens 
in  the  spore  character,  as  I  satisfied  myself  by  a  study  of  the  type 
specimens  at  Albany,  N.  Y. 

343.     Cortinarius  multiformis  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  708,  709. 

Quelet,  in  Grevillea,  VI,  PI.  104,  Fig.  4. 
Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  39,  Fig.  1. 
Plate  LXXII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  soon  convex  then  expanded-plane,  regu- 
lar, canescent-ivhite-hoary  when  young,  viscid,  soon  ochraceous-buff, 
becoming   pale   ferruginous-orange,   with    a   separable   pellicle,    at 


35S  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

leiijltli  soinewliat  dry  aiul  subsliiiiing,  someliine.s  wrinkled  in  age 
from  Ihc  drying  glnlen,  margin  inrolled.  FLESH  pallid-white  at 
tirst,  at  length  some^^■]lat  discolored,  sublutescent.  GILLS  atten- 
uate-aduate,  then  emarginate,  close,  not  broad,  at  first  whitish,  then 
alutaccous-cinnamon,  edge  eroded  at  maturit3\  STEM  4-9  cm.  long, 
](»-l'(l  mm.  thick,  spongy-solid,  subfibrillose,  white  at  first  then  aluta- 
ceons,  c^ual  above  the  marginate  or  sometimes  scarcely  marginate 
hiilb,  wliicli  becomes  oval  at  length.  CORTINA  white,  scanty, 
fiigucious.  SPOKES  subfnsiform-elliptical,  scarcely  at  all  rough, 
7-0x4-5.5  micr..  pale,  >tot  hecoming  rusty.  BASIDIA  25-30x7-8 
micr.    ODOK  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarions.  On  the  gronnd,  in  mixed  woods,  so  far  only  collected 
in  the  conifer  regions  of  the  State.  Baj^  View,  New  Eichmond, 
September.     Infrequent. 

The  button  stage  is  white  or  whitish  throughout,  but  during 
development  it  discolors  more  or  less,  assuming  yellowish  or  rusty- 
ochraceous  shades.  Our  plants  never  become  as  deep  orange-rusty, 
so  far  as  I  have  seen,  as  do  the  Euroi)ean  plants.  Specimens  col- 
lected near  Stockholm,  showed  a  tendency  to  change  from  white  in 
the  button  to  tawny-orange  in  age.  The  species  is  distinct  from 
others  in  the  peculiar  delicate  hoary-white  covering  of  the  young 
jdant,  which  sometimes  remains  on  the  surface  of  the  pileus  as 
hoary  spots  even  after  expansion.  This  may  be  considered  as  a 
form  of  universal  veil,  but  is  quite  different  in  texture  from  the 
universal  veil  of  the  first  section.  This  hoariness  is  best  seen  when 
plants  are  growing  in  dry  weather,  and  reminds  one  of  that  of 
Pholiota  caperata.  The  spores  and  gills  are  rather  pale  for  a  Cor- 
tinarius,  and  the  species  therefore  approaches  Hebeloma. 

344.     Cortinarius  intrusus  Pk.    (Edible) 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  23,  p.  41G,  1890. 
Illustration:     Plate  LXXIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2.5-0  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  soon  plane  and  sub- 
depressed,  glabrous,  ichitish  to  dull  clay-color,  sometimes  tinged 
tawny-ochraceous  or  reddish,  viscid  when  moist,  even  or  radiately 
wrinkled.  FLESH  whitish,  thin.  GILLS  rounded  behind,  adnexed 
or  almost  free,  thin,  close,  not  broad,  ichitish  at  the  very  first,  soon 
creamy-yellowish  to  tawny-ochraceous,  finally  umler-lrown,  edge 
subcrenulate.    STEM  3-0  cm.  long,  4:-10  mm.  thick,  stuffed  to  hollow, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS 


359 


whitish,  at  length  stained  by  the  spores,  even  or  striate  above, 
minutely  floccose  at  first,  glabrescent,  equal  or  tapering,  more  or 
less  ahrupthj  bulhoiis.  SPORES  elliptic-oval,  smooth,  6-7.5x4-5 
micr.,  brownish-cinnamon  in  mass.  BASIDIA  25-26x5-7  micr.,  4- 
spored.  Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills,  small,  capitate,  as  in  Galera. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  slightly  of  radish. 

Singly  or  in  small  clusters  in  mushroom  beds,  in  flower  beds  in 
conservatories,  plant  pots,  etc. 

In  the  winter  months.  Received  from  green-houses  in  Michigan; 
reported  from  various  points  in  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Massa- 
chusetts. 

To  quote  from  Dr.  Peck,  ''Its  habitat  is  peculiar,  but  it  possibly 
finds  its  way  into  conservatories  and  mushroom  beds  through  the 
introduction  of  manure  or  soil  or  of  leafmould  from  the  woods. 
It  seems  strange  that  it  has  not  been  detected  growing  in  the  woods 
or  fields."  Mcllvaine  says,  "Several  pints  of  it  were  collected  in 
February — usually  a  famine  month  for  the  mycophagist.  The  crop 
continued  well  into  the  sirring.  They  grew  on  the  ground,  in  beds 
among  plants,  and  with  potted  plants  in  a  hot-house.  The  species 
is  delicate,  savory  and  a  most  accommodating  renegade  of  its  kind." 

This  species  is  not  only  unusual  in  its  selection  of  a  place  to  fruit 
but  also  departs  somewhat  from  the  usual  generic  characters  of 
the  genus  Cortinarius.  Its  spores  are  of  a  peculiar  color  and  in 
some  respects  it  resembles  the  genus  Hebeloma,  and  may  yet  be  re- 
ferred to  that  genus.  Its  development  has  not  been  suiiiciently 
studied. 

345.     Cortinarius  albidus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Museum,  Rep.  44,  1891. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PL  3,  Fig.  1-4. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex,  then  expanded,  ichite  or  ichitish, 
even,  glabrous,  tcith  a  separable,  viscid  pellicle,  shining  when  dry. 
FLESH  thick,  white.  GILLS  adnexed-emargiuate,  moderately 
broad,  close,  thin,  tchitc  at  first,  then  pale  alutaceous  to  cinnamon, 
edge  even.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  8-16  mm.  thick,  solid,  white,  fibril- 
lose  from  the  cortina,  ivith  an  oblique,  margiuate-depressed  bulb, 
attached  to  white  mycelium.  CORTINA  white,  copious.  SPORES 
elliptical,  scarcely  rough,  9-11x5-6.5  micr.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
mild. 


3G0  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

(jrejrarions.  On  llio  ijrmiiKl  in  l(^\v,  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor. 
Septoinl)er-Octol>er.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  the  wliite  color  of  all  its  parts,  although  the  pileus  may 
become  bull"  in  age  and  sometimes  the  bulb  is  discolored  somewhat 
by  rusty  hues.  It  differs  from  pallid  forms  of  G.  multiformis  in  its 
spores  and  larger  bulb. 

SUBGENUS  PHLEGMAGIUM:  Stem  dry,  firm,  exposed  from 
the  'beginning,  becoming  clavate-bulbous  to  equal,  never  marginate-, 
bulbous;  cortina  superior,  collapsing  on  the  upper  or  medium  por- 
tion of  tlie  stem.     Pileus  with  a  viscid  pellicle. 

This  includes  the  sections  "Cliduchii"  and  ^'Elastici"  of  Fries. 
The  development  from  the  "button"  stage  is  very  different  from 
that  of  the  subgenus  Bulbopodium.  The  stem  is  evident  from  the 
first,  and  the  cortina  is  necessarily  attached  differently,  connecting 
stem  and  margin  of  i)ileus.  A  universal  veil,  similar  in  structure  to 
that  of  the  preceding  subgenus,  may  be  present  in  the  young  stage' 
and  in  such  cases  persists  under  favorable  conditions  as  delicate 
shreds  or  as  a  closely  adnate  sheath  to  the  lower  part  of  the  elon- 
gated stem.  Of  the  European  species  which  have  this  veil,  e.  g.  G. 
cumatilis  Fr.,  G.  varicolor  Fr.,  G.  triumphans  Fr.,  etc.,  only  one 
has  been  with  certaintv  observed  in  this  countrv.  Details  on  this 
point,  with  respect  to  American  species,  are  also  not  at  hand,  so  that 
I  am  compelled  to  arrange  our  species  on  a  merely  temporary  basis. 
The  number  of  Michigan  species  which  belong  to  this  subgenus  that 
have  so  far  been  observed  are  relatively  few,  and,  except  for 
the  type  specimens  of  Peck's  species  which  have  been  examined,  I 
have  seen  few  collections  that  can  be  placed  here. 

Section  I.    Universal  veil  clearly  manifest. 

346.     Cortinarius  triumphans  Fr. 
Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  141,  Fig.  1. 
Oillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  252. 
Cooke.  Til.,  PL  G92. 
Kicken,  P.liitterpilze,  PI.  41,  Fig.  2. 

PI  LET'S  .j-in  cm.  l)road,  ccmvex-plane,  obtuse,  viscid,  spotted  witli 
superficial  patches  of  the  veil,  or  glabrous  and  appressed-subtomen- 
tose  on  drying  especially  on  disk,  even,  apricot-yellow  to  ochraceous- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  361 

orange  (Ridg.),  finally  becoming  tawny.  FLESH  soft,  white,  thick 
on  disk.  GILLS  at  first  adnate-subdecurrent  then  sinuate  to  emar- 
ginate,  close,  moderately  broad,  at  first  caesius-ichitish,  then  ochra- 
ceous-buff  to  argillaceous,  edge  entire.  STEM  8-12  cm.  long,  1-2  cm. 
thick  above,  clavate-bulbous  or  rounded-bulbous,  solid,  at  first 
sheathed  by  a  whitish  universal  veil  which  is  at  length  broken  into 
yelloivish-ochraceous  annular  patches  terminating  above  in  a  ring. 
SPORES  elliptical,  almond-shaped,  12-15x0-7.5  micr.,  tuberculate, 
rusty-yellow.    ODOR  and  TASTE  slightly  of  coal-tar  or  radish. 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  forests  of  balsam- 
fir.  Adirondack  Mountains,  North  Elba,  New  York.  Collection 
Kauff'man.     September,  1914.    Rare. 

A  large,  northern  species  agreeing  in  all  respects  with  specimens 
which  I  collected  at  Stockholm,  Sweden.  The  collapsed  cortina 
unites  with  the  upper  portion  of  the  universal  veil  to  form  a  band- 
like annulus.  It  was  reported  from  New  York  by  Peck  in  N.  Y. 
State  Mus.  Bull.  150,  1910.     Not  yet  found  in  Michigan. 

347.     Cortinarius  maculipes  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  1901. 

"Pileus  3-G  cm.  broad,  convex,  becoming  nearly  plane,  glabrous, 
but  covered  tcith  a  tenacious  gluten,  bay-red,  becoming  paler  with 
age.  FLESH  whitish.  GILLS  thin,  close,  rounded  behind,  slightly 
adnexed,  lohitish  at  first,  becoming  brownish-cinnamon.  STEM  5-7.5 
cm.  long,  0-12  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  tapering  upward,  sub- 
radicating,  solid  or  stuffed,  silky-fibrillose,  scaly-spotted,  sometimes 
slightly  annulate.  SPORES  elliptical,  scarcely  rough,  7.5-9  x  5-0 
micr." 

The  pileus  of  dried  specimens  is  chestnut-brown  and  shining, 
Saccardo  gives  the  spore-measurements  much  larger,  which  is  clearly 
an  error.  Peck  says  "its  prominent  characters  are  the  dark-colored 
pileus  smeared  with  tenacious  gluten,  the  pale  young  gills  and  the 
spotted  stem.  The  spots  are  formed  by  the  brown  fibrils  that  at 
first  coat  the  stem,  and  resemble  those  of  Armillaria  megalopus 
Bres."  as  shown  in  Fung.  Trid.,  PI.  47.  These  scaly  spots  are  clearly 
the  remains  of  a  universal  veil.  The  type  specimens  are  of  moderate 
size. 


362  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Section  IT.     Universal  veil  not  manifest. 

*(lill.s  (it  first  violet,  hlidsji,  j)urpHsh  or  cacsioiis. 

348.     Cortinarius  sphagnophilus  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  29,  1878. 

• 

^TILErS  5-7.."^  nil.  brciad,  convex  to  expanded,  glabrous,  viscid, 
pate  broicii,  marked  iritli  (lark  iraterij  spots  especially  on  the  margin. 
(ilLLS  moderately  broad,  subdistaiit,  transversely  rugnlose,  at  first 
violaceous  then  cinnamon.  STEM  10-15  cm.  long,  silky,  striate, 
violaoeous-irhite,  tlien  cinnamon,  with  an  oval  bulb  at  base.  SPORES 
oblong-elliptical,  slightly  rough,  10-11.5  (rarely  12,5  micr.)  x  5.5-6 
micr.-' 

Found  in  sphagnous  marshes,  Xew  York.  The  description  is 
adai»ted  from  that  of  Peck  and  from  his  drawings.  The  pileus  is 
repi-esented  as  pale  smoky  brown,  the  stem  almost  white  and  with 
an  oval  bulb.    "The  spotted  pileus  is  a  distinctive  feature." 

349.     Cortinarius  lanatipes   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  42,  1889. 

"PILEUS  2.5-7.5  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  or  nearly  plane,  viscid, 
grayish,  often  tinged  with  yellow,  becoming  yellowish  or  subfulvous 
and  virgatc  with  innate  tawny  fibrils  when  old.  FLESH  whitish. 
Gills  adnexed,  narrow,  close,  pale  violaceous  at  first.  STEM  short, 
3-5  cm.  long,  (MO  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upward  above  the 
oval  bulb,  solid,  subannulate,  silky  above  the  annulus,  loosely  fibril- 
lose-tomentose  below,  white.  CORTINA  white.  SPORES  elliptical, 
7.8.5  X  4-5  micr." 

In  spruce  groves.  New  York.  September.  The  cortina  is  probably 
very  copious,  although  it  is  possible  that  a  white  universal  veil  is 
also  somewliat  in  evidence.  The  virgate  pileus  which  changes  color 
in  age  and  the  "woolly"  covering  of  the  stem  are,  according  to  Peck, 
the  distinguishing  marks.  The  tjpe-specimens  show  that  its  place 
is  in  tliis  group.  The  plants  are  not  large.  This  approaches  C.  glau- 
copus  Fr.  in  some  res]>ects. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  363 

350.     Cortinarius  claricolor  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1886-38. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icoues,  PL  142,  Fig.  2. 
Gillet,  Cliampignous  de  France,  No.  205. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  G93. 
Eicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  41,  Fig.  1. 
Quelet,  Grevillea,  ^'ol.  VI.,  PL  102,  Fig.  1. 

PILFiUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  obtusely  convex,  at  length  broadly 
convex  to  plane,  subdiscoid,  glntinons  when  moist,  shining  when 
drj',  even,  glabrons,  raw-sienna  color  to  oningc-huff  (Kidg.),  uni- 
coloroiis,  not  virgate,  margin  incurved  and  cortiuate.  FLESH 
compact,  ichiic,  thick  on  disk.  GILLS  emarginate-adnexed,  rather 
narroiv,  close,  at  first  caesious  to  pale  hrowmsh-drah  (Ridg.),  finally 
clay-color,  edge  erose-serrate.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  round-bulbous  to 
clavate-bulbous,  12-15  mm.  thick  above,  bulb  up  to  2  cm.  thick,  white, 
firm,  solid,  fibrillose  or  floccose-fibrillose.  SPORES  almond-shaped, 
8-10  X  5-6  micr.,  punctate-rough,  pale  rusty-ochraceous.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  among  spruce  and 
white  pine  needles.  Adirondack  Mountains,  North  Elba,  N.  Y. 
Sei^tember,  1915.     Collection  Kauffman.     Infrequent. 

The  cracked  surface  of  the  pileus  and  the  densely  floccose  stem, 
said  to  be  characteristic  of  the  species  in  Europe,  were  not  char- 
acters of  the  North  Elba  plants.  The  stems  however,  were  quite 
silky-fibrillose  with  white  fibrils.  The  universal  veil  is  lacking.  The 
spores  agree  only  with  the  measurements  of  Britzelmayr.  Other 
authors  give  larger  spores,  10-12  x  7-8  micr.,  and  segregation  may 
become  necessary.  The  bulb  may  be  subemarginate  at  first,  but  it 
is  not  depressed  and  the  cortina  is  superior. 

351.     Cortinarius  lapidophilus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  31,  1879. 

'TILEUS  5-7.5  cm.  broad,  at  first  hemispherical,  tlien  convex- 
expanded,  at  first  cinereous,  becoming  ochre-tinged,  often  crowded 
and  irregular,  virgate  with  appressed  fibrils.  FLESn  whitish. 
GILLS  crowded,  dark-violaceous  at  first,  then  argillaceous-cinnamon. 
STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  G-10  mm.  thick,  solid,  equal  or  slightly  thick- 


364  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

ened  at  tase,  whitish."  SPORES  (of  type  specimens)  broadly 
elliptic-oval  to  suhfiJohosc,  roii^li-pnnctate,  7-8-x  6  micr. 

Suhcac^pitosc.      I\ocky    soil    iu    woods,    New     York.      August. 

The  pileus  of  the  dried  type  specimens  is  dark  cinereous.  It  ap- 
pears to  approach  C.  infmctus  Fr.  in  some  of  its  forms  and  especially 
as  to  its  spores. 

352.     Cortinarius  copakensis  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  31,  1879. 

''PILEUS  3-7.5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  often  crowded 
and  irregular,  viscid,  corrugated,  pale  ochre  slightly  tinged  red. 
GILLS  broad  beliind,  subdistant,  violaceous  at  first,  the  interspaces 
vein}',  edge  eroded.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  rather  slender,  4-8  mm. 
thick,  equal  or  tapering  upivards,  stuffed,  silky,  whitish."  SPORES 
broadly  elliptical  to  suhglohose,  rough-punctate,  7-9.5  x  7  micr. 
'^^uhcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  woods.  New  York.  October." 
The  plants  are  not  large,  and  the  pileus  is  said  to  be  glabrous 
and  sliining  when  dry.  The  gills  are  alutaceous-cinnamon  in  the 
dried  type-specimens. 

353.     Cortinarius  albidipes  Pk. 

X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  157,  1912. 
Illustrations:     Ibid,  PL  128,  Fig.  1-6. 

"PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  compact,  hemispheric  then  broadly 
convex,  obtuse  or  subumbonate,  viscid,  glabrous  and  shining  w^hen 
dr}-,  huff  color.  Flesh  white.  GILLS  4-6  mm.  broad,  moderately 
close,  pale  violaceous  at  first,  cinnamon  when  mature.  STEM  5-8 
cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  thick  above,  clavate-hulhous  and  tapering  up- 
ward, firm,  solid,  silky-fibrillose,  wJiitc.  SPORES  subglobose, 
8-10  X  7-9  micr.    TASTE  mild. 

"Among  fallen  leaves  in  woods.    New  York.     September. 

"A  fine,  large  species,  easily  recognized  by  its  buff,  viscid  cap,  its 
violaceous  young  gills  and  its  wdiite  stem  thickened  or  bulbous  at 
the  base."  As  in  most  of  this  subgenus,  the  spores  are  said  to 
lodge  on  the  remains  of  the  white  webby  cortina,  and  form  a  con- 
spicuous rusty  or  cinnamon-colored  ring  near  the  top  of  the  white 
stem. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  365 

354.     Cortinarius  decoloratus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  729. 

Quelet,  iu  Grevillea,  Vol.  7,  PI.  107,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  iuff  or  pallid  clay- 
color,  regular,  viscid,  slightly  corrugate  when  dry.  FLESH  thin, 
watery,  soft,  white.  GILLS  adnate,  sometimes  subdecurrent,  sin- 
uate, close,  moderately  broad,  caesious  or  pallid-gray  at  first  then 
pale  cinnamon.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  thick,  equal  or  taper- 
ing upward,  stuffed  then  hollow,  whitish,  sometimes  striate  above, 
obscurely  spotted  with  ochraceous  shreds  of  the  veil.  SPOKES  sub- 
globose  to  oval,  almost  smooth,  8-9  x  6-7.5  micr. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  In  moist  places  in  frondose  woods. 
Ann  Arbor.     September.    Infrequent. 

A  closely  related  form  has  a  bitter  taste  according  to  some 
authors.  The  caesious  color  of  the  gills  is  soon  obscure  or  lacking. 
It  has  not  been  found  in  quantity  and  the  spores  of  our  plants  are 
slightly  too  large. 

^* Gills  at  first  olivaceous  or  sooty-olivaceous. 
355.     Cortinarius  infractus  Bres.  (ex.  Pers.) 

Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  2,  1892. 

Illustrations:    Ibid,  PI.  163. 

Cooke,  111.,  PL  704  (PL  705  as  C.  anfractus  Fr.). 

Quelet,  in  Grevillea,  Vol.  6,  PL  104,  Fig.  3  (as  C.  anfractus). 

Eicken,  Die  Bliltterpilze,  Plate  43,  Fig.  2,  et.  al. 

Plate  LXXIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  viscid,  glabrous, 
even,  dark  olive  or  sooty-olive  then  tinged  fulvous,  margin  broadly 
incurved,  then  spreading  and  often  with  a  broad  zone.  FLESH 
whitish  or  slightly  violaceous-tinged,  firm,  thick  except  on  margin. 
GILLS  narrowed-aduate,  sometimes  emarginate  or  spuriously  sub- 
decurrent, crowded  to  almost  subdistant,  rather  narrow,  sometimes 
broader,  dark  olive  or  sooty-olive,  at  length  umber,  edge  crenulate- 
eroded.  STEM  5-9  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  solid,  clavate  or  witli 
oval  bulb,  fibrillose,  dull  violaceous  above,  dingy  whitish  to  olivace- 


366  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

ous  below.  SPOKES  subglobose  to  oval,  rough-punctate,  7-8  x  5-6.5 
micr.  BASIDIA  30  x  7  micr.,  4-spoi'ed.  ODOR  slight.  TASTE  of 
pellicle  or  pileus  hitter. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  mixed  and  frondose  woods.  Aug- 
ust-October.    Ann  Arbor,  Marquette,  New  Richmond.     Infrequent. 

This  is  a  variable  species,  and  was  placed  by  Fries  under  two 
names:  ('.  infracttis  and  C.  anfractus.  Bresadola  combined  these 
and  gives  an  excellent  description.  Ricken  (Bliitterpilze,  p.  144) 
has  again  attemi)ted  to  segregate  them.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
forms  occur  which  might  be  kept  apart  on  the  basis  of  different 
shades  of  color,  stature,  etc.  Our  plants  often  have  narrow  aduate 
gills  but  luxuriant  specimens  occur  with  broad  gills.  In  all  forms 
which  seemed  to  belong  here,  the  pellicle  of  the  pileus  was  bitter. 
According  to  Ricken  this  would  be  C.  suhsimile  (Pers),  but  the 
colors  do  not  agree  with  that.  In  all  these  forms  the  spores  are 
said  to  be  practically  of  the  same  size  and  shape.  Further  studj-  on 
our  plant  is  necessarj'  if  they  represent  different  species. 

356.  Cortinarius  olivaceus  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

"PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  glabrous,  viscid, 
dark  brown  with  a  greenish  or  olivaceous  tinge.  FLESH  grayish. 
GILLS  close,  rather  broad,  at  length  ventricose,  dark  olivaceous  at 
first,  then  cinnamon.  STEM  G-8  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick,  equal, 
stuffed  to  hollow,  ivhite-violaceoiis,  thickened  below  with  an  oval 
bulb."  SPORES  elliptical,  very  rough,  tuberculate,  10-12.5x6-7.5 
micr. 

On  the  ground,  in  woods.  New^  York.  September.  A  study  of  the 
type-specimens  and  accompanying  drawings  show  that  this  species 
is  to  be  placed  in  the  present  subgenus.  The  spores  differ  markedly 
from  those  of  C.  infractus  and  C.  herpeticus,  both  in  size  and  shape. 
It  ai)j)roaches  C.  luteoftiscus  more  closely. 

357.  Cortinarius  longipes  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

"PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  convex  to  expanded,  slightly  fibrillose, 
viscid,  yelloicish  or  pale  ochraceous.  GILLS  close,  plane,  hrown- 
ish-olivaceous  at  first,  then  cinnamon.     STEM  elongated,  10-15  cm. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  367 

long,  6-8  mm.  thick,  tapering  upirard,  slightly  fibrillose,  whitish." 
SPORES  broadl}-  elliptical  to  siibglobose,  slightly  rough,  G-7.5  x  5-6 
micr. 

Ground  in  woods.    New  York.     September. 

Related  to  ('.  aiifractiis  by  the  spore-characters,  but  it  differs 
much  in  the  elongated  stem  and  color  of  pileus.  In  statue  it  is 
more  like  C.  opliiopus  Pk. 

358.  Cortinarius  glutinosus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  43,  1890. 

"PILEUS  2.5-7  cm.  broad,  convex,  glutinous,  hrownish-ochra- 
ceoiis,  margin  narrowly  involute.  FLESH  yellowish.  GILLS  ad- 
uexed,  rather  broad,  olivaceous.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick, 
solid,  whitish  or  pallid,  thickened  at  the  base,  scarcely  hulhous." 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical  to  subgiobose,  minutely  rough,  7-8  x 
5.5-6.5  micr. 

On  moss}'  ground,  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.     July. 

The  type-specimens  show  a  rather  medium-sized  plant;  the  pileus 
is  dark,  dull,  rufous-brown  when  dried,  the  gills  rather  broad  and 
not  crowded.  "The  prominent  features,"  says  Peck,  are  *'the  dull 
ochraceous  pileus.  olivaceous  gills  and  pallid  stem.  The  margin  of 
the  pileus  is  sometimes  rimose."  It  seems  related  to  C.  mjractus 
by  its  spores  and  gills,  but  is  apparently  distinct  because  of  the 
change  of  color  of  the  pileus  on  diying. 

***(r/?/s  at  first  yellow. 

359.  Cortinarius  luteo-fuscous  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

"PILEUS  5-6  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex,  even,  glabrous,  viscid, 
jmle  fuscous  to  sniolcy-hrown.  GILLS  deeply  emarginate,  rather 
broad,  rather  close,  yellow  at  first,  at  length  cinnamon.  STEM  9-10 
cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick,  equal  above,  icith  a  rounded-oval  hulb  below, 
solid,  silky-striate,  whitish."  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  obtuse, 
somewhat  rough,  12-13  x  6-7.5  micr. 

On  the  ground  in  woods.     New  York.     October. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  C.  olivaceus  Pk.  both  in  stature, 
habit  and  spore-size.    The  colors  differ  somewhat  and  it  needs  fur- 


368-  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

ther  fcitiuly.  The  spores  are  given  too  large  in  the  original  descrip- 
tion. The  measurements  given  above  were  made  from  the  type 
specimens. 

**** Gills  at  first  ichite  or  paUid. 

360.     Cortinarius  coloratus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

Illustration:     Plate  LXXIV  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  broadly  campanulate  and 
discoid,  bright  rcddish-yelloiD  to  tawny-orangc  and  shining,  becom- 
ing dull  testaceous,  glabrous,  even,  sometimes  radially  cracked  on 
drying,  loith  a  viscid  pellicle,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH 
whitish,  thick  except  margin,  firm,  compact.  GILLS  adnate  at 
first,  becoming  emarginate,  rather  hroad,  close,  rigid  becoming 
crisi^ed  on  drying,  thin,  ichitish  or  pallid  at  first,  then  pale  clay- 
color  to  cinnamon-brown,  not  reaching  the  margin  of  the  pileiis,  edge 
paler.  STEM  5-12  cm.  long,  clavate-hulhous,  8-12  mm.  thick  above, 
20-30  mm.  thick  at  bulb,  solid,  firm,  at  first  white  and  silky-fibrillose 
from  the  cortina,  ichite  ivithin,  slightly  lutescent,  marked  at  times 
by  the  thin  remains  of  an  evanescent,  yellowish-tawny  universal  veil, 
attached  at  base  to  delicate  white  mycelioid  strands.  CORTINA 
white,  cobwebby,  not  very  copious.  SPORES  almond-shaped,  ellip- 
tical, distinctly  rough,  9-11  x  6-7  micr.  BASIDIA  35-40  x  8-9  micr., 
4-spored.     ODOR  and  TASTE  slight. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  among  fallen  leaves  in  frondose 
woods  of  oak,  maple,  etc.  Ann  Arbor.  September-October.  In- 
frequent. 

This  is  a  noble  species,  well-marked  and  brightly  colored  when 
fresh.  It  seems  closely  related  to  C.  saginus  Fr.  and  may  be  the 
American  form  of  that  species.  See  figures  of  C.  saginus  (Cooke, 
111.,  PI.  703,  and  Quelet,  in  Grevillea,  PI.  92),  which  show  a  much 
stockier  plant  without  the  reddish  color  which  pervades  the  pileus 
of  our  species.  The  universal  veil  is  almost  obsolete  and  leaves 
only  one  or  a  few  very  narrow  yellow-tawny  marks  across  the  stem. 
The  bulb  varies  from  heavy  clavate  to  rounded-oval,  depending  on 
the  amount  of  elongation  of  the  stem.  Vvlien  crushed  the  flesh 
sometimes  gives  forth  a  slight  aromatic-radishy  odor.  It  has  been 
collected  in  several  states. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  369 

361.     Cortinarius  ophiopus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  30,  1878. 

'TILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex  or  subcampaiuilate,  then  ex- 
panded, sometimes  irregular,  viscid,  glabrous,  reddish- i/ellou;  the 
paler  margin  sometimes  roughened  by  adhering  patches  of  the 
whitish  veil.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  close,  rather  broad,  Irown- 
ish-cimiamon,  edge  often  eroded.  STEM  10-15  cm.  long,  8-12  mm. 
thick,  equal,  long  and  usually  much  bent  or  variously  curved,  at 
first  shaggy-scaly  from  the  subcoucentrically  arranged  fragments 
of  the  copious  veil,  icliite  or  yellowish.  SPORES  elliptical,  in- 
equilateral, 11-12  X  6-7  micr. 

On  the  ground,  among  leaves  in  woods.    Maryland.    September. 

The  dried  type-specimens  have  much  the  appearance  of  C.  corru- 
gains  in  stature  and  colors,  with  a  yellowish  stem.;  the  spores,  how 
ever,  are  smaller,  and  the  bulb  seems  to  be  lacking. 

362.     Cortinarius  communis  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  ivhitish  with  a 
gray  tinge  at  first,  becoming  yellowish  or  brown  in  age,  su'bviscid, 
sometimes  reddish,  glabrous,  margin  decorated  at  first  by  white  fib- 
rils of  the  cortina.  GILLS  emarginate,  at  length  subdecurrent  by 
tooth,  medium  broad,  close,  white  to  pallid  at  first,  then  pale  ochra- 
ceous-cinnamon.  STEM  4-6  cm.  long,  4-6  mm,  thick,  stuffed  to  hol- 
low, equal  or  nearly  so,  curved  at  base,  mealy  at  apex,  subfibrillose, 
white  then  yellowish-stained.  SPORES  ventricose-elliptical,  9-10.5 
X  5-6  micr.    Smooth.    TASTE  slightly  bitterish.    CORTINA  white. 

Gregarious.  On  grassy  ground,  in  frondose  woods.  May.  Ann 
Arbor.     Infrequent. 

The  spores  and  gills  are  pale  brown  at  maturity,  and  in  this  re- 
spect depart  from  the  characters  of  the  genus.  As  Peck  has  pointed 
out  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  30)  it  is  much  like  Pholiota  in  these 
characters.  The  cortina,  however,  forms  no  annulus.  The  i»lants 
appear  early  with  us,  while  Peck  reports  it  for  September-October. 

SUBGENUS  IN0L03IA:     Pileus  and  stem  neither  viscid  nor 
hyproghanous.     Pileus  at  first  innately  scaly,  fibrillose  or  silky; 
flesh  rather  thick.    STEM  stout,  the  base  enlarged  and  tapering  up- 
ward, i.  e.,  clavate-bulbous.     Universal  veil  present  or  lacking. 
47 


370  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

This  sul)^('inis  is  composed  of  sj)ecies  wliich  have  the  stature  of  the 
larger  Telaiiioniae  but  iu  that  sugbenus  the  pileus  is  hygrophanous 
and  subglabrous  and  when  silky  or  tibrillose  the  fibrils  are  super- 
lieial.  A  few  si>ec'ies  are  included  here  wliicli  have  a  slight  hygro- 
phanous character.  A  few  more  are  added  which  have  a  rather  equal 
stem,  but  show  tlieir  attinity  by  the  stout  habit.  One  group  possesses 
a  universal  veil  wliich  persists  on  the  stem  in  the  form  of  an  adnata 
sheath  or  annulus.  In  my  paper  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.,  Vol.  32, 
J).  .305,  1905)  this  group  was  eliminated  from  the  diagnosis  of  this 
sul>genus  as  there  given,  but  further  study  has  convinced  me  that 
a  more  consistent  and  natural  arrangement  would  be  the  recog- 
nition of  the  universal  veil  under  it.  The  smaller  Inolomas  grad- 
ually approach  the  subgenus  Dermocybe,  so  that  the  species  of 
these  two  groups  cannot  always  be  readily  distinguished.  The 
stout  clavate  stem  and  scaly  pileus  throw  a  plant  into  the  Inoloma 
group,  while  the  small  size,  the  thin  flesh  of  the  pileus  and  the  more 
slender,  equal  stem  indicate  a  Dermocybe. 

Section  I.     Universal  veil  manifest  on  the  stem  in  the  form  of 
an  appressed  sheath. 

*Gills  at  first  violaceous,  lilac  or  purplish. 

363.     Cortinarius  alboviolaceus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PL  151,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  747  (faded). 
(Jillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  191. 
Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  14  op.  p.  05,  1905. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  237,  p.  295,  1908. 
Kickeu,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PL  44,  Fig.  5. 

PILEUS  3-fi  cm.  broad,  companulate  at  first,  then  convex  and 
broadly  umbonate,  dry,  beautifully  appressed  silky,  shining,  varying 
piile  violaceous  to  caesious-buff,  soon  silvery-white  and  scarcely  viola- 
ceous-tinged, even,  margin  persistently  decurved.  FLESH  thin  on 
margin,  caesious  or  tinged  violet,  surface  differentiated  into  a  thin 
layer,  up  to  15  micr.  thick,  composed  of  narrow,  horizontal  hyphae 
about  3  micr.  in  diam.  GILLS  at  first  adnate,  then  emarginate  or 
slightly  snbdecurrent,  close,  moderately  broad,  varying  pale  violet 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  371 

to  ushij-purpUsh  at  first,  soon  paler,  at  lengtli  cinnamoii-browu, 
edge  eroded-crenulate.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  clavate-thickened  at  or 
near  the  base,  narrowed  upwards,  5-9  mm.  thick  above,  up  to  20 
mm.  below,  spongj^-stuffed,  usually  peronate  hy  thin,  lohite,  appress- 
ed,  silky-interwoven,  soft  universal  veil,  violaceous  above  and  be- 
neath the  veil.  CORTINA  white.  SPORES  6.5-9x4-5  (rarely  10  x 
5.5),  elliptic-oval  to  narrow-elliptical,  scarcely  rough,  variable  in 
size.  BASIDIA  30  x  6-7  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 
MYCELIUM  white. 

Gregarious.  Among  leaves  or  in  deep  humus  of  hemlock,  mixed 
or  frondose  woods.  Throughout  the  State.  August-October.  Scarce- 
ly infrequent. 

It  is  possible  that  this  species  may  be  composed  of  an  aggregation 
of  several  forms.  One  form  has  more  uniform  and  smaller  spores 
and  the  surface  layer  of  the  pileus  becomes  subgelatinous  in  wet 
weather.  I  would  call  this  forma  pulchripes,  since  the  stem  is  beau- 
tifully marked  by  the  violaceous  color  above  the  white  sheath.  Its 
spores  measure  6-7.5  x  4-5  micr.  In  all  other  respects  it  shows  the 
characteristics  of  C.  alboviolaceiis.  All  forms  have  the  same  devel- 
opment. In  the  young  plant,  the  stem  is  relatively  stout  and  clavate- 
subconic,  with  a  more  or  less  helmet-shaped  young  cap,  scarcely 
broader  than  the  stem,  mounted  on  its  apex.  The  mature  stem  is 
somewhat  irregularly  ventricose-thickened,  sometimes  above  the 
base,  sometimes  truly  clavate-bulbous.  The  color  is  typically  viola- 
ceous-white but  varies  to  deeper  violaceous  in  the  gills  and  flesh  and 
the  very  young  button  is  deeper  violet  in  the  interior.  The  color 
fades  somewhat,  but  dried  specimens  always  show  the  gray  or  violet 
tints.  I  have  not  been  able  to  distinguish  C.  malachius  Fr.,  an 
European  plant,  in  this  region.  The  nearest  relative  of  C.  nmlachius 
with  us  seems  to  be  C.  obliquus  Pk. 

364.     Cortinarius  subpulchrifolius  sp.  nov. 

■     Illustration :    Plate  LXXV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  subhemispherical  at  first,  then 
broadly  convex  to  expanded,  often  gibbous,  obtuse,  not  hycp-ophan- 
ous,  innately  silky -tomentose,  glabrescent,  even,  grayish-buff,  be- 
coming ochraceous  or  rusty  stained  in  age,  margin  at  first  incurved, 
then  spreading  and  whitened  by  the  veil.  FLESH  thick,  com])act, 
pale  caesious  then  whitish.  GILLS  adnate  at  first,  becoming 
sinuate-subdecurrent,  broad,  subveutricose,  subdistant,  at  first  dull 


372  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

purple,  color  subpersisting,  at  lengtli  cinnamon-umber,  thickish, 
edge  entire.  STEM  stout,  5-10  cm.  long  (often  of  medium  length), 
10-15  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  enlarged  below,  firm,  solid, 
sheathed  bij  Hie  (Untinct,  oppressed,  dingy-white  universal  veil, 
whicli  terminates  at  or  above  the  middle  in  an  evanescent  floccose- 
liltrillose  ring,  sometimes  only  marked  by  the  thin  subannular 
patches  of  this  veil,  apex  violaceous  or  pale  drab,  whitish  to  drab 
within.  COKTINA  white,  rather  copious.  SPOKES  broadly 
elliittical,  distinctly  rough-punctate,  maturing  slowly,  9-10.5  x 
5-0.5  micr.,  rusty-umber  in  mass.  BASIDIA  36-40  x  9,  4-spored. 
ODOK  slightly  of  humus.    TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground,  among  fallen 
leaves,  in  frondose  and  mixed  woods.  September-October.  Ann 
Arbor,  New  Kichmond.     Bather  frequent. 

Tliis  species  approaches  C.  pulchrifolius  in  possessing  purple  gills 
which  remind  one  of  Clitocybe  ochrapurpiirea  except  that  they  are 
not  as  bright  as  in  that  species.  An  examination  of  the  type-speci- 
mens of  C.  jjuJehrijolius  showed  that  our  plant  is  distinct.  The 
spores  never  come  within  the  sizes  of  Peck's  species,  and  the  pileus 
has  no  reddish  shades.  The  dried  plants  are  also  different.  In 
spite  of  these  things  the  two  species  are  close  together.  Except 
for  its  lack  of  the  hygrophanous  flesh,  and  the  character  of  the 
surface  of  the  cap  it  also  approaches  G.  impennis  Fr.  and  C.  torvus 
nobilis  Pk.  The  universal  veil  is  usually  well-developed,  but  some- 
times the  remnants  show  only  as  thin  patches  on  the  mature  stem. 
The  purplish  color  of  the  gills  is  retained  to  late  maturity.  The 
spores  mature  slowly  and  the  measurements  mttst  be  made  from 
mature  plants.  It  must  not  be  mistaken  for  either  C.  torvus  Fr. 
nor  C.  impennis  Fr. 

365.     Cortinarius   pholideus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Tllnstrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  761. 

(inelet,  in  Grevillea,  Vol.  VII,  PI.  117,  Fig.  1. 
IJicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  46,  Fig.  4. 
Plate  LXXVI  of  this  Keport. 

PI  LET'S  4-8  cm.  broad,  hemispherical-campanulate  at  first, 
then  exi)anded,  broadly  umbonate,  surface  covered  by  dense,  innate, 
erect  or  sqiiarrose,  dark,  cinnamon-broicn  or  blackish -pointed  hairy 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  373 

scales,  fawu-color  at  first,  not  hygrophauous,  FLESH  thin,  slight- 
ly violaceous,  soon  whitish  or  sordid  brownish,  usually  infested  with 
larvae.  GILLS  narrowly  adnexed,  medium  broad,  close,  lilaceous 
at  first,  soon  clay  color  to  brown,  edge  entire.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long 
(sometimes  longer),  5-12  mm.  thick,  spongy-stuffed  and  tunneled 
by  larvae,  slightly  narrowed  upwards,  violaceous  or  lilac-tinged 
above  the  concentric,  squarrose,  brown  scales  which  represent  the 
sheathing  universal  veil.  CORTINA  sparse,  fibrillose.  SPORES 
oval,  rough-punctate,  6-7.5  x  5-5.5  micr.  BASIDIA  27  x  6  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  caespitose.  In  moist  forests,  near  decaying  debris 
or  on  very  rotten  logs,  in  the  conifer  regions  of  the  State.  Bay 
View,  Marquette.     August- September.     Infrequent. 

This  well-marked  species  is  probably  frequent  enough  in  its 
particular  localities.  I  have  collected  it  a  number  of  times  on  much 
decayed  wood  in  wet  places,  a  preference  which  authors  do  not  ap- 
pear to  have  noticed  for  it  elsewhere.  The  color  varies  somewhat 
as  to  the  shade  of  brown  which  the  veil  and  the  pileus  possess, 
but  the  characteristic  scales  of  the  cap  and  stem  serve  for  easy 
identification.  Two  European  species  approach  it  closely.  C. 
arenatus  Fr.  differs  in  its  entire  lack  of  violaceous  hues.  This  has 
been  reported  in  the  state  list,  but  it  is  probable  that  it  was  con- 
fused with  a  Pholiota.  C.  peniGlllatus  is  said  to  lack  the  squarrose 
scales,  as  well  as  the  violaceous  tints  of  the  gills  and  flesh.  C. 
asper  Pk,  may  be  only  a  variety  of  this  species. 

366.     Cortinarius  squamulosus   Pk.  .  _ 

N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 
Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  3,  Fig.  1-3. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  semiglobose  at  first,  then  convex  to  sub- 
expanded  and  broadly  umbonate,  surface  densely  appressed-tomen- 
tose  at  first,  soon  'broken  up  into  dense,  rather  large,  fihrillose 
scales,  sometimes  warty  on  disk,  brown  and  purplish-tinged  at  first, 
soon  chocolate-hroivn.  FLESH  thick  on  disk,  abruptly  thin  toward 
margin,  watery-spongy,  pinkish-white  to  grayish-white  at  first. 
GILLS  adnate  then  deeply  emarginate,  rather  broad,  close,  purpl- 
ish at  first,  soon  dark  cinnamon  to  cliocolate-hrown,  edge  minutely 
flocculose.  STEM  8-15  cm.  long,  stout,  swollen  near  the  base  into 
a  large,  ventricose-clavate  hulh,  tapering  below  the  bulb,  10-20  inin. 


374  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

thick  at  apex,  bulb  2  to  3  times  as  thick,  watery-spongy  within,  at 
tirst  puri>lish,  ftooi  chocoUitc-hroicn,  sometimes  subscaly,  sometimes 
tibiiUoso,  (innidatc  above  by  a  definite  band-like  eoUar.  CORTINA 
pallid  to  brownish,  closely  woven.  SPORES  G.5-8.5  x  G-6.5  micr., 
broadly  elliptical  to  subsphoeroid,  distinctly  rough,  dark  rusty- 
brown  in  mass.  BASIDIA  33  x  C  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR  somewhat 
spicy  when  fresh  becoming  strong  on  drying.    TASTE  at  first  mild. 

Gregarious,  sometimes  in  troops.  On  the  ground,  in  low,  moist, 
frondose  woods  or  swamps  of  maple,  beech,  etc.  Detroit,  Ann 
Arbor.     August-Sei)tember.     Infrequent. 

Easily  known  by  its  entirely  chocolate  color  when  mature,  the 
ventricose,  pointed  bulb  and  the  band-like  annulus.  It  absorbs 
water  in  rainy  weather  and  becomes  watery-spongy,  but  on  drying 
out  it  takes  on  a  tough  consistency.  It  can  scarcely  be  confused 
with  any  other  species.  Sterile  outgrowths  border  the  edge  of  the 
gills  so  that  they  appear  flocculose. 

367.     Cortinarius  erraticus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  42,  1889. 

"PILEUS  5-7.5  cm.  broad,  firm,  subcampanulate  or  convex,  ob- 
tuse, dry,  silky  or  obscurely  scaly  with  innate  fibrils,  canescent, 
often  becoming  (jrayisU-taiony.  FLESH  dingy  white.  GILLS  ad- 
nexed,  subdistant,  pale  tawny,  becoming  darker  with  age.  STEM 
5-10  cm.  long,  G-12  mm.  thick,  firm,  solid,  thickened  toward  the  lyase, 
white  and  tomentose  below,  violaceous  above.  UNIVERSAL  VEIL 
violaceous,  often  forming  an  imperfect  annulus  and  sometimes  re- 
maining in  fragments  or  floccose  scales  on  the  margin  of  the  pileus." 
SPORES  elliptical,  scarcely  rough,  7.5-10  x  5-6  micr. 

On  the  ground  in  groves  of  balsam.     New  York.     September. 

A  study  of  the  type-specimens  showed  that  it  has  a  universal 
veil,  and  that  the  spores  average  larger  than  the  size  given  by  Peck. 
The  color  of  the  gills  when  young  is  not  certain.  It  would  be  a 
rather  unusual  relation  to  find  the  apex  of  the  stem  violaceous  while 
the  young  gills  are  "pale  tawny."  For  this  reason,  I  have  included 
it  under  the  present  section,  where  it  probably  belongs. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  375 

**Gilh  icWiout  violaceous  or  purple  tints  at  the  first.  (Likewise 
pileus,  flesh  and  stem.) 

368.     Cortinarius  bolaris   Fr, 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustratious :     Cooke,  111.,  PL  7G0. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  199. 
Quelet,  in  Grevillea,  Vol.  V,  PI.  79. 
Eicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  46,  Fig.  2. 
Plate  LXXVII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  obsoletely  umbonate, 
variegated  iy  appressed,  pink-red,  saffron-red  or  cinnahar  red, 
hairy  scales  on  a  white  ground,  dry,  fading,  the  thin  incurved  mar- 
gin surpassing  the  gills.  FLESH  white,  tinged  creamy-yellow, 
thin.  GILLS  adnate,  close,  medium  broad,  distinct,  pallid,  soon 
pale  cinnamon.  STEM  .5-6  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  tapering  up- 
ward and  subequal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  covered  like  the  pileus  hy 
red,  fihrillose-hairy,  appressed  scales,  sometimes  subglabrescent, 
flesh  becoming  saffron  or  reddish  tchen  bruised.  CORTINA  white. 
SPORES  broadly  oval  to  subsphoeroid,  scarcely  rough,  6-7x5-5.5 
micr.  BASIDIA  30  x  6  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 
MYCELIUM  red. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  In  the  conifer  regions  of  the  State, 
in  mixed  woods  of  hemlock  and  beech.  Bay  View,  New  Richmond. 
August-September.     Infrequent. 

This  Cortinarius  is  known  by  its  delicate  hairy-fibrillose  orna- 
mentations on  the  cap  and  stem;  these  are  saffron-red  or  darker 
in  contrast  with  the  whitish  or  yellowish  flesh  beneath.  The  cap 
is  dry,  not  hygrophanous,  but  tlie  flbrillose  scales  appear  as  if 
glued  thereon.  This  must  not  be  confused  with  C.  rubripes  which  is 
markedly  different,  usually  very  glabrous  on  the  pileus  and  much 
larger.  The  figures  referred  to  above  illustrate  our  plant  well,  ex- 
cept that  of  Ricken  which  emphasizes  the  scales  and  shows  a  stem 
tapering  downwards.  The  decoration  on  the  stem  apparently 
represents  the  remnants  of  a  universal  veil. 


370  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

369.     Cortinarius  annulatus  Pk. 

X.  V.  State  Mus.  Rep.  43,  1890. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PL  2,  Figs.  1-4. 
Plate  LXXVIII  ol"  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-9  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  at  first,  then  sub- 
expanded,  obtuse,  drj",  disk  or  entire  surface  usualh^  covered 
u-'ith  innumerahle,  minute,  pointed,  erect  floccose  and  taivny 
scales,  sometimes  smooth,  ground  color,  goldeu-tawnj^  or  tawny 
yellow,  with  a  bronze  lustre,  margin  at  first  incurved. 
FLESn  thick.  Avhitish,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  hygrophanous. 
(JILLS  adnate,  becoming  emarginate,  rather  narrow,  4-9  mm.  sub- 
distant,  distinct,  at  first  pallid  ochraceous,  then  rusty-cinnamon, 
rather  rigid,  edge  paler.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  apex  8-1.5  mm.  thick, 
clavaic,  twice  as  thick  below,  sometimes  subequal,  peronate  three- 
fourths  to  apex  by  the  thin,  silky-woven,  appressed,  2J«?e  taivny  or 
yellowish  universal  veil,  which  terminates  above  in  an  obscure  ring, 
solid,  yellowish  within,  whitish  and  fibrillose  above  the  veil  from  the 
ivhite  CORTINA,  base  whitish,  arising  from  a  white  inycelium. 
SPORES  globose,  distinctly  rough,  6-7  x  5-6  micr.,  dark  rusty-brown 
in  microscope.  ODOR  of  radish.  TASTE  mild  or  slightly  as- 
tringent. 

Oregarious,  or  scattered,  sometimes  in  troops.  On  the  ground  in 
frondose  or  mixed,  rich  woods.  August-October,  usually  rather 
early.     Ann  Arbor,  Detroit.     Not  infrequent. 

This  species  seems  to  represent  the  American  form  of  C.  tophaceiis 
Fr.,  but  the  figures  of  that  species  as  given  by  Fries,  Cooke  and 
Quelet  do  not  remind  one  at  all  of  our  species.  It  is  not  easy  to 
l)ring  out  in  a  figure  the  metallic,  somewhat  glittering,  luster 
shown  by  a  typical  pileus  of  this  plant.  Ricken's  figure  of  C 
tophaceiis  comes  nearer  to  the  exact  color,  but  he  describes  that 
species  with  the  edge  of  the  gills  bright  yellow.  C.  annulatus  differs 
from  G.  fiavifolius  in  the  color  of  the  universal  veil  and  the  scaly 
pileus.  Specimens  have  been  seen,  however,  in  which  the  color  of  the 
]>ilens  varied  to  ochraceous  or  clav-color,  with  brown  scales.  The 
scales,  wlien  well-developed,  radiate  in  a  star-like  or  bird-foot  man- 
ner connecting  with  one  another  and  raised  in  the  center  to  a  needle- 
like point.  In  the  very  young  plant  the  surface  of  the  cap  is  merely 
densely  and  finely  toraentose,  this  layer  connecting  with  the  veil 
on  the  stem.    Sometimes  the  scales  are  almost  entirely  lacking  ex- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  377 

cept  on  the  center  of  the  disk.    G.  lutescens  Pk.  seems  to  represent 
the  hitter  condition.     (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  42,  1889.) 

370.     Cortinarius  flavifolius    Pk. 

N.  y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  41,  1888. 

Illustrations :    Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Plates  45  and  46,  Figs.  152 
and  153,  1900   (as  Cortinarius  ochroleucus) . 
Plates  LXXIX,  LXXX  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  4-15  cm.  broad,  (usually  4-8  cm.),  convex  then  expanded, 
almost  plane,  creamy-hujf  at  first,  sordid,  buff  to  ochraceous,  or  pale 
tawny-yellowish  in  age,  appressed  tomentose  or  minutely  fihrillose- 
scaly,  sometimes  only  silky-tomentulose,  margin  at  first  incurved. 
FLESH  thick,  abruptly  thin  toward  the  margin,  whitish,  scarcely 
hygrophanous  but  moist.  GILLS  adnate  then  emarginate,  siih- 
distant,  broad,  dull  pale  yelloicisli  at  first,  then  ochre-yelloiv,  finally 
yellowish-cinnamon  or  rusty.  STEM  4-12  cm.  long,  clavate  or  clav- 
ate-hulhous ,  6-18  mm.  thick  above,  15-30  mm.  below,  sometimes  sub- 
equal,  spongy-solid,  covered  at  first  hy  a  thin,  silky-woven,  oppress- 
ed wJiitish  universal  veil,  at  length  peronate  or  becoming  naked. 
CORTINA  white,  silky,  copious,  sometimes  forming  a  rusty-stained 
ring  above  the  veil.  SPORES  sphoeroid  to  oval-elliptical,  minutely 
but  distinctly  rough,  with  an  abrupt,  long  apiculus  (as  in  species 
of  Russula),  6-9x5-6  (inch  apiculus).  BASIDIA  36-40x6-7  micr., 
4-spored. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  rich  humus  or  among  fallen  leaves, 
in  frondose  woods-  of  oak,  maple,  etc.  Throughout  the  State.  Aug- 
ust-October.    Frequent. 

A  well-marked  plant,  often  of  large  size  and  distinguished  by  the 
white  universal  veil  which  forms  a  very  thin  sheath  on  the  stem, 
by  the  prevailing  silky-tomentulose  pileus  and  rather  broad  gills. 
It  was  referred  by  Peck  to  the  subgenus  Telaraonia,  but  the  flesh 
is  scarcely  hygrophanous,  and  the  pileus  not  glabrescent.  The 
gills  are  rarely  "rich  sulphur-yellow"  as  described  by  Peck, 
but  the  spores  of  the  tyi)e-specimens  are  described  above  and 
are  quite  distinct.  It  differs  from  C.  annnlatns  and  C.  croceocolor 
in  the  pale,  delicate  yellowish-white  colors  of  cap  and  stem.  It  is 
apparently  a  native  American  species.  C.  ncu-ficldieiisis  Ellis  of 
the  N.  A.  F.  exsiccati  No.  3052  is  identiciil. 


378  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

371.     Cortinarius  croceocolor    Kauff. 

Bull.  Toir.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  32,  1905. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  Fig.  5,  p.  314. 

Jour,  of  Mycology,  Vol.   13,  PI.  93,  1907. 
Mycologit-al  Bull..  Vol.  .5,  Fig.  240,  p.  314,  1907. 
riate  LXXXl  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  saffron-yeUoic, 
with  dense,  minute,  dark-hrown,  erect  sqnamules  on  disk,  scarcely 
hygrophanous,  not  striate.  FLESH  yellowish-white,  thick  on  disk, 
til  in  toward  margin,  slightly  hygrophanous,  scissile.  GILLS 
cadmium-yellow,  scarcely  subdistaut,  rather  thick,  emarginate, 
rather  broad,  width  uniform.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  clavate  or  clavate- 
bulbous,  9-15  mm.  thick  below,  peronate  three-fourths  of  its  length 
hy  the  chrome-yellow  to  saffron-yellow  universal  veil,  paler  at  apex, 
solid,  saffron-colored  within,  soon  dingy,  attached  to  strands  of 
yellowish  mycelium.  SPOKES  subsphoeroid  to  short-elliptical, 
6.5-8  x  5.5-6.5  micr.,  echinulate. 

Gregarious  or  solitary  in  mixed  w^oods,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  Xot  yet 
found  within  the  borders  of  the  State.  Probably  to  be  looked  for 
in  the  north.  The  whole  surface  of  the  pileus  has  a  velvety  ap- 
pearance and  feel.  The  entire  plant  is  often  saft'ron-colored.  It  ap- 
proaches C  callisteus  Fr.  on  the  one  side  and  C.  limoneus  Fr.  on 
the  other.  It  was  originally  placed  under  the  subgenus  Telamonia, 
but  the  present  characterization  of  Inoloma  admits  it  here.  C. 
croceofoUus  Pk.  seems  to  be  somewhat  related,  but  averages  much 
smaller  and  its  pileus  is  more  brown  and  lacks  the  scales,  and  the 
stem  is  not  peronate. 

372.     Cortinarius  ochraceous   Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Cab.  Report  23,  1872. 

PILEUS  .5-8  cm.  broad,  convex,  hroadly  suhuinhonate  or  gibbous, 
glabrous,  pale  ochraceous,  even  or  obscurely  wrinkled.  FLESH 
tliick.  whitish.  GILLS  emarginate,  rather  broad,  subdistant,  pallid 
if)  pale  ochraceous  at  first,  then  rusty-cinnamon.  STEM  5-10  cm. 
long,  rather  stout,  8-12  mm.  thick  at  apex,  clavate  or  clavate-lulh- 
ous,  bulb  20-38  mm.  thick,  fibrillose,  ochraceous  above  the  white,  ap- 
pressed,  sheath  of  the  universal  veil.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical, 
slightly  rough,  obtuse  at  ends,  9-11.5  x  6-7.5  micr. 

T'mlcr  l)alsam  trees.     New  York.     October. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  379 

The  original  description  has-  been  completed  by  a  study  of  the 
type  specimens  and  of  the  drawings  made  by  Dr.  Peck.  The  sheath 
on  the  stem  is  white  and  much  as  in  G.  flavifolius,  but  the  spores 
are  much  larger. 

373.     Cortinarius  canescens   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Rep.  42,  1889. 

"PILEUS  5-7.5  cm.  broad,  subcampanulate  or  convex,  obtuse  or 
somewhat  umbonate,  silky  or  scaly  with  innate  grayish  fihrils, 
whitish  gray  when  young,  tinged  with  yellow  or  rufous  hues  when 
old.  GILLS  thin,  subdistant,  rounded  behind  and  adnexed,  pallid 
at  first.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  thick,  solid,  ivhite,  equal  or 
tapering  upw^ard  from  a  large,  soft,  spongy,  clavate-thickened  lase, 
peronate  and  siibannulate  hy  the  silky  fihrillose,  ichite  veil." 
SPORES  elliptical,  subinequilateral,  slightly  rough,  10-12x5.5-6.5 
micr.    ODOR  not  marked.    TASTE  unpleasant." 

Gregarious.     In  spruce  groves.    New  York.     September. 

Peck  states  that  it  is  distinct  from  its  allies  by  the  absence  of 
violaceous  hues  in  the  young  gills.  The  pileus  of  the  dried  type 
specimens  is  of  a  dark  smoky-gray  color. 

374.     Cortinarius  squarrosus   Clements 
Botanical  Survey  of  Neb.,  1901. 

"PILEUS  2.5-3  cm.  broad,  campanulate  then  convex,  dry,  sub- 
umbonate,  clothed  on  disk  hy  dense,  squarrose,  uniber  scales,  fasci- 
culate-fibrillose  on  the  margin,  pallid  umber.  GILLS  slightly  ad- 
nate,  ventricose,  sometimes  uncinate,  fulvous  to  umher.  STEM  3-4 
cm.  long,  5  mm.  thick,  subequal,  hollow,  fibrous-fleshy,  clothed  with 
fulvous-umber,  subsquarrose  fibrils.  CORTINA  fibrillose.  umber, 
fugacious.  SPORES  irregularly  elliptical,  smooth,  12  x  6  micr. 
"Among  vegetation  on  the  ground  in  woods.  Nebraska." 
This  species  approaches  C.  pholideus  and  C.  sqnammulosus,  but 
the  spores  are  larger  and  the  gills  are  not  described  with  any  purpl- 
ish tint  when  young.    It  is  a  rather  small  Inoloma. 


380  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

Section  II.     Universal  veil  lacking  or  obsolete. 

*Gilh  lit  first  viohiccous,  purple,  lilac  or  caesious. 

375.     Cortinarius  violaceus   Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustratious :    Gillet,  Champiguons  de  France;,  No.  257. 
Fries,  Sveriges  iitlig.  o.  gift,  PI.  58. 
Peck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  48,  PI.  12,  1894. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  770   (deceptive). 
Patoiiillard,  Tab.  Analyt,  No.  127.      (Immature.) 
.  White,  Conn.  State  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  15,  PI. 
23. 
Eicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  44,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  convex,  obtuse,  subexpanded,  dry,  dark 
violet,  covered  with  villose,  minute  siiberect  tufts  or  scales,  at  length 
metallic-shining.  FLESH  rather  thick,  varjdng  gray  to  dark 
violet,  not  becoming  purple  when  bruised.  GILLS  adnate,  becom- 
ing sinuate  or  emarginate,  thick,  hroad,  suhdistant,  very  dark 
violet,  becoming  ashy-cinnamon.  STEM  7-12  cm.  long,  long  and 
stout,  clavate  or  clavate-bulbous,  10-15  mm.  thick  above,  dark  violet, 
filtrillose,  spongy  in  the  rounded  bulb,  violaceous  within,  bulb  large. 
SPORES  large,  rough,  broadly  elliptical,  12-16x7-9  micr.  (often 
10-18  micr.  long,  then  smoother  and  more  elongated).  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  Among  mosses,  fallen  leaves  and  debris 
of  conifer  woods.  Found  only  once  in  Michigan ;  Isle  Royale,  Lake 
Superior.  Frequent  at  North  Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains,  New 
York.     August-October. 

A  striking  species,  not  to  be  confused  with  dry  specimens  of  the 
viscid-capped  species,  such  as  0.  purpurascens,  C.  sphaerosperma, 
etc.  The  stem  is  usually  long  as  compared  with  these,  and  the  cap 
correspondingly  smaller.  The  peculiar  metallic  luster  of  the  dry 
mature  pileus  was  observed  in  both  our  native  collection  and  in 
Sweden.  Both  also  had  the  characteristic  fine-hairy-scaly  surface 
not  easily  shown  in  figures  but  approached  by  Fries.  No  photo- 
graphs exist  wliicli  show  this  character  well.  The  abnormally  large 
spores  were  present  in  both  our  own  and  the  Swedish  plants.  The 
whole  plant  is  at  first  dark  deep  violet  with  an  indigo  tinge.     Al- 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  381 

though  nearly  always  meutioned  in  the  "lists"  of  various  American 
writers,  its  local  or  northern  distribution  leads  me  to  suspect  that 
other  species  have  been  mistaken  for  it.  It  seems  to  be  more  fre- 
quent in  the  east. 

376.     Cortinarius  lilacinus   Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

Illustration :     Plate  LXXXII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-9  cm.  broad,' firm,  hemispherical,  then  convex,  minute- 
ly silky  or  glabrous,  lilac-colored,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH 
very  thick  on  disk,  compact  and  firm,  tinged  with  lilac.  GILLS 
adnexed,  rounded  behind,  rather  broad,  thick,  close  to  subdistant, 
sometimes  transversely  rivulose,  lilac  at  first,  then  cinnamon,  edge 
entire.  STE^NI  stout,  6-12  cm.  long,  with  a  very  large  clavate  hulh, 
15-20  mm.  thick  above,  bulb  2-4  cm.  thick,  solid,  compact,  bulb 
spongy,  fibrillose,  lilaceous.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  rather  ob- 
tuse, scarcely  rough,  8-10  x  4.5-6.5  micr. 

Gregarious.  In  low,  moist  swampy  places  in  mixed  or  frondose 
woods.    Detroit,  Marquette.    August-September.    Infrequent. 

The  lilac  color  persists  in  the  dried  specimens.  The  bulb  is  much 
broader  in  the  young  plant  than  the  unexpanded  pileus.  It  is 
quite  distinct  from  G.  alhoviolaceus  in  habit  and  stature,  as  well 
as  color.  The  color  of  the  pileus  is  like  that  of  the  European  C.  tra- 
ganus  Fr.,  and  so  is  the  general  shape  of  the  plant,  but  that  species 
is  quite  distinct  by  a  strong  odor  and  by  its  ochre-yellow  gills  at  the 
first.  More  slender  plants  have  been  found  which  apparently  be- 
long here  and  these  are  not  easily  distinguished  from  the  related 
species  such  as  C.  argentatus,  C.  oUiquus,  etc.,  except  by  the  color. 

377.     Cortinarius  argentatus  Fr.  var. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     (Fries,  Icones,  PI.  152,  Fig.  2    of    C.    campJwr- 
atus.) 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  745  (771  of  C.  comphoratus). 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  194. 

PILEUS  5-9  cm.  broad,  convex  to  almost  plane,  silveryviolaceous- 
whitish,  sometimes  with  a  lilac  or  amethystine  tinge,  dry,  beauti- 


382  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

fully  appressed  silky,  even,  not  unibouate.  FLESH  whitish  or  at 
first  tinged  violaceous,  thick  on  disk,  abruptly  thin  on  margin. 
(rILLS  narrowly  sinuate-adnate,  narrow,  close,  pale  violaceous, 
rarely  deep  violaceous  at  lirst,  soon  pale  alutaceous-cinnamon,  edge 
minutely  eroded-crenulate.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  10-20  mm.  thick, 
solid,  suhecjual  (ihorc  tJie  oral-biilbons  or  rounded-hiilhous  base,  bulb 
sometimes  subemarginate,  not  depressed,  sometimes  subobsolete, 
soon  sih-ery-violaceous-u-hitish,  at  first  somewhat  deeper  violet  at 
apex,  concolor  within,  at  first  subfibrillose  from  the  violaceous-white 
CORTINA,  then  innately  silky,  not  at  all  peronate.  SPORES 
elliptical,  slightly  rough,  7-9.5x5-0  micr.  BASIDIA  30x9  micr., 
4-spored.     ODOR  mild.     TASTE  slight. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  woods  of  white  pine  and 
beach  or  in  low  frondose  woods.  Detroit,  New  Richmond.  Septem- 
ber,    Infrequent. 

This  seems  to  be  intermediate  between  C.  argentatus  and  G.  cam- 
plioratus,  and  differs  from  both  in  the  more  abrupt  bulb  than  is 
shown  by  the  figures  of  those  plants.  On  the  other  hand,  variations 
occur  in  the  same  collections  in  which  the  clavate-bulbous  condi- 
tion is  present.  On  several  occasions  single  plants  were  found, 
which  agreed  with  the  others  except  that  there  was  present  a  dis- 
tinct, penetrating  odor,  of  an  earthy-radishy  nature.  I  have  here 
considered  them  all  the  same.  The  narrow  gills  are  always  close, 
sometimes  crowded,  and  this  distinguishes  it  from  the  preceding. 
The  surface  of  the  pileiis  is  scarcely  or  not  at  all  differentiated 
into  a  pellicle  or  other  layer  although  a  very  slight  viscidity  de- 
velops if  the  plant  is  kept  enclosed  for  a  time  in  a  tight  receptacle. 
In  habit,  size  and  paler  gills  it  differs  markedly  from  C.  oNiquus. 
There  is  im  universal  veil. 

378.     Cortinarius   obliquus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Miis.  Bull.  54,  1902. 
Illustrations :    Ibid,  PI.  L,  Figs.  1-5. 

PILEUS  3-6  em.  broad,  broadly  convex,  subexpanded,  dry,  silky- 
fibrillose,  violaceous-white  or  grayish-white,  margin  at  first  incurved. 
FLESH  thickish  on  disk,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate,  thickish,  nar- 
now,  heliotrope-purple  to  deep  lavender  at  first,  at  length  cinna- 
mon-brown, close,  obscurely  transversely  rivulose,  edge  minutely 
crenulate.     STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  short  and  rather  stout,  6-12  mm. 


1 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  383 

thick  above,  solid,  sillcy-fibrillose,  whitish,  violet-tinged  within  and 
without,  equal  above  the  abrupt,  depressed-marginate,  oblique  bulb. 
SPORES  narrowly  elliptical,  slightly  rough,  7-9.5  x  4.5-5.5  micr., 
rather  variable.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  froudose  or  mixed  woods.  August- 
September.     Detroit,  New  Richmond,   Marquette.     Infrequent. 

Well  marked  by  the  white  or  grayish- white  pileus,  the  deep 
violet  or  almost  amethystine  or  heliotrope  color  of  the  yoiung  gills 
and  the  oblique,  flattened  bulb  of  the  stem.  It  has  a  dr^^  pileus, 
without  a  viscid  pellicle  and  must  not  be  confused  with  the  species 
of  the  subgenus  Bulbopodium.  When  young,  the  color  of  the  gills 
is  in  sharp  contrast  with  that  of  the  cap  and  stem.  C.  brevipes  Pk. 
(41  St.  Rep.  X.  Y.  State  Mus.)  cannot  be  placed,  without  further 
study. 

379.     Cortinarius  pulchrifolius  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  33,  1880.  '        . 

"PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex  or  expanded,  obtuse,  silky- 
fibrillose,  whitish  or  reddish-gray,  the  margin  whitened  by  the  veil. 
GILLS  emarginate.  broad,  subdistant,  bright  purple  or  violet- 
purple,  then  umber.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick,  solid, 
cylindrical  above  the  clavate  or  oral  bulb,  silky-fibrillose,  white, 
often  tinged  violet,  violaceous  within.  CORTINA  copious.  SPORES 
elliptical,  rough,  10-12.5  x  6.5-7.5  micr." 

Oak  woods.     September.     New  York.     Rare. 

''This  rare  species  is  Avell-marked  by  the  peculiar  color  of  the 
young  gills,  which  resembles  that  of  the  gills  of  Clitocybe  ochropur- 
purear  A  study  of  the  type  showed  the  spores  to  be  markedly 
larger  than  in  my  C.  subpulchrifolius,  and  without  the  peronate 
stem.     I  have  not  collected  it. 

380.     Cortinarius  rimosus   Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  1896. 

'TILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  or  plane,  glabrous,  at 
■first  pale  grayish-violaceous,  then  tinged  reddish-brown,  the  surface 
cracking  into  appressed  scales  or  becoming  variously  rimosc. 
FLESH  whitish.  GILLS  emarginate,  rather  broad,  distant,  sub- 
ventricose.  violaceous  at  first,  becoming  brownish-ochraceous.  STEM 


3S4  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

4-S  cm.  long,  S-12  mm.  thick,  equal  to  slightly  enlarged  at  base, 
white  and  silky  with  the  white  veil,  tinged  violaceous  within." 
SPOIvES  elliptical,  rough,  obtuse  at  ends,  9-12x5.5-6.5  micr. 

''Grassy  ground  in  open  places,  thin  woods,  New  York. 
September.  A  rather  large  and  stout  plant,  remarkable  for  the 
tendency  of  the  epidermis  to  crack  in  areas.  The  thin  margin  is 
often  split."  Peck  considered  it  to  be  near  C.  canlnus  Fr.  and  C. 
azurciis  Fr.,  but  its  stout  habit  seems  to  bring  it  closer  to  this 
group.  It  must  be  remembered  that  other  species  often  have  a 
rimose  pileus  under  certain  weather  conditions. 

381.     Cortinarius  braendlei  Pk. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  32,  1905. 

"PILEUS  7-12  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex,  silky,  broiumsh-lilac,  often 
varied  by  yellowish-brown  stains,  margin  at  first  incurved  and 
covered  by  the  grayish-white  silky  cortina.  FLESH  lilac,  especial- 
ly in  the  young  plant.  GILLS  adnate,  slightly  rounded  behind, 
narrow,  close,  eroded  on  the  edge,  grayish  tinged  with  lilac.  STEM 
5-7  cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  thick,  stout,  solid,  silky-fibrillose,  'bulbous^ 
white  or  whitish,  bulb  often  pointed  below.  SPORES  oblong- 
elliptic,  obscurely  granular,  12-15  x  7-8  micr.     ODOR  of  radish. 

••Among  fallen  leaves  in  woods.  Washington,  D.  C.  October. 
Sometimes  the  pileus  loses  all  its  lilac  color  and  becomes  wholly 
vello  wish-brown." 

383.     Cortinarius  rubrocinereus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  33,  1880. 

"PILEUS  5-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  silky-fibrillose, 
reddish-cinereous.  FLESH  at  first  violaceous.  GILLS  emarginate, 
rounded  behind,  subdistant,  dingy  violaceous  at  first,  soon  pale  cin- 
namon. STEM  4-5  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  thick,  short,  solid,  oval-hulb- 
oils,  silky-fibrillose,  whitish  tinged  with  violet."  SPORES  8.5-11.5 
(a  few  up  to  11)  x  G-7.5  micr.,  variable  in  size,  broadly  elliptical, 
obtuse  at  ends. 

"Gregarious.  On  sandy  soil.  New  York.  September.  Closely  re- 
lated to  C.  pulchrifolius,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  its  darker 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  385 

colored  pileus  and  differently   colored  gills.     CORTINA  whitish- 
cinereous." 

383.     Cortinarius  clintonianus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

"PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  to  expanded,  with  a  few  ap- 
pressed  silky  fibrils  {jialc  dingy  hroivnish-tan) ,  more  or  less  tinged 
with  gray.  GILLS  close,  moderately  broad,  dull-violaceous  at  first, 
then  cinnamon.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  rather  slender,  4-6  mm.  thick, 
tapering  upward  from  a  subclavate  base,  violaceous  ahove,  silky 
fibrillose.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical  to  suhglohose,  rough-punct- 
ate, 7-8x6-7  micr." 

Ground  in  woods.  New  York  State.  September-October.  A  re- 
vised description  is  given  above,  from  the  study  of  the  type-specimens 
and  the  accompanying  colored  figures.  The  cap  is  said  to  be  "red- 
dish-brown," but  if  so,  the  colors  of  the  drawing  are  very  pale. 

**Gills  at  first  yellow,  clay-yellow,  or  pale  cinnamon.  (Becom- 
ing rusty-cinnamon  or  watery-cinnamon  in  age.) 

384.     Cortinarius  callisteus   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PL  153,  Fig.  2. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  774  and  864. 

PILEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  convex  to  subcampanulate,  subumbonate, 
moist  but  not  hygrophanous,  deep  chrome-yellow  to  ochraceous- 
fulvous,  not  fading,  innately  silky,  glabrescent,  margin  at  first  in- 
curved and  silky.  FLESH  thick,  thin  on  margin,  whitish  or  tinged 
yellowish.  GILLS  adnate,  subdistant,  moderately  broad,  yellow  at 
first  then  argillaceous  to  rusty-cinnamon,  edge  entire.  STEM  4-9 
cm.  long,  clavate-hulhous,  8-10  mm.  thick  above,  2  to  3  times  as  thick 
below,  tapering  upward,  firm,  solid,  yelloio  (luteus)  within  and 
without,  streaked  longtitudinally  with  fulvous  innate  fibrils.  COR- 
TINA fugacious,  sometimes  adhering  at  first  to  the  margin  of  the 
pileus,  yellowish-white.  SPORES  elliptical-oval,  7-8.5  x  5-5.5  micr., 
rough.    ODOR  weak,  subnitrous. 

Gregarious.     On  the  ground  in  mixed  hemlock,    pine    and    oak 
woods.     Ithaca,  New  York.     September.     Rare. 
49 


386  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

This  species  differs  from  the  yellow-gilled  group  of  the  preceding 
section  in  the  obsolete  or  absent  sheath  on  the  stem,  Ricken  has 
described  and  figured  a  species  under  this  name  with  a  minutely 
squarrose-scaly  pileus  and  a  differently  shaped  stem.  Our  plant 
seems  to  lit  the  Friesian  species  more  closely  than  his,  and  the 
spores  agree  with  those  of  specimens  from  Stockholm,  Its  colors 
and  shapely  form  make  it  an  attractive  species.  It  does  not  appear 
to  occur  often.     The  colors  become  deeper  in  age, 

385.     Cortinarius  autumnalis   Pk. 

N,  Y,  State  Cab,  Rep,  23,  1872, 

Illustration :     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  236,  p,  294,  1908, 

^'PILEUS  5-9  cm,  broad,  convex  to  expanded,  dull  rusty-yelloic, 
variegated  or  streaked  with  innate  ferruginous  fibrils,  GILLS 
moderately  broad,  close,  with  a  wide,  shallow  emargination,  at 
lencjtli  rusty-yeUoic.  STEM  6-10  cm,  long,  10-12  mm,  thick,  equal 
above  the  oval  bull),  pale  rusty-yellow,  solid,  firm,  FLESH  white."' 
SPORES  elliptical,  slightly  rough,  7.5-9  x  4-5  micr, 

"Pine  woods,  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania.  November." 
This  is  a  somewhat  confusing  species.  Including  the  type,  I 
have  seen  specimens  from  several  sources  so  named,  but  have  not 
been  able  to  refer  any  of  my  collections  to  it.  The  descrip- 
tion as  given  by  Peck  is  incomplete  and  although  I  have  amended 
it  so  far  as  the  type-specimens  and  an  accompanying  drawing 
permits,  it  remains  uncertain  as  to  the  color  of  the  young  gills. 
The  specimens  of  Peck  show  that  it  changes  markedly  towards 
rusty  colors  in  age.  The  photograjDh  of  Hard  represents  a  plant 
which  appears  familiar  but  as  he  omits  a  description  of  his  own 
DO  certainty  can  be  felt  about  it, 

386.     Cortinarius  catskillensis   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

*'PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  convex  or  subcampanulate,  then  sub- 
expanded,  even,  grayish-drab,  (pale  ferruginous?)  variegated  with 
minute,  scattered  white  fibrils.  GILLS  deeply  emargiuate,  close 
to  subdistant,  rather  broad,  ivatery  cinnamon,  at  first,  becom- 
ing   darker    with    age.     STEM    6-9    cm,    long,    10-20    mm,  thick, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  387 

stout,  solid,  fibrillose,  whitish,  clavate-hulbous,  tapering  upward. ■' 
SPORES  narrowly  elliptical,  somewhat  pointed  at  one  end,  7-3  x 
4-4.5  micr. 

On  the  ground  in  open  places.  Catskill  Mountains,  New  York. 
October. 

The  colored  drawing  accompanying  the  type-specimens  shows  a 
stout,  clavate-bulbous  plant  with  a  grayish-drab  pileus.  Dr.  Peck 
told  me  the  pileus  never  had  any  reddish  hues  and  the  original 
description  of  a  "pale  ferruginous"  pileus  also  is  not  borne  out  by 
the  appearance  of  the  dried  specimens.  A  plant,  apparently  inter- 
mediate between  this  and  the  preceding  occurs  in  Michiggr. 
Cortinarius  rohustus  Pk.  belongs  under  this  division  but  like  that 
of  the  preceding  two  species,  the  description  is  insufficient. 

387.     Cortinarius  whitei   Pk. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  29,  p.  560,  1902. 

"PILEUS  6-12  cm.  broad,  hemispherical  at  first,  then  nearly 
plane,  with  a  lobed,  wavy  or  irregular  margin,  dry,  glabrous,  suh 
pruinose,  reddish  or  hroionish-orange,  verging  to  tawny.  GILLS 
deeply  and  broadly  emarginate,  subdistant,  reddish-brown  (?)  at 
first,  then  brownish-cinnamon.  STEM  7-12  cm.  long,  15-20  mm. 
thick,  long,  equal,  solid,  fibrous,  colored  like  the  pileus,  adorned 
with  darker,  fibrous  lines  or  striations.  SPORES  subglobose,  7-8  x 
7  micr. 

"Woods.     Mt.  Desert  Island,  Maine.     August. 

"A  large  species,  intermediate  between  Dermocybe  and  Telamonia, 
related  to  the  former  by  its  dry  pileus,  to  the  latter  by  its  general 
aspect  and  stout,  solid  stem."  It  is  placed  here  for  want  of  neces- 
sary additional  data  on  its  development.  Specimens  at  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden  have  every  appearance  of  belonging  to  Tela- 
monia. 

*** Gills  at  first  white  or  whitish. 
388.     Cortinarius  caespitosus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  42,  1889. 

"PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex,  often  irregular  from  its 
crowded  mode  of  growth,  pale  yellow  or  huff,  a  little  darker  on  disk, 


388  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

margin  silky-filtrillose.  FLESH  'ichite.  GILLS  aduexed,  rounded 
behind,  thin,  close,  rather  broad,  whitish  at  first,  then  subochraceous. 
STEM  ;5-7  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  thick,  subeqiial  above,  tvith  a  clauate- 
lulhoKS  base,  silky-fibrillose,  floccose-villose  at  apex,  subannulate, 
whiter      SPOKES    narrowly   elliptical,   pale,   smooth,   8-9.5x4-4.5 

micr. 

''Mossy  ground  in  open  places.  Catskill  Mountains,  New  York. 
The  caesjntose  mode  of  growth,  yellowish  pileus,  pale  gills  and 
white  flesh  distinguish  the  species." 

389.     Cortinarius  modestus   Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

"PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  convex  to  expanded,  subfibrillose,  even 
or  slightly  rugulose-wrinkled,  alutaceous.  FLESH  white.  GILLS 
close  adnexed,  moderately  broad,  nearly  plane,  j^dHid  at  first,  then 
cinnamon.  STEM  5  cm.  long,  4  mm.  thick  above,  clavate-bulbous, 
subfibrillose,  hollow  or  stuffed  with  white  pith,  concolor."  SPORES 
broadly  elliptical,  7-8.5  x  5-6  micr. 

"Ground  in  woods.  New  York.  September,  Distinguished  from 
C.  clintonmnus  by  its  paler  color,  more  bulbous  stem  and  entire  ab- 
sence of  the  violaceous  tinge  of  the  gills."  An  examination  of  speci- 
mens on  the  sheets  with  the  type,  showed  that  several  of  the  larger 
specimens  had  different  spores  and  could  not  belong  there.  It 
is  sometimes  caespitose.  In  size  it  approaches  the  Dermocybes,  and 
appears  to  be  close  to  C.  alhidifolius  Pk.  In  a  letter,  preserved  at 
the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  Peck  states  that  it  is  near  C. 
intrusiis  but  has  different  spores. 

390.     Cortinarius  gracilis   Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  2,  1887. 

PILEUS  1.5-4  cm.  broad  (occasionally  up  to  7  cm.),  conical  at 
first  and  Roods  brown  (Ridg.)  then  campanulate  and  margin  de- 
curved,  icith  a  proniinent  subacute  umbo,  pinkish-cinnamon  to  light 
vinaceous-cinnamon  (Ridg.)  when  drying,  subhygrophanous,  even, 
glabrescent,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  white-cortinate,  elsewhere 
silky-shining  with  innate  white  fibrils.  FLESH  very  thin  except 
on  center,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate  then  emarginate,  moderately 
broad,  close,  pallid  at  first,  soon  cinnamon  to  cinnamon-brown 
(Ridg.),  edge  at  length  crenulate-eroded.    STEM  5-15  cm.  long,  elon- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  389 

gated,  thickness  variable,  usually  4-8  mm.  thick  (rarely  up  to  15 
mm.),  cylindrical,  sometimes  tapering  upward,  at  length  flexuous, 
solid,  white  fibrillose-silky,  soon  pallid  or  tinged  fuscous,  concolor 
within,  glabrescent.  CORTINA  white,  persistent,  rarely  forming 
an  evanescent  ring.  SPORES  elliptical,  10-11.5x6  micr.,  smooth, 
pale  ochraceous  under  the  microscope.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Solitary',  scattered,  rarely  subcaespitose,  deeply  imbedded  at  base 
of  stem  in  sphagnum  and  mosses  in  balsam  and  tanmrack  swamps. 
North  Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.  Collection  Kauff- 
man.     September,  1911.     Frequent. 

Variable  in  size  of  cap  and  thickness  of  stem  but  very  distinct 
from  all  other  Cortinarii.  The  pale  colors,  the  conic-campanulate 
cap,  the  sphagnum  habitat  and  the  spores  distinguish  it.  The  type 
specimens  in  Peck's  herbarium  appear  to  have  been  specimens  of 
small  size.  Only  the  young  rapidly  developing  plants  show  the 
hygrophauous  character  well ;  they  soon  fade.  Although  the  species 
is  quite  frequent  in  the  swamps,  I  never  saw  a  well-developed  an- 
nulus  nor  definite  signs  of  a  universal  veil,  so  that  it  appears  to  be 
intermediate  between  Telemonia  and  Inoloma.  Occasionally  the 
stem  is  subclavate  below.  The  gills  are  not  dark  at  first  in  good 
specimens  and  Peck  may  have  had  young,  dry  weather  forms  in 
which  the  gills  sometimes  become  dark  prematurely.  It  would  be 
remarkable  to  find  the  young  gills  ''ferruginous-brown"  as  described 
by  Peck,  in  plants  colored  like  this  one. 

SUBGENUS  DERMOCYBE:  Pileus  and  stem  neither  viscid 
nor  hygroj)hanous.  Pileus  innately  silky  at  first,  glabrescent,  flesh 
thin.  STEM  equal  or  attenuated  toivard  apex,  stuffed  to  hollow,  at 
length  slender,  rather  rigid  or  exterior.  Universal  veil  rarely 
present. 

Composed  of  medium-sized  or  small,  rather  slender-stemmed  and 
often  elegantly  colored  plants.  The  cortina  is  fibrillose,  usually 
of  the  same  color  as  the  pileus.  Fries  says  "easily  distinct  from 
the  Inolomas  by  the  thinness  and  substance  of  the  pileus  and  by  the 
stem."  Several  species,  however,  approach  the  subgenus  Inoloma 
closely,  especially  those  Dermocybes  included  under  my  first  section. 
The  stem  of  the  species  of  Dermocybe  is  at  length  equal  or  attenu- 
ated and  this  character  combined  with  the  small  size  and  the  lack 
of  distinct  scales  on  the  pileus,  separates  them  from  the  subgenus 
Inoloma.  The  absence  of  a  truly  hygrophauous  pileus  distinguishes 
them  from  the  subgenus  Hydrocybe,  which  they  simulate  in  size. 
Some  of  the  species  are  quite  variable  and  many  intermediate  forms 


393  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

occur,  some  of  which  have  been  given  names,  especially  the  forms 
near  <\  cinnamomeus. 

Section   I.     Universal  veil  more  or  less  manifest,  evanescent. 

*Gi11s  at  first  violaceous  or  purplish. 

391.     Cortinarius  caninus    Fr. 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Eicken,  Die  Blatterpilze,  PI.  46,  Fig.  5. 
Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  31,  op.  p.  85,  1905. 

"PILEUS  G-10  cm.  broad  violaceous-fulvous,  soon  'beautifully 
rusty-fulvous  to  almost  orange-fulvous,  micaceous-glistening,  often 
almost  zoned  on  margin  hj  the  remains  of  the  veil,  sometimes  scaly- 
cracked,  campanulate-convex,  obtuse,  thin,  compact  on  disk. 
FLESH  pallid,  tinged  lilac.  GILLS  lilac-clay  color  at  first,  soon 
■svatery-ciniiamou,  at  length  cinnamon-fulvous,  emarginate,  broad, 
subUistant.  STEM  7-10  cm.  long,  10-20  mm.  thick,  jmUid,  at  length 
rusty-fibrillose,  narrowed  upwards,  elastic,  stuffed  then  hollow,  at 
first  almost  girdled  by  a  pallid  veil.  SPORES  globose,  8-9x7-8 
micr.    BASIDIA  30  x  9-10  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild." 

The  description  is  adajjted  from  Ricken.  It  has  been  reported 
several  times  from  this  country  but  I  have  never  recognized  it.  Ex- 
cept in  size  it  seems  to  approach  some  of  the  forms  of  C.  anomalus 
closely.  Saccardo  and  Stevenson  give  slightly  longer  spores.  Miss 
Marshall's  plant  had  a  disagreeable  odor. 

392.     Cortinarius  anomalus   Fr. 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones.  PL  154,  Fig.  2. 

Cooke,  111.,  I'l.  776.     (PL  8.50  as  C.  lepidopus  Cke.) 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  192  (as  var.  protcus). 
Ricken,  Die  Blatterpilze,  PL  47,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  hemispherical-convex  then  sub-expanded, 
obtuse,  even,  covered  ivhen  young  by  an  interwoven  appressed  gray 
silkiness,  becoming  paU  fulvous-alutaceous  when  expanded,  some- 
times tinged  at  first  with  a  violaceous-grayish  tinge,  at  length  glisten- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  391 

ing  with  a  micaceous  sheen.  FLESH  thin,  dark  grayisli-violet  at 
first,  soon  pallid^  not  truly  hygrophanous.  GILLS  adnate  at  first  be- 
coming sinuate-emarginate,  not  hroad,  close,  at  first  caesious,  violet 
or  grayish-purplish,  then  alutaceous-brown,  edge  lacerate-crenulate. 
STEM  at  first  clavate  and  10-18  mm.  thick,  then  elongated  and 
slender,  5-10  mm.  thick,  4-9  cm.  long,  spongy-stuped,  at  first  violet, 
soon  dingy  j)allid,  or  only  the  apex  violaceous-tinged,  gray-violet 
within,  when  fresh  dotted  with  dingy  ochraceous  to  yellowish  scales, 
glahrcscent  or  fibrillose,  soon  infested  with  larvae,  elastic  on  drying. 
SPORES  almost  spherical,  rough-punctate,  7-9  x  07  micr.  BASIDIA 
34x7  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  On  moist  debris  and  humus,  mosses,  etc.,  in  beech 
and  hemlock  woods.  New  Richmond.  September.  Infrequently 
found,  probably  not  uncommon  in  the  north. 

This  agrees  exactly  with  the  species  afonnd  Stockholm,  where  I 
first  saw  it.  It  is  sometimes  variable  especially  as  to  sh?.des  of  color 
and  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  dingy  yellowish  remnants  of  an 
evanescent  universal  veil.  When  mature  these  little  patches  on  the 
stem  are  scarcely  visible.  In  the  fully  developed  condition  the  vio- 
laceous colors  have  almost  or  entirely  disappeared  from  the  gills  and 
stem.  The  flesh  is  moist  or  shot  through  with  watery  streaks  when 
fresh  but  it  is  not  truly  hygrophanous.  C.  deceptivus  Kauff.  is  very 
close,  but  is  truly  hygrophanous  and  the  color  is  at  first  deeper. 
C.  lepidopus  Cke.  is  apparently  also  one  of  its  forms.  Cortinarius 
simulans  Pk.  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  2,  1887)  is  another  closely 
allied  species  and  perhaps  identical. 

393.     Cortinarius  spilomeus     Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  154,  Fig.  3. 
Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  47,  Fig.  2, 

"PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  to  expanded,  fuscescent,  rufescent 
or  argillaceous,  gibbous,  dry,  glabrescent,  fading.  FLESH  rather 
thin.  GILLS  emarginate  or  adnate,  crowded,  thin,  narrow,  caesious 
or  violaceous  at  first,  at  length  watery  cinnamon,  edge  very  entire. 
STEM  4-9  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  subequal,  stutt'ed  to  hollow, 
whitish,  tinged  lilac  or  violaceous  at  first,  variegated  hy  reddish  or 
fulvous,  delicately  appressed  mihconccntric  scales. 

''Very  elegant.     The  stem  is  colored  similarly  to  that  of  C.  holaris, 


392  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

hut  subequal  and  the  cortina  is  white."     In  C.  holaris  no  violet  is 
present  in  the  young  plant.     The  flesh  of  the  cap  is  thin. 

The  above  is  adapted  from  the  descriptions  of  Fries,  especially 
from  that  in  the  Icones,  where  elegant  figures  are  to  be  found. 
Peck  has  reported  it  from  New  York  and  it  is  desirable  to  get  data 
of  its  distribution  in  America.  It  seems  to  be  very  rare.  The  size 
of  the  spores  is  not  agreed  upon  by  European  writers.  Kicken  says 
they  are  C  x  5  micr.,  while  Saccardo  and  Stevenson  give  them 
8-9  X  7-8  micr.  One  collection  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie  seems  to  belong 
here  but  the  reddish  color  was  not  nearly  as  intense  as  in  Fries' 
figure. 


'&' 


Section  II.     Universal  veil  obsolete  or  lacking. 

*Gills  at  first  whitish  or  pallid,  or  tinged  slightly  with  violaceous 

or  grayish. 

394.     Cortinarius  subtabularis  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex  at  first,  then  plane  or 
obsoletely  umbonate,  discoid,  dry,  caesious  or  violaceous-drah  to  sil- 
very-fuscous, silky-sJiining  with  white  silky  fibrils,  even.  FLESH 
thin,  soon  pallid.  GILLS  adnate  then  sinuate,  rather  broad,  close 
but  distinct,  ventricose,  at  first  pallid  loith  obscure  violaceous  tints, 
at  length  cinnamon,  never  truly  violet  or  purplish,  edge  entire. 
STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  equal  except  a  slight,  suhahrupt, 
bulbillate  base,  apex  slightly  scurfy,  pale  violaceous-drab,  color  per- 
sistent, silky-fibrillose  and  shining,  sometimes  marked  at  the  base 
by  the  remnants  of  the  ichite  CORTINA,  stuffed,  hollowed  by  larvae, 
usually  strict,  later  flexuous  or  curved.  SPORES  elliptical,  scarcely 
rough,  9-10  X  .5  micr.  BASIDIA  30  x  7  micr.  ODOR  none  or  slight. 
TASTE  mild. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  among  or  under  fallen 
leaves  of  oak  and  maple  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  October-November. 
Frequent  locally. 

Characterized  by  the  peculiar,  small,  abrupt  bulblet  of  the  stem 
and  the  "ers'thrinus"  or  subviolaceous  color  when  fresh.  The  cap 
often  becomes  a  little  darker  or  stained  in  age,  while  the  color  of 
the  stem  is  more  apt  to  persist.  It  has  the  stature  of  an  Inocybe. 
The  young  gills  are  scarcely  of  the  "violet"  type.  It  seems  to  ap- 
proach C.  tabularis  Ft.  and  its  size  and  the  nature  of  the  cap  are 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  393 

fairly  well  shown  by  Cooke  (111.,  PL  783),  differing  however  in  the 
shape  of  the  stem  and  in  color.  Old  dried  specimens  sometimes  do 
have  the  color  shown  by  Cooke's  figure.  It  was  found  frequently 
in  the  region  between  Ann  Arbor  and  Detroit. 

395.  Cortinarius  brevissimus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888. 

'TILEUS  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex,  often  irregular,  at  first 
minutely  silky,  then  glabrous,  dingy-ivhite  to  argillaceous.  FLESH 
whitish.  GILLS  adnexed,  close,  at  first  pale  violaceous  then  whitish 
to  cinnamon.  STEM  very  short,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick,  equal, 
hollow,  silky-fibrillose,  white,  pale  violaceous  within.  SPORES 
broadly  elliptical,  6-7.5  x  5-6  micr. 

"Thin  woods.  Catskill  Mountains,  New  York.  September.  Re- 
lated to  C.  hrevijies  Pk.,  but  smaller,  with  a  hollow  stem  and  shorter 
spores." 

396.  Cortinarius  abidifolius   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888. 

"PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  convex,  subglabrous,  tvhitish  tinged  with 
yellow  or  pale  ochraceous,  the  epidermis  sometimes  cracking  and 
forming  scales.  FLESH  thin,  whitish.  GILLS  adnate,  emar- 
ginate,  subdistant,  whitish  at  first,  then  cinnamon.  STEM  5-8  cm. 
long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  enlarged  at  base,  solid,  ivhite 
but  variegated  loith  yelloivish,  fioccose  scales  helow,  silky-fibrillose 
above.    Spores  subglobose,  6-7.5  x  5-6  micr, 

"Woods.  Catskill  Mountains,  New  York,  September." 
Closely  related  to  this,  if  not  the  same,  is  a  species  occurring 
about  Ann  Arbor.  It  differs  mainly  in  its  slightly  larger  size  and 
stouter  stem ;  the  shred-like  appressed  scales  of  the  stem  are  dingy, 
not  yellowish  and  the  spores  are  slightly  larger,  subsphoeroid,  7-9 
micr.  The  cuticle  of  the  pileus  is  composed  of  differentiated, 
narrow,  horizontal  hyphae,  subgelatinous,  but  scarcely  subviscid  in 
moist  weather.  Its  dimensions  are  as  follows :  pileus  3-7  cm.  broad, 
stem  5-7  cm.  long,  5-12  mm.  tliick.  Both  forms  differ  from  C  ochro- 
leucus  Fr.  in  the  stem  being  enlarged  toward  the  base  and  in  the 
scale-like  remnants  of  a  universal  veil.  It  should  probably  be  in- 
cluded in  the  preceding  section.    It  is  possible  that  this  is  var.  (B) 


394  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

of  C.  ochrolcucus,  mentioned  in  ''Monograpliia,"  p.  57,  which  is  com- 
pared with  C.  scbaccoidcs  as  to  statnre  and  shown  as  an  almost  white 
plant  in  Fries'  lignrc  at  the  Stockholm  Mnsenm. 

397.     Cortinarius  ochroleucus    Fr. 

Svst.  Mvc,  1S21. 

Iliusti-ations:.    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  775. 

Quelet,  in  Grevillea,  Vol.  Y,  VI.  85,  Fig.  1. 

''PILEUS  -4-5  cm.  broad,  convex,  gibbons  and  obtuse,  even,  gla- 
Itioiis  nr  minutely  silky.  paUid-tvhitc.  FLESH  firm,  white.  GILLS 
liroader  behind,  adnexed,  then  seceding,  crowded,  ivhitish  at  first 
then  argillaceons-ochraceons.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  8-12  mm,  thick, 
solid,  liini.  rent ricose,  white,  naked,  except  apex  which  is  tibrillose 
from  the  cortina.''  SPORES  (8x4-5  micr.  Massee)  rarely  given. 
^•ODOR  none.    TASTE  bitterish:'' 

The  description  given  above  has  been  adapted  from  Fries'  ''Mono- 
graphia''  and  "Hymen.  Enrop."  The  species  is  occasionally  re- 
l»orted  from  this  conntry  and  is  not  Avell  understood,  not  even  in 
Europe  if  we  may  take  the  meager  notes  into  account.  .  The  figures 
refened  to  have  too  much  of  an  ochraceous  color  to  agree  with  de- 
scriptions. It  seems  to  be  rare  as  Fries  has  indicated,  and  its 
medium  size,  ventricose  or  downward-tapering  stem  and  bitterish 
taste  distinguish   it  from    any   American   plants    I   have   studied. 

398.     Cortinarius  sericipes   Pk. 
X.  \.  State  Mus.  Rep.  33,  1880. 

"I'jJ^EUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  conical  to  subcampanulate,  glabrous, 
chestnut  coJor.  often  darker  on  und)o.  GILLS  ascending  or  ven- 
tricose, narrowed  behind,  broad,  close,  ichitish  at  first,  then  tawny 
to  tawny  cinnamon,  Avhite  on  edge.  STEM  2-7  cm.  long,  slender, 
2-4  mm.  tiiick,  e(iual,  hollow,  silky-librillose,  slightly  mealy  at  apex, 
shining,  ichitc."  S1*0RES  almond-shaped,  large,  rough,  15-16x8-9 
micr.,  ventricose,  somewhat  pointed  at  ends. 

"Damp  ground  in  woods.     New  York.     October," 
The  type-specimens  indicate  a  slender  plant    with    the    Inocybe 
haliit.     The  spores  were  found  to  be  narrower  than  given  by  Peck. 
The  stem  seems  to  have  been  subaunulate  by  a  white  silky  zone. 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  395 

399.     Cortinarius  castanellus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mii8.  Eep.  29,  1878. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  umhonate,  in- 
nately silky,  shining,  glabrons,  even,  dark  cinnamon  to  chestnut 
color f  umbo  blackish,  streaked  blackish  when  old.  FLESH  thin, 
pallid.  GILLS  aduate  and  rounded  behind,  then  eniai-ginate,  close, 
moderately  broad,  pallid,  soon  cinnafnon-hroicn.  STEM  4-5  cm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal  or  attenuated  downwards,  dingy 
white  then  tinged  fuscous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glabrescent.  SPORES 
elliptical,  rough,  7-9  x  4.5-C  micr. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  bare  ground  "in  open  fields" 
and  borders  of  lakes.  Ann  Arbor.  (AYhitmore  Lake.)  October. 
Infrequent. 

In  color  it  resembles  C.  nigrellus  Pk.  but  that  species  is  almost 
twice  as  large,  with  a  distinct  universal  veil  and  smaller  spores. 
It  is  a  slender  plant,  reminding  one  of  the  Hydrocybes. 

400.     Cortinarius  basalis  Pk. 
5s.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  33,  1880. 

'TILEUS  1-2  cm.  btoad,  convex  then  expanded,  hairg,  tawny, 
FLESH  thin.  GILLS  subventricose,  imle  tawny  at  first,  cinnamon 
when  old.  STEM  2-2.5  cm.  long,  5-G  mm.  thick,  short,  hollow, 
fibrillose,  pallid  or  pale  tawny,  usually  with  a  slight,  webby  annulus 
below  the  middle  of  the  stem."  SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  7-8.5  x 
3-4  micr.,  pale  under  the  microscope. 

''Naked  soil  in  woods.  New  York.  Caespitose,  September." 
This  seems  to  approach  C.  impolitus  in  its  hairy  pileus  and  in 
size  and  color,  but  that  species  has  larger  spores,  hygrophanous 
pileus,  shorter  stem  and  grows  in  coniferous  woods.  The  plants  are 
small  and  tufted.  It  probably  has  pallid  gills  when  very  young 
since  the  change  of  color  indicated  by  the  description  is  very  un- 
usual. 


396  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

***GUIs  at  first  yellowish,    red    or    cinnamon.      (Usually    elegant 

plants.) 

401.     Cortinarius  cinnamomeus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  777. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  204. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  II,  No.  70. 
Kicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  47,  Fig.  6. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  239,  p.  298,  1908. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  48,  PI.  13,  Fig.  7-14. 

PILEUS  2-4.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  obtuse  or  subum- 
bonate,  umbo  often  vanishing,  yellowish-cinnamon,  yellowish-taivny, 
etc.,  silky  or  minutely  and  densely  scaly  fi-om  the  innate  or  op- 
pressed,  yellow isli  fibrils,  shining.  FLESH  pale  citron  or  straw- 
yellow,  rarely  deep-yellow,  thin.  GILLS  adnate,  varying  to  ad- 
uexed-emarginate  or  scarcely  subdecurrent,  rather  broad,  close  (not 
truly  crowded),  cadmium-yelloiv,  citron-yellow  or  cinnamon-yellow, 
shining.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick,  equal,  often  flexuous, 
chrome  to  citron  yelloiv  when  fresh,  darker  when  handled,  fibrillose, 
stutfed,  becoming  tubular,  olive-cinnamon-yellow  within,  attached  to 
a  yellow  mycelium.  CORTINA  citron-yellow,  fibrillose.  SPORES 
short  elliptical,  smooth,  6-7.5x4-4,5  micr.  (few  8x5  micr.)  BA- 
SIDIA  24  x  6  micr.,  4-spored.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  moist  rich  ground,  very  decayed 
wood  or  mosses,  in  conifer  regions,  in  sphagnum  swamps,  or  more 
rarely  in  frondose  woods.  Throughout  the  State,  Marquette,  New 
Richmond,  Ann  Arbor,  etc.     August-October.     Infrequent. 

This  species  is  usually  marked  "common''  by  the  writers  of  books 
or  lists;  a  statement  which  is  correct  enough  if  C.  semisanguincus 
and  its  forms  are  included.  The  segregated  plant  as  described 
above  even  with  its  variations  is  rarely  common  according  to  my 
experience  in  Michigan  and  about  Ithaca  and  North  Elba,  New 
York.  It  may  be  more  common  in  special  localities.  It  is  quite 
variable  and  Fries  says  "innumerable  forms  have  been  set  up  by 
authors."  The  colors  and  shape  vary  with  the  habitat,  so  that 
sphagiiuin  forms^  e.  g.,  have  longer  stems  and  shaded  pilei  deeper 
colors.  The  spores  of  the  American  plant  seem  to  be  slightly  smaller 
than  in  those  rei)orted  by  Saccardo,  Massee,  Ricken,  etc.,  and  in 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  397 

Swedish  specimens  collected  by  myself.  These  have  spores  measur- 
ing 7-8.5  X  4-5.5  micr.  The  following  species  seems  closely  related 
but  differs  in  the  spore-character. 

402.     Cortinarius  cinnamomeus  Fr.  var. 
Illustration:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  778  (as  G.  cmamomeus  var.). 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  campanulate  or  subhemispherical,  obtuse 
or  discoid,  umbonate,  regular  at  first,  then  wavy-margined,  oliva- 
ceous-cinna7noii-l)roi€n,  tinged  rufous  on  disk,  innately  and  minutely 
fibrillose-scaly  or  silky,  edge  incurved.  FLESH  yellowish-white, 
rather  fragile.  GILLS  adnate,  narrow,  close  to  crowded,  cadmium- 
yellow  with  olivaceous  tint,  thin,  eroded-crenulate  on  edge.  STEM 
5-0  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  thick,  slightly  enlarged  helow  and  tapering 
upward,  fibrillose-striate,  pale  yellow,  olivaceous-tinged,  becoming 
tubular,  yellowish-olivaceous  within.  CORTINA  yellow,  fibrillose. 
SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  7-9  x  4-5  micr.  ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  Among  mosses  in  a  sphagnum  swamp.  Bay  View, 
Ann  Arbor.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

Differs  from  C.  cinnamomeus  in  the  rufous  cast  on  the  pileus,  the 
narrow  gills,  subclavate  stem  and  slightly  longer  spores.  It  is  well 
represented  by  the  figure  of  Cooke  cited  above.  Variety  croceus  is 
smaller,  gills  less  crowded,  gills  and  stem  tinged  olivaceous.  (See 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  780.) 

403.     Cortinarius  croceoconus   Fr. 

Monographia,  1851. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  obtusely  conico-campanulate,  umbo  per- 
sisting, firm,  rufous-fulvous  to  fulvous-cinnamon,  silky,  dry,  even, 
subshining,  margin  incurved.  FLESH  whitish,  tinged  red  at  the 
upper  surface,  yellowish  toward  stem,  thick  at  umbo,  thin  elsewhere. 
GILLS  adnate  then  somewhat  seceding,  ascending,  rather  narrow, 
close,  pale  yelloio  at  first,  then  cinnamon,  opaque,  edge  minutely 
eroded.  STEM  elongated,  5-12  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  equal, 
flexuous,  fibrillose  with  rufous-fulvous  fibrils,  yellowish  within,  elas- 
tic, stuffed  then  tubular.  CORTINA  pale  rufous-fulvous,  becoming 
pallid,  subfibrillose.  SPORES  elliptical,  almost  smooth,  8-9.5x5 
micr. 


398  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Gi'e}2;arions  di-  .subcaespitose.  On  low,  mossy  ground  of  pine, 
])oi)l:u\  etc..  ncMi-  Stockliolm,  Sweden.     September,  1907. 

This  spccii's  lias  been  reported  at  various  times  in  America.  The 
fi-rures  of  Cooke  (111.,  Tl.  ZSO)  and  of  Gillet  (No.  210,  Champignons 
(le  France)  are.  however,  very  misleading.  The  above  description 
was  made  lioni  plants  whidi  I  collected  near  Stockholm.  It  seems 
probable  to  me  that  errors  have  been  made  in  referring  plants  to 
this  sj)ecies  ami  that  a  full  description  at  this  place  of  what  is  un- 
<lonbtedly  the  Friesian  plant  is  desirable. 

404.     Cortinarius  luteus    Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  43,  1890. 

"FI LEI'S  2o  cm.  broad,  conical  or  convex,  unpolished,  yellow, 
often  darker  on  disk.  FLESH  yellow.  GILLS  adnexed,  yellow, 
suhdistaiit,  moderately  broad.  STEM  equal,  5-10  cm.  long,  10-20 
mm.  thick,  stout,  solid  (!),  Silky-fibrillose,  yellow.  SPORES  sub- 
globo.se  or  broadly  elliptical,  7.5  x  6-7  micr. 

''Mossy  woods.     New  York.     July." 

This  seems  to  be  closely  related  to  the  preceding,  but  the  stem 
is  stouter  and  the  type-specimens,  show  the  gills  to  be  subdistant 
and  i-ather  broad.     The  spores  are  also  somewhat  different. 

405.     Cortinarius  aureifolius   Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  38,  1885. 

PILE  US  1-4  cm.  broad,  convex-campanulate,  then  plane,  cinna- 
moii-hioini  oi-  darker,  dry,  densely  tibrillose-tomentose,  sometimes 
scaly,  especially  on  <lisk.  FLESH  thin,  yellowish  brown  or  pallid. 
GILLS  adnate,  subventricose,  hroad,  close,  thin,  yelloiv  then  fer- 
riifiinons-ciinKiiiKHi.  STEM  3-G  cm.  long,  3-0  mm.  thick,  subequal, 
rather  short,  solid,  fibrillose,  yellow,  brown  within.  SPORES 
10-12.5x5  micr.,  olilong,  smooth,  ochraceous-cinnamon  in  mass. 
ODOR  of  radish.     TASTE  mild. 

''Sandy  soil,  in  thin  pine  woods."  New  Y'ork,  Massachusetts. 
October.  Specimens  sent  to  me  from  Massachusetts  were  apparent- 
ly this  sjiecies  except  that  they  had  more  slender  stems  than  the 
type.  As  Peck  has  already  pointed  out,  the  species  reminds  one 
of  an  Inocybe  and  the  peculiar  oblong  spores  are  further  evidence 
of  such  a  position  for  it.    It  seems  to  be  rare  and  needs  more  studv. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  399 

406.     Cortinarius  croceofolius   Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Miis.  Bull.  150,  1911. 
Illustrations :    Ibid,  PI.  VI,  Fig.  1-8. 

'TILEUS  2.5-5  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  or  nearly  plane,  obtuse 
or  obtusely  unibonate,  dry,  slightly  fihrillose  especially  on  the  mar- 
gin, hroii-iiish-cinnamon,  often  paler  or  saffron-yellow  on  the  margin. 
FLESH  thin,  pale  yellow,  grayish  or  dingy  when  dry.  GILLS  thin, 
close,  saffron-ijeUow  verging  to  orange  at  first,  then  brownish-cin- 
namon, often  yellow,  crenulate  on  margin.  STEM  2.5-4  cm.  long, 
■equal  or  slightly  thickened  at  the  base,  librillose  above,  saffron-yel- 
low,  hollow.  CORTINA  concolor.  SPORES  broadly  ellipsoid, 
6-7  X  4-5  micr. 

"Mossy  ground  on  the  borders  or  in  woods  of  spruce  and  balsam 
:fir.     New  York.     September." 

This  appi'oaches  C.  cinnamomeus  in  some  of  its  forms  except  that 
the  gills  are  more  deeply  colored. 

407.     Cortinarius  malicorius   Fr. 
Epicrisis,  1836-38. 
Illustration :     Fries,  Icones,  PL  155,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  obtusely  convex 'to  subexpanded,  fulvous 
or  taicny-fulvous,  tinged  golden  j-ellow,  silTcy-tomentose,  subzonate 
in  age.  FLESH  intensely  olivaceous  when  fresh,  scissile,  thick  on 
disk.  GILLS  sinuate  or  adnate-subdecurrent,  close,  not  broad, 
rusty-yellow  then  dark  golden-fulvous.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  6-12 
mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  becoming  hollow,  fibrillose  from  the 
orange-fulvous  cortina,  tinged  olivaceous,  soon  yellow-fulvous,  or  red- 
dish-stained, olivaceous  within.  SPORES  short  elliptical,  slightly 
rough,  6-7  X  4-4.5  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  Under  hemlock  and  cedar  in  swampy  woods.  Sault 
Ste.  Marie.    August.     Rare. 

The  Michigan  plants  had  all  the  characters  attributed  to  the 
species  by  Fries.  The  flesh  of  the  growing  plant  is  distinctive.  In  the 
pileus  it  is  intensely  olivaceous  to  greenish,  bordered  by  a  narrow 
zone  of  yellow  or  fulvous  next  to  the  surface;  in  the  stem  the  axis 
soon  breaks  down  leaving  a  tubular  cavity,  the  rest  of  the  flesh  being 
yellowish-olivaceous,  bordered  by  the  narrow,  yellow  euticular  zone 


400  THE    AGARICACEAE    OP    MICHIGAN 

which  is  well  shown  iu  Fries'  figures.  There  is  a  tendency'  for  the 
cap  ami  stem  to  become  stained  dark  reddish  iu  age.  Ricken  has 
changed  the  description  somewhat  as  to  the  color  of  the  young  gills. 
In  our  plants,  however,  they  were  not  olive-yellow  although  such 
a  variation  is  to  be  expected  where  the  flesh  has  that  color.  Ricken 
alsd  gives  spore-measurements  Avhich  are  too  large  for  those  of  my 
collection.  A  variety  of  C.  cinnamomeus  was  found  under  white 
pine  and  beech  at  New  Richmond,  which  was  fulvous  on  the  cap 
and  stem  and  with  a  slight  olive  tinge  on  the  gills.  A  series  of 
intermediate  forms  between  this  and  (J.  cinnamomeus  seems  to  exist. 

408.     Cortinarius  semisanguineus   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821  (as  var.  of  C.  cinnamomeus). 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  779. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  250. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  151,  p.  162,  1900. 

White,  Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  3,  Plate  20, 

1905. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PI.  13,  Fig.  15-20,  189G. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  subumbonate,  (var}-- 
ing  to  conic-campanulate  or  broadly  hemispherical,  often  at  length 
expanded  and  split  on  margin)  tawny-yeUoic  to  cinnamon-yellow, 
silky  or  delicately  fibrillose-scaly,  sometimes  shining-zoned. 
FLESH  dingy  yellowish-white,  rather  firm.  GILLS  adnate-sub- 
decurrent,  narrow,  crowded,  cinnabar  or  Wood-red.  STEM  3-6  cm. 
long  (longer  on  sphagnum),  .3-6  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  solid- 
fibrous,  chrome  to  citron-yellow,  fibrillose  from  the  yellow  or  tawny- 
yellow  CORTINA,  elastic.  SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  5-7x3-4 
micr.     BASIDIA  24  x  6  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregaiious  or  subcaespitose.  In  low  moist  swamps,  sphagnum, 
etc.     Throughout  the  State.     August-October.     Frequent. 

Usually  considered  a  variety  of  C.  cinnamomeus.  There  are  some 
forms  which  could  be  called  varieties  of  this  in  turn.  This  shows  that 
in  the  present  group  we  have  what  is  well  known  to  exist  in  the 
higher  plants,  namely,  an  innumerable  number  of  very  closely  related 
species,  or  varieties,  or  forms,  or  any  other  term  which  expresses 
difference.  For  convenience  we  group  a  larger  or  smaller  number 
of  these  "different"  but  almost  like  forms  together  and  call  them 
species.     As  details  accumulate  it  is  easier  to  keep  the  details  in 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  401 

mind  if  we  make  several  species  from  au  old  group  of  one  species. 
Hence  varieties  are  raised  to  the  rank  of  species,  and  forms  to  the 
rank  of  variety,  etc.  This  method  is  not  nsed  by  the  theoretical 
biologist  but  is  very  useful  for  practical  every  day  arrangements 
for  study.  The  above  species  is  easily  distinguished  as  such  in  the 
majority  of  cases  hence  it  is  now  kept  distinct.  In  order  to  produce 
fundamental  proof  that  C.  cinnamomeus  and  C.  semisanguineus  are 
one  and  the  same  species,  absolutely  expressed,  it  would  be  necessary 
to  grow  one  kind  from  spores  derived  from  the  other  kind. 

409.     Cortinarius  cinnabarinus   Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PL  154,  Fig.  4. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  203. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  647. 
Quelet,  in  Grevillea,  Vol.  VII,  PI.  110,  Fig.  4. 
Kicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  47,  Fig.  5. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  umbonate,  sometimes  plane, 
innately  silky-shining,  bright  cinnahar-red,  dry,  even  or  rimose,  some- 
times split  on  margin.  FLESH  pallid-reddish,  fading.  GILLS 
adnate,  then  emarginate,  rather  hroad,  ventricose,  subdistant,  cin- 
nabar-rcd  then  dark  rusty-red,  velvety-shimmering,  edge  entire. 
STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  cin- 
nabar-red^ shining,  stuffed  then  hollow,  fibrous,  fibrillose.  COR- 
TINA concolor.  SPORES  elliptical,  slightly  rough-punctate, 
7-9  X  4.5-5.5  micr.     BASIDIA  30  x  7,  4-spored. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground,  in  frondose  woods,  al- 
most exclusively  in  oak  ivoods.  Throughout  the  State;  Marquette, 
Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond,  etc.  July- August,  Frequent  (rare 
September  and  October). 

This  is  one  of  the  early  Cortinarii  of  the  season.  It  frequents 
rocky  or  hilly  oak  woods  and  in  this  respect  shows  a  preference 
which  is  different  from  that  of  the  same  species  in  Europe  where 
it  is  said  by  Ricken  and  Fries  to  occur  almost  exclusively  in  beedi 
woods.  As  data  from  beech  woods  in  this  country  are  lacking  this 
may  also  be  true  here  but  not  so  far  as  my  own  observation  extends. 
This  preference  might  seem  to  indicate  a  mycorhizal  connection  witli 
the  oak  roots,  but  so  far  every  examination  showed  that  the  reddish 
mycelium  merely  vegetates  in  the  leaves  and  humus. 
51 


402  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

The  .si)ecie.s  is  quite  distinct  from  the  preceding  ones  inasmuch  as 
every  part  is  at  first  cinnabar-red.  This  color  is  dissolved  out  by 
a  weak  solution  of  caustic  potash ;  and  this  is  also  true  of  C.  semisan- 
guineus  and  even  of  some  of  the  preceding  species  in  which  the  red 
color  is  otherwise  obscured.  The  nearest  approach  to  it  is  G.  san- 
guineus Fr.,  which  I  collected  near  Stockholm  and  in  the  Adiron- 
dack Mountains. 

409b.     Cortinarius  sanguineus   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  78G. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  246. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  obtuse,  or  umbonate,  campanulate,  dry, 
innateh^  silky  or  minutely  scaly,  opaque,  dark  hJood-red.  FLESH 
blood-red,  tliin  on  margin.  GILLS  adnate,  rather  broad,  close,  dark 
blood-red.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  thick,  elongated  in  moss, 
e(iual  or  tapering,  stuffed  then  hollow,  relatively  slender,  blood-red, 
darker  where  bruised.  CORTINA  fibrillose,  tinged  red.  SPORES 
narrow-elliptical,  7-8  x  4-5  micr.,  tinged  red,  roughish.  ODOR  mild ; 
TASTE  slightly  like  radish. 

Gregarious  in  deep  moss  or  sphagnum  in  conifer  woods. 

Isle  Royale,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  etc.,  mostly  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  State.     Infrequent. 

Distinguished  from  C.  cinnaharinus  by  its  habitat,  its  longer  stem 
and  more  blood-red  color.  European  authors  do  not  emphasize  the 
mossy  habitat,  but  with  us  this  seems  to  be  the  usual  place  of 
growtli. 

Tlie  color  of  every  part  of  this  species  is  dark  blood-red,  the  pileus 
is  silky-scaly  and  not  as  broad  as  that  of  C.  cinnaharinus,  the  stem 
is  more  slender  and  usually  longer;  the  spores  are  similar.  It 
grows  on  thick  moss  or  sphagnum  under  conifers.  Ricken  gives 
'measurements  which  are  too  large  for  the  Swedish  plant.  Peck's 
specimens,  reported  in  the  23d  Report,  are  doubtless  C.  cinna- 
barinus. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  403 

***^Gills  at  first  greenish  or  olivaceous. 

410.     Cdrtinarius  raphanoides  Fr.  var. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illiistratiou :     Cooke,  111.,  PL  833  (typical). 

PILEUS  1.5-4  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  obtuse,  then  sub- 
expanded  and  subumbonate,  not  striate,  densely  innately  fibrillose- 
hairy,  nnicolorous,  light  hroicnish  olive  (Ridg.),  scarcely  shining, 
margin  decnrved.  FLESH  thin  except  disk,  concolor,  fading. 
GILLS  adnate  then  emarginate,  close,  rather  broad,  at  first  chry- 
solite-green (Ridg.),  then  darker,  thickish,  edge  entire.  STEM  7-10 
cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  olivaceous,  con- 
color  within,  fibrillose,  mycelioid  at  base  and  attached  to  sphagnum. 
CORTINA  olivaceous.  SPORES  8-9x5-6  micr.,  oval-elliptical, 
slightly  rough.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild  or  slight. 

Gregarious-scattered  on  sphagnum  moss  in  balsam  and  tamarack 
swamps.  North  Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.  Col- 
lection Kautfman.     September,  1914.     Rare. 

The  typical  C.  7-aphanoides  is  said  to  have  a  strong  radish  odor 
and  acrid  taste.  These  were  lacking  in  our  plants,  and  only  in 
some  respects  is  it  very  close  to  that  species.  Its  sphagnum  habitat 
in  conifer  woods  also  seems  to  point  to  a  distinct  species.  It  differs 
from  C.  valgus  in  its  fibrillose  hairy  pileus  and  stature.  No  such 
plant  is  described  from  the  LTnited  States.  There  are  no  violaceous 
hues  present. 

SUBGENUS  TELAMONIA.  Pileus  hygrophanous,  its  color 
changing  on  losing  moisture,  not  viscid,  glabrous  or  sprinkled  on  the 
margin  with  the  superficial  fibrils  of  the  universal  veil;  flesh  rela- 
tively thin,  scissile.  Stem  pei'Ofiate  or  annulate  from  the  remains 
of  a  universal  veil. 

This  and  the  following  subgenus  are  closely  related  by  the  hy- 
grophanous character  of  the  pileus,  by  which  they  are  both  separated 
from  the  subgenera  Inoloma  and  Dermocybe.  To  quote  Ricken :  ''By 
^hygrophanous'  we  designate  a  pileus  whose  surface  is  not  compact 
but  composed  of  loose  tissue  which  absorbs  water  readily  and  when 
soaked  with  moisture  has  quite  a  different  color  than  when  dried  out. 
After  several  experiences  this  peculiarity  is  recognized  at  the  first 
glance.  If  one  is  uncertain  about  it,  the  plants  collected  in  dry 
weather    are  placed  in  a  dish  of  water,"  and  then  allowed  to  dry 


401  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

again.  The  presence  of  a  universal  veil  separates  this  subgenus  from 
Hydi-oc-ybe.  This  veil  is  comi)ose(l  of  a  thin,  woven,  slightly  mem- 
lnaiinns  lexture  and  extends  from  the  base  of  the  stem  in  the  younir 
plant  over  ilic  niaiiiinal  portion  of  the  pileus.  On  its  inner  surface 
it  is  coniinnous  with  the  cortina,  at  least  ])art  yvay.  As  the  plant 
expands  the  veil  collai>ses,  sometimes  adhering  to  the  stem  in  the 
form  (tC  a  slieath  (peronate)  sometimes  leaving  only  remnants  along 
the  stem  and  often  indicating  its  presence  by  delicate  superticial 
librils  on  or  toward  the  margin  of  the  pileus.  Since  the  cortina 
itself,  Avhen  copious,  may  leave  a  slight  ring  on  the  stem  of  those 
species  which  belong  to  the  subgenus  Hydrocybe,  one  has  to  become 
familiar  with  the  characteristics  of  the  two  veils — universal  veil  and 
cortina — ^in  order  to  refer  a  species  properly.  This  subgenus  includes 
a  number  of  large  species,  but  many  others  are  of  medium  to  small 
size.  The  Michigan  species  of  this  group  are  not  yet  very  well 
studied  and  a  number  of  collections  belonging  here  are  for  the 
present  omitted.  For  this  reason  the  following  arrangement  must 
be  considered  temporary. 

Section  I.  Plants  wholly  or  in  part  with  violet,  purplish  or  ashy 
hues. 

411.     Cortinarius  torvus   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,   Icones,   PL    157. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  801. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  251. 
In  Grevillea,.Vol.  VII,  PL  117,  Fig.  2. 
Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PL  49,  Fig.  6. 
Plate  LXXXIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-6  cm.  broad  (rarely  broader),  broadly  convex  to  plane, 
obtuse  or  subnndjonate,  firm,  suhhygrophanous,  violaceous-fulvous, 
purplish-hroicn  or  copper-hrotvn  at  first,  at  length  paler,  disk  rusty- 
fulvous,  covered  icitk  a  hoary  frostiness,  sometimes  furfuraceous- 
scaly,  at  length  glabrous,  sometimes  radiately  wrinkled,  often 
punctate.  FLESH  at  first  dull  grayish-purple  at  length  brownish 
or  pallid.  (JILLS  at  first  adnate,  then  emarginate-adnexed,  hroad, 
suhdistant,  thickish,  subrigid,  dark  or  dull  purplish  at  first,  then 
dark  cinnanion-uniber.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long  (sometimes  longer), 
7-8  mm.  thick  above,  clavate-hulbous,  tapering  upward,  bulb  12-16 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  405 

mm.  thick,  peronate  to  or  above  the  middle  by  the  whitish,  universal 
veil,  which  terminates  above  in  a  flaring,  membranous  ring,  dull 
violaceous  and  silky  above  the  veil,  spongy-solid.  SPORES  8-11  x 
4.5-6  micr.,  ventricose-elliptical,  rough-tuberculate,  maturing  slowly, 
rusty-umber  in  mass.  BASIDIA  36x6-7  micr.  ODOR  at  first 
slight,  sweet-aromatic  after  crushing  the  flesh.     TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  Among  humus  and  decayed  debris 
in  frondose  or  pine  woods.  Houghton,  New  Richmond,  Detroit. 
August-September.     Infrequent. 

Well  marked  by  the  peculiar,  though  variable  color,  broad  gills 
and  the  membranous,  annular-terminated  sheath  of  the  stem.  The 
young  plants  have  a  very  bulbous  stem  which  becomes  clavate- 
elongated.  Two  forms  occur  as  to  the  shape  of  the  stem,  a  short- 
stemmed,  stocky,  bulbous  form  and  a  long-stemmed  one  in  which 
the  bulb  has  almost  disappeared;  the  former  seems  to  be  more 
frequent  and  is  shown  by  the  figure  in  Grevillea  and  by  our  own 
plate.  The  figure  in  Fries'  Icones  represents  much  larger  specimens 
than  usually  occur  with  us.  Maire  points  out  (Bull.  d.  1.  Soc.  Myc. 
de  France,  Vol.  26,  p.  27)  that  it  is  distinguished  from  the  European 
C.  impennis  Fr.  by  its  membranous  anuulus.  The  stem  is  often 
curved  at  the  swollen  base  and  is  sometimes  ventricose.  Its  odor 
reminds  one  of  faintly  aromatic  substances.  The  spores  may  easily 
be  given  too  small  since  they  nmture  slowly.  Ricken  says  they  meas- 
ure 8-9  X  5-6  micr.  Peck  has  a  variety  ''noUlis,"  which  may  be  a 
distinct  species;  it  needs  further  study. 

412.     Cortinarius   plumiger  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  firm,  campanulate,  rarely  conical-cam- 
panulate,  obtuse  or  subuiid)onate,  expanded,  densely  apprcssed, 
fibrillose-tomentose  or  fihrillose-hairy,  hygrophanous,  fading,  sepia- 
brown  at  first  then  light  pinkish-cinnamon  (Ridg.),  margin  often 
decorated  by  narrow  shreds  of  the  universal  veil.  FLESH  thick 
on  disk,  thin  toward  margin,  pallid  brownish  (moist)  soon  faded. 
GILLS  adnate  then  emarginate,  close,  rather  broad,  pallid  at  first, 
rarely  faintly  tinged  caesious-violaceous,  then  clay  color  to  mikado- 
brown  (Ridg.),  edge  subcrenulate  or  entire.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long, 
10-18  mm.  thick  above,  clavate-bulbous,  stout,  at  length  subcylindri- 
cal  above,  spongy  within  but  firm,  very  fibrillose,  grayish-bluc-violet 
(Ridg.)    when  fresh,  quickly  fading,  concolor    within,    at    length 


406  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

pallid  or  dingy.  CORTINA  whitish,  thin.  UNIVERSAL  VEIL 
white  at  tirst,  leaving  thin  subannular  shreds  or  a  slight  annulas 
on  tlie  lower  part  of  stem,  soon  sordid  brownish,  SPORES  ellipt- 
ical, slightly  rongh,  8-10x5-0  niicr.,  pale  ochraceous  under  micro- 
scope.   ODOR  and  TASTE  slight. 

Gregarions.  Rvilb  imbedded  in  wet  moss  and  soil  under  spruce 
and  balsam  trees.  North  Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains,  New 
York.  August-September,  1914.  Collection  Kauttman.  Frequent 
locally. 

"Well  marked  by  the  dense  tomentosity  of  the  cap  Avhen  young 
and  by  the  pallid  gills.  Even  under  the  most  favorable  conditions 
the  violet-bluish  tint  of  other  parts  than  the  stem  was  scarcely  no- 
ticeable. It  agrees  well  with  the  Friesiau  description,  but  is  not  the 
plant  of  Quelet  (Grevillea,  Vol.  7,  PI.  112,  Fig.  1),  nor  that  of 
Ricken.  At  times  the  hygrophanous  character  is  deceptive  as  the 
cap  becomes  darker  with  age.  The  universal  veil  is  thin  in  small 
plants  and  the  species  could  be  looked  for  under  Inoloma.  It  differs 
from  C.  cancsccns  by  its  spores  and  by  the  violaceous  stem  when 
young.  It  is  possible  that  C.  catskillensis  is  a  dry  weather  form  of 
this  species. 

413.     Cortinarius  evernius   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  866. 

Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  49,  Fig.  2. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  246,  p.  305,  1908. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  fragile,  conico-campanulate,  prominently 
umbonate  Avhen  expanded,  hygrophanous,  sometimes  irregular  or  gib- 
bous, purple-fuscous  to  hrownish-vinaceous  (Ridg.),  faded  and  silky 
in  dry  weather,  margin  soon  wavy,  at  first  incurved  and  silky  from 
the  veil,  glabrescent.  FLESH  thin,  concolor  or  violaceous  when 
moist.  GILLS  emarginate,  adnate,  thickisli,  broad^  rather  distant, 
ventricose,  at  first  violaceous-purple  then  cinnamon-brown,  edge 
whitish.  STEM  10-15  cm.  long  (rarely  15-20  cm.),  8-20  mm.  thick, 
cylindrical  or  attenuated  toicard  base,  sometimes  flexuous,  pale 
lavender  to  deep  violet,  more  deeply  colored  at  the  base,  marked  by 
annular  shreds  of  the  violaceous  then  ichitish  universal  veil  over 
most  of  the  surface,  spongy  and  solid,  concolor  within.  SPORES 
elliptical,  slightly  rough,  8-9.5  (rarely  10)  x  5-6  micr.  ODOR  slight- 
ly of  radish.    CORTINA  fibrillose,  whitish,  evanescent. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.   On  moss,  decayed  debris  and  humus 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  407 

in  coniferous  woods.    Bay  View,  Marquette  and  North  Elba,  New 
York.    August-September.    Infrequent — almost  rare. 

Known  by  its  elongated  stem,  which  is  usually  rather  stout  and 
tapering  at  the  base;  the  young,  conical  pileus  is  scarcely  wider 
than  the  stem.  It  differs  from  related  species  in  the  shape  of  the 
pileus.  In  dry  weather  the  color  is  often  pale  violaceous,  sliading  to 
lavender  and  when  old  the  pileus  is  likely  to  be  split  on  the  margin. 
The  violaceous  universal  veil  collapses  and  forms  thin  and  adnate 
annular  patches  above  the  stem,  scarcely  ever  forming  a  membran- 
ous annulus  as  in  C.  umidicola.  The  description  of  our  plants 
differs  somewhat  from  the  European  descriptions  in  the  differently 
shaped  spores  and  stem  although  Fries  says  the  stem  is  sometimes 
attenuated  below.  The  unpublished  plate  of  Fries  at  the  Stockholm 
Museum  shows  a  much  deeper  violet  color  than  the  figures  of  Cooke. 
The  inconsistency  of  the  spore-sizes  and  spore  shapes  of  European 
authors  indicates  that  the  species  is  not  clearly  understood.  Fries 
states  that  the  stem  has  the  characteristics  of  C.  elatior  Fr.,  but, 
except  for  its  mode  of  development,  this  is  not  strikinglj'  apparent 
in  our  plants.  When  deeply  imbedded  in  moss  the  stems  are  very 
long. 

414.     Cortinarius  umidicola   Kauff. 

Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  22,  1905. 

Illustrations :     Ibid,  Fig.  4,  p.  312. 

Jour,  of  Mycology,  Vol.  13,  PL  94,  1907. 
Mycological  Bull.,  Vol.  V,  Fig.  239,  1907. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  (rarely  up  to  14  cm.),  hemispherical 
then  convex-expanded,  firm,  hygrophanous,  dull  lieliotropc-purplish 
at  the  very  first,  soon  umber  and  glabrous  on  disk,  fading  to  pink- 
ish-huff and  covered  with  innate,  whitish,  silky  fibrils,  punctate, 
margin  persistently  incurved  and  decorated  by  narrow,  whitish, 
transverse  strips  from  the  universal  veil.  FLESH  lavender  when 
young,  soon  faded  to  sordid  whitish,  thick  on  disk,  abruptly  thin 
on  margin.  GILLS  emarginate  with  tooth,  very  broad,  plane  then 
ventricose,  subdistant,  thick,  at  first  lavender,  soon  pale-tan  to  cin- 
namon, edge  subserratulate,  concolor.  STEM  0-10  cm.  long,  (rare- 
ly 10-13  cm.),  10-20  mm.  thick,  subequal,  usually  thickened  below, 
sometimes  narrowed  below  or  curved,  always  stout,  solid,  lavender 
ahove  the  woven,  sordid  white  universal  veil  which  at  first  covers 
the  lower  part  as  a  sheath,  but  soon  breaks  up  so  as  to    leave   a 


408  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

hand-like  aiiniilus  half-way  or  lower  on  the  stem,  or  forming  adnate 
jtaiches,  coiicoloi-oiis,  lavender  within  and  soon  cavernous  from 
^Muhs.  CDKTIXA  violaceous-white.  SPOKES  elliptic-ovate,  slight- 
ly rough,  7-!)  X  5-(;  micr.     UASIDIA  40  micr,  long. 

Gregarious,  often  in  troops  or  partial  rings.  In  wet,  swampy 
])laces,  frondose  or  mixed  woods.  Marquette,  Houghton,  Detroit. 
July-September.     Infrequent. 

This  species  is  probably  identical  with  one  occurring  in  Europe. 
I  collected  a  very  similar  plant,  with  the  same  gregarious  habit, 
near  Stockholm,  Sweden,  while  in  company  with  Romell,  Maire 
and  Peltereux,  who  did  not  recognize  it  as  a  species  definitely 
known  to  them.  It  had  the  same  spores,  and  all  the  characters  of 
the  American  plant  except  the  less  marked  lavender  color.  I  sus- 
l>ect  it  is  C.  lucorum  Fr.  Two  other  collections  from  Sweden 
brought  to  this  country  and  labeled  C  impennis  Fr.,  the  one  de- 
termined by  Robert  Fries  with  spores  like  C.  wnidicola,  the  other 
determined  by  Romell,  with  spores  measuring  11-12  x  6-7  micr., 
seem  to  show  that  two  similar  species  are  being  confused  in  Europe. 
One  of  these  corresponds  to  G.  umidicola,  and  is  well  illustrated  by 
Gillet  (Champignons  de  France,  No.  228),  the  other  is  the  true 
C.  impennis  Fr.  (Icones,  PI.  157,  Fig.  2).  If  this  inference  is 
correct,  then  Ricken's  description  of  C.  impennis  also  applies  to 
the  former  species.  The  taste  of  the  plants  which  I  collected  in 
Sweden  was  like  ours,  not  of  radish.  The  unpublished  plate  of 
C.  lucorum  Fr.  in  the  museum  at  S^tockholm  represents  a  plant 
very  much  like  C.  umidicola  with  several  band-like  rings  on  the 
stem,     Cooke's  figure  (PI.  1192,  111.)  seems  to  belong  elsewhere. 

415.     Cortinarius  scutulatus   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  158. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  820, 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No,  249. 
Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  49,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  at  first  subhemispherical  and  sometimes 
gibbons,  tlien  cami»anulate,  firm,  brittle,  hygrophanous,  dark-pur- 
plish-chestnut  or  smoky-violct-umber,  unicolorous,  becoming  can- 
escent  with  grayish-white  innate  fibrils,  inflexed  margin  at  first 
silky.     FLESn  concolor  under  cuticle,    soon    whitish    elsewhere. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  409 

GILLS  aduate  then  emarginate,  rather  broad,  subdistant,  thicki&h 
and  rigid,  at  first  pale  smoky-purple  then  dark  rusty-umber.  STEM 
3-7  em.  long,  4-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subattenuate  below,  rather 
stout,  sometimes  slender,  rigid,  thinly  peronate  at  first  by  the  gray- 
ish-white  or  purple-tinged  umversal  veil,  soon  subannulate  by  the 
breaking  up  of  the  veil,  at  length  silky-fibrillose,  solid.  CORTINA 
whitish.  SPORES  short  elliptical,  almost  smooth,  7-8  x  4-4.5  micr. 
BASIDIA  30  X  7  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.  On  open  sandy  soil  under  poplar.  New  Richmond. 
September.    Rare. 

I  have  referred  this  collection  here  with  some  hesitation.  The 
plants  are  well  illustrated  by  the  figures  of  Gillet  and  Ricken.  The 
illustrations  of  Fries  are  apparently  from  selected  and  perfect 
plants  such  as  are  more  common  in  the  moist  climate  of  Sweden 
than  in  that  of  our  State.  The  description  given  above  applies  to 
plants  entirely  different  from  any  other  species  of  the  group  by 
their  peculiar  colors,  the  brittle  flesh  and  the  habitat.  It  differs 
most  from  the  European  descriptions  in  the  absence  of  the  radishy 
odor.  It  seems  to  have  some  relationship  with  C  sciophyllus  Fr., 
but  the  spores  of  that  species,  according  to  Battaile  (Bull.  d.  1. 
Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  20,  p.  330),  measure  8-9x0-8  micr. 

416.     Cortinarius  deceptivus    Kauff. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  32,  1905. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  Fig.  7,  p.  324. 
Plate  LXXXIV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  suborbicular  to  hemispherical,  becoming 
convex-campanulate,  suhhygrophanous,  fawn-colored  tinged  with 
lavender,  fading  to  light  tan,  disk  alutaceous-buff,  covered  with 
minute,  brownish  scales  when  young,  becoming  glabrous,  rugulose 
in  age.  FLESH  thin  except  on  disk,  rather  spongy,  lavender  when 
young,  then  pallid  or  sordid  tan.  GILLS  3-5  mm.  broad,  thick, 
moderately  close,  adnate,  emarginate,  narrowed  in  front,  lavender 
at  first,  pale  tan  when  old.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  rather  stout  and 
clavate  at  first,  then  elongated  and  slender,  solid,  at  first  covered 
ly  the  thick,  fihrillose  universal  veil,  which  is  la  render,  soon  fading 
to  wiiitish,  at  length  remaining  as  oblique,  fugacious,  brownish 
scales  or  partial  rings,  terminating  above  in  the  cortina.    SPORES 


410  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

7-9.5  X  G-7  micr.,  subsphoeroid  to  broadly  elliptical,  roiigb.  ODOR 
mild. 

Gregarious.  On  moist  humus  or  debris  in  hemlock  or  mixed 
woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Marquette,  Bay  View,  etc.  August-October. 
Frequent. 

This  species  is  close  to  C.  anomalus  Fr.,  indeed  it  may  be  consid- 
ered as  a  hygrophanous  form  of  that  species.  The  group  to  which 
it  belongs  is  composed  of  a  number  of  closely  related  species,  un- 
less one  considers  the  fluctuating  variation  of  the  one  species  as 
quite  extensive.  The  colors  of  this  species  are  much  deeper  violet 
or  lavender  at  first  than  in  the  typical  C.  anomalus  and  the  flesh 
is  distinctly  liygrophanous.  Nearly  all  these  related  plants  (see 
C  anomalus)  have  a  punctate  pileus. 

417.  Cortinarius  adustus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  42,  1889. 

"PILEUS  2-3.5  cm.  broad,  broadly  campanula te  or  convex,  ob- 
tuse, liy(]roplianous,  hay-hroKn  when  moist  sometimes  canescent  on 
the  margin,  paler  when  dry,  smoky-brown  with  age  and  generally 
rimose-scalv.  FLESH  vellowish-grav.  GILLS  subfree,  rather 
thick,  distant,  purpUsh-lyrown.  STEM  2-8  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick, 
equal,  stuffed  or  hollow,  fibrillose,  brownish  with  a  white  mycelioid 
coating  at  the  base,  colored  within  like  the  flesh  of  the  pileus."' 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  8-10  x  5.5-6.5  micr. 
"Subcaespitose.  In  balsam  groves.  New  York.  September." 
The  dried  type-specimens  are  blackish-brown,  shoAving  a  rather 
stout  stem  and  small  pileus.     It  seems  closely  related  to  the  next. 

418.  Cortinarius  griseus   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888. 

"PILEUS  2-7.5  cm.  broad,  convex,  obtuse  or  gibbous,  fibrillose- 
scaly  with  grayish  hairs  or  flbrils,  pale  gray  when  moist.  GILLS  ad- 
nexed,  subdistant,  at  first  pallid  then  brownish-ochraceous.  STEM 
5-7  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  tapering  from  a  thickened  or  hulhous 
hase,  silky-fibrillose,  whitish."  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  obtuse, 
10-12  x  6-7  micr. 

"Mossy  ground  under  balsam  trees.     New  York.     September. 

"The  fibrils  of  the  pileus  are  similar  to  those  of  C.  paleaceus,  but 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  411 

the  plant  is  much  hirger  and  stouter  and  the  spores  are  larger.  It 
is  well  marked  by  its  grayish  color."  The  color  of  the  young  gills 
distinguishes  it  from  C.  adustus  and  C.  scutulatus.  It  seems  to 
approach  C.  canescens  in  all  its  characters  except  the  lack  of  a 
peronate  stem. 

419.     Cortinarius  subflexipes   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm,  broad,  conical  then  campanulate  and  subacutely 
umbonate,  glabrous,  liygroplianous,  hlackish-'broicn  and  the  thin 
margin  incurved  and  whitened  by  the  veil  when  moist,  sub- 
ochraceous  when  dry.  FLESH  concolor,  thin.  GILLS  adnexed, 
thin,  close,  rather  broad,  ventricose,  at  first  clay-color  tinged  mo- 
laceous  then  cinnamon.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal, 
slender,  flexuous,  silky-shining,  violaceous  within,  subannulate  by 
the  whitish  universal  veil,  2J«?e  violaceous  iclien  young,  especially 
above  the  annulus,  pallid  or  reddish  when  old.  SPORES  narrow 
elliptical,  scarcely  rough,  6-7.5  x  3.5-4  micr. 

Thin  woods.  North  Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains  and  Catskill 
Mountains,  New  York.     September. 

Hardly  related  to  C  fiexipes,  from  which  Peck  separated  it  be- 
cause of  its  more  glabrous  pileus  and  ditferent  gills.  It  has  the 
stature  of  C.  fuscoviolaceus. 

420.     Cortinarius  fiexipes  Fr.  minor 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  49,  Fig.  4. 
Quelet,  Grevillea,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  113,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  at  first  conical  then  conic-catnpanulate, 
hj^grophanous,  ground-color  cinnamon-brown,  densely  covered  icith 
shining  grayish-ichite  subagglutinate  fiJjrillose  scales  up  to  the 
apex  of  the  acute  uinho,  scales  small,  superficial  and  easily  rubbed 
off.  FLESH  at  the  very  first  violaceous, '  soon  pallid  or  brownish. 
GILLS  adnate-emarginate,  at  first  or  wlien  moist  wahiut-brotcn 
(Ridg.)  icith  a  purplish  tint,  soon  sudan-brown  (Ridg.),  broad, 
close  to  subdistant,  edge  entire,  at  first  whitish.  STEM  3.5-5  cm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  at  first  strict  then  flexuous,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
dark  violaceous  at  apex,  soon  grayish-brown,  annulate  by  a  distinct 


412  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

ichite  aunuliis  ahorc  the  middle,  coneeiitrically  subannulate  below 
with  white  flecks,  at  lirst  violet  withiu.  SPOKES  elliptical,  pale, 
7-7.5x4-5  micr.,  sli<ihtly  rough,  pale  ochraceous.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  none. 

Gregarious.  In  low  swamps  under  spruce  in  moss.  North  Elba, 
Adirondack  ^Mountains,  New  York.  Collection  Kauffman.  Septem- 
ber, 1914.     IniixHiuent. 

This  is  a  pretty  phint.  When  fresh  the  general  effect  of  the  pileus 
is  that  of  a  scaly-capped  smoky-gray  or  drab-gray  Inocybe.  The 
universal  veil  leaves  a  well-marked  annulus.  The  species  seems  to 
be  taller  and  slightly  larger  in  Sweden  according  to  Fries.  The 
pileus  is  more  densely  tibrillose  than  that  of  C.  paleaceiis  from  which 
it  dirters  also  in  the  dark-colored  gills  when  young.  The  figure  of 
('.  paleaceiis  in  Icones  (PI.  IGO,  Fig.  4)  is  an  exact  reproduction  of 
the  size,  shape  and  habit  of  our  form  of  C.  flexijjes. 

Section  II.    Universal  veil  red,  tawny,  cinnamon  or  jellow. 

421.     Cortinarius  rubripes   Kauff. 
Rep.  Mich.  Acad,  of  Sci.,  190G. 

Illustrations:     Bot.  Gaz.,  Vol.  42,  1906. 
Jour,  of  Mycol.,  Vol.  13,  PI.  100,  1907. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  convex-campanulate  then  expanded,  hy- 
gro])lianous,  tcatery-cinnamon  irhen  moist,  or  tinged  rufous,  obtuse 
or  subund)()nate,  more  or  less  ferruginous-stained,  fading  to  pinkish- 
ochraceous,  in  zones  from  the  umbo  outward,  at  length  with  innate, 
silky-shining  fibrils,  sometimes  wavy  and  irregular,  glahrescent, 
even.  FLESH  lliin  except  on  disk,  scissile,  with  a  rufous  tinge. 
GILLS  suhdistant,  distinct,  rather  rigid,  adnate,  seceding  in  age, 
often  with  hoary  fibrils  at  point  of  attachment  to  stem,  pale  cin- 
ereous-purple or  rufous-tinged  at  first,  soon  reddish-cinnamon,  edge 
entire.  STEM  5-7.5  cm.  long,  with  an  oval  or  clavate  bulb,  5-15  mm. 
thick  at  ajtex,  hulh  deep  hrick-red  to  vermillion,  paler  upwards, 
elastic,  spongy-stuffed  within,  glabrous,  except  for  the  fihrillose  re- 
mains of  the  Ihin,  eranesf-ent,  pale  reddish,  unirersal  reil.  SPORES 
elliptical,  smooth,  granular  within,  8-9  x  4-5  micr.  BASIDIA 
30-.''>5  X  7  micr.,  4-spored.  MYCELIUM  brick  red  and  sometimes 
forming  mycorhiza  on  roots  of  forest  trees. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods. 
July-Septejnber.    Ann  Arbor.    Frequent  locally. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  413 

Well  marked  by  the  tinge  of  brick-red  which  pervades  the  whole 
plant  on  drying  and  shades  into  a  deep  red  towards  the  base  of  the 
stem.  The  hygrophanous  character  is  unmistakable.  The  nniversal 
veil  is  not  always  manifest.  This  species  approaches  the  European 
C.  hulliardi  Fr.  and  C.  coins  Fr.  From  the  former  it  is  to  be 
separated  by  the  hj-grophanous  pileus  and  the  spores.  It  is,  how- 
ever, uncertain  what  the  spore-size  of  the  Friesian  plant  really  is. 
Ricken  refers  a  plant  to  C  hulliardi  whose  spores  measure  6-7x3-4 
micr.,  ^^spindle-almond-shaped."'  Others  ^ive  larger  spores,  and 
apparently  deal  with  a  different  species.  Boudier  (Icones),  gives 
a  figure  of  C.  hulliardi  which  resembles  our  plant  closely.  C.  colus 
Fr.  appears  to  differ  in  the  absence  of  the  universal  veil  and,  accord- 
ing to  Ricken,  in  the  slightly  larger  spores,  and  its  gills  are  without 
any  purplish  tint.  It  is  similar  in  its  ''fiery-red"  mycelium,  and 
general  aspect  (see  PL  50,  Fig.  6,  Die  Bliitterpilze).  To  add  to  the 
confusion,  Peck  described  a  species  sent  to  him  under  the  name  C. 
ruhripes  Pk.  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  105,  1906),  which  he  says  is 
related  to  C.  cinnaharinus.  It  has  violaceous  gills  when  young,  a 
grayish-ferruginous  to  pale  alutaceous  pileus,  and  bright  red  stem. 
The  spores  measure  7.5-10  x  5  micr.  It  is  a  smaller  plant  than  any 
of  the  others  mentioned.  For  the  present  our  plant  must  be  con- 
sidered a  distinct  species. 

422.     Cortinarius  armillatus   Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  158. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  802. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  197. 
Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  48,  Fig.  5. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  II,  No.  71. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  32,  p.  86,  1905. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  243,  p.  301,  1908. 
Plates  LXXXV,  LXXXVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  campanulate  with  decurved  margin,  then 
expanded,  not  truly  hi/grophanous,  iaivny  rufesccnt  to  red-brick 
color,  moist  w^hen  fresh,  innately  fibrillose  or  minutely  scalj^  with 
shreds  of  the  universal  veil  often  clinging  to  the  margin,  sometimes 
glabrescent.  FLESH  rather  spongy,  not  very  thick  considering 
its  size,  dingy  pallid.     GILLS  adnate,  sometimes  sinuate  and  un- 


411  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

cinate,  broad,  distant,  pale  cinnamon  at  first,  then  dark  rusty-brown. 
STEM  7-14  cm  long,  clavate  or  clongated-bulhous,  10-20  mm.  thick 
at  appx,  np  to  35  mm.  thick  below,  solid,  finn,  fibrillose, 
brownish  or  pale  tawny-rufescent,  encircled  by  several  cin- 
nabar-red ::oncs  or  bands  frotn  the  rather  membranous  red 
nnircrsdl  reil.  COKTINA  at  first  whitish,  collapsing,  and  forming 
a  slight  annulns  colored  by  the  spores.  MYCELIUM  whitish. 
SPOKES  elliptical,  rough-tuberculate,  10-12  x  5-G.5  micr.  BASIDIA 
35  X  8  micr.,  with  long,  slender  sterigmata.  ODOR  more  or  less  of 
radisli.     TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  thick  humus,  debris,  very  rotten 
wood,  etc.,  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  northern  Michigan.  Isle 
Royale,  Huron  Mountains,  Marquette,  Bay  View.  July-September. 
Frequent. 

A  noble  species.  It  is  the  chief  of  this  group,  as  already  noted 
by  Fries.  The  2-4  reddish  bands,  scattered  along  the  stem,  mark  it 
conspicuously.  Its  large  size  and  tawny-rufescent  color  help  to 
distinguish  it  readily  from  others  of  the  subgenus.  The  lack  of  the 
hygrophanous  character  and  the  rather  scaly  pileus  at  times  ally 
it  to  the  Inolomas  with  which  it  is  more  easily  confused,  but  the 
texture  of  the  pileus  and  its  general  characteristics  show  it  to  belong 
to  the  subgenus  Telamonia.  I  have  not  seen  it  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  State,  although  it  probably  occurs  wherever  hemlock  trees 
and  other  conifers  are  native.  Some  consider  C.  haematochelis  Fr., 
which  has  a  single  red  zone  on  the  stem,  as  identical. 

423.     Cortinarius  morrisii   Pk. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  32,  1905. 

1*ILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  campanulate-expanded,  hij- 
grophanous,  wavy  or  irregular  on  the  margin,  dark  ochraceous  or 
taionyocliraceous,  covered  with  minute,  silky  fibrils,  radially  rugose 
at  times.  Flesh  thin  except  on  disk,  yellowish.  GILLS  adnata 
then  emarginate-adnexed,  rounded  behind,  broad,  subdistant,  yellow 
at  first,  then  rusty-cinnamon,  edge  eroded.  STEM  G-10  cm.  long, 
equal  or  subcqual,  8-20  mm.  thick,  stout,  solid,  fibrous-fleshy,  yellow 
within,  whitish  or  pale  yellow  above,  yellow  to  ochraceous  and  be- 
coming ferruginous  to  blackish-umber  below,  imperfectly  annulate 
by  adnate  shreds  of  the  yellowish  universal  veil.  SPORES  oval  or 
broadly-elliptic,  slightly  rough,  with  an  oil-globule,  7-9  x  5.5-6  micr., 
(rarely  iij.  to  10x7).     ODOR  weak,  of  radish. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  415 

^'Moist  shaded  woods,  under  hemlock  trees.  Massachusetts. 
Augusit-October." 

The  above  description  was  made  from  specimens  sent  to  me  by 
•G.  E.  Morris  in  whose  honor  Peck  named  it  The  yellow  color  of 
the  flesh,  and  tlie  tendency  of  the  cap  and  stem  to  become  rusty  in 
age  is  a  marked  characteristic.  The  caps  of  dried  specimens  are 
blackish-uniber-brown.     I  have  not  seen  it  in  Michigan. 

424.     Cortinarius  mammosus  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  2-8  cm.  broad  (mostly  4-6  cm.),  conico-camjjanulate  at 
first,  then  expanded  and  obtusely  umhonate,  hygrophanous,  fawn- 
color  to  brownish-cinnamon,  scarcely  tinged  with  olivaceous,  sub- 
ferruginous  on  umbo  when  dry,  beautifully  sUky-sliining,  glabres- 
cent.  FLESH  thin  except  on  disk,  concolor  when  moist,  pallid  when 
dry.  GILLS  adnate,  becoming  emarginate,  subventricose,  medium 
broad,  close  to  somewhat  subdistant,  at  first  pallid  icith  tinge  of 
foivii-color,  then  pale  cinnamon-umber,  edge  even.  STEM  5-9  cm. 
long,  tapering  upAvard  from  a  subclavate  base  or  almost  equal,  5-8 
mm.  thick  above,  pale  brownish,  paler  above,  subammlate  or  with 
thin,  concentric,  fawn-colored  zones  from  the  universal  veil,  some- 
times abruptly  pointed  below,  stuffed.  SPOKES  7-8.5x5-6  micr., 
broadly  elliptical,  slighth^  rough,  obtuse. 

Among  mosses  and  debris  of  a  sphagnum  swamp.  Gregarious. 
Chelsea   (near  Ann  Arbor),  Michigan.     September.     Rare. 

Differs  from  the  similar  species  in  the  Dermocybe  group,  of  which 
C  cinnamoineus  is  the  center,  in  its  hygrophanous  flesh,  lack  of 
yellowish  gills  and  habit,  as  well  as  by  the  presence  of  the  universal 
veil.  In  this  last  respect  it  approaches  C.  suhlanatus  Fr.  and  C. 
valgus  Fr.  (sense  of  Cooke),  but  is  much  more  slender.  The  umbo 
is  very  obtuse  and  well-developed  from  the  first,  and  the  gills  are 
not  yellow  nor  saft'rou  at  any  stage. 

425.     Cortinarius  paludosus   Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  43,  1890. 

"PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  conical  or  convex,  ferruginous  when 
moist,  buff-yellow  or  pale  ochraceous  when  dry,  hygrophanous. 
FLESH  yellowish.  GILLS  broad,  subdistant,  adnate,  saffron-yel- 
low.    STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  about  4  mm.  thick,  equal,  long,  flexuous. 


416  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

solid,  pcronatc  and  sub-annulate  by  the  fihrillose  yellow  universal 
veil     SPOKES  7.5-9  x  5  micr. 

''Mossy  ground  in  swamps,  New  York.     Angiist." 

Section  J 11.     Universal  veil  white  or  whitish. 

*  Gills  at  first  yellowish  or  pallid-ochraceous. 

426.     Cortinarius  hinnuleus   Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836.    ' 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  805. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  227. 
Patonillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  G48. 
Kicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  48,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  campanulate  at  first,  then  expanded  and 
recurved,  subumbonate,  rusty-ochraceous  or  yellotvish  taicny,  varie- 
gated witli  rusty  stains  in  age,  very  liyffroplianous,  paler  when  dry, 
glabrous.  FLESH  thin,  watery-soft,  fragile  Avhen  fresh.  GILLS 
aduate-emarginate,  broad,  subdistant,  pale  yellowish-fulvous  at  first, 
stained  rusty  in  age,  edge  minutely  lacerate.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long, 
4-7  mm.  thick,  rather  slender,  unequal,  soft  and  fragile,  easily  split 
longitudinally,  stuffed,  curved,  yellowish-pallid  becoming  dingy,  gla- 
brescent,  cingulatc  when  fresh  by  a  white  zone  about  the  middle. 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  scarcely  rough,  7-9.5  x  5-6  micr.  BASI- 
DIA  30  X  7  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  none. 

On  the  ground  among  decayed  debris,  in  beech  and  pine  woods. 
New  Richmond.     September.     Infrequent. 

This  plant  seems  to  be  very  close  to  the  European  one,  but  differs 
in  some  minor  particulars.  It  is  more  yellowish  on  the  pileus,  quite 
fragile  and  the  gills  are  less  broad  and  distant.  It  is  placed  here 
provisionally.  At  maturity  the  watery-rusty  stains  on  the  cap 
give  it  a  spotted  appearance;  its  flesh  is  thin  and  at  length  splits 
radially.  The  stem  is  variously  thickened  or  almost  equal,  soft 
and  usually  curved.  The  white  band-like  zone  on  the  stem  at  length 
disapj)ears. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  417 

427.     Cortinarius  castaneoides   Pk. 
K  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PL  4,  Fig.  10-15. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  then  expanded, 
cJiestnut-broivn  to  dark  watery -cinnamon,  brownish-ochraceous  when 
dry,  subumbonate  and  usually  darker  on  center,  hi/grophatioiis, 
scarcely  silky  with  a  few  superficial  fibrils,  even,  margin  sometimes 
whitish  from  the  veil.  FLESH  thin,  watery-brownish  then  pallid. 
GILLS  adnate  then  emargiuate,  rather  hroad,  subdistant,  yellowish 
at  first,  then  yellowish-cinnamon  to  dark  cinnamon,  edge  almost 
entire.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  thick,  equal,  slender,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  subflexuous,  pallid,  annulate  from  the  cortina  and  the 
fugacious  universal  veil  ivhich  remains  as  suhannular,  delicate 
shreds  on  the  stem  heloio.  SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  6-7.5x3.5-4.5 
micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  low  frondose  or 
conifer  woods  or  in  mossy  places.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond, 
Marquette,  etc.     August-October.     Infrequent. 

This  has  the  stature  and  spores  of  C.  subflexipes  Pk.,  but  the 
pileus  is  more  convex,  and  the  gills  and  stem  not  at  first  with  any 
violet  tint.  C.  badius  Pk.  is  also  of  about  the  same  size,  but  its 
spores  are  almost  twice  as  large  as  those  of  C.  castaneoides.  These 
three  approach  the  slender  species  of  the  subgenus  Hydrocybe,  and 
cannot  always  be  distinguished  easily  from  that  group,  especially 
where  the  annulus  or  other  evidence  of  the  universal  veil  have  dis- 
appeared. C.  decipiens  Fr.  diff'ers  in  its  conic  pileus,  different 
spore-size  and  the  tint  of  rufous  present  on  the  stem. 

428.     Cortinarius  badius   Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888. 

Illustration :     Plate  LXXXVII  of  this  Report. 

"PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  varying  conical  to  campanulate-convex, 
umbonate,  hygrophanous,  blacJcish-chestniit-color  ivhen  moist,  bay- 
red  or  chestnut  when  dr^',  sometimes  tinged  gray,  the  umbo  darker, 
usually  whitish-silky  on  the  margin  when  young.  FLESH  concolor 
when  moist,  thin.  GILLS  broad,  subdistant,  ventricose,  adnexed, 
at  first  yellowish  or  cream-color,  then  subochraceous.  STEM  2-4  cm. 
53 


418  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

loiio'.  about  2  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  hollow,  silkij-fihrillosG  and 
suhiDuiiilatc  1)1/  the  uhitish  veil,  concolor  within  and  ivithout." 
SPORES  large,  broadly  elliptical,   11-12.5x0.5-7.5  micr.,   scarcely 

rough. 

''Mossy  ground.     Catskill  Mountains,  New  York.     September. 

''The  species  is  related  to  C.  nigrellus,  from  which  it  differs  in  its 
broad  gills  which  are  paler  in  the  young  plant  and  in  its  larger 
spores."  The  ^ilichigan  collections  formerly  referred  here  differ 
somewhat  and  are  described  l)elow,  the  gills  are  at  first  whitish  or 
I)allid. 

**GiUs  at  first  whitish  or  pallid. 

429.     Cortinarius  iliopodius  Fr. 

Syst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustration:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  839  (form). 

PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  campanulate-subexpanded,  mammillate, 
hygrophanous,  sorghum-hrown  (Ridg.),  ivith  hlackish  umbo  when 
moist,  avellanus  (Ridg.i  when  dry,  and  then  canescent-fibrillose 
and  silky  shining,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  white-silky  from  the 
veil.  FLESH  brownish  (moist),  thin,  scissile.  GILLS  ?M///f/  at 
first  then  cinnamon  (Ridg.),  adnate,  rounded  behind,  ventricose, 
rather  broad,  thin,  close  to  subdistant.  STEM  slender,  elongated, 
5-9  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed,  at  length  flexuous,  dec- 
orated by  the  delicate  white  silky  remnants  of  the  veil,  pale  in- 
carnate, fuscescent,  fuscous-brown  or  ochraceous  toward  base  within, 
cortex  subcartilaginous.  SPORES  elliptical-almond  shaped, 
slightly  rough.  10-12  x  5-6.5  micr.,  pale  yellowish-cinnamon.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  mild. 

Scattered-gregarious  on  sphagnum  swamp  of  spruce  and  tama- 
rack. North  Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains.  New  York.  Collection 
Kanft'man.     Septend)er,  1914.     Infrequent. 

It  soon  fades  to  the  colors  of  C.  ixdeaceus,  with  a  slight  drab  tint. 
It  diff'ers  from  C.  paleaceus  in  its  scattered  mode  of  growth,  in  its 
sphagnum  habitat  and  especially  in  its  large  spores.  In  shape  and 
size  it  imitates  C.  decipiens,  but  is  usually  more  slender.  The  spe- 
cies as  conceived  by  Fries  is  evidently  very  variable  and  the  plant 
described  above  is  a  definite  form.  In  Monographia,  Fries  speaks 
of  the  yellow  flesh  of  the  interior  of  the  stem.  In  Systema,  he  says 
the  stem  is  occasionally  fuscous,  lilaceous,  etc.     In  the  plates  at  the 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  419 


Stockholm  Museum  there  is  a  "rubellus"  tint  to  the  stem  and  gills 
but  otherwise  the  figures  would  represent  the  Adirondack  specimens 
well. 

430.     Cortinarius  badius  Pk.  var. 

Differs  from  the  type  in  the  gills  becoming  at  first  tvhitish,  stem 
whitish,  pileus  watery  cinnamon  to  bay-brown  when  moist,  fading 
to  ochraceous  or  pale  tan,  ohtuse.  The  spores  measure  10-12  x  6-7 
micr.,  elliptical,  scarcely  rough,  cinnamon-brown  in  mass. 

On  mossy  ground,  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  May  and  Octo- 
ber.    Infrequent. 

This  little  plant  approaches  C.  badius  quite  closely  in  the  size  of 
the  spores,  and  by  neglecting  the  colors,  was  formerly  referred  to  it. 
It  needs  further  study.  C.  punctata  Fr.  (sense  of  Kicken)  differs 
In  its  darker-colored  stem  and  gills. 

431.     Cortinarius  impolitus  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  8-20  mm.  broad,  small,  firm,  conic-campanulate  then 
expanded,  obsoletely  umbonate,  obtuse,  minutely  fihrillose-scaly , 
fibrils  often  dense  at  first,  hygrophanous,  umber  to  chestnut -cinna- 
mon at  first,  becoming  pale  fawn  or  sometimes  rufous-ochraceous, 
silky  on  the  decurved  margin,  even.  FLESH  thin,  concolor. 
OILLS  adnate,  relatively  broad,  sub-distant,  thickish,  at  first  whit- 
ish or  pallid  then  cinnamon,  edge  entire.  STEM  2-2.5  cm.  long, 
1-3  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  stuffed,  brownish  or  fuscescent,  an- 
nulate about  the  middle  by  a  floccose,  subpersistent,  whitish  ring, 
silky  fibrillose,  cortina  dingy  whitish.  SPORES  narrow  subfusi- 
form,  subacute  at  ends,  9-10  x  4-4.5  micr.,  smooth.  BASIDIA  27  x  7 
micr.    ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Gregarious  or-  subcaespitose.  On  sandy  soil  among  mosses  in 
low,  moist  places  in  white  pine  and  beech  woods.  New  Richmond. 
September-October.    Rather  frequent  locally. 

A  small  species,  marked  by  the  median,  subpersistent  annulus, 
the  dense,  minute  fibrils  on  the  pileus  and  by  the  color  and  the 
spores.  The  annulus  may  appear  below  the  middle  or  rarely  be 
absent  altogether;  in  the  latter  case  faint  whitish  zones  mark  the 
stem.     It  seems  to  be  partial  to  sandy  regions. 


4J(j  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

***6'/7/6-  at  first  brownish  or  fuscous. 
432.     Cortinarius  brunneofulvus  Fr. 

Epiciisis,  1S3G-38. 

Illustrjilioii :     Kickeii,  Die  Bliittei-pil^^e,  PI.  50,  Fig.  4  (as  C  brun- 
ncus  Fr.). 

riLEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  convex,  hygroplianous,  dark  watery-hroicn^ 
glabrous,  even,  subvirgate  on  drying,  margin  ichite  from  the  veil, 
deeurvcd.  FLESH  concolor  when  moist,  thick  on  disk,  scissile. 
GILLS  adnato  llion  sinnate,  distinct,  thickish,  broad,  subdistant, 
soou  brown  to  dark  umber-cinnamon..  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  10-15 
mill,  thick,  narroiver  upwards  from  a  clavate  or  bulbous  base,  solid, 
brown,  longitudinally  streaked  with  paler  fibrils,  annulate  by  a  dis- 
tinct whitish  band  at  or  beloiv  the  middle,  from  the  w^hitish,  uni- 
versal veil.  SI>ORES  elliptical,  distinctly  tuberculate,  10-12x6-7 
micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  slightly  of  radish. 

Snbcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor. 
September.     Infrequent. 

This  corresponds  to  Ricken's  notion  of  C.  brunneus.  But  accord- 
ing to  specimens  of  C.  brunneus  collected  by  mj'self  and  others  near 
Stockholm,  that  species  has  spores  measuring  8-9  x  5-6  micr.  and  the 
universal  veil  is  more  nearly  fuscous  than  white.  It  appears  as  if 
Ricken  had  interchanged  the  two  species.  In  order  to  compare  the 
two  plants  I  give  below  the  description  of  the  Stockholm  C.  brun- 
neus which  is  a  common  plant  there.  Fries  says  G.  bruneofulvous 
ha's  the  stature  of  E.  evernius,  which  does  not  apply  as  far  as  the 
stem  (it  I  lie  latter  is  concerned.  No  violet  tints  are  present  in  our 
jilaiii. 

433.     Cortinarius  brunneus   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

''PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  campanulate  or  somewhat  obtusely  coni- 
cal at  first,  then  campanuJate-expanded  and  broadly  umbonate, 
moist,  hygrophanons,  glabrous  on  center,  umbe?'-brown  ivhen  moist, 
fulvous-alutaceous  when  dry,  margin  decurved  and  becoming  innate- 
ly fibrillose.  FLESH  umber  when  moist,  fading,  scissile,  thin  on 
margiu.  GILLS  adnate,  rather  broad,  distant  to  subdistant,  thick, 
dark  liruJ-hroiru  af  first,  sometimes  with  an  obscure  purplish  tinge 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  421 

then  cinnamon-browu,  edge  entire  and  concolor.  STEM  7-10  cm. 
long,  5-15  mm.  thick,  rather  stout,  firm,  umber  or  becoming  fuscous 
and  innately  streaked  with  paler  fibrils,  spongy-stuffed,  clavdte- 
elongated  to  suhequal,  at  times  cingulate  above  by  the  remains  of  the 
fuscous  universal  veil  which  fades  in  such  a  way  that  the  annulus 
may  become  paler  than  the  stem.  CORTINA  whitish,  not  copious. 
SPORES  elliptical,  almost  smooth,  8-9  x  5-6  micr.,  (rarely  up  to  10 
micr.  long). 

"On  the  ground  among  mosses  in  moist  forests  of  pine  and  spruce. 
Stockholm,  Sweden.  Collected  by  C.  H.  Kauffmau  and  confirmed 
by  Romell.     September,  1908." 

It  has  somewhat  the  general  appearance  of  C.  distans  Pk.,  but  is 
much  stouter  and  its  larger  gills  are  less  distant,  spores  slightly 
longer  and  universal  veil  different.  It  is  evident  that  European  au- 
thors have  confused  different  species  under  this  name,  and  hence  it 
seemed  advisable  to  describe  the  plants  from  the  collecting  grounds 
of  Fries.  Other  collections  from  Sweden  have  the  same  spores  as 
mine.  Cooke's  figure  (111.,  PI.  868)  illustrates  the  plant  well  when  it 
is  fresh,  but  his  spore-size  is  wrong.  Britzelmayr  (Bot.  Centralb., 
Vol.  51,  p.  37)  reports  two  species  under  this  name,  one  of  them  with 
the  spores  in  the  sense  of  Cooke.  Ricken  has  also  described  a  dif- 
ferent species  as  shown  by  the  spores  (Bliitterpilze,  p.  171).  Quelet's* 
figure  (Grevillea,  PI.  113,  Fig.  2)  does  not  show  the  plant  well  either 
as  to  color  or  veil.  Saccardo  and  Schroeter  have  given  the  spore- 
size  approximately  correct  if  we  may  assume  that  the  Swedish  plant 
is  tlie  proper  starting  point  for  a  revision. 

434.     Cortinarius  distans   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 
Illustration:     Plate  LXXXVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  sometimes  obtusely  conical 
at  first,  then  campanulate-expanded,  umbonate,  minutely  furfura- 
ceous-scaly,  hygrophanous,  watery-cinnamon  to  bay-brown  ichen 
moist,  tawny  or  subferruginous  when  dry,  margin  usually  deflexed, 
even,  often  splitting  radially.  FLESH  thin,  sordid,  brown  then 
dull  yellowish.  GILLS  adnate,  then  sinuate,  distant,  broad,  rigid, 
thick,  brownish  or  tawny-yellow  at  first,  then  dark  cinnamon. 
STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  5-12  mm.  thick,  variously  thickened  to  equal, 
often  attenuated  below  and  curved,  stuffed,  fibrillose,  wafery-brown 


422  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

and  unic'ohtr  when  moist,  the  universal  veil  at  first  concolor  but  on 
breaking,'  up  leaving  a  tchitish,  medium,  somewhat  persistent  annular 
zone.  COKTINA  whitish,  fibrillose.  SPORES  oval,  rough-tuher- 
culate,  G-8x5-G  nilcr.  ODOR  sometimes  slightly  of  radish.  TASTE 
mild. 

(Jn'garious  or  caospitose.  On  grassy  ground  in  froudose  woods. 
Houghton,  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  etc.    July  to  September.    Frequent. 

This  is  one  of  the  earliest  summer  Cortinarii,  appearing  prefer- 
ably in  low,  grassy  woods,  about  the  time  that  C  cinnaharinus  ap- 
pears in  the  higher  lying  oak  woods ;  it  announces  the  fact  that  the 
Cortinarius  season  is  open.  It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  see  much 
difference  in  the  formal  descriptions  between  this  and  C.  hrunneus 
Fr.,  C.  hrunnco fulvous  Fr.  and  C  glandicolor  Fr,,  but  our  plant 
has  (luite  a  distinct  habit  as  compared  with  those.  Its  gills  are 
truly  distant  while  C.  hrunneus  in  spite  of  Fries'  description,  has 
more  nearly  subdistant  gills,  according  to  my  use  of  those  terms.  C 
(jlandicolor  Fr.  is  a  more  slender-stemmed  plant,  according  to  Fries' 
unpublished  plates,  well  shown  also  by  Cooke  (111.,  PI.  789),  although 
fignred  as  rather  stout  by  Ricken  (Bliitterpilze,  PI.  50,  Fig.  3). 
Peck,  in  the  original  description,  seems  to  have  had  specimens  whose 
caps  were  ''convex."  All  the  specimens  seen  by  me  had  a  tendency 
toward  the  campanulate  and  umbonate  form  of  pileus.  The  white 
zone  at  or  below  the  middle  of  the  stem  is  best  seen  in  dry  weather. 
The  young  stem  is  sometimes  peronate.  C.  fiirfurellus  Pk.  is  with- 
out doubt  a  synonym. 

435.     Cortinarius  nigrellus   Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

"PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  at  first  conical,  soon  convex  or  expanded 
or  subumbonate,  minutely  silky,  hygrophauous,  Mackish-chestnut 
when  moist,  paler  when  dry.  GILLS  close,  narrow,  emarginate, 
hrownishoclire  at  first,  then  cinnamon.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  4-6 
mm.  thick,  subequal,  silky-fibrillose,  pallid,  often  tlexuous  (slightly 
peronate  by.  a  rufous-tinged  sheath  in  the  dried  type  specimens). 
ANXULUS  slight,  evanescent."  SPORES  inequilateral,  minute, 
smooth,  7x3.5  micr. 

''Mossy  ground  in  woods,  New  York.  October.  When  moist  the 
pileus  has  the  color  of  boiled  chestnuts,  when  dry  of  fresh  chestnuts. 
The  incurved  margin  of  the  young  pileus  is  whitened  by  the  veil. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  423 

The  gills  are  darkest  when  young.     The  taste  is  unpleasant,  re- 
sembling that  of  ArmiUaria  niellea." 

This  is  very  close  to  C.  rkjida  (sense  of  Kicken)  in  stature,  colors 
and  spores.  C.  rigtda  is,  however,  not  uniformly  described  by  Euro- 
pean authors,  especially  as  to  its  spore-size. 

436.     Cortinarius  rigidus   Fr.  (var.) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PL  791. 

Quelet,  in  Grevillea,  Vol.  VII,  PI.  113,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex  or  conico-convex,  umbonate  or 
obtuse,  glabrous,  shining,  rufous-hroivn  to  chestnut  when  moist, 
ochraceous  to  bufif  color  when  dry,  hygrophanous,  even  and  some- 
times with  white-silky  margin,  elseiohere  naked.  FLESH  thin, 
rather  firm.  GILLS  adnate  then  emarginate,  rather  close,  moderate- 
ly broad,  ventricose,  rufous-cinnamon.  STEM  4-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
thick,  equal,  flexuous,  fuscesccnt,  subfibrillose  below  the  whitish, 
median  annulus,  apex  pruinose.  SPORES  elliptical,  smooth, 
6-7.5  X  4  micr.     ODOR  somewhat  fragrant,  noticeable. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     September. 

It  is  quite  difficult  to  get  any  correct  idea  of  this  species  from 
European  notices.  The  spore-measurments  per  Saccardo  are 
'^6-11  X  4-6,"  per  Ricken,  "6-7  x  3"  and  according  to  others,  inter- 
mediate in  size.  Our  plants  are  more  slender  and  less  dark-colored 
than  G.  nigrellus.  The  species  has  the  size  of  C.  paleaceus  but  has  a 
glabrous  cap. 

437.     Cortinarius  rigidus    (Scop.)    Ricken 
Bliitterpilze,  1912. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  broadly  campanulate-expanded,  umbonate, 
firm  and  glabrous  at  first,  hygrophanous,  even,  walnut-brown 
(Ridg.)  when  moist,  faion-coJor  on  losing  moisture,  soon  hoary, 
silky-shining,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  white-silky.  FLESH 
concolor,  soon  pallid,  scissile.  GILLS  adnate,  close,  thin,  mod- 
erately broad,  at  first  pinkish-bufif  (Ridg.)  then  clay-color  (Ridg.), 
edge  paler.     STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed,  soon 


4_>4  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

hollowed  bj'  grubs,  brownish  within,  tchite-silkij-fibriUosc,  some- 
times aimnlate  from  the  white  veil.  SPOKES  minute,  narrowly 
elliptical,  .">-(;.,■)  x  :\-:).T)  micr.,  smooth,  pale  clay-color  in  mass.  ODOR 
and   TASTE   mild. 

( Jrcjuai  i«)us  or  suhcaespitose.  On  mosses  under  spruce,  birch,  etc. 
North  Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.  Collection  Kauff- 
nuui.     Infrequent. 

The  typical  Friesian  species  is  said  lu  have  a  marked  odor  and 
specimens  from  Sweden  have  larger  spores.  I  have  included  it  (in 
the  sense  of  Ricken)  for  comparison.  In  shape  and  size  it  imi- 
tates C.  hemitrichus. 

438.     Cortinarius  hemitrichus    Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icoues,  PL  IGO,  Fig.  2. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  825. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  226. 
Ricken,  Die  P>latterpilze,  PL  49,  Fig.  5. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad  (rarely  larger),  campanulate,  umbonate, 
sometimes  umbo  is  obsolete,  umbo  varying  acute  or  obtuse,  ground 
color  nmher,  watery-cinnamon  or  fuscous  when  moist,  liygro- 
plianous,  more  or  less  canescent  from  the  lohite,  superficial,  cirrate 
fibrils  which  at  first  cover  it,  sometimes  glabrescent  in  age,  color 
fading  to  fuscous-gray  or  ochraceous-tan  w^hen  dry,  margin  persist- 
entlv  white-silkv.  FLESH  concolor,  thin.  GILLS  adnate  then 
emarginate,  broad,  close  in  front,  subdistant  behind,  at  first  brown- 
islifjray  to  subochraceous,  at  length  dark-  cinnamon,  edge  erose- 
creuulate.  STEM  o-6  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  rigid, 
more  or  less  annulate  at  or  below  the  middle  by  the  white,  appressed 
ring,  watery  fuscous-brown  within,  fuscesceut  or  brownish-fuscous 
without,  fibrillose  below^  the  annulus.  SPORES  elliptical,  smooth, 
6-8x4-5  micr.  (rarely  9x5.5).  BASIDIA30x5'  micr.,  4-spored. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Among  mosses  or  debris  in  moist  places  or  swampy  W'Oods.  New 
Richmond.     August-October.     Not  infrequent. 

An  extensive  study  of  many  specimens  showed  considerable  varia- 
tion and  after  some  experience  it  w^as  possible  to  distinguish  two 
forms  with  respect  to  color.  Both  are  conical  when  very  small  and 
become  distinctly  umbonate.     Form  (A)  had  a  dark  fuscous  cap  at 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  425 

first,  umber  when  mature,  fadiug  to  brownisli-gray  with  a  chestnut 
colored  umbo;  the  gills  were  fuscous  at  first,  aud  the  auuulus  less 
fully  developed.  Form  (B)  had  a  watery  cinnamon-brown  cap 
when  mature,  fading  to  ochraceous-tan ;  the  gills  were  pallid,  ochra- 
ceous  at  first,  and  the  annulus  more  persistent.  The  pileus  of  both 
had  the  characteristic  villose  covering,  the  same  spores  and  habit. 
The  gills  of  our  specimens  are  never  truly  crowded,  and  in  this  re- 
spect differ  from  the  European  descriptions  and  from  specimens 
which  I  collected  in  Sweden.  The  microscopic  structure  of  both 
forms  Avas  alike.  The  upper  surface  of  the  fresh  pileus  is  composed 
€f  a  differentiated  layer  of  two  kinds  of  cells,  one  forming  erect, 
fasciculate  fibres  alternating  with  a  layer  of  larger  cells;  these 
fasciculate  tufts  of  narrow  cells  arise  from  separate  points  in  the 
surface  of  the  pileus  and  produce  the  villose  effect.  This  upper 
layer  is  easily  dissolved  by  rains  and  often  disappears  leaving 
the  pileus  glabrous.  The  stem  is  usually  hollow,  but  it  is  not  rare 
to  find  a  stuffed  or  solid  axis.  Both  forms  are  caespitose.  The 
variation  in  size  is  such,  even  in  the  same  collections,  that  it  is 
very  doubtful  whether  C.  imleaceus  should  be  kept  separate. 

439.     Cortinarius  paleaceus   Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icoues,  PI.  106,  Fig.  4. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  241. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  826. 
Plate  LXXXIX  of  this  Report. 

Differing  from  C.  Jiemitrichus  Fr.  in  more  slender  habit,  longer 
«tem,  the  universal  veil  forming  delicate,  evanescent,  subaunular, 
white  fibrillose  zones  along  the  stem,  and  in  the  pileus  being  more 
acutely  conical.     The  colors  are  fuscous,  paler. 

In  moist,  mossy  places  in  woods  of  oak,  etc.  Ann  Arbor.  Septem- 
I)er-October. 

The  spores,  variability  and  habitat  are  the  same  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding from  which  it  is  separated  with  difficulty. 

SUBGENUS  HYDROCYBE.  No  universal  veil.  Pileus  hygro- 
phanous,  glabrous  or  innately  silky,  changing  color  on  losing  mois- 
ture. Flesh  quite  thin,  ^cissile.  Stem  rarely  and  then  slightly  sub- 
annulate  from  the  remains  of  the  cortina. 

Composed  of  two  sections :  those  with  thicker  caps  whose  margin 


4_v.  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

is  at  first  incurved,  and  the  smaller,  slender  species  with  sub- 
menibranaceous  j)ileus  wliose  niarjiin  is  at  first  straight  on  the  stem 
in  the  manner  of  the  genns  Galera.  They  are  distinguished  from 
the  Telamonias  only  by  the  absence  of  the  universal  veil  although 
several  have  at  times  a  slight  annulus  from  the  collapsing  of  the 
copious  cortina  and  not  from  the  outer  veil.  The  pileus  is  never 
viscid  ;  it  is  moist  when  growing  but  the  moisture  disappears  quickly 
in  sun  and  wind  so  that  in  our  climate  the  dry,  faded  plant  is 
more  often  found  than  the  moist  plant.  However,  for  identifica- 
tion of  most  of  the  species  of  this  subgenus  it  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary to  know  the  colors  of  both  the  moist  and  dry  pileus  since  in 
man}'  of  the  species  the  pileii  have  a  similar  color  when  dry. 
I  consider  this  the  most  difficult  of  the  subgenera  of  Cortinarius 
both  because  of  the  great  variability  of  the  colors  of  most  species^ 
and  because  of  the  unsettled  condition  in  which  the  European 
authors  have  so  far  left  it.  While  at  Stockholm,  Sweden,  I  paid 
special  attention  to  this  group,  and  found  a  number  of  Friesian 
species;  in  many  cases,  however,  these  do  not  agree  well  with  the 
spore  characters  as  given  by  various  authors.  It  is  clear  that  only 
a  temporary  arrangement  can  be  given  of  our  species  and  it  seemed 
best  to  put  on  record  descriptions  of  such  species  as  are  close  to 
the  Friesian  ones,  as  unnamed  variations  under  the  Friesian  names. 
In  Michigan  the  Hydrocybes  seem  to  be  much  more  numerous  in 
the  coniferous  regions  of  the  State  than  in  froudose  woods  as  ap- 
pears to  be  also  the  case  in  Europe.  I  have  no  doubt  we  have  quite 
a  number  of  species  Which  are  truly  American. 

Section  I.  Margin  of  pileus  at  first  incurved.  Pileus  thickish^ 
of  a  medium  or  fairly  large  size.     Stem  somewhat  stout. 

*Steni  or  gills  at  first  violaceous. 

440.     Cortinarius  imbutus   Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  870. 

PILEUS  2.5-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  obtuse  or  sub- 
umbonate,  even,  hijgrophanotis,  chestnut-hroiru  lohen  moist,  chang- 
ing color,  alutaceous  or  rufous-tinged  on  disk  when  dry  and  then 
becoming  somewhat  lioary,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  sometimes 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  427 

decorated  by  whitish  fibrillose  scales  from  the  cortina.  FLESH 
thickish  on  disk,  thin  on  margin,  watery  to  pallid.  GILLS  adnate 
then  subemarginate,  Jjvoad,  close,  not  crowded,  violaceous  at  first 
with  lavender  tinge,  soon  cinnamon,  edge  concolor.  STEM  rather 
stout,  3-5  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or  nearly  so,  solid,  at  first 
violaceous,  especially  at  apex,  then  silky-whitish  and  shining, 
violaceous  within  at  apex,  rarely  subannulate  from  the  whitish 
cortina.  SPORES  narrow,  elliptical,  smooth,  7-8.5x4-4.5  micr. 
BASIDIA  25-27x8  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  naked  ground  in  low  frondose 
woods.    Ann  Arbor.     October.     Infrequent. 

This  species  is  based  here  on  the  figures  of  Cooke  and  those  of 
Fries'  unpublished  plate  at  Stockholm.  The  latter  shows  a  pileus 
colored  like  ours  and  somewhat  the  same  as  that  of  Cooke's  figures, 
but  is  not  "gilvus"  as  described  by  Fries  in  his  works.  Cooke's 
figures  do  not  show  the  violaceous  character  as  do  those  of  Fries, 
Other  authors  difi'er  considerably  in  the  application  of  this  name 
and  in  the  spore-size.  The  figure  of  Quelet  (in  Grevillea,  Vol.  VIII, 
PI.  127,  Fig.  2)  is  referred  by  Maire  (Bull.  d.  1.  Soc.  Myc.  de  France, 
Vol.  26,  p.  28),  to  G.  bicolor  Cke.  and  is  not  at  all  our  plant.  The 
cortina  sometimes  leaves  a  row  of  spot-like  shreds  on  the  margin 
of  the  pileus,  sometimes  it  forms  a  slight  annulus  on  the  stem, 
but  more  often  it  is  entirely  evanescent.  This  species  is  near  C. 
castaneus,  from  which  it  differs  by  its  larger,  stouter  habit,  its 
slightly  smaller  spores,  but  especially  by  the  solid  stem.  Ricken 
considers  it  a  variety  of  C.  su'bjerruginea,  but  he  evidently  had  a 
plant  with  larger  spores. 

441.     Cortinarius  saturninus   Fr.  minor. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  IGl,  Fig.  2. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  247. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  expanded,  sometimes  gib- 
bous, glabrous,  hygrophanous,  pale  watery  brown  when  moist, 
ochraceous-gray-buff  when  dry,  silky  around  margin.  FLESH  thin, 
scissile,  violaceous  then  pallid.  Gills  adnate  then  emargiuate,  ad- 
nexed,  close,  moderately  broad,  violaceous  or  tinged  purplish  at  first 
then  ashy-cinnamon,  thin,  edge  entire.  STE:\[  4-6  cm.  long,  6-12 
mm.  thick,  subequal,  slightly  thicker  downwards,    terete   or    com- 


428  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

pressed,  stuffed,  violaceous  altove,  whitish  below,  fibrillose,  glabres- 
ceiit  and  sliiniiig  wlien  dry.  CORTINA  whitish.  SPORES  ellip- 
tical, slightly  rough,  7-8x5-G  micr.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Subcaesjjitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor. 
September.     Rare. 

Tliis  is  \\\']\  illustrated  by  the  figures  of  Fries  and  of  Gillet. 
Ricken  describes  a  plant  with  spores  measuring  10-12  x  5-6  micr.,  and 
with  a  niucli  darker  pileus.  The  pileus  soon  fades.  It  is  to  be 
noted  that  although  Fries  describes  the  moist  pileus  as  "dark  bay" 
color,  his  figures  are  much  paler.  I  have  not  seen  it  dark-colored 
and  that  character  may  belong  to  another  species  such  as  the  one 
described  by  Rieken. 

442.     Cortinarius  livor   Fr. 

Ei)icrisis,  1836-38. 

PILEUS  3-4  cm.  broad,  firm,  campanulate,  obtuse,  sometimes 
gibbous,  sooty-droi€7i,  obscurely  olive-gray  on  center,  scarcely  hygro- 
plianous,  not  fading,  even,  innately  subtomentose  on  disk,  margin 
at  first  incurved.  FLESH  thickish  on  disk,  sooty-brown  under  the 
center,  pallid  or  whitish  elsewhere.  GILLS  adnate  then  emarginate, 
close,  relatively  broad,  pallid-cinnamon  at  first.  STEM  4-5  cm.  long, 
sub-equal,  sometimes  narrower  at  base,  sometimes  subbulbous, 
slightly  violaceous  above,  becoming  diugj^  olivaceous  to  brownish  be- 
low, solid,  firm,  at  first  violaceous,  within.  SPORES  broadly  ellip- 
tical, slightly  rough,  obtuse,  7-8  x  5  micr.  BASIDIA  30  x  7  micr., 
4-spored.     ODOR  slight. 

Solitary.  On  the  ground  in  beech  and  pine  woods.  New  Rich- 
mond.    September.     Rare. 

There  is  an  olive  to  sooty  tinge  on  cap  and  base  of  stem,  which 
along  with  the  violaceous  apex  of  the  stem  is  quite  characteristic. 
The  plate  of  Fries  at  Stockholm,  marked  typical,  shows  a  plant 
with  a  much  shorter  stem,  otherwise  our  plant  is  very  like  it. 

443.     Cortinarius  castaneus   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  842. 

''PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  firm,  campanulate-convex,  expanded  or 
gibbous,  even,  smbumhofiate,  scarcely  hygrophanous,  dark  chestnut 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  429 

color,  shiuiug  Avheu  dry,  liardly  fading,  margin  at  first  white-silky. 
FLESH  thin,  rigid-tough,  concolor  to  pallid.  GILLS  adnexed, 
not  hroad,  ventricose,  close,  violet  at  first,  then  rusty-cinnamon, 
edge  whitish.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  not  truly  slender,  4-6  mm.  thick, 
cartilaginous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  violaceous  or  pallid-rufescent, 
silky  from  the  white  cortiua.  SPORES  elliptical,  rough,  7-9x4-5 
micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  slight." 

Gregarious.     On  the  ground  in  open  woods,  etc. 

The  description  is  adapted  from  the  works  of  Fries  and  his  un- 
published plate  at  Stockholm.  The  characteristic  features,  by  which 
it  is  separable  from  C.  imliutus  and  other  related  species  with  violet 
gills,  are  the  hollow  stem  and  smaller  stature.  The  figures  of  Cooke 
agree  with  those  of  Fries,  except  that  they  lack  the  markedly  violet 
stem  and  gills.  Patouillard's  figures  (Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  128)  re- 
mind one  more  of  C.  hadius  Pk.,  and  Gillet's  figure  (Champignons 
de  France,  No.  202),  has  aberrant  colors.  Peck's  specimens  have  the 
correct  spores.  The  species  has  been  reported  by  various  authors 
in  this  country  but  I  have  not  seen  any  typical  specimens. 

^'^Stem  at  first  lohite  or  jMlUd. 

444.     Cortinarius  armeniacus   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  793. 

Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  51,  Fig.  4. 

PILETJS  5-7  cm.  broad,  firm,  campanulate-subexpanded,  broadly 
umhonate,  obtuse,  glabrous,  even,  hygrophanous,  sudan-hroivn  tohen 
moist  (Ridg.),  orange-buff  on  umbo  while  drying,  orange-buff  or  tan 
throughout  Avhen  dry,  margin  when  dry  white  silky  from  the  cortina. 
FLESH  thin  on  margin,  scissile,  soon  pallid.  GILLS  adnate,  emar- 
ginate.  Inroad,  ventricose,  close,  thin,  at  first  pallid,  then  mars-yellow 
(Ridg.)  to  cinnamon,  edge  entire.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  tapering  up- 
ward, 5-8  mm.  thick  above,  twice  as  thick  below,  watery-pallid  when 
moist,  dingy  whitish  when  dry,  silkp-fihrillose,  rind  cartilaginous, 
stuffed,  spongy  at  base.  CORTINA  whitish,  sparse.  SPORES 
elliptical,  slightly  rough,  8-9  x  5-5.5  micr.  ODOR  and  TASTE  mild 
or  slightly-  of  radish. 

Gregarious.  Among  mosses  under  spruce  and  balsam.  North 
Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.  Collection  Kauffman. 
September,  1914. 


430  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

Similar  in  stature  to  C  (/lahreUiis,  but  differs  iu  the  nature  of  the 
surface  of  the  pileus  both  in  color  and  in  the  structure  of  the  cuticle. 
As  the  moisture  disappears  the  umbo  fades  to  ]>ale  ochraceous.  It 
ajjrees  well  with  the  figures  of  Fries  at  the  Stockholm  Museum  and 
also  with  the  conception  of  Kicken.  Fries  states  that  the  plants  are 
more  robust  among  fallen  leaves  and  the  stem  is  then  stout  and 
davate-bulbous  and  some  of  his  figures  show  this. 

445.     Cortinarius  duracinus   Fr.  var, 

Epicrisis,  183G-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  809   (not  typical). 

Ricken,  Die  Bljitterpilze,  PI.  51,  Fig.  2  (not  typical). 
Quelet,  Grevillea,  Vol.  VII,  PI.  115,  Fig.  1  (dry  form). 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  obtuse,  sometimes 
gibbous,  hi/grophanous,  tcatcnj  cinnamon-liroicn  lohen  moist,  tinged 
rufous  on  disk,  pale  ochraceous-tan  to  buff  when  dry,  glahrous,  even, 
margin  at  first  incurved  then  geniculate  and  obsoletely  silky. 
FLESH  rigid-brittle,  thm,  scissile,  concolor,  at  length  pallid. 
GILLS  adnate  or  slightly  subdecurrent,  ihin,  suhdistant,  moderately 
broad,  pallid  at  first  but  soon  icatery-cinnamon,  edge  even  or  scarce- 
ly crenulate.  STExM  4-12  cm.  long,  tapering  doiomcards  or  fusi- 
form-subradicate,  6-15  mm.  thick,  glabrous,  rigid,  stuffed  then  hol- 
low, sometimes  compressed,  at  length  shining,  tohite,  at  first  corti- 
nate-fibrillose.  CORTINA  white.  SPORES  elliptical-almond-shaped, 
scarcely  rough,  7-9.5  x  5-5.5  micr.  BASIDIA  32-36  x  8-9  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious,  often  in  troops  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground, 
grassy  places,  etc.,  in  frondose  woods  of  southern  Michigan.  Aug- 
ust to  October.     Frequent  in  very  wet  weather. 

One  of  the  larger  Hydrocybes,  usually  found  in  quantity  when 
it  occurs.  No  good  plates  seem  to  exist  of  the  plant  as  it  occurs 
with  us.  Our  specimens  agree  in  stature,  colors,  spores,  etc.,  with  a 
collection  I  found  at  Stockholm.  Ricken  gives  spores  much  larger, 
l)ut  Massee's  spore-measurements  are  much  smaller.  It  seems  clear 
that  the  species  of  Fries  is  yet  uncertain.  A  plant  agreeing  in  the 
spore-character  with  that  of  Ricken  and  otherwise  similar  to  the 
above  species  occurs  with  us  in  the  same  habitat.  The  rigid-brittle, 
convex  pileus,  the  tapering-subradicating  stem  and  the  colors  and 
size  distinguisli  our  C.  duracinus.     It  has  somewhat  the  appearance 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  431 

of  C.  dolohratus  Fr.  as  figured  by  Cooke  (111.,  PI.  811)  except  in 
shape  of  stem  aud  the  browu  color;  furthermore  the  margin  of  the 
pileus  of  that  species  is  at  first  incurved.  Neither  the  pileus  of 
our  plant  nor  that  occuring  at  Stockholm  had  a  truly  ferruginous 
or  testaceous  color  when  moist. 

446.     Cortinarius  sp. 

PILEUS  2-8  cm.  broad,  conico-campanulate,  subexpanded,  gla- 
brous, even,  hygrophanous,  rufous-cinnamon  when  moist,  pale  tan 
tchen  dry  and  subshining,  margin  white-silky  at  first.  FLESH  thin, 
scissile,  at  length  whitish.  GILLS  adnate-emarginate,  broad, 
broadest  behind,  tapering  in  front,  medium  close,  ventricose,  pallid- 
broicnish  at  first  then  dark  cinnamon,  edge  erose-crenulate,  concolor. 
STE.M  (i-10  cm.  long,  7-12  mm.  thick  above,  sithhtilhoKS  to  clavate 
heloic,  stuffed,  soon  cavernous,  soft-spongy  within,  silky-fibrillose, 
tchitish  to  pallid.  COKTINA  white.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical, 
8-9  X  5-6  micr.,  scarcely  rough.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods, 
among  grass,  etc.     Ann  Arbor.     September.     Infrequent. 

In  size  this  species  corresponds  to  the  preceding,  but  differs  in 
its  somewhat  cone-shaped,  rather  acute  pileus,  broad  gills  and  bul- 
bous to  clavate  stem.  C.  candelaris  Fr.  is  half-way  between  the  two 
in  having  a  conic-campanulate  pileus  and  a  radicating  stem  and  the 
spores,  according  to  Ricken,  measure  9-11  x  4-5  micr.  Found  in 
quantity,  but  all  with  clavate-bulbous  stems.  Specimens  of  G. 
candelaris  from  Bresadola  had  spores  measuring  6-7.5  x  5  micr. 

447.     Cortinarius  erugatus   Fr. 
Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  obtuse  to  broadly 
subuml)onate,  hygrophanous,  pale  umber-cinnamon  to  grayish-brown 
with  rufous  or  fulvous  umbo  ivhen  moist,  on  drying-  becoming  pale 
reddish-gray  with  innate  silky  fibrils  and  silrcry  sheen,  glabrous, 
even,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  entirely  white-silky.  FLESH 
thin,  splitting  on  margin  which  is  at  length  recurved.  GILLS 
adnate-emarginate,  rather  broad  behind,  tapering  in  front,  close, 
thin,  pallid-broiDnish  at  first,  then  alutaceous  to  ferruginous,  eilge 
minutely  erose-lacerate.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long  (when  elongated  8-10 
em.),   5-12  mm.   thick,   variable  in   length   and   thickness,   at   first 


432  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

claiate-hiilbous  then  elongated,  soft-spoiigv,  stuflfed,  ixiJlid  and 
atrcahcd  tcith  silhij  whiic  fibrils,  becoming  sordid,  not  ciugulate. 
COKTIXA  white.  SPOKES  elliptical,  rather  narrow,  smooth, 
variable  iu  length,  0-8.5  (rarely  9)  x44.5  micr.  BASIDIA  30x6-7 
micr.,  ^-spored.     01)011  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  scattered  in  thick  leaf-mould  of  hemlock,  pine  and 
beech  ravines.     New  Kichmond.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

When  young  the  pileus  is  firm  and  very  silky  on  edge, 
when  old  it  becomes  soft;  the  stem  is  early  affected  by  grubs  and 
soon  decays  at  the  base.  The  color  of  the  pileus  changes  markedly 
and  hence  is  very  variable.  Sections  of  very  young  buttons  show^ 
no  universal  veil. 

448.     Cortinarius  glabrellus  Kauff. 

Jour,  of  Mycolog}^,  Vol.  13,  p.  35,  1907  (synopsis). 
Illustration:     Plate  XC  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  hemispherical-convex  at  tirst.  campanu- 
late-expanded,  obtuse  or  broadly  umbonate,  glabrous,  hygrophanons, 
ivith  a  slight  pellicle,  watery  cinnamon  when  moist,  becoming  brick- 
color  on  drying,  then  paler,  even,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  wiiite- 
silky.  FLESH  concolor  then  pallid,  rather  thin.  GILLS  adnate, 
moderately  broad,  broadest  behind,  close,  distinct,  thin,  at  first 
hroicnish-pallid  then  cinnamon-brown.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  8-18 
mm.  thick,  varying  equal  to  subclavate  below,  rather  stout  and  firm^ 
straight  or  curved  at  base,  paZ?/(Z  or  lohitisli,  silky-fibrillose  and 
shining  when  dry,  stuffed.  CORTINA  white.  SPOEES  elliptical, 
6-8.5x4-5  micr.,  smooth.    ODOR  and  TASTE  slightly  of  radish. 

Gregarious.  On  ground  in  moist,  low,  frondose  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

This  species  was  originally  referred  to  the  subgenus  Phlegmacium. 
The  pellicle  of  the  pileus  is,  however,  scarcely  gelatinous  although 
the  surface  feels  somewhat  slippery.  This  ard  the  reddish  color 
which  ap])ears  on  the  jiileus  as  it  loses  moisture  are  the  most  strik- 
ing characters. 


CLASSIFICATION.  OF  AGARICS  433 

449.  Cortinarius  privignus  Fr.  var. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  827  (pale,  dry,  small). 
Kicken,  Die  Blatterpilze,  PI.  52,  Fig.  2  (non  Fr.). 

PILEUS  4-6  cm.  broad,  gibbons,  campannlate-convex,  obtuse, 
hygrophanons,  fascous-lroion  ivheu  moist,  innately  variegated-mica- 
ceous-silky, paler  and  with  tinge  of  drab  when  dry,  glabrous,  even, 
margin  at  first  incurved  at  length  splitting  radially.  FLESH  thin 
except  disk,  concolor  to  pallid.  OILLS  adnate-emarginate,  rather 
hroad,  ventricose,  not  crowded,  hroicnish  at  first,  then  cinnamon, 
edge  concolor.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal, 
sometimes  with  a  hiilhous  hase,  pallid  with  tinge  of  drab,  silky-shin- 
ing when  dry,  glabrous,  even,  not  cingnlate,  stuffed  then  hollow. 
SPOKES  broadly  elliptical,  obtuse,  rough,  8-9x5-6  micr.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  mild. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  among  humus  in  pine  and 
beech  woods.     New  Richmond.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

The  figures  of  this  by  Cooke  and  Ricken  do  not  seem  to  apply 
to  the  same  plant.  Ours  is  intermediate  between  the  two  and  fits 
more  closely  to  the  Friesian  sense.  The  stem  is  usually  clavate  or 
even  bulbous  at  base  but  equal  elsewhere.  The  color  of  the  pileus 
is  soon  similar  to  that  of  C.  paleaceus,  but  the  character  of  its  sur- 
face is  quite  different  and  the  plant  is  stouter. 

450.  Cortinarius  subrigens   sp.  nov. 

• 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  from  the  first,  then  ex- 
panded-plane  or  subdepressed,  hay-hrown  to  chestnut  and  variegated 
ivith  white  hoariness  when  moist,  fading  quickly  to  cinnamon-rufous 
and  then  hoary  isahelUne  when  dry,  hygrophanons,  even,  margin  at 
first  incurved  and  cortinate.  FLESH  rigid-brittle,  thin,  dingy  pal- 
lid or  brownish.  GILLS  sinuate-adnate,  close,  medium  broad,  pallid 
to  hroicnish  Ihen  cinnamon,  edge  entire  and  concolor.  STEM  3-5 
cm.  long,  equal  or  tapering  downward,  5-10  mm.  thick,  rigid,  base 
often  curved,  stuffed  then  hollow,  at  first  cortinate-fibrillose,  gla- 
brescent  and  silky-shining,  pallid  to  white,  rarely  subannulate  from 
the  white  CORTINA.  SPORES  narrow-elliptical,  subineqnilnternl, 
slightly  rough,  9-10  x  4..5-.5.5  micr.  BASIDIA  30-32x6-7  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 
55 


434  THE    AGARICAC£AE    OF    MICHIGAN 

Caespitose.  On  the  groimd  in  oak  woodis.  Ann  Arbor.  October. 
Infrequent. 

Known  by  its  wliitish  stem,  hoary  silkine.ss  on  the  pale  chestnut- 
brown  «in)\iiHl-«-<»l(»r  of  the  moist  cap,  tlie  stutfed  to  hollow  stem  and 
its  mcdiniii  size.  The  stem  and  cap  become  firm  and  rather  rigid 
when  *\\y.  ^^■he^  the  stem  tapers  down  it  approaches  C.  rigens  Fr. 
1)111  I  lie  incurved  margin  of  the  convex  i)ileus,  its  hoarj'-silkiness 
and  more  manifest  cortina  separate  it.  C.  scandeus  Fr.  is  distiu- 
"■uislR'd  bv  its  smaller  spores,  conic  to  unibonate  pileus  and  more 
slender  stem.  C.  leiicopus  Fr.  has  a  conic  to  umbonate  pileus  and 
different  spores. 

***%Stcm  and  f/iUs  hecomUui  hvoirn  or  fuscescent. 
451.     Cortinarius  rubricosus  Fr.  var. 
Epicrisis,  1S36-3S. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  couvex-campanulate,  broadly  umbonate, 
fuscous-hay-hroioi,  subhygrophanous,  margin  grayish,  white-silky, 
at  first  incurved,  elsewhere  glabrous,  even.  FLESH  thickish  on 
disk,  watery  to  pallid.  GILLS  adnexed-emargiuate,  rather  narroiv, 
close  to  subdistant,  soon  ^imber-hroivn,  pallid-brownish  at  first,  edge 
white-fiml)riate.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  thick  above,  rather 
stout,  claratc-biilhous,  12-18  mm.  thick  toward  base,  firm,  solid^ 
grayisli-i)allid,  soon  fuscescent,  at  length  dark  fuscous  umber  below 
and  within,  at  first  densely  white-fibrillose  from  cortina.  SPORES 
broadly  elliptical,  rough-tuberculate,  8-10  x  6-7  micr.  BASIDIA 
40-45x9  micr.,  often  with  dark  brownish  content;  sterile  cells  on 
edge  of  gills,  sslender,  subclavate  above. 

Solitary  or  gi-egarious.  On  the  ground  among  humus  in  hem- 
lock woods.     New  Kichmoud.     September.     Infrequent. 

This  differs  somewhat  from  the  Friesian  plants  in  its  lack  of 
reddish  tints  on  the  cap,  and  from  the  plant  of  Ricken  in  its  larger 
spores.  Britzelnmyr  gives  the  spores  the  same  size  as  ours,  and 
my  collection  from  Sweden  also  has  such  spores  but  shows  the  slight 
rufous  color  when  dry.  It  needs  further  study  but  surely  belongs 
iu  its  present  position  in  the  group. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  435 

452.     Cortinarius  uraceus   Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1826-38. 

Illustration:     Fries,  Icoues,  PL  1G2,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  firm,  at  first  ovate  or  campaiiulate  then 
convex-subexpauded,  often  with  a  mammillate  umbo,  hygrophanous, 
smoky  chestnut  'brown  (Eidg.)  lolien  moist,  even,  fading  to  cin- 
namon-brown or  is'abelline,  with  blackish  streaks,  often  blackish  on 
umbo,  margin  persistently  decurved.  FLESH  thin  except  disk,  scis- 
sile,  watery  chestnut  (moist),  fragile  when  dry.  GILLS  broadly 
adnate,  broad,  close  to  subdistant,  dark  ivatery  brown  at  first,  then 
auburn  to  dark  rusty-brown  (Kidg.),  edge  at  length  black.  STEM 
4-9  cm.  long,  4-10  mm,  thick,  equal  or  tapering  slightl}^  upward,  be- 
coming flexuous,  firvi,  stuffed  then  hollow,  pallid  when  fresh,  soon 
brownish-streaked,  fiiscescent,  in  age  blackish,  rarely  with  narrow 
white  evanescent  annulus.  CORTINA  whitish,  forming  a  silky 
zone  on  the  young  margin  of  pileus,  fuscescent.  SPORES  broadly 
elliptical,  7-8  x  5-6  micr.,  rough.  ODOR  of  radish  when  plants  are 
crushed.     TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious-subcaespitose.  Among  moss  under  balsam,  spruce, 
etc.  North  Elba,  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.  Collection 
Kauffman.     September,  1914.     Frequent  after  heavy  rains. 

The  species  is  interpreted  here  in  the  sense  of  the  Icones  of  Fries. 
It  is  well  marked  by  its  spores,  dark  colors  and  broad  gills.  In  dry 
weather  it  is  scarcely  recognizable;  it  is  then  often  pale  tan  and 
streaked  with  blackish  stains,  quite  fragile  and  split  on  the  margin 
of  the  cap.  There  is  no  universal  veil  in  the  young  stage,  the  lack  of 
which  separates  it  from  C.  glandicolor  which  is  nearest  to  it  in  color 
and  habit.  As  characterized  by  Fries,  an  olivaceous  color  is  some- 
times present.  This  form  appears  to  be  that  of  Rickeu  with  very 
large  spores.  In  the  Monographia,  Fries  himself  raises  the  question 
whether  it  is  not  a  composite  species.  Cooke  (111.,  PL  796)  figures  a 
slender  plant  and  it  is  possible  that  this  is  also  a  separate  form,  as 
I  collected  such  a  plant  in  Sweden  with  spores  8-10  x  5-6  micr. 


43G  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

453.     Cortinarius   juberinus  Fr.  var. 

Ei)itrisis,  183G-3S. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  797. 

PILl'XTS  24  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  then  expanded,  um- 
bonate  or  umbo  obsolete,  chcstrnd-hroicu  to  icatery  cinnamon  when 
moist,  ochraceous  when  dry,  subhj-grophanous,  glabrous,  even,  silky- 
shlniny  when  dry,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  white-silky  from  the 
cortina.  FLESH  coucolor,  thin.  GILLS  adnate  then  subemar- 
ginate,  suhdisfant,  rather  broad,  thin,  at  length  ventricose,  pallid- 
brown  then  cinnamon,  interspaces  somewhat  venose,  edge  concolor. 
STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  moderately  slender,  equal  or  sub- 
eqnal,  even,  stuffed  then  holloiv,  pallid  at  first,  then  brownish  or 
fuscescent,  innately  silky-fibrillose.  CORTINA  white,  fugacious. 
SPORES  6.5-7.5x4.5-5  micr.,  broadly  elliptic-oval,  scarcely  rough. 
BASIDIA  27-30  x  G-7  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  slight  or  none. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  near  wet  or  springy  places 
in  woods  or  swamps.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.  September.  In- 
frequent. 

Distinguished  by  the  spores,  subdistant  gills,  hollow  stem  and 
colors.  The  pileus  does  not  become  black-stained  nor  black-streaked 
in  age  as  do  some  similar  species  of  this  subgenus.  The  color  of  the 
pileus  is  variable,  sometimes  approaching  tawny-cinnamon,  and  its 
surface  is  silky-shining  as  in  C.  cinnamomeus.  Our  plant  agrees 
better  with  the  unpublished  figures  of  Fries  and  those  of  Cooke,  than 
with  the  description  of  Fries;  in  his  description.  Fries  states  that 
the  pileus  is  very  bright  cinnamon-fulvous,  but  this  is  not  shown  in 
his  figure.  The  habitat  is  also  different.  The  spores  agree  with  the 
size  given  by  Cooke,  and  doubtless  we  have  his  species  here. 

454.     Cortinarius  praepallens   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Bull.  2,  ]  887. 

-i'lLlOl  S  14  cm.  broad,  subconical,  then  convex  or  expanded, 
glabrous,  Jiyfjrophanous,  droicn  or  chestnut  color  lohen  moist,  pallid- 
ochraceous  when  dry.  FLESH  yellowish-white,  thin.  GILLS 
rounded  behind  or  subemarginate,  crowded,  lanceolate,  reddish-um- 
hn-   til. 11    tiiscous-cinnamon.     STEM   2-7   cm.   long,  4-8   mm.   thick, 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  437 

equal,    subflexuoiis,    fleshy  fibrous,    subsilky,    pallid    or    broicnish. 
SPORES  subellipsoid,  7-10  x  6.5  micr. 
"On"  bare  ground  in  woods,  New  York." 

Section  II.  Margin  at  first  straight  on  the  stem,  Galera-like. 
Slender-stemmed,  with  the  pileus  mostly  conical-campanulate  and 
almost  membranous. 

^Stern  or  gills  at  first  violaceous. 

455.     Cortinarius  fuscoviolaceus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  27,  1875. 

"PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  convex  (?)  umbonate,  soon  expanded 
and  centrally  depressed,  gla'brous,  hygroplianous,  chestnut-brown 
tinged  icith  violet,  the  margin  whitened  by  silky  fibrils.  GILLS 
rounded  behind,  at  first  plane  then  ventricose,  rather  distant,  darl: 
violaceous  at  first  becoming  subcinnamon.  STEM  2.5-4  cm.  long, 
slender,  flexuous,  equal,  solid,  silky-flbrillose,  colored  like  pileus." 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  minute,  smooth,  6-7x3-4  micr. 

"Sphagnous  marshes.  New  York." 

A  very  similar  plant  occurs  at  Ithaca,  New  York.,  with  spores 
7-10  X  3-4  micr.  The  type-specimens,  however,  show  the  spores  as 
given  above. 

456.     Cortinarius  erythrinus   Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  798,  A. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  53,  Fig.  2. 
Quelet,  Grevillea,  PI.  115,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  rather  firm,  conic-campanulate,  then  sub- 
expanded  and  subacutely  umbonate,  chestnut  brown,  uinho  nmhcr 
or  hlackish,  paler  toward  margin,  hygrophanous,  glabrous,  even, 
soon  fading.  FLESH  thin  on  margin,  scissile,  watery-brown  when 
moist.  GILLS  rounded  behiud  and  adnexed,  rather  broad,  ventri- 
cose, close  to  subdistant,  pallid  or  pale  brownish  then  cinnamon, 
edge  entire.  STEM  slender,  4-6  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  fragile, 
equal,  flexuous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  apcw  violet  at  first,  ])ale  brown- 
ish  elsewhere,    sometimes    violet-tinged    throughout,    sparsely    tor- 


438  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

tiuate,  glabresceiit,  sliiuiug  when  dry.  SPORES  short,  elliptical, 
7-9  X  5-0  micr.,  almost  smooth,  pale  ochraceous.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
mild. 

(.Jrejiaiioiis.  On  l)are  soil  in  ndxed  woods.  North  Elba,  Adiron- 
dack 3Iountains,  New  York.  Collection  Kauffman.  September, 
1914.     Infrequent. 

The  slender  form  of  the  species  is  illustrated  by  Cooke.  It  agrees 
in  all  respects  with  plants  found  in  Sweden.  The  stouter  forms 
approach  C  casta nciis. 

**Stem  white,  pallid  or  dingy  troionish. 

457.     Cortinarius  decipiens   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  798,  B. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  53,  Fig.  8. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  at  first  conico-campaniilate,  then  subex- 
panded  with  decurved  margin,  prominently  umbotiate,  vinaceous- 
cinnamon  (Ridg.),  umbo  hlackish  while  losing  moisture,  hygro- 
I)hanous,  glaljrous,  silky-shining,  margin  with  white-silky  fibrils. 
FLESH  thin,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate,  then  emarginate-uncinate, 
close,  rather  broad,  at  first  pallid  or  cinnamon-buff,  at  length  mars- 
yellow  (Ridg.),  edge  white-crenulate  at  first.  STEM  slender,  7-10 
cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  thick,  scarcely  incrassate  downward,  stuffed  then 
hollow,  becoming  flexuous,  fragile,  pallid  to  silky-shining,  glabrous, 
.brownish  within.  SPORES  narrowly  elliptical,  7-9x4-4.5  micr., 
scarcely  rough.     ODOR  and  TASTE  slightly  of  radish. 

Gregarious  or  snbcaespitose.  North  Elba,  Adirondack  Moun- 
tains, New  York.  On  mosses,  sphagnum,  etc.,  in  balsam  and  tama- 
rack swamp.     Infrequent. 

This  si»ecies  is  placed  here  in  the  sense  of  Ricken.  I  doubt  whether 
it  is  the  typical  Swedish  species  which  I  collected  near  Stockholm ; 
the  stem  of  that  was  rubello-tinged,  the  gills  were  truly  cinnamon 
and  the  spores  measured  9-10  x  6  micr.  Britzdmayr  also  gives  the 
latter  size.  When  young  and  moist  the  cap  of  our  plants  is  chest- 
nut-brown. 

Var.  minor.  PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  stem  2-3  cm.  long,  2-3  mm. 
thick.  GILLS  tawny  at  first  then  mars-orange  (Ridg.),  thickish, 
edge  entire.     STEM  short,  sub-bulbillate  at  base,  often  tinged  sub- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  439 

orange  or  reddish-orange  by  deposit  of  the  spores.     SPOKES  7-9  x 
5-5.5  micr.     Under  conifers,  Xew  York. 

Both  forms  are  known  by  the  gills  becoming  mars-orange  at  ma- 
turity. Sometimes  the  silky  librils  on  the  margin  of  the  cap  are 
slightly  rufous.  No  universal  veil  is  present.  The  cortina  is 
whitish. 

458.     Cortinarius  leucopus   Fr.  (var.) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  843. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  conico-campanulate,  at  length  expanded 
and  umbonate,  even,  glabrous,  roods-brown  (Ridg.)  Avhen  moist, 
cinnamon-huff  (Ridg.)  toUen  dry,  hygrophanous.  GILLS  adnate- 
sinuate,  ventricose,  not  broad,  subdistant,  jxillid  at  first,  then  ochra- 
ceous-tawny  (Ridg.j,  edge  entire.  STEM  3-4  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick, 
rather  slender,  equal,  silky-fibrillose  or  sometimes  suhcingulate 
from  the  white  cortina,  stuffed  to  hollow,  white  or  pallid.  SPORES 
narrow,  elliptic-oblong,  scarcely  rough,  7-8x3.5-4.5  micr.  (rarely 
9  micr.).     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  or  moss  in  pine 
and  spruce  woods.  North  Elba,  New  York,  and  New  Richmond, 
Michigan.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

This  approaches  C.  juberinus  Fr.,  but  pileus  is  more  acute,  spores 
of  a  different  shape  and  stem  scarcely  brownish.  The  spores  agree 
with  those  given  by  Ricken  and  Britzelmayr,  but  the  colors,  habit 
and  the  occasionally  cingulate  stem  are  shown  in  Fries'  unpublisli- 
ed  plate.  No  form  has  been  seen  with  a  pure  white  stem  as  de- 
scribed by  Fries.  Cooke's  figures  show  the  faded  condition.  The 
moist  young  pileus  is  margined  by  the  white  silky  remains  of  the 
cortina. 

459.     Cortinarius  scandens   Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  830    (dry  condition). 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  845  (as  C.  obtusus). 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  236   (as  C.  obtusus). 
Fries,  Icones,  PI.  163,  Fig.  3  (as  C.  obtusus). 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  rigid,  conico-eampannlate,  tJien  expanded- 


440  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

lonhonatc,  glabrous,  watery  rusty-fulvoiis  at  first  tvJien  moist  autl 
sti-iatuhite  ou  margin,  soon  honey-eolored  or  aliitaceous  to  paler 
when  dry,  soon  even,  liygrophanons.  FLESH  thin,  concolor. 
(IILLS  adnate,  sometimes  eniarginate,  narroic,  close  to  subdistant, 
thin.  paHid-broicn  then  cinnamon,  edge  concolor.  STEM  3-8  cm. 
long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  taperinrj  doicnicard,  thickened  above,  attenu- 
ated at  the  slender  curved  base,  flexuous,  soon  rigid,  stuffed  then 
hollow,  fulvous  (moist)  pallid  or  white  and  shining  when  dry, 
scarcely  fibrillose  at  the  first  by  remains  of  the  scanty  white  COK- 
TINA.  SPORES  short-elliptical,  almost  smooth,  6-7.5  (rarely  8) 
X  4-5  micr.     BASIDIA  25-30  x  6-7  micr.     ODOR  none  or  slight. 

Solitary',  scattered  or  subcaespitose  in  pairs.  Among  leaves  and 
humus  in  froudose  and  conifer  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond. 
September-October.     Frequent  in  the  late  autumn. 

It  is  very  variable  in  color,  and  the  gills  are  sometimes  rather 
broad,  while  the  spores  are  consistently  small.  The  plants  are 
often  the  shape  and  color  of  C.  oMusus  Fr.  as  illustrated  by  vari- 
ous authors,  so  that  it  seemed  advisable  to  refer  to  these  figures. 
It  seems  that  C  ohtusus  Fr.,  of  which  I  obtained  several  collections 
at  Stockholm,  differs  mostly  in  its  larger  size,  its  quite  broad  gills 
and  larger  spores;  these  measure  9-10x5.5-6.5  micr.  It  is  to  be 
noted  that  the  figures  of  Fries  (Icoues,  PL  163,  Fig.  1)  of  0. 
scandens  can  scarcely  be  the  form  referred  to  in  his  descriptions. 
In  "Mouographia"  he  says  distinctly  that  the  stem  is  "incrassate 
at  apex,  always  attenuate  at  the  base,"  w^hile  in  the  figures  the 
stem  is  not  attenuate.  The  colors  of  his  figures  also  do  not  corre- 
spond with  the  descriptions.  I  have  followed  the  idea  of  the 
description,  as  did  Cooke,  Ricken,  Britzelmayr  and  others.  AVe 
doubtless  have  forms  of  C.  ohtusus  also,  but  they  need  further  study. 
Fries'  unpublished  plate  of  C.  rigens  Fr.  shows  that  species  to 
differ  from  C.  scandens  in  its  larger,  stouter  habit  and  convex  or 
gibbous  pileus;  its  gills  are  not  broad. 

460.     Cortinarius  lignarius   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 
Illustration :     Plate  XCI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  .5-3  cm.  broad,  conico-campanulate,  subacutely  umho- 
nate,  hygrophanous,  glabrous,  vatery -cinnamon  to  chestnut-fulvous 
when  moist,  not  striate,  fading  to  pale  fulvous-tan,  innately  silky- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  441 

shining,  margin  at  first  straight  and  soon  naked.  FLESH  sub- 
membranaceous,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate-seceding,  hroad,  close, 
thin,  ochraceoiis-paUid  at  first  then  somewhat  rusty^brown.  STEM 
2-5  cm.  long,  rather  slender,  2-3  mm.  thick,  equal,  pallid  or  sub- 
rufous  toward  base,  often  curved  at  base,  silky-fibrillose  below, 
suhcingulatc  at  or  above  the  middle  by  sllky-ivhite  remnants  of  the 
rather  copious  cortina,  at  length  tubular,  base  white-mycelioid. 
SPORES  narrow-elliptical,  smooth,  6.5-7x45  micr.  BASIDL\ 
25x6  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  none.     TASTE  slight. 

Subcaespitose  or  solitary  on  very  rotten  wood,  in  coniferous  or 
mixed  woods.    New  Richmond.     September.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  the  very  marked  subacute  umbo,  reddish-fulvous 
pileus,  the  cingulate  stem,  spores  and  habitat.  Peck  placed  it 
under  the  Telamouias,  but  although  slight  colored  floccules  are 
sometimes  present  on  the  edge  of  the  annulus,  there  is  no  other 
indication  of  a  universal  veil.  When  fresh  there  is  sometimes  a 
fleeting  tint  of  violaceous  at  the  apex  of  the  stem.  Sometimes  it 
grows  on  logs  when  these  are  far  advanced  in  decay. 

461.     Cortinarius  acutoides   Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  139,  1909. 
Illustrations:     Ibid,  Plate  X,  Fig.  4-8. 

"PILEUS  8-16  mm.  broad,  conic  or  suhcampanulate,  acutely  um- 
bonate,  hygrophanous,  not  striate,  pale  chestnut  color  at  first, 
floccose  and  margined  by  the  fibrils  of  the  cortina,  tvhitish  and 
silky -fihrillose  when  dry.  GILLS  adnexed,  subdistant,  ascending, 
narrow,  yellowish-cinnamon.  STEM  2.5-5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick, 
solid  or  with  a  small  hollow  tubule,  white,  then  whitish.  SPORES 
8-10  X   6-7  micr.,  ellipsoid. 

"Swamps.  Massachusetts.  October.  Closely  allied  to  C.  acutus, 
from  which  it  differs  in  the  darker  color  of  the  young  moist  pileus 
and  whiter  color  of  the  mature  dry  pileus.  the  white  color  of  the 
young  stem,  the  adnexed  gills,  and  especially  by  the  larger  spores 
and  absence  of  striae  from  the  pileus." 


442  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

***^teni  j/clloicish  or  oclwaceous. 

462.     Cortinarius  acutus    Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  845. 

Qiielet,  in  Grevillea,  Vol.  VII,  PI.  112,  Fig.  5. 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Pflanzenfamilien,  Part  I,  Sect.  1,'*  Fig. 
118  A. 

PILEUS  5-25  mm.  broad,  conical  or  conic-campanulate  with  acute 
umbo,  striate  to  the  uml)o  and  watery  rufous-cinnamon  when  moist, 
pale  alutaceous  when  dry,  hygrophanous,  minutely  silky,  margin 
white-cortiilate,  glabrescent.  FLESH  submembranaceous,  yellowish. 
GILLS  adnate  seceding,  close  or  scarcely  subdistant,  thin,  not  broad, 
2)aJe  ochraceous  at  first  then  ochraceous-cinnamon,  edge  entire. 
STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  slender,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  flexuous,  tubular, 
yeUoicish  at  first  becoming  paler,  silky  from  the  e^■anescent  white 
cortina,  glabrescent.    SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  7-9.5  x  5-5.5  micr. 

In  moist  places,  swamps,  etc.  September-October.  Specimens 
from  Massachusetts  by  G.  E.  Morris. 

Distinguishable  from  the  preceding  two  by  the  clearly  striate 
pileus  and  j-ellowish  stem  when  fresh  and  moist.  It  is  easily  mis- 
taken for  a  Galera. 

Inocybe  Fr. 

(From  the  Greek  is,  a  fibre,  and  kijhe,  a  head,  referring  to  the 
silky-fibrillose  covering  of  the  pileus.) 

Ochre-brown-spored.  Pileus  conical  or  campanulate  at  first, 
innately  silky,  fibrillose  or  fihrillose-scaly;  the  cuticle  continuous 
to  the  stem  in  the  form  of  a  more  or  less  evanescent,  fibrillose  cor- 
tina. Volva  none.  Gills  and  spores  pale  and  sordid;  edge  of 
gills  provided  rcitJi  cystidia  or  saccate,  sterile  cells. 

Putrescent,  mostly  terrestrial,  often  with  a  characteristic  odor. 
Mostly  small  or  medium-sized  plants;  intermediate  between  He- 
beloma  and  Cortinarius,  lacking  mostly  the  viscid  pileus  of  the 
former,  and  the  delicate,  cobwebby  cortina  and  the  darker  brown 
or  rusty  spores  of  the  latter;  formerly  joined  with  the  genus 
Hebeloma.  They  are  usually  omitted  from  the  list  of  edible  species 
on   account   of  their  mostlv  disagreeable   odor   and   taste.      Some 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  443 

are  known  to  be  markedly  poisonous,  e.  g.,  /.  infida  Pk.,  I.  injelix 
Pk.,  /.  fibrosa  Bres.,  etc. 

The  PILEUS  has  a  cuticle  composed  of  radiating,  imrallel  fibrils, 
which  breaks  up  more  or  less  during  development  and  in  age,  so 
as  to  form  minute  radiating  cracks  (rimose),  or  still  more  so,  to 
form  fibrillose  scales,  which  in  some  species  become  recurved  (squar- 
rose-scaly)  ;  in  others,  the  surface  fibrils  remain  more  or  less  inter- 
woven and  do  not  become  rimose;  in  a  few  species  the  cuticle  is  at 
first  viscid.  These  different  modes  of  adjustment  of  the  fibrils 
form  a  basis  for  a  division  of  the  species  into  sections.  The  color 
of  the  cap  is  rarely  bright,  it  is  mostly  of  whitish,  ochraceous,  gray- 
ish or  brownish  shades;  /.  frunicntacea  and  its  variety  jurana, 
have  sometimes  a  beautiful  vinaceous  or  purple  color,  and 
are  well-marked  by  it.  Others,  like  7.  pyriodora,  have  a 
characteristic  pinkish  tint  to  the  flesh  as  they  grow  older. 
In  most  cases,  however,  color-descriptions  are  apt  to  be 
confusing,  as  the  shades  of  brown,  fawn,  gray,  or  ochra- 
ceous vary  in  the  same  species  and  the  same  plants.  For  a 
satisfactory  study  of  this  group,  the  interested  student  should 
attempt  to  make  colored  sketches  of  the  species  he  finds,  accom- 
panied by  spore  and  cystidia  drawings.  It  is  practically  impossible 
to  be  sure  of  a  species  of  this  genus  without  the  use  of  the  micro- 
scope. The  GILLS  may  be  adnexed  or  almost  free,  occasionally 
entirely  free;  adnate  to  subdecurrent  in  a  few  species.  The  color 
of  the  mature  gills  is  usually  of  a  dull,  sordid  or  pale  fuscous,  hard 
to  describe,  but  characteristic  for  many  of  the  species,  so  that  one 
soon  learns  to  distinguish  an  Inocybe  by  the  tints  of  the  gills.  The 
color  of  the  gills  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  genus  Hebeloma. 
However,  it  may  vary  in  some  species  to  brown,  yellow  or  olivaceous 
shades,  and  in  one  species  becomes  dingy  purplish.  A  few  have 
been  described  with  pale  violet  or  blue  gills  when  young,  but 
usually  the  young  gills  are  whitish.  The  STEM  is  fibrous,  usually 
rather  rigid  at  maturity,  its  surface  varying  from  slightly  silky 
to  fibrillose  or  squarrose-scaly.  In  the  last  case  the  stem  is  some- 
what peronate  or  sheathed  by  the  remains  of  the  fibrillose-scaly 
covering  which  was  continuous  in  the  young  plant  from  cap  to 
stem;  such  species  belong  to  the  "Squarrosae''  section.  The  apex 
of  the  stem  is  usually  mealy  or  scurfy.  It  nuiy  be  stuffed  and  later 
hollow,  but  most  species  have  a  solid  stem.  Some  species  are  well 
marked  by  the  striking  color  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stem.  The  stem 
of  /.  calamistrata  Fr.  has  a  dark  greenish-blue  base.  The  base  of 
the  stem  of  I.  hirsuta  Lasch.,  is  said  to  be  bright  green ;  this  species 
has  not  been  found  with  us.     In  /.  cincinnata  Fr.,  the  apex  of  the 


444  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

stem     as     well     as'    the     youug     gills     are     said     to     be     dark 
violet.      The     FLESH     is     characterized     in     some     species     by 
changing  to  a  reddish  color    in    age,    e.    g.,    1.    pyriodoni    Bres., 
I.    repanda    Bres.,    /.    trinii    Bres.,    /.    incarnata     Bres.    and     I. 
hongardii  Weinn.     Some  of  these  have  not  been  found  here.     The 
SPORES  are  of  great  importance  in  the  diagnosis  of  species.   They 
may  be  spiny,  angular  or  smooth.     For  the    convenience    of    the 
student,  each  section  may  therefore  be  divided  into  the  rough-spored 
and  the  smooth-spored  species.     Some  authors  have  gone  so  far  as 
to  suggest  the  use  of  this  character  to  establish  genera.     In  some 
species,  however,  the  spores  are  scarcely  angular,  i.  e.,  they  are  in- 
termediate between  the  smooth  and  angular  shapes;  an  example  of 
this  condition  is  /.  decipiens.     In  two  of  our  species,  I.  calospora 
and    I.    asterospora,    the    spores    are    spiny,     i.     e.,     the     surface 
of     the     spores     is     covered     with     slender,     rod-like     tubercles 
producing  a  pretty  effect  when  seen  under  the  microscope.     Even 
the  smooth  spores  often  vary  sufficiently  in  size  and  shape  so  as 
to  provide  means  for  the  identification  of  species.    CYSTIDIA  are 
present  in  many  species  on  the  sides  and  edge  of  the  gills ;  they  are 
usually  ventricose-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse  and  covered  at  the  apex 
by  crystal-like  deposits.     In  other  species  the  cystidia  are  lacking, 
and  only  the  edge  of  the  gills    is    provided    with    differentiated 
structures;  these  are  inflated-rounded  at  the  apex  in  the  form  of 
obclavate  or  saccate,  sterile  cells,  somewhat  longer  than  the  basidia. 
Ricken  has  used  the  rough  and  smooth  characters  of  the  spores, 
and  the  presence  or  absence  of  cystidia  in  such  a  way  as  to  group 
the  species  under  three  divisions:     (a)    those  with  rough  spores; 
(b)    those  with  smooth  spores  and  cystidia  and;    (c)    those  with 
smooth  spores  and   without  true  cystidia.     I  have    preferred    to 
retain  the  more  natural  Friesian  arrangement,  modified  so  as  to 
use  the  spore  character  under  the  sections. 

The  species  included  below  have  been  interpreted  from  the  point 
of  view  of  the  eminent  mycologist,  Ab.  Bresadola,  who  has  revised 
the  older  conceptions,  and  cleared  up  the  complicated  mass  of 
synonyms  for  the  European  forms.  The  recent  work  of  Ricken, 
which  is  also  based  on  Bresadola's  opinions,  has  lielped  not  a  little 
to  arrive  at  definite  conclusions. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  445 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Spores  angular,   tubercular  or  spiny. 

(a)     Pileus  viscid,  small,  tawny-ochraceous.     493.     7.  trechispora  Berk, 
(aa)     Pileus  not  viscid. 

(b)     Pileus  squarrose-scaly,   fuscous  to   cinnamon. 

(c)     Spores  spherical,  with  rod-like  spines.     468.    I.  calospora  Quel, 
(cc)     Spores   subrectangular  or  wedge-shape   in   outline,   irregular. 
467.     I.  leptophylla  Atk. 
(bb)     Pileus   not   squarrose-scaly. 
(c)     Pileus  appressed  fibrillose-scaly. 
(d)     Stem   fulvous-tinged;    pileus   3-6    cm.    broad,   umbo    fulvous. 

487.     /.  repanda  Bres. 
(dd)     Stem  whitish;    pileus  brownish-ochraceous,    large;     spores 
elongated-oblong    in    outline.     474.     I.    decipientoides    Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus   soon   rimosely   cracked,   fibrillose   or  silky. 
•    (d)     IJisk   of   pileus   white   and   glabrous,     pale    grayish-lilac    or 
grayish-drab  on  the  margin.     485.     I.  albodisca.  Pk. 
(dd)     Disk  not  sharply  marked  in  color. 

(e)     Pileus  creamy-white   or  tinged  ochraceous,  large,   4-8   cm. 

484.     /.  fibrosa  Bres. 
(ee)     Pileus  not  whitish. 

(f)     Spores  subglobose,  with  blunt  spines;    pileus  brown  or 

rufous-brown.     486.     /.  asterospora  Quel, 
(ff)      Spores  irregularly-angular;    pileus   dark   fuscous-brown. 
483.     I.  radiata  Pk. 
(AA)     Spores  smooth,    (i.  e.,  not  angular,  etc.). 
(a)     Cystidia  present  on  sides  of  gills. 

(b)     Stem  squarrose-scaly  or  floccose-scaly;   pileus  brown,  squarrose- 
scaly. 
(c)     Spores  10-13  micr.  long;  stem  squarrose-scaly.    463.    I.  hystrix 
Ft. 
(bb)     Pileus   not  squarrose-scaly. 

(c)     Pileus  fibrillose-scaly,   rarely  or  not  at  all   rimose. 

(d)     Spores     elongated-subcylindrical,     11-18x4-6    micr.;      pileus 
.  brown,  umber,  etc.     471.     I.  lacera  Fr.     472.     I.  infelix  Pk. 

(dd)     Spores  not  markedly  elongated. 

(e)     Small  plants;    pileus  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  tawny-brown;   stem 

tinged  rufous-brown.     473.     I.  flocculosa  Berk, 
(ee)     Larger;   pileus  2-6  cm.  broad, 
(f)     Flesh     tinged     reddish     or     pinkish     in     age;      pileus 
whitish  then  sordid  brownish-ochraceous;    taste   sweet- 
ish.    469.     I.  pyriodora  Bres. 
(ff)     Flesh  not  changing  to  reddish. 

(g)     Pileus  and  mature  gills  smoky-brown;    spores   7-8x5 

micr.     470.     I.  scaler  Fr. 
(gg)     Pileus   dark   brown   or   rufous-brown,   umbo   darker; 
stem    faintly    rufous-tinged;    spores    8-10x5-5.5    micr. 
477.     I.   destricta  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus    at   length    rimose,    fibrillose    or    subscaly.      [See    also 
(ccc).] 
(d)     Spores   obscurely  angular,    or    almost    even;     pileus    large, 

whitish,  4-8  cm.  broad.     484.     I.  fibrosa  Bres. 
(dd)      Spores    smooth;    pileus   not   whitish. 

(e)     Pileus  dark  brown   or   rufous-brown  with   chestnut-brown 

umbo;   stem  rufous-tinged.     477.     /.  destricta  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  paler;    stem  not  rufous-tinged. 

(f)     Gills,  when  young,  pale  violaceous;   pileus  graj*ish-buff; 

spores  8-10  x  5-6  micr.     I.  violaceifolia  Pk. 
(ff)     Gills  not  violaceous;   pileus  fawn-color,  almost  chestnut- 
brown  when  young  and  cortinate,  often  appressed-scaly. 
482.     I.  eutheloides  Pk. 


446  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

(ccc)     Pileus  neither  scaly,   nor  rimose,   but  persistently   silky   or 
fibrillose. 
(d)     Pileus  violaceous-lilac.     491.     I.  lilacina  Pat. 
(dd)      Pileus  some  other  color, 
(e)     Pileus  small,   1-2.5   cm.   hroad. 
(f)     Pileus  and  stem  white,  glossy-shining.     490.     I.  geophylla 

Ft. 
(ft)     Pileus   and   slender   stem   rufous;    in   wet   places.     492. 
/.  scabella  Fr.  var.  7-vfa. 
(ee)     Pileus  larger,  2-6   cm.   broad. 

(f)     Pileus    whitish    to    straw-color    or    tinged    ochraceous, 

wooUy-fibrillose;    stem    white.      488.      I.   sindonia  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus    ochraceous    or    ochraceous-yellow,    fibrillose-sub- 
scaly;   stem  pale  ochraceous  in  age.     489.     I.  suiochra- 
cea  Pk. 
(aa)     Cystidia  lacking   on  sides  of  gills;    edge  of  gills   provided  with 
sac-shaped  sterile  cells. 
(b)     Pileus     when     fresh     squarrose-scaly    or    floccose-warty;     stem 
sheathed  by  floccose  or  fibrillose  scales, 
(c)     Gills  purplish-red;  pileus  smoky-brown,  stem  blood-red  within; 
mostly   in   gardens   and   greenhouses.       (See    236.      Psalliota 
echinatn.) 
(cc)     Gills   not   red. 
(d)     Stem  dark  greenish-blue  towards  base;    pileus   coffee-brown 

to  wood-brown.     465.     /.  calamistrata  Fr. 
(dd)     Stem  and  pileus  fulvous-yellowish  or  ochraceous;   stem  at 
length  tubular.     466.    /.  caesariata  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  not  squarrose-scaly. 
(c)     Pileus  appressed-scaly. 
(d)     Pileus  large,  3-8  cm.,  smoky-purple,  tinged  wine-color,  broadly 

umbonate.     475.    I.  frumentacea  (Fr.)  Bres. 
(dd)     Pileus   olivaceous-fulvous;    gills   at  first  olive   or  fawn-yel- 
low;  flesh  citron-yellowish;   cortinate;  spores  10-11x5.5-6.5 
micr.     /.  dulcamera  Schw. 
(cc)     Pileus  at  length  rimose,  fibrillose  or  subglabrous. 
(d)     Pileus    smoky-purple,     vinaceous,     conico-campanulate.      475. 

/.  fruvientacea  Bres.  var.  jurana  Pat. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  purplish, 
(e)     Pileus  whitish,  tawny,  ochraceous  or  yellowish, 
(f)     Center  of  pileus  covered  with  white  hoary-silky  fibrils, 

convex  and  obtuse.     481.     /.  lanatodisca  sp.  nov. 
(ff)     Not  hoary-silky, 
(g)     Spores     9-12x5-6     micr.;      pileus      conic-campanulate, 
pheasant-yellow   to   ochraceous-tan,   virgate.     478.     /. 
fastigiata  Bres.  • 

(gg)     Spores  smaller, 
(h)     Pileus  pale  yellow  to  straw  color,  lutescent;    stem 

lutescent.     480.     I.  cookei  Bres. 
(hh)     Pileus    ochraceous     to     tawny-yellowish,     gibbous; 
stem  irregularly  clavate.     479.     /.  curreyi  Berk, 
(ee)     Pileus  some  shade  of  brown. 

(f)     Pileus   glabrous,    sublubricous    on     umbo,     sordid     livid- 
brown,  putrescent.     494.     I.  glaher  sp.  nov. 
(ff)     Pileus  fibrillose-virgate  and  very  rimose,  brown;   spores 
7-9x5-6  micr.     476.     /.  rimosa  Fr.      (Sense  of  Ricken.) 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  447 

Section  I.  Squarrosae.  Pileiis  at  first  densely  scaly  or  squar- 
rose-scaly;  stem  concolor. 

*Spores  smooth. 

463.    Inocybe  hystrix  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  106. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  424. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  broadly  umbonate, 
clothed  with  dense  wood-hrown,  pointed  or  squarrose  scales,  not 
rimose,  nor  striate;  flesh  white.  GILLS  adnate,  not  broad,  close, 
pallid-alutaceous  then  brown,  edge  white-floccose.  STEM  4-8  cm. 
long,  3-6  mm.  thick,  equal  or  enlarged  below,  peronate  to  above  the 
middle  hij  squarrose  scales,  concolor.  SPOKES  elliptic-ovate,  in- 
equilateral, 9-13  X  .5-5.5  micr.,  smooth,  brown.  CYSTIDIA  on  sides 
and  edge  of  gills,  ventricose  below,  obtuse,  70-90  x  12-17  micr.  ODOR 
none. 

Scattered  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  mixed  woods  of  north- 
ern Michigan.     Marquette,   Ishpeniing.     August.     Rare. 

Known  by  the  dense  recurved  scales  on  the  stem  and  by  the 
large  spores. 

465.    Inocybe  calamistrata  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icones,  PL  106. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  360. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  obtuse,  surface  soon 
broken  up  into  dense,  coffee-brown,  squarrose  scales,  not  rimose; 
flesh  thin,  tinged  dilute  reddish,  darker  in  age.^  GILLS  adnate- 
seceding  or  becoming  sinuate,  broad,  close,  soon  cinnamon,  at  length 
ferruginous-sprinkled,  edge  thickish,  white-flocculose.  STEM  firm, 
4-8  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  tapering  upward,  smoky -greenish-blue 
below,  fuscous  or  tinged  rufous-brown  above,  clothed  with  recurved 
fibrillose  scales,  at  length  merely  ftbrillose,  solid.  SPORES  ellii)tic- 
oblong,  subreniform,  obtuse  at  ends,  10-12x5-6  micr.,  smooth,  fer- 
ruginous-brown in  mass.    CYSTIDIA  none.     STERILE  CELLS  on 


448  THE   ^GARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

edge  of  gills  obclavate,  rounded-inflated  above,  about  30  x  12  micr. 
ODOK  slight. 

Scattered  or  subeaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  low  woods, 
throughout  the  State.  Marquette,  Houghton,  Bay  View,  New  Rich- 
mond, Detroit,  Ann  Arbor.  July-September.  Infrequent  and  never 
plentiful. 

Known  by  the  smok^'-blue  lower  part  of  the  stem.  The  flesh 
turns  pinkish-red  in  j^oung  fresh  specimens  where  cut.  When  old  or 
dry  the  stem  is  almost  black  below. 

466.     Inocybe  csesariata   Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PL  109. 

Eicken,  Die  Bliitterpi^ze,  PL  31,  Fig.  4,  1911. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  and  obtuse,  at  first  cov- 
ered by  dense,  leather-yelloic,  ochrc-yellowish  or  fulvous,  tomentose- 
fihrillose  or  erect  icarts  or  scales,  becoming  loosely  fibrillose 
scah',  appressed  fibrillose  on  margin,  not  rimose,  margin 
incurved  and  at  first  connected  with  stem  by  a  dingy- 
white  or  ochraceous  fibrillose  cortina.  FLESH  white  or 
whitish,  at  length  sub-ochraceous,  thick  and  compact  on  disk, 
thin  on  margin.  GILLS  rounded-ascending  behind,  adnate- 
seceding  or  at  length  subdecurrent  by  tooth,  rather  broad, 
ventricose,  dull  ochraceous-yellowish  then  ferruginous-ochraceous  or 
cinnamon,  edge  white-flocculose.  STEM  1.5-4  cm  long,  2-0  mm. 
thick,  usually  rather  stout  and  short,  equal,  at  first  floccose-scaly 
below,  usually  densely  floccose-fibrillose,  concolor,  apex  flocculose- 
scurfy,  soon  definitely  tubular,  ochraceous-whitish  within.  SPORES 
short  oblong,  rounded-obtuse  at  both  ends,  subreniform,  8-10  x  5-6 
micr.,  ochraceous-cinnamon  in  mass,  smooth.  CYSTIDIA  none; 
sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  variable,  from  inflated-pyriforin  to 
flexuous-cylindri(;al.       ODOR  none.       TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious,  usually  many  individuals  in  favorable  spots,  as 
if  sown.  On  the  ground  in  moist  places,  naked  soil  or  among  short 
grass,  near  springs,  lakes  or  water  courses.  Spring  and  autumn. 
Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.     Not  infrequent  locally. 

A  rather  variable  plant  when  found  under  diff'erent  weather 
conditions.  In  the  luxuriant  state  or  when  fresh  the  cuticle  of 
the  pileus  is  broken  up  into  dense  floccose  warts  the  bases  of  which 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  449 

radiate  aud  connect  with  one  another  by  .silky  white  lihres;  after 
being  exposed  for  some  time  to  rain  or  wind,  tlie  scales  become 
more  appressed-tibrillose,  straw  color  or  ])aler.  The  color  is  well 
shown  in  Fries'  figures,  bnt  the  scales  on  the  cap  and  stem  are 
more  highly  developed  at  times,  so  that  it  shonld  be  referred  to  this 
section,  to  which  Ricken  also  referred  it.  It  is  easily  mistaken  for 
a  Cortinarins.  /.  uuicolor  Pk.,  /.  suhtomentosa  Pk.,  /.  suhdecurrens 
E.  &  E.  and  /.  squamosodisca  Pk.  are  related  to  it. 

•'*^pores  tuhercitlar-sinnij. 

467.     *Inocybe  leptophylla  Atk. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Bot.,  Vol.  V,  p.  212,  1918. 

PILEUS  14  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  covered  with 
dense,  cinnamon  or  umier,  squarrose  or  pointed  scales,  fibrillose 
on  margin;  flesh  thin,  whitish.  GILLS  rounded  behind,  adnexed, 
broad,  ventricosc,  pallid  becoming  ferruginous-cinnamon,  edge 
u-hite-crenulatc.  STEM  2-4  cm,  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal,  solid, 
floccose-flhrillose  to  tomentose-scaly,  concolor,  paler  within,  apex 
pruinose.  SPOKES  subrectangular  in  outline,  almost  twice  as  long 
as  wide,  varying  in  shape,  with  scattered  oMuse  tubercles  which  are 
wider  at  base,  7-11  x  5-7  micr.,  ferruginous-brown.  CYSTIDIA  lack- 
ing; sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills,  short,  rounded-obclavate. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.     On  the  ground,  in  coniferous  woods,  or' 
in  swamps.    Bay  View,  New  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor.    June-Septem- 
ber.    Rare. 

This  is  apparently  one  of  the  American  forms  of  /.  lanuginosa 
(Fr.)  Bres.,  to  which  Peck  referred  his  species  in  his  monograph  of 
the  New  York  Inocybes.  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  139,  p.  51.)  But 
this  seems  unwarranted  in  view  of  the  spore-measurements  of  /. 
lanuginosa  given  by  such  authorities  as  Bresadola  and  Schroeter 
Avho  agree  that  the  spores  of  the  European  species  are  much  larger, 
about  11-15  x  8-9  micr.  Specimens  from  three  widely  ditferent  locali- 
ties in  Michigan  and  Xew  York  yielded  the  same,  smaller-sized  spores. 
Schroeter  has  described  a  similar  species,  7.  lanuginella,  of  which 
the  spores  are  given  the  same  size  as  ours,  but  have  ''prominent 
angles;"  this  may  be  our  jjlant. 


*  This  species  was  reported  as  I.  entomospom,  (see  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Rep.  8,  p.  2fi1  hut  be- 
came a  nomen  nuda  by  the  publication  of  the  above  name  by  Atkinson  after  this  report  was 
in  press. 

57 


450  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

468.     Inocybe  calospora  Quel. 

Bresadola,  Fuugi  Trid.,  ISSl. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  21. 
*  Plate  XCI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  conic-eanipauulate  at  first,  then  expanded, 
umbonate,  fuscous-rufesceut,  fading  to  ochraceous,  umbo  darker, 
covered,  except  umbo,  by  loose  or  recurved  fibrillose  scales,  margin 
fibrillose  and  paler;  flesh  thin,  pale.  GILLS  adnexed  to  almost 
free,  rather  narrow,  subventricose,  pallid  then  pale  fuscous-cinna- 
mon, edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  mm.  thick, 
firm,  rigid-elastic,  subequal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  pale  brown,  rufe- 
scent,  sprinkled  with  a  delicate  pruinosity,  bulbillate.  SPORES 
spherical  or  nearly  so,  9-12  micr.  diam.  (incl.  aculeae),  covered  ivith 
cyUnclrical,  Hunt  aculeae^  2-3  micr.  long.  CYSTIDIA  few  or 
scattered  on  sides,  numerous  on  edge  of  gills,  subventricose,  apex 
granulate,  40-55  x  8-12  micr.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  low  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor. 
June-September.     Rather  frequent  locally. 

This  pretty  little  plant  usually  occurs  in  patches  of  about  a  dozen. 
There  is  a  slight  rufescent  tinge  developed  as  the  plant  dries.  Our 
specimens  had  longer  and  more  slender  stems  as  a  rule  than  those 
shown  in  Bresadola's  figure.  /.  rigidipes  Pk.  is  said  to  approach  it, 
but  to  ''differ  in  the  tawny-gray  color,  slightly  adnexed  lamellae, 
solid  rtexuous  stem  and  larger  spores."  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  139, 
p.  59. 

Section  II.  Lacerae.  Cuticle  of  pileus  appressed-scaly  or  fibril- 
losely-lacerate,  not  rimose.     Stem  pallid  at  first. 

*Spores  smooth. 

469.    Inocybe  pyriodora  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  368. 
Bresadola,  Fungi  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  PI.  52. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  528. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  campanulate  then  plane-expanded  and 
vmhouatc.  sometimes  irregularly  lobed  on  margin,   whitish  when 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  451 

young,  soon  dingy  ochraceous  or  pale  fuscous-clay  color,  at  length 
here  and  there  faintly  stained  icith  pinkish-red,  at  first  silky-fibril- 
lose,  at  length  appressed  fibrillose-scaly,  radially  split  on 
margin  in  age.  FLESH  white  at  first,  slowly  pale  red 
where  cut,  thick  on  disk.  GILLS  sinuate-adnexed,  medium 
broad,  close,  whitish  then  sordid  cinnamon,  in  age  diluted 
with  a  rufous  tinge,  edge  w^hite-flocculose.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  4-10 
mm.  thick,  subequal,  at  the  very  first  white-cortinate,  subfibrillose, 
apex  furfuraceus,  strict,  subbulbous  at  base,  white  at  first,  becoming 
light-red  in  age,  solid  but  soon  cavernous  from  grubs.  SPOKES 
broadly  elliptical,  subreniform,  smooth,  8-10.5  x  5-6  micr.  CYS- 
TIDL\  rather  abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  ventricose  above 
the  short  pedicel,  broadly  cylindrical  above,  45-55  x  12-18  micr. 
ODOR  sweet,  spicy  or  like  bumble-bee  honey,  becoming  disagreeable. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods  of  oak,  etc.  Ann 
Arbor.     August.     Infrequent. 

This  Inocybe  is  well  described  by  Bresadola,  and  can  be  recog- 
nized by  its  peculiar  light-red  stains,  especially  between  the  gills 
or  where  they  have  been  removed  hj  snails  or  slugs.  On  the  cap 
this  color-change  is  not  very  marked.  The  odor  has  been  described 
as  being  like  that  of  ripe  pears  or  clove  pinks,  and  is  quite  char- 
acteristic. Except  that  the  pileus  is  usually  fully  expanded,  Pat- 
ouillard's  figure  shows  the  old  stage,  which  is  most  often  found. 
The  gills  are  sometimes  narrow  instead  of  broad,  as  indicated  by 
Bresadola. 

470.    Inocybe  scaber    Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Ricken,  Die  Blatterpilze,  PI.  30,  Fig.  1,  1911. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt,  No.  539. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  375. 

"PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  conical-campanulate,  at  length  plane 
and  broadly  umbonate,  pale  smoky,  with  smoky,  almost  overlapping, 
fibrillose  scales,  the  disk  olive-blackish,  at  times  tesselated,  at  the 
very  first  with  a  white-woolly  cortina  on  margin,  fleshy.  Gills  pale 
clay-color,  finally  almost  smoky,  close,  broad,  ventricose,  emarginate- 
adnate,  seceding.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  thick,  solid,  sub- 
equal,  stout,  pallid  or  streaked  with  reddish-brown,  silky-fibrillose 
with  a  slightly  pruinose  apex.  SPORES  almond-shaped,  small, 
7-8  X  5  micr.,  smooth.    CYSTIDIA  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  flask- 


4.52  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

shaped,  50-()5  x  l~)-'2o  micr.,  .sparse.     ODOK    Aveak,    soniewiiat    like 
peais,  agreeable.'' 

Keported  by  Longyeav.  The  description  has  been  adapted  from 
Kickeii.  wild  gives  the  characters  most  fnlly.  llicken's  diagnosis 
agrees  in  microscopic  details  with  most  other  anthors,  except  that 
his  ]>lants  are  very  large.  Patonillard  gives  the  same  spores  as 
Kicken,  but  figures  a  small  plant.  Cooke  (111.,  PI.  391)  figures  a 
plant  whose  spores  measured  11  x  0  micr.  Cooke's  spore-size  has 
been  copied  by  Massee  and  Schroeter.  Thus,  there  seem  to  be  two 
species  at  present  confused  under  this  name.  I  have  not  seen  a 
I)lant  which  could  be  referred  to  either. 

471.    Inocybe  lacera   Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Kicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  30,  Fig.  4,  1911. 
Patonillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  531. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  583. 

"PILICUS  3-5  cm.  bioad,  umbonate-expanded,  at  times  depressed^ 
umbo  obtuse,  fdinhbroini  to  iiiouse-grai/.  at  first  almost  glabrous- 
tibrillose,  soon  rtbrillose-scaly,  becoming  ragged  around  the  umbo; 
FLESH  thin,  whitish.  (ULLS  rounded-adnexed,  broad,  ventricose, 
subdistant,  brownish-clay  color,  at  length  concolor.  STEM  3-1  cm. 
long,  1-5  mm.  thick,  subequal,  hroH-nis]i,  with  red-brown  fibrils,  apex 
naked,  white-mycelioid  at  base,  stutfed,  reddish  icithin.  SPOKES 
almost  cyUndrical,  long  and  narroic,  straight,  12-18x4-6  micr,, 
smooth.  CYSTIDIA  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  narrow-lanceolate,. 
54-70x14-17  micr.,  rounded  above.     ODOK  slight;  taste  mild." 

Keported  by  Longyear. 

Apparently  well-marked  by  the  long,  cylindrical  spores.  Pa- 
tonillard gives  the  spores  of  somewhat  different  size,  10-13  x  6-7  micr. 
The  iiliovc  description  is  adapted  from  Kicken.  An  unusual  mark 
of  This  species  is  the  naked  ajtex  of  the  stem;  in  most  si»ecies  this 
is  ])ruinose  or  scurfy.  A  form  occurred  at  New  Kichmond,  which, 
agreed  except  tliat  the  spores  were  the  size  of  those  of  /.  infelix. 

472.    Inocybe  infelix   Pk.     (Poisonous) 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  32,  1879. 
PI  LET'S    1-2.5    cm.    In-oad.    rather   small,   campanulate   then    ex- 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  453 

paiided-plaiie,  initbonate,  gTayish-bi-owu,  umbo  ciitnainoii  or  umber, 
fibrillose  at  first,  becoming  flbrillose-scaly  or  floccose-scaly,  flesh 
thin,  wliitisli.  GILLS  adnexed,  rather  broad,  veutricose,  close, 
whitish  becoming-  cinnamon.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick, 
equal,  stuffed,  silky-fibrillose,  whitish  or  faintly  violaceous  at  apex, 
becoming  dingy  brown  below,  white  within.  SPORES  elongated- 
oblong,  smooth,  10-14x4-0  micr.  CYSTIDIA  flask-shaped,  50-70  x 
15-20  micr.,  apex  crystallate.     ODOR  slight. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  low,  wet  ground.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay 
View.     May-July.     Frequent. 

Scarcely  difters  from  preceding  except  in  size.  In  those  plants 
which  grow  in  wet  places  the  stem  is  hollow.  Peck  says  the  cuticle 
of  the  pileus  is  more  lacerated  in  wet  weather  than  in.  dry  weather. 

473.    Inocybe  flocculosa  Berk. 

Eng.  Flora. 

Illustration:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  393. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  subcampanulate,  expanded-umbonate, 
taicny-br OR- 71  icitli  tinge  of  fuscous,  fibrillose-scaly,  not  rimose. 
GILLS  rounded-adnate,  broad,  rentricose,  almost  subdistant,  brown- 
ish-ashy then  concolor,  edge  flmbriate-crenulate.  STEM  1-2  cm. 
long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  pruinose-hoar}',  scurfy  at  apex, 
tinged  brown.  SPORES  8-9  x  4-6,  elliptical-ovate,  smooth.  CYS- 
TIDIA on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  flask-shaped,  ajjex  crystallate, 
about  60  micr.  long. 

Among  spruce  needles  and  on  the  ground  in  swamps.  Bay  View. 
Xew  Richmond.     August. 

This  little  species  is  usually  found  in  low,  w^et  places.  The  stem 
is  tinged  rufous-brown  in  most  cases. 

**/S^2^ores  angular. 

474.     Inocybe    decipientoides  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  Bull.  34,  p.  100,  1907. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm,  broad,  campanulate-convex,  expanded-umbonate, 
umbo  subconic,  silkg-flocvose,  then  scaly-diffracted,  dry,  brownish- 
ochraceous;  flesh  thin,  i)allid.    GILLS  adnate,  broad,  close,  whitish 


454  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

at  first  then  lurid-cinnamon,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  4-5  cm. 
long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  equal,  usually  slender,  glabrous  to  subtibrillose, 
slightly  striate,  whitish  or  pallid,  apex  white-pruinose,  base  bulbil- 
late,  stutled.  SPOKES  irregularly  wedge-shape,  subrectangular, 
etc.,  tuberculate,  9-13  x  5-7  micr.  CYSTIDIA  on  sides  and  edge  of 
gills,  ventricose-elliptical,  slender  pediceled,  50-60  x  12-18  micr. 
ODOE  and  TASTE  slight. 

Gregarious,  On  the  ground,  grassy  places  in  low  frondose  woods. 
Detroit.    June.    Rare. 

This  is  a  species  very  clearly  marked  by  the  peculiar  spores. 

Section  III,  Rimosac.  Pileus  radiately  fibrous,  soon  rimose, 
sometimes  subscaly  or  adpressed-scaly. 

^Spores  smooth. 

475.    Inocybe  frumentacea   Bres. 

Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  II,  1892. 

Illustrations  :    Ibid,  PL  200. 

Bres.,  Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  PI.  87  (as  7.  rhodiola  Bres.). 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  551  (as  7.  jurana  Pat.). 
Plate  XCII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  large,  3-8  cm.  broad,  rigid-firm,  campanulate  at  first, 
then  expanded  and  broadly  umbonate,  fibrillose,  becoming  rimose 
or  scaly,  fihrils  and  scales  hroivn-jjurplish  to  reddish-cliestnnt  ivith 
a  dark  vinaceous  tint,  umbo  darker;  flesh  thick,  white,  vinaceous 
under  cuticle.  GILLS  adnexed,  at  length  emarginate-uncinate, 
close,  not  broad,  thickish,  white  at  first,  then  grayish-brown,  edge 
white-flocculose,  becoming  rufescent-spotted.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long, 
rather  stout,  6-12  mm.  thick,  equal,  terete  or  compressed,  sometimes 
twisted,  fibrillose,  apex  glabrous  or  sub-floccose,  whitish,  rufous- 
vinaceous  heloic,  becoming  spotted  with  the  same  color  where 
handled,  solid.  SPORES  broadly  elliptic-subreniform,  smooth, 
epispore  strongly  colored,  10-13  x  6-7  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  obclavate,  or  subcylindrical,  rounded- 
inflated  above,  45-60x9-12  micr.  ODOR  and  TASTE  slight,  of 
meal. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  low  places  under  frondose  trees 
in  Belle  Isle  Park,  Detroit  and  near  Ann  Arbor.    August  and  July. 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  455 

This  large,  wiue-colored  Inocybe  was  found  in  abundance  in  the 
above  localities  during  two  seasons.  It  corresponded  accurately  to 
the  figures  of  Bresadola,  Plate  200,  in  shape  and  stoutness.  In 
age  or  after  lying  for  a  day,  the  characteristic  dark  vinaceous 
color  becomes  more  marked.  The  umbo  is  broad  and  in  half-ex- 
panded caps  a  gibbous  condition  is  not  unusual.  It  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  Tricholoma. 

/.  jurana  Pat.  seems  to  be  a  distinct  plant,  although  referred 
•to  by  Bresadola  as  a  synonym  of  7.  frumeutacea.  Our  photograph 
shows  the  shape  and  habit  well.  The  pileus  is  at  first  conic- 
elliptical,  then  campanulate.  The  stem  is  more  slender  than  that  of 
/.  jrumentacea,  and  the  spores  are  smaller,  9-10  x  5-G  micr.  There 
are  no  cystidia,  and  the  sterile  cells  on  the  edge  of  the  gills  are  of  the 
same  size.     The  other  characters  are  very  similar. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  low  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor. 
August. 

476.    Inocybe  rimosa  Pk.  (Sense  of  Ricken) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  371. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plate  384. 
Ricken,  Die  Blatterpilze,  PI.  30,  Fig.  8. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  4,  PI.  56,  Fig.  7. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  oval-campanulate  then  expanded  and 
obtuse  or  subumbonate,  silky-fibrillose,  at  length  rimose  and 
virgate,  often  split  on  the  margin,  hroicn,  tinged  yellowish  in  age, 
margin  at  length  recurved;  FLESH  pallid,  fragile.  GILLS  almost 
free,  narrow,  scarcely  ventricose,  crowded,  cinereous-clay  color,  edge 
white-fimbriate.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  thick,  equal,  straight 
or  curved  at  base,  whitish  or  pallid,  solid,  subglabrous,  apex  white- 
mealy,  hase  usually  with  a  marked  rounded  or  subdepressed  hulh. 
SPORES  short,  reniform,  very  obtuse  at  ends,  smooth,  7-9x5-6 
micr.  CYSTIDIA  none;  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  sac- 
cate, 30-40  X 12  micr.  ODOR  after  crushing  rather  strong  and 
nauseous;  TASTE  disagreeable. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  low  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor. 
August.    Infrequent. 

Dark  individuals  of  this  species  have  the  appearance  of  non- 
scaly  forms  of  I.  destricta  and  a  microscopic  examination  is  usually 
necessary  to  distinguish  them.     In  age  the  color  of  different  caps 


45ti  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

varies  considerably  in  intensity.  It  is  probably  widely  distributed, 
but  I  have  few  collections.  The  llgure  of  Patouillard  (Tab.  Analyt.", 
No.  114:)  shows  the  presence  of  cystidia  and  belongs  elsewhere. 

477.     Inocybe  destricta   Fr.  (minor) 
Epicrisis,  183G-38.     (As  var.  1.  r'unosa.) 

Illustrations  :    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  108. 
Cooke's  111.,  PL  :587. 
Kicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  29,  Fig.  0. 

PILEUS  24  em.  broad,  eonic-campanulate,  then  expanded-um- 
bonate,  at  length  depressed  around  the  darker  abrupt  umbo,  dark 
brown,  rufous-brown  or  ochraceous-browu,  umho  persistently  dark 
chestnut  or  umber,  ftbrillose  at  first,  at  length  lacerate-scaly  or 
rimose,  or  both;  FLESH  thin,  whitish.  (JILLS  sinuate-adnexed  or 
deeply  enmrginate,  uncinate,  ventricose,  medium  broad,  close  to  sub- 
distant,  wliitish  then  paJe  hroicnish-ashi/,  edge  white-fimbriate. 
STEM  2.5-.5  cm.  long,  2..") .")  mm.  thick,  equal,  scarcely  bulbillate, 
pallid,  tinged  with  rufous,  varying  flocculose-tibrillose  to  glabrous, 
apex  pruinate,  solid,  wliite  within.  SPORES  subreniform,  inequi- 
lateral, smooth,  8-10  x  5-5.5  micr.  CYSTIDIA  abundant  on  sides  and 
edge  of  gills,  ventricose,  stout  above,  apex  crystallate,  50-()5  x  15-18 
micr.     0D01\  at  first  slight  then  somewliat  nauseous. 

(tregarious.  On  the  ground  in  coniferous  forests  of  pine  and 
hemlock.  Bay  View,  New  Piclimond.  August-September.  Fre- 
quent. 

This  is  a  variable  i)huit,  and  \\hen  developed  under  moist  weather 
conditions  the  ca])  becomes  lacerate-scaly  and  often  excoriate  in 
part,  and  is  then  uou  rimose;  in  dry  weather  it  becomes  markedly 
rimose  and  less  scaly,  ^^'llen  young  or  freshly  expanded  the  pileus 
is  usually  densely  fibrillose  and  its  edge  minutely  appendiculate 
by  the  remains  of  the  rather  copious,  white  cortina.  At  first  the 
pileus  is  dark  brown,  l»ut  in  age  it  becomes  somewhat  ochraceous- 
l)r(»v,ii  l»eyond  the  umbo.  The  faint  tinge  of  rufous  on  the  older 
stems  is  a  well-marked  character,  duly  noted  by  Fries.  The  spores 
are  markedly  subreniform  in  one  view,  short  fusiform-ovate  in  the 
other  view.  Our  c(dlections  contain  moslly  plants  with  a  rather 
longer  stem  and  narrower  ca]»  Ihan  shown  by  the  figures  of  Cooke 
and  Fries.  It  is  easily  confused  in  some  of  its  forms  with  /.  rimosa, 
but  differs  in  ]K)ssessing  abundnnt  cystidia.     Occasionally  a  troop 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  457 

of  dwarf  forms  occurs,  Avhieli,  however,  scarcely  differ  except  in  the 
shorter  stem, 

478.     Inocybe  fastigiata  Bres. 

Fung-.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  18S1. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  57. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  38.3. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Aualvt.,  No.  343. 
Fries,  Icones,  PI.  108. 
Eicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  31,  Fig.  1. 
Plate  XCIII  of  this  IJeport. 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  typically  very  conical  or  conico-campa- 
nulate,  sometimes  oval-campanulate,  at  length  subexpanded,  usually 
icith  a  prominent  inuho,  radially  fibrillose,  rimose,  virgate,  rich 
yellowish-fuscons,  ochraceous-tau  or  straw-color,  margin  at  length 
split  or  lobed;  FLESH  white.  GILLS  adnexed,  becoming  sinuate- 
free,  and  narrower  behind,  not  broad,  ventricose,  close,  whitish  at 
first,  soon  tinged  olive  or  gray,  darker  in  age.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long, 
4-10  mm.  thick,  ecjual  or  tapering  upwards,  solid,  more  or  less  fibril- 
lose  or  scurfy,  white  or  slightly  fuscescent,  sometimes  twisted  or 
obscurely  striate.  SPORES  elliptic-subreniform,  smooth  (not 
angular ) ,  obtuse  at  ends,  9-12  x  5-G  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none.  STER- 
ILE CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  saccate.  ODOR  strong  and  disagreie- 
able  or  entirely  lacking. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  low,  moist  places  in  frondose  or 
conifer  woods.    Throughout  the  State.    July-September.     Frequent. 

This  is  a  striking  species,  and  quite  variable.  The  stem  may  be 
dull  whitish  to  pale  ochraceous.  Small  forms  occur  with  cap  less 
campanulate  and  at  length  papillate.  The  odor  may  be  very  strong 
or  altogether  absent.  All  these  forms  agree  in  having  the  same 
size  spores,  gills  of  the  same  color  and  no  cystidia.  The  color 
of  the  pileus  is  sometimes  a  rich  pheasant-yellow,  sometimes 
fulvous-ochraceous,  at  other  times  much  paler.  The  English  au- 
thors, Massee  and  Berkley,  were  in  error  when  they  assigned 
rough,  nodulose  spores  to  this  species.  (British  Fungus  Flora 
and  Outlines.) 


458  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

479.     Inocybe  curreyi   Berk. 

Outlines  of  Brit.  Fimg.,  1860. 
Illustration:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  398. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  irregularly  convex-campanulate,  obtuse^ 
not  umbonate,  gibbous  at  times,  appressed-fibrillose,  at  length  ri- 
mose,  pale  tawny-ycUowhlK  edge  undulate;  FLESH  white.  (ilLLS 
slightly  aduexed,  rather  broad,  close,  becoming  smoky-olivaceous, 
edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  variously  curved,  taper- 
ing ttpicard  from  a  suhclavate  hasc,  not  bulbous,  solid,  slightly 
fibrillose,  glabrescent,  whitish  at  first,  furfuraceus-scaly  at  ai)ex. 
SPORES  elliptic-subreniform,  obtuse  at  ends,  7-9.5  x  5-5.5  micr., 
smooth,  fuscous-cinnamon  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none.  STERILE 
CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  saccate.  ODOR  strongly  earthy  when 
crushed. 

(iregarions.  On  the  ground  among  grass  in  frondose  Woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     July-August.     Not  infrequent. 

This  plant  is  referred  to  this  form  with  some  hesitation  as  publish- 
ed details  of  Berkley's  species,  especially  as  to  the  microscopic  char- 
acters, are  insufficient.  The  color  of  the  pileus  approaches  /.  fas- 
tigiata  rather  closely,  but  it  is  not  conical  nor  truly  umbonate,  and 
the  spores  are  constantly  smaller.  From  the  folloAving  it  is  dis- 
tinguishable by  the  very  different  form  of  the  stem  and  by  the  color 
of  the  pileus.  Patouillard  gives  the  spores  6x4  micr.,  in  which  he 
is  quite  at  variance  with  the  British  authors. 

480.     Inocybe  cookei   Bres. 

Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  2,  1892. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PI.   121. 

PILEUS  1.5-4  cm.  broad,  subconic-campanulate,  expanded-um- 
bonate,  silky-fibrillose,  at  length  rimose,  glabrous  on  center,  straw- 
yellotv,  becoming  sordid  lutescent,  margin  at  length  wavy  or  split; 
FLESH  Avhitish.  GILLS  sinuate-adnexed  or  almost  free,  scarcely 
ventricose,  narrow,  close,  whitisli  at  first,  soon  tinged  ashy-ochra- 
ceous-cinnamon,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  2.5-5  cm.  long,  3-5 
mm.  thick,  equal,  solid,  silky-fibrillose,  pruinose  at  apex,  with  a 
marginate  distinct  hulh,  whitish  at  first,  lutescent.  SPORES 
8-9.5  X  4.5-5.5  micr.,  elliptic-subreniform,    obtuse   at    ends,    smooth. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  459 

CYSTIDIA  none.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  inflated- 
obclavate,  30  x  12-15  micr. 

Gregarious.  On  moist  ground  in  froudose  and  coniferous  woods. 
Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View,  New  Richmond.  August-September.  In- 
frequent. 

The  uniform  pale  yellow  color  of  the  pileus  which  becomes  deeper 
in  age,  the  lutescent  stem  and  margined  bulb  are  characters  which 
separate  this  from  the  two  preceding  species.  The  odor  is 
scarcely  noticeable  at  times  but  occasionally  it  is  rather  strong 
of  rancid  meal. 

481.    Inocybe  lanotodisca   sp.  no  v. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  rarely  broader,  convex-campanulate,  ob- 
tuse or  broadly  umbonate,  ground-color  pale  ochraceous-brownish 
or  pale  tawny,  at  first  covered  dy  a  ivhite,  mouldy-like  silkiness 
on  the  center,  ichen  expanded  suhzonate  by  the  subconcentric  ar- 
rangement of  the  downy-silky  fibrils,  at  length  rimose;  FLESH 
white,  rather  thick  on  disk.  GILLS  adnexed-emarginate,  moder- 
ately broad,  close,  at  length  cinereous-alutaceous,  edge  white-fim- 
briate.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  solid, 
glabrescent,  apex  pruinate-scaly,  white,  becoming  pale  sordid  yellow- 
ish in  age.  SPORES  elliptic-subreniform,  smooth,  obtuse  at  ends, 
9-10.5  X  5-6  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of 
gills,  obclavate,  attenuated  downward.  BASIDIA  clavate,  33  x  9 
micr.,  4-spored.    ODOR  nauseous  on  crushing  the  plant. 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  low  frondose 
woods,     Ann  Arbor.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

A  well-marked  species ;  to  be  known  by  the  hoary-silkiness  on  the 
central  portion  of  the  pileus  and  by  the  lack  of  cystidia.  It  ap- 
proaches /.  sindonia  in  appearance,  but  that  species  has  abundant 
cystidia,  the  cap  is  not  rimose,  and  the  covering  of  the  pileus  is 
differently  disposed.  The  habit  varies  from  rather  slender  forms 
to  those  quite  stout.  As  the  pileus  expands  the  white  fibrils  are 
disposed  over  a  larger  area. 

482.    Inocybe  eutheloides   Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  32,  1879. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  conico-campanulate,  then  expanded- 
umbonate,   fawn-color   to   grayish-fawn,   darker   to   chestnut   when 


400  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

young  or  on  the  distinct  umbo,  silky-fil>i-illose,  at  length  rimose,  some- 
times appi-ossed-scaly.  GILLS  adnexed,  rather  broad,  ventricose, 
cdose.  whitish  then  brownisli-cinnamon,  white-finil)riate  on  edge. 
STK.M  '2-T}  cm.  long.  i'-4  nini.  thiik,  equal,  subbulbillate  at  base, 
solid,  densely  wliite-librillose  when  young,  subgiabrescent,  apex 
scurfy-pruinate.  SPOKES  8-10  (rarely  longer)  x  4.5-5.5  micr., 
variable  in  shape,  subreniform-fusoi*!.  ends  somewhat  narrowed, 
smooth.  (JYSTIDIA  rotJur  ahniKhiiit  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills, 
narrowly  liask-shaped,  apex  crystallate,  50-70x12-16  micr.  BA- 
SIDIA  30  X  9  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  slight. 

Gregarious.  Common  in  southern  Michigan;  on  the  ground  in 
low  frondose  woods.     June-September. 

This  is  closely  allied  to  /.  dcstrictu,  form  minor,  in  its  micro- 
scopic characters.  The  colors  are,  however,  constantly  distinct,  and 
/.  destricta  seems  limited  to  coniferous  regions.  /.  cutheloidcs 
also  approaches  /.  cutheles  as  interpreted  by  some  authors,  e.  g., 
Massee.  But  according  to  Patouillard  that  species  is  devoid  of 
cystidia.  The  stem  is  usually  markedly  silky-iibrillose,  and  the 
umbo  is  dark  chestnut  in  young  and  fresh  specimens.  In  young 
specimens  the  margin  of  the  pileus  is  often  crenately  fringed  by 
the  white  cortina. 


*"*> 


Spores  migulav-tuherculate. 

483.     Inocybe  radiata  Pk.     (Poisonous) 
Torr.  Bot.  Club  Bull.  'I'l,  p.  488,  1895. 

PILEUS  1.5-5  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  fuscous-brown  to  ochra- 
ceous-brown,  voij  inuhonatc  hy  an  ohtuse,  dark  nmher  umbo,  which 
renmins  glabrous,  elsewhere  appressed-fibrillose  with  brown  fibrils, 
not  at  all  viscid,  becoming  rimose;  FLESH  white,  thickish  on  disk. 
GILLS  adnate,  broad,  at  length  sinuate-uncinate,  close,  becoming 
ochraceous-cinnamon  to  subferruginous,  edge  white,  flocculose. 
STEM  3-0  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed,  silky-fibrillose, 
hecoming  uniber-fuscous-hrown,  apex  paler,  subbulbillate  and  wliite- 
myceliod  at  base.  SPOKES  irregularly  oblong-rectangular  to  sub- 
wedge  shape  in  outline,  angular  and  with  few  scattered  tubercles, 
7-9  X  5-0  micr.  CYSTIDIA  few  or  scattered,  on  sides  and  edge  of 
gills,  55-05x12-18  micr.,  broadly  ventricose,  apex  someAvhat  jiointed 
and  crystallate,  on  slender  pedicel.     ODOR  earthy.     TASTE  mild. 


CLASSIFICATION   OP,  AGARICS  461 

Gregarious.  On  the  groiincl,  iu  frondose  woods.  August.  Ann 
Aibor. 

This  seems  to  be  intermediate  between  /.  carpta  Bres.  and  I.  uni- 
Ir'ma  Bres.  in  its  microscopic  characters.  The  umbo  does  not  be- 
come Avarty  nor  scaly  and  is  not  subviscid  as  iu  the  latter  species. 
The  same  species  has  been  received  from  Massachusetts;  it  was 
sent  by  Simon  Davis,  who  reports  it  poisonous. 

• 

484.     Inocybe  fibrosa  Bres.    (Poisonous) 

Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  ISSl. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PL  56. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  454. 

Eicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PL  29,  Fig.  8. 
Plate  XCIV  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  large,  obtusely  campanulate,  then  broadly 
umbonate  and  expanded,  dry,  creamy-white  or  tinged  straw-color, 
sometimes  ochraceous-stained,  silky,  at  length  rimose  and  margin 
lobed,  split  or  reciirved;  FLESH  white,  thick,  thin  on  margin. 
GILLS  free,  rounded  behind,  ventricose,  broader  toward  front,  close, 
whitish  at  first,  then  ashy-cinnamon,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM 
4-8  cm.  long,  6-15  mm.  thick,  fibrous,  splitting  longitudinally,  sub- 
equal,  striatulate  to  subsulcate,  glabrescent,  apex  pruinate,  white 
then  sordid,  base  often  subbulbous.  SPORES  angular-oblong,  with 
obscure,  scattered  tubercles,  9-13  x  5-7  micr.,  epispore  reddish  under 
the  microscope.  CYSTIDIA  fusoid,  crystallate  at  apex,  abundant 
on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  60-75  x  10-15  micr.  ODOR  earthy. 
TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  low,  moist,  frondose  woods.  June- 
August.    Ann  Arbor.     Infrequent. 

Apparently  our  largest  species.  The  spores  are  inclined  to  be 
more  or  less  sinuate-tuberculate,  but  the  angularity  is  not  as  marked 
as  in  many  others.  The  character  of  the  surface  of  the  pileus  is 
much  like  /.  fastigitata  except  in  color.  It  appears  earlier  than 
most  Inocybes,  and  is  said  to  be  poisonous.  (See  Bresadola,  Fung. 
Trid.) 


462  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

485.    Inocybe   albodisca  Pk. 
^^  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  51,  1898. 

PILEUS  1.5-8.5  cm.  broad,  couical  at  first,  soon  campauulate- 
umbonate  or  expanded,  lunho  liibricus-glabrous,  obtuse  mid  ivhitish, 
elsewhere  silky,  at  first  pale  lilac-flesh  color,  at  length  grayish-drah 
and  rimose;  FLESH  whitish,  not  changing  color,  GILLS  rather 
narrow,  close,  narrowly  adnate,  whitish  at  first,  then  subferrugi- 
nous,  edge  minutely  white-flocculose.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  3-5  mm. 
thick,  equal,  subbulbillate  to  somewhat  marginate-bulbous,  solid, 
glabrous  or  upper  part  pruinate,  at  first  tinged  by  color  of  pileus, 
fading,  even.  SPORES  sinuate-angular,  subrectangular  to  sub- 
globose  in  outline,  shape  vapable,  7-8  x  5-6  micr.,  nucleate.  CYS- 
TIDIA  very  abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  crj'stallate  at 
apex,  fusoid-ventricose,  about  50  x  15  micr.  Basidia  33  x  9  micr., 
4-spored.     ODOR  slight,  subnauseous. 

Gregarious-scattered.  On  the  ground,  clay  soil  of  hemlock  and 
beech  woods.     New  Richmond.     September.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  its  glabrous,  whitish,  obtuse  umbo,  submarginate 
bulb,  and  the  peculiar  shade  of  pale  lilac-incarnate  color  when 
young.  This  color  disappears  in  older  specimens  where  the  cap 
takes  on  a  grayish  shade  and  becomes  rimose.  The  spores  distin- 
guish it  sharply  from  /.  lanatodisca,  and  the  smaller  size  of  the 
plant  and  spores  separate  it  from  7.  fibrosa.  It  is  closely  related  to 
I.  umbratica  Bres.  and  I.  fallax  Pk. 

486.    Inocybe   asterospora  Quel. 
Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  Vol.  26,  p.  50,  1879. 

Illustrations:     Ricken,  Die  Bljitterpilze,  PI.  29,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  385. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  546. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  conic-campauulate  to  convex-umbonate, 
brown  or  rufous-brown,  very  rimose,  fibrillose-scaly ;  FLESH  pallid, 
rather  thin.  GILLS  narrowly  adnate,  emarginate,  ventricose,  close, 
at  length  olivaceous-cinnamon  or  grayish-brown,  STEM  4-6  cm. 
long,  2.5-6  mm.  thick,  equal  above  the  subemarginate  or  rounded 
bulb,  rufescent,  innately  striatulate,  mealy-pubescent,  fibrous,  solid. 
SPORES  subsph ceroid,   slightly  longer  than  broad,   covered   with 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  463 

blunt,  subcylindrical  tubercles  which  are  broader  toward  base,  9-11 
micr.  CYSTIDIA  abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  50-75  x  15-24 
micr.,  ventricose,  apex  crystallate.    ODOR  slight  or  subnauseous. 

Gregarious.  In  low,  sandj ,  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  June- 
August. 

It  is  rather  difficult  to  keep  /.  asterospom  and  /.  calospora  dis- 
tinct. The  rimose  and  scaly  characters  by  which  they  are  set  apart 
may  vary  under  certain  weather  conditions  so  as  to  be  obliterated. 
The  spores  are  very  similar,  but  those  of  /.  asterospora  are  not  as 
truly  spherical  as  in  /.  calospora.  With  us  this  species  tends  to 
be  smaller  than  the  figures  show  it.  It  is  at  once  separable 
from  the  other  red-brown  species  by  the  spiny-tuberculate  spores. 

Section  IV.  Velutinae.  Pileus  not  rimose,  cuticle  of  interwoven 
fibrils,  glabrescent  or  appressed-scaly. 

^Spores  angular-tuderculate. 

487.     Inocybe   repanda  Bres. 

Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  II,  1892. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PL  119. 
Plate  XCV  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  obtusely  conic-campanulate,  then  ex- 
panded and  broadly  umbonate,  umbo  fulvous  and  glabrous,  else- 
where covered  tcith  orange-fulvous  fihrils  on  a  ivhitish  foundation, 
sublubricous,  margin  at  length  split  or  subrimose,  sometimes  scaly- 
cracked.  FLESH  white,  rather  fragile,  thick  on  disk.  GILLS  ad- 
nexed  or  almost  free,  broad,  subventricose,  close,  at  first  white, 
rufescent,  finally  argillaceous-cinnamon,  edge  white-fimbriate. 
STEM  .3-6  cm.  long,  strict,  5-6  mm.  thick,  equal  above  the  abrupt  or 
rounded  bulb,  stuffed,  terete,  even,  slightly  silky  fibrillose,  the  fibrils 
fulvous-tinged  toward  base,  apex  white-pruinose.  SPORES  angu- 
lar, 7-9.5  X  6-7  micr.,  longer  than  wide,  sometimes  rectangular  in  out- 
line, ivith  minute  papillate  tubercles.  CYSTIDIA  moderately 
abundant  on  edge  and  sides  of  gills,  ventricose-fusiform,  apex 
crvstallate,  60-75  x  12-18  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  low  frondose  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     July-August.     Infrequent. 

This  is  one  of  our  larger  Inocvbes  and  is  well-marked.    Tlie  flesh 


464  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

does  not  readily  become  rufesceiit  in  our  plants,  yet  there  is  little 
donbt  that  the  plant  is  the  one  described  by  Bresadola. 

■•*(S'po/-c\s  siitootJt. 

488.     Inocybe   sindonia  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1830-38. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  400. 

Kicken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  30,  Fig.  7. 

PILEUS  2-C  cm.  broad,  at  first  obtusely  conic-oval,  then  campa- 
nulate-expanded  and  hroadlj/  ninhonate,  eortinate,  at  first  woolhj- 
fibriUose  from  (Jcnse  white  fibrils,  later  subglabrescent,  not  rimose, 
irhitish  becoming  straw  yell<»\v  to  dingy  ochraceous  in  age.  FLESH 
C()m})act,  thick  on  disk,  white.  (ULLS  emargiuate-adnexed  or  al- 
most free,  moderately  broad,  ventricose,  close,  at  first  i)ale  grayish- 
white  then  grayish-clay  color.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  4-9  mm.  thick, 
equal  above  the  subemarginate  bulb,  white,  stuffed,  often  striate, 
silky  shining,  at  first  fibrillose,  flesh  satiny-shining.  SPOKES  sub- 
reniform,  smooth,  relatively  broad,  8-10  x  5-6  micr.  CYSTIDIA 
abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  ventricose-lanceolate  to  subcylin- 
drical,  apex  crystallate,  60-7.5  x  15-20  micr.  ODOR  rather  strong, 
somewhat  nauseous. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  low,  rich,  frondose  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

"Without  an  examination  of  the  microscopic  characters,  this  spe- 
cies might  easily  be  confused  with  /.  hnidtodisca.  In  the  young 
stage  the  white  woolly-fibrillose  cortina  is  continuous  with  the  fibrils 
on  the  margin  of  the  cap.  At  maturity  the  pileus  becomes  glabrous, 
especially  on  the  disk,  Avhile  in  7.  lanatodisca  the  disk  is  marked  at 
last  by  the  wdiite  fibrils.  It  is  probable  that  Hard's  Fig.  218,  p.  269, 
Mushroom  Book,  of  I.  suhochracca  var.  burtii  Pk.  is  referable  to 
this  species. 

489.    Inocybe   subochracea  Pk. 

•      X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  23,  1872  (  as  Hebeloma). 

Illustration:     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  PI.  H.   (as  var.  burtii). 

PILEUS  2-.3.5  cm.  broad,  conical  at  fiist.  then  convex-campanu- 
late,  umbonate,  ochraceous  or  ochraceoiis-yclloiD,  appressed  fibril- 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  465 

lose  subscaly,  darker  and  more  scaly  on  disk,  not  rimose.  FLESH 
white,  thin.  GILLS  sinuate-aduexed,  scarcely  close,  moderately 
broad,  whitish  then  pale  ochraceous-brown  to  rusty-brown.  STEM 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  tliick,  equal,  solid,  subglabrous,  whitish,  pal- 
lid ochraceous  in  age.  SPORES  broadly  elliptic-subreniform,  7-9  x 
•4.5-5  micr.,  smooth.  CYSTIDIA  scattered  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills, 
apex  crystallate,  lanceolate,  stipitate,  yellowish,  70-90  x  12-20  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  froudose  woods.  August-September. 
Ann  Arbor. 

This  species  has  a  smaller  and  more  yellowish  pileus  than  I. 
sindonia;  the  spores  and  cystidia  are  similar.  A  variety  has  been 
described  by  Peck  with  a  distinct,  webby  cortiua  and  more  fibrillose 
stem,  as  var.  'brutii. 


490.     Inocybe    geophylla  Fr. 


Syst.  Myc,  1821. 


Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  401. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  364. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  228. 

PILEUS  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  conical  at  first,  then  expanded-um- 
bonate,  very  silky  and  glossy,  ichite  or  whitish,  not  rimose;  FLESH 
white,  thin.  (jILLS  aduexed,  close,  rather  broad,  ventricose,  whit- 
ish then  pale  grayish-clay  color.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm. 
thick,  slender,  equal,  firm,  stuffed,  white,  silky,  apex  pruinose. 
SPORES  elliptic-subreniform,  smooth,  8-9x5  micr.  CYSTIDIA 
fusiform,  40-55  x  1245  micr.     ODOR  ''slightly  nauseous." 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  froudose  and  conifer 
woods.     Throughout  the  State.     July-October.     Common. 

One  of  our  commonest  Inocybes,  although  not  often  found  in 
abundance  at  one  place.  The  clear,  white,  glossy  cap  and  stem  are 
characteristic.  Other  white  species  which  have  been  described  are: 
I.  camatella  Pk.,  a  smaller  plant,  which  has  a  hairy  pileus  and  at 
times  a  reddish-brown  stem,  but  the  spores  and  cystidia  are  the 
same,  usually  grows  on  rotten  wood;  7.  jallax  Pk.,  with  angular 
or  nodulose  spores;  /.  infida  Pk.,  also  with  nodulose  spores  and  a 
subscaly,  reddish-brown  umbo.  Both  the  latter  species  have 
cystidia. 

59 


466-  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

491.     Inocybe  lilacina    (variety  of  preceding  by  authors) 

Illustrations :     Patouillard,  Tab.  Aualyt.,  No.  545. 
Kickeu,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  30,  Fig.  2. 
Hard,  Musliroonis,  Fig.  219,  p.  270,  1908. 

PILEUS  lilaceous-violet,  the  umbo  darl^er,  almost  smol^y-purple 
at  first.  STEM  pale  lilac-violaceous  to  whitish.  Otherwise  like 
/.  geopJnjUa. 

(xregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  frondose  and  conifer  woods. 
Throughout  the  State.  August-October.  Less  frequent  than  /. 
geophylki  Fr. 

This  is  a  ])retty  little  plant,  and  is  usually  cond)ined  with  I.  geo- 
pJn/Ua.  It  is  usually  found  in  gregarious  groups  of  several  indi- 
viduals and  not  mixed  with  I.  geoi)hylla.  This  fact  and  its 
constantly  independent  color,  leads  me  to  believe  that  it  does 
not  arise  from  the  same  mycelium  as  /.  gcophylla.  The  general  ap- 
pearance during  development  and  the  character  of  the  surface  of 
the  cap,  although  not  easily  differentiated  in  words,  seem  sufficient- 
ly different  from  the  white  species. 

492.    Inocybe   scabella  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  110,  Fig.  1. 

Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  PI.  86,  Fig.  1. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  229. 

PILEUS  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  conico-campanulato,  then  expanded 
and  irith  a  naked,  glabrous,  obtuse,  rather  small  umbo,  silky  else- 
wiiere,  dry,  cinnamon-brown  to  sordid  alutaceous,  at  length  minutely 
appressed-fibrillose-scaly.  FLESH  thin,  pallid.  GILLS  sinuate- 
adnexed,  subdistant,  ventricose,  pale  grayish-white,  then  sordid  cin- 
namon, edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick, 
equal,  stuffed,  subfibrillose,  soon  glabrescent,  pallid  or  slightly  fus- 
cous, slightly  rufous  npicards.  SPORES  almond-sha])ed,  almost 
golden -yellow  in  microscope,  smooth,  10-13x5-6  micr.  CYSTIDIA 
fuscoid-ventricose,  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  apex  crystallate,  60-70 
X 13-14  micr.  ODOR  slightly  rancid-subfarinaceous.  TASTE 
sweetish. 

Var.  rufa :  Whole  plant  pale  rufous  to  sordid  brick  color.  STEM 
more  slender,  5-6  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick.        SPORES  inequilateral, 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  467 

elongated-elliptic,  subacute  at  ends,  smooth.     CYSTIDIA  abundant, 
ventricose  flask  shaped. 

Gregarious.  The  variety  is  common  in  swampy  or  mossy  wet 
places  on  rich  soil,  of  cedar  and  hemlock  woods.  It  scarcely  differs 
except  in  color  from  the  typical  form  as  described  by  JBresadola. 
The  wet  habitat  easily  accounts  for  the  more  slender  stem.  The 
color,  however,  is  constant  in  young  and  old  plants,  or  may  become 
brownish  on  the  cap.  The  typical  form  is  less  easily  distinguished, 
and  approaches  I.  trecMspora,  an  angular-spored  species.  In  fact, 
Bresadola  has  pointed  out  that  Patouillard's  figure  No.  547,  and 
Cooke's  Plate  402  are  illustrations  of  /.  trechispora.  June-Septem- 
ber.   In  coniferous  regions.    Houghton,  Bay  View,  New  Richmond. 

Section  V.    Viscidae.    Pileus  viscid,  more  or  less  silky  when  dry. 

*  Spores  angular-tubercular. 

493.    Inocybe   trechispora  Berk. 

Outlines  of  Brit.  Fung.,  1860. 

Illustrations :     Ibid,  PL  8,  Fig.  6. 

Cooke,  111.,  PI.  403  (PI.  402  as  I.  scahella). 

PILEUS  2-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex,  expanded-umbonate,  viscid, 
silky  when  dry,  umbo  tawny  and  naked,  elsewhere  tawny-ochraceous 
and  paler.  GILLS  sinuate-adnexed,  moderately  broad,  ventricose, 
close,  white  then  grayish-brown,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  subequal,  usually  tapering  upwards,  mar- 
ginate-hulhous  at  base,  glabrous,  apex  pruinose,  solid,  white. 
SPORES  tubercular-angular,  slightly  longer  than  wide,  irregular 
in  outline,  6-8  x  4-6  micr.  CYSTIDIA  ventricose,  flask-shaped,  50  x 
16-18  micr.,  apex  crystallate  and  obtuse. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  among  debris,  in  conifer  swamps. 
Houghton,  Bay  View,  New  Richmond.  August-September.  Infre- 
quent. 

A  small  species,  known  by  its  viscid  pileus  with  shining,  naked 
and  tawny  umbo,  b}'  the  rather  abruptl}'  marginate  bulb  of  the 
stem  and  by  the  tuberculate  spores.  Our  plant  agrees  with  Berke- 
ley's species  in  the  spore  character  as  given  by  Massee.  Ricken  has 
applied  the  name  to  a  plant  with  spores  14-15  x  6-7  micr. 


468  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

**Spor€S  smooth. 

494.     Inocybe    glaber  sp.  nov. 

PILErS  1.5-3.5  cm.  broad,  at  lirst  narrowly  elliptic-oval,  tlieu 
campanulate-expauded  and  nnibonate,  umbo  (jUibrous-siibliibricous, 
sordid  ochraceons-browu  or  livid-brown,  at  length  darker  on  margin, 
paler  on  nmbo,  at  first  glabrous,  at  length  snbfibrillose,  moist  and 
shining,  becoming  soft  and  fragile  in  moist  iceather.  FLESH  thin. 
GILLS  almost  free,  rather  narrow,  close,  pallid  then  pale  fnscous- 
browii,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STE^M  :!-5  cm.  long,  2.5-4  mm.  Ihick, 
equal  above  the  bulbillate  base,  glabrous,  even,  solid,  white  or  pallid. 
SPORES  subreniform,  s;// oof//,  7-9x4-5  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
STEKILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  subcylindrical  to  rounded-en- 
larged at  apex.     ODOIi  nauseous  to  slightly  radishy. 

Gregarious.  On  tlie  ground,  in  low  frondose  woods.  Saginaw^ 
Ann  Arbor.     eTuly- September.     Infrequent. 

This  species  approaches  the  genus  Hebeloma  in  some  of  the 
characters.  The  pileus  becomes  soft  and  watery  at  maturity  and 
is  easily  crushed,  and  the  odor  is  obsoletely  of  radish.  The  shape 
of  the  young  pileus  is  however  distinctly  Inocybe-like,  and  the  plants 
were  found  growing  with  a  number  of  other  Inocybes.  It  seems 
to  approach  Ilcheloma  discomorbidum  Pk..  Iiut  lacks  the  reddish 
tint  on  the  cap,  the  liollow  stem  and  the  spores  of  that  species.  It 
is  not  truly  viscid,  even  in  moist  weathej-,  although  the  umbo  is 
somewhat  lubricous. 

Hebeloma   Fr. 

(From  the  (Jreek,  hebe,  the  vigor  of  youth,  and  loma,  a  fringe^ 
referring  to  the  presence  of  the  cortina  in  the  young  plant.) 

Ocliic  l»r()\vn  sjKircd.'^  Stem  continuous  Avilh  the  pileus,  without 
(I  iiicinbraiioiis  an  mil  lis ;  llesliy  to  fibrous;  paiiial  veil  in  the  form 
of  a  fibrillose  cortina  or  lacking;  no  volva;  gills  adnexed  or  emar- 
giuate;  ])ileus  viscid  or  snbriseid,  its  margin  at  first  incurved; 
spores  alutaceous,  never  ferruginous. 

Putrescent,  terrestrial,  often  with  a  strong  odor.  They  approach 
the  terrestrial  Pholiotas  on  the  one  hand,  but  without  the 
membranous  annulus,  and  Inocybe,  Flammula  and  Cortinarius  on 
the  other.  Inocybe  differs  in  its  silky  or  fibrillose-scaly  pileus  and 
verrucose-i)ointed  cystidia ;  Flammula,  in  its  non-emarginate,  sul)- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  469 

deciirrent  or  broadly  adiiate  gills,  and  mostly  liguicoloiis  habit; 
Cortiuarius,  iu  having-  a  more  delicately  woven,  spider  web-like  Cor- 
tina and  darker  brown  to  ferruginous  spores.  Hebeloma  corre- 
sponds to  the  genus  Tricholoma  of  the  white-spored  group.  Their 
edibiUty  is  not  established  and  a  number  of  species  are  under  sus- 
picion. 

The  PILEUS  is  glabrous,  somewhat  viscid,  mostly  with  pale 
colors:  whitish,  tan,  brownish,  dingy  ochraceous  or  rufous,  often 
with  shades  of  these  colors  variously  distributed.  The  small  amount 
of  variation  in  the  colors  of  different  species  makes  it  difficult  to 
become  rapidly  acquainted  with  them,  and  often  one  has  to  rely 
on  somewhat  minute  or  variable  characters  to  distinguish  them. 
The  young  plants  should  always  be  examined  for  the  fibrillose  veil 
or  cortina  which  disappears  in  most  mature  specimens  and  which 
is  entirely  wanting  in  one  section.  The  viscidity  should  also  be  estab- 
lished before  referring  a  plant  to  this  genus  since  this  is  hardly  no- 
ticeable in  dry  weather.  The  GILLS  at  length  become  emarginate, 
and  this  character,  as  in  the  genera  Tricholoma  and  Entoloma, 
limits  the  genus.  Variations  sometimes  occur  iu  individual  speci- 
mens, where  the  gills  are  adnate-decurrent  or  arcuate,  and  hence  a 
single  specimen  is  very  unsatisfactory  for  a  definite  diagnosis.  The 
edge  of  the  gills  is  sometimes  minutely  fimbriate  on  account  of  the 
long  sterile  cells  or  cystidia  and  in  a  few  species  the  edge  distills 
drops  of  liquid  which  give  it  a  beaded  appearance  under  a  lens; 
in  many  cases  the  edge  remains  white  or  whitish  after  the  spores 
have  colored  the  rest  of  the  gills.  The  STEM  often  has  a  distinct 
outer,  fleshy  or  fibrous  rind  which  varies  in  thickness,  while  the 
interior,  which  is  of  varying  diameter  in  different  species,  is  stuffed 
by  a  white  pith.  While  the  stem  is  developing  this  pith  breaks  down 
leaving  a  hollow  axis,  although  in  some  species  the  pith  persists  a 
long  time.  When  no  pith  is  present,  the  stem  is  said  to  be  solid  and 
is  then  composed  of  a  fibrous  texture  which  does  not  disappear.  In 
both  cases,  however,  grubs  nearly  always  hollow  out  the  stem  at 
maturity,  a  condition  which  must  be  clearly  distinguished  from 
the  term  "hollow  stem,"  which  is  not  applied  in  that  case.  The 
SPORES  are  usually  pale  in  color,  ochraceous,  brownish  or  aluta- 
ceous,  coloring  the  mature  gills  a  similar  shade.  The  paler  color  of 
the  gills  and  spores  usually  provides  the  means  of  separation  from 
the  genus  Cortinarius.  The  shape  of  the  spores  varies  but  is  gener- 
ally elliptical-ovate,  inequilateral  and  apiculate  at  one  end;  they 
are  almost  smooth  except  in  a  few  species  in  which  they  are  ob- 
scurelv  rough.     CYSTIDIA  are  rather  rare  in   tliis  gtMius  on   the 


470  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

sides  of  the  gills,  H.  alhidulum  being  the  only  one  known  to  me 
with  cvstidia.  Sterile  cells^  usually  elongated  beyond  the  hymenium, 
are  found  on  the  edge  of  the  gills,  and  furnish  important  microscopic 
details  for  tlie  certain  identification  of  many  of  the  species  of  this 
genus.  Their  shape  and  size  vary,  and  at  maturity  they  give  to 
the  edge  of  the  gills  a  wliite,  fimbriate  or  flocculose  appearance.  The 
ODOR  is  often  like  that  of  radish,  especially  when  the  flesh  is 
rubbed  or  liruised.  The  TASTE  also  is  sometimes  radishy  or  bitter 
and  disagreeable.  Mcllvaine,  who  studied  the  edihility  of  so  many 
mushrooms,  has  given  us  little  information  on  this  genus.  Some  are 
probably  poisonous,  and  as  far  as  known,  even  where  a  species 
has  been  proved  harmless,  the  taste  when  cooked  is  not  found  to  be 
appetizing,  so  that  the  Hebelomas  are  hardly  to  be  considered  of 
mucli  value  for  the  table.  This  is  a  difficult  genus  for  the  amateur, 
and  much  uncertainty  is  prevalent,  even  in  the  minds  of  mycologists, 
as  to  the  limits  of  the  species. 

The  genus  may  be  divided  into  two  sections,  those  with  a  cortina 
when  young,  Indusiati;  and  those  without  a  visible  cortina,  Denu- 
dati.  It  does  not  seem  to  me  that  Fries'  section  "Pusilli,"  which 
included  the  smaller  species,  is  a  satisfactory  grouping,  and  the 
species  Avhich  have  been  placed  in  "Pusilli"  are  distributed  under 
Indusiati  and  Denudati.  Even  the  two  divisions  retained  run  into 
each  other  imperceptibly. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     stem  solid,  rarely  becoming  cavernous, 
(a)     Cortina  present  wlien  young. 

(b)     Edge  of  gills  beaded  with  drops  in  moist  weather;   pileus  pale 

yellowish-tan;    odor  of  radish.     496.     H.  fastibile  Ft. 
(bb)     Edge  of  gills  not  beaded. 

(c)     Cystidia   numerous    on    gills;    spores     6-7x3-4.5    micr. ;     gills 
arcuate-adnate,  rather  narrow;  pileus  yellowish-tan,  etc.     (See 
513.     Flamnuila  lenta.) 
(cc)     Cystidia  lacking;   spores  larger. 

(d)     Pileus   conical   when   young,    2-3    cm.   broad,   pale  yellowish, 
clay-color,  darker  on  disk;  stem  slender.    497.    H.  mesopJia- 
eum  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  soon  convex,  umbonate  or  subumbonate. 

(e)     Growing  in  open  woods,  fields,   bare  places,    etc.;     pileus 
2-5  cm.,  brownish-clay-color,  rufescent.    499.    H.  jyascuense 
Pk. 
(ee)     In   coniferous  woods;   pileus  5-7  cm.,  mature  gills  dark. 
H.  firmum  Fr. 
(aa)     Cortina  not  present, 
(b)     Stem    stout,    scaly-torn,    white;     pileus    large,    sordid    grayish- 
brown  to  pale  tan,  odor  of  radish.     500.     H.  sinapizans  Fr. 
(bb)     Stem  flexuous,  silky  fibrillose,  base  enlarged  by  adhering  sand; 
pileus  alutaceous  to  tan.     508.     H.  colvini  Pk. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  471 

(AA)     Stem  stuffed  by  a  pith,  or  hollow, 
(a)     Cortina  present  at  first. 
(b)     Pileus  glutinous   (wet),  sprinkled  with  superficial  white  scales. 

H.  glutinosiini  Fr.     (See  also  Flammula  lenta.) 
(bb)     Pileus  glabrous;   gills  whitish  at  first;    odor  of  radish. 

(c)     Cortina  cottony-fibrillose,  somewhat  persistent  on  stem  or  on 
margin   of   pileus;    pileus    chestnut,    reddish-gray   or   grayish. 
495.     H.  velatum  Pk. 
(cc)     Cortina    fugacious;    pileus    brick-red    to    reddish-ochraceous; 

spores  10-13  x  6-7  micr.     H.  tcstaceum  Fr. 
(ccc)     Cortina  fugacious;   stem  slender;   pileus  2-3  cm.  broad,  pale 
ochraceous-tan.     498.     H.  gregariuvi  Pk. 
(aa)     Cortina  not  present. 

(b)     Gills  bright  flesh-colored  or  pink,  turning  brown  only  in  extreme 
age;   pileus  chalk- white  to  dingy -white.     506.     H.  sarcophyllum 
Pk. 
(bb)     Gills  not  pinkish. 

(c)     Edge  of  gills  beaded  with  drops  in  moist  weather;  odor  strong; 
pileus  pale  tan,  darker  on  disk.     501.    H.  crustuliniforme  Fr. 
(cc)     Edge  of  gills  not  beaded, 
(d)     Stem  short,  2-4  cm.  in  length, 
(e)     Spores  12-13x6-7  micr.;  pileus  pale  tan.    502.    H.  hiemale 

Bres. 
(ee)     Spores  6-9x4-5  micr. 
(f)     Pileus  brick-red  (moist),  umbonate;  spores  7-9x4-5  micr. 

510.     H.  magnimamma  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  yellowish-white,  not  umbonate;   in  pastures,  etc. 
H.  sociale  Pk. 
(dd)      Stem  long  and  rather  stout  in  normal  specimens,  white, 
(e)     Stem   bulbous;    cystidia  long,   slender,   cylindrical;    pileus 

whitish.     504.     H.  alhidulum  Pk. 
(ee)      Stem  equal  or  attenuated  downward. 

(f)     Stem  fragile,  partially  hollow;   pileus  whitish    to    tan; 

odor  not  of  radish.     503.    H.  longicaudum  Fr. 
(ff)     Stem  firm. 

(g)     Pileus  white  or  whitish,  tinged  tan. 

(h)     Gills   narrow,   adnexed;    pileus   white;    spores   12-16 

X  6-8  micr.     507.     H.  alMim  Pk. 
(hh)     Gills  rather  broad,  adnate  at  first;  sterile  cells  on 
edge  of  gills  clavate-thickened  at  apex;   stem  floc- 
cose;  spores  11-13x6-7  micr.   505.  H.  simile  sp.nov. 
(gg)     Pileus  darker  colored. 

(h)  Gills  intervenose,  costate;  pileus  ochraceous  to 
tawny-ochraceous;  edge  of  gills  with  clavate,  sterile 
cells.  Spores  12-15  x  7-8  micr.  H.  netiropJiyllum 
Atk. 
(hh)  Gills  not  costate;  pileus  tinged  reddish  to  ferru- 
ginous, with  a  viscid  separable  pellicle;  spores  9-11 
X  5-6  micr.     509.     H.  syrjense  Karst. 

Section  I.    Indusiati.    Cortiua  present  in  young  stage. 

495.     Hebeloma   velatum  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  l^ull.  139,  1909. 

PILEUS  2-0   cm.   broad,   bullate-coiivex  at  lir.st,   then  expanded, 
obtuse  or  umbonate.  viscid    ( moist  i,  glalirous.  hrcomhig  oppressed- 


472  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

.s'///i//  Oil  (Irj/iiifi,  livl(l-l»iiy.  fadiiijT  to  tan  witli  veddisli  disk,  rnarcjin 
decorated  hy  the  rvntuiits  of  cortina,  even.  FLESH  white,  thin. 
liyj4:i'oplianou!5,  soft  and  pliant.  GILLS  adnexed-seceding,  close, 
rather  narrow,  snbventrieose,  whitish  then  alntaceous,  edge  min- 
utely whito-tinibriate.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  equal, 
stuti'ed  then  hollow,  icJiitc  at  first  then  dingy  ochraceoiis,  fibrous- 
fleshy,  tlexuous,  twisted  at  times,  prninose-floccose  at  apex,  ftoccose 
ahore  middle  from  the  suh persistent  cortina.  at  length  fibrillose, 
splitting  longitudinally  in  age.  SPORES  10-12  x  5-7  micr.,  nar- 
rowly ellii>tic,  acute  at  one  end,  subobtuse  at  distal  end.  CYS- 
TIDIA  none;  sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  short,  slender,  30-15x6 
micr.     ODOK   and   TASTE   slight. 

Gregarious.  Ground,  in  mixed  woods.  New  Richmond.  Septem- 
ber.    Infrequent. 

Peck  says  it  is  very  variable  in  color  and  in  the  development  of 
the  cortina.  Sometimes  a  distinct  annulus  adheres  to  the  stem  and 
is  then  easily  mistaken  for  a  Pholiota,  other  specimens  show  a  slight 
development  of  the  cortina.  The  odor  of  radish  was  slight  in  our 
s])ecimens  and  the  gills  were  hardly  ventricose  and  rather  narrow. 
It  appears  as  a  plant  of  small  stature  at  times.  The  colors  of  the 
pileus,  the  rather  floccose  stem,  and  the  short  sterile  cells  of  the 
gills  distinguish  it. 

496,     Hebeloma   fastibile  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Syst  Myc,  1821.     Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:  Fries,  Icones,  PI.  111. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  Ko.  342. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  32,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  compact,  convex-plane,  often  wavy,  obtuse, 
viscid  (moist),  glabrous,  yeUoivish-ochraceous  to  alutaceous-whitish, 
margin  jnibescent  and  incurved.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  emar- 
ginate,  suhdistant,  nneiiual,  whitish  then  argillaceous-cinnamon, 
edge  white-fimbriate  and  headed  with  aqueous  drops  in  moist 
weather.  STE:\r  4-0  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  tliick,  solid  or  slightly  hol- 
low, fitm,  bulbous,  librillose,  white,  decorated  above  by  the  renmins 
of  the  cortina  which  is  sometimes  annular.  SPORES  10-12x5-6 
micr.,  elliptical-ovate,  smooth.  CYSTIDIA  clavate.  ODOR  disa- 
greeable.    TASTE  bitter. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  473 

Gregarious.  In  woods.  New  Richmond,  etc.  Frequency  un- 
known.    September. 

The  beaded  gills,  color  of  pileus,  subdistant  to  distant  gills,  odor 
and  taste  are  the  distinguishing  features.  The  odor  is  somewhat 
of  radish. 

497.     Hebeloma  mesophseum  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  411. 

Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  32,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  campanulate  or  suhconical  at  first, 
then  convex-expanded  and  subumbonate,  sometimes  wavy  on  margin, 
slightly  viscid,  buff  to  whitish  on  margin,  brownish  to  chestnut  or 
rufous  on  disk,  glabrous,  silky-shining,  even,  the  margin  at  times 
decorated  with  the  delicate  remnants  of  the  dingy- white  cortina. 
GILLS  soon  emarginate,  adnate,  close,  rather  broad,  whitish,  at 
first  then  pale  rusty-alutaceous,  edge  white-timbriate.  STEM  4-6  cm. 
long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  mostly  slender,  fleshy-fibrous,  equal,  sill-ij-fihril- 
lose,  sometimes  twisted,  mealy  at  apex,  whitish,  becoming  dingy, 
with  a  small  tubule.     ODOR  and  TASTE  slight. 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.  On  sandy  ground  among  grass  or 
on  bare  ground  in  woods,  fields,  etc.  Ann  Arbor.  October.  Some- 
times frequent. 

Known  by  its  rather  small,  subconical  pileus  when  young,  its 
tough,  equal  stem,  peculiar  cast  to  the  pileus  and  lack  of  a  distinctive 
odor.  The  spores  are  rather  larger  than  the  size  given  by  Massee, 
but  otherwise  it  agrees  well  Avith  Fries'  description.  The  stem  is 
at  first  solid  but  develops  a  slight  tubule  in  age.  It  differs  from 
ff.  hiemale  in  the  presence  of  a  cortina  which  sometimes  forms  a 
slight,  fugacious  ring  on  the  stem.  Dried,  the  cap  and  stem  remain 
whitish-tan.  The  surface  of  the  cap  is  often  quite  silky.  Ricken 
says  it  is  known  by  its  rusty-brown  flesh  when  old,  a  character  I 
have  not  noticed. 

498.     Hebeloma    gregarium  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  ^ilus.  Rep.  49.  1896.    - 

PILETS  1.5-3  cm.  broad,  convex,  obtuse,  sliglitly  visciil,  isabolline 
to    ofhraceous-tan,    sometimes    darker    on     -lisk,     glnl  rous,    even. 


474  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

FLESH  rather  thin,  tvhitish.  GILLS  adiiate  at  first,  then  emar- 
ginate,  dose,  thin,  rather  broad,  snbventricose,  whitish  at  first 
then  rustv-cinnanion.  STJLM  4-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  slender, 
eqnal,  stuffed  then  lioUoic,  subcartilaginons,  fibrillose  below, 
slighily  mealy  at  apex,  pallid,  at  lengtli  dingy-brown.  SPOKES 
9-12  X  5-6  micr.,  variable,  elliptical,  smooth,  alutaceous-cinnamon  in 
mass.  CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR  strong,  radishy  or  almost  lack- 
ing. TASTE  slightly  disagreeable.  CORTINA  scanty,  fibrillose, 
evanescent. 

(Dried:  Pileus  rusty-tan  to  brown,  gills  cinnamon-brown,  stem 
sordid  brownish.) 

Gregarious.  Under  shrubbery  or  trees,  on  lawns,  etc.  Ann 
Arbor,  East  Lansing.     May,  June,  September,  October.     Infrequent. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  H.  mesopliaeum.  Its  spores  are 
the  same,  and  usually  it  has  a  similar  stature.  As  far  as  I  can  see, 
H.  gregarium  is  distinguished  from  E.  mesopliaeum  only  by 
its  darker  gills  and  spores,  its  truly  convex  pileus  and 
sometimes  h\  its  odor.  Specimens  identified  by  Peck  as 
his  species  were  compared  with  the  above.  It  has  been 
reported  by  Peck  and  others  as  occurring  in  October  and 
November  although  I  have  seen  it  also  in  early  spring,  a  seasonal 
distribution  quite  frequent  in  the  case  of  certain  species  of  mush- 
rooms. Its  cortina  and  general  appearance  suggest  a  Cortinarius; 
it  is  clearly  not  distantly  related  to  that  genus  and  I  suspect  has 
been  referred  to  it  more  often  than  to  Hebeloma.  On  drying  it  be- 
comes much  darker  than  H.  mesaphaeum,  as  the  latter  is  diagnosed 
above.    It  has  slender  sterile  cells  on  the  edge  of  the  gills. 

499.     Hebeloma  pascuense  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  53,  1900. 

Illustrations :     Ibid,  PI.  C,  Fig.  21-27. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  222,  p.  274. 

PILICUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  obtuse,  viscid  when 
moist,  hrownish-clay  color,  tinged  rufous  on  disk,  becoming  pale 
(dry),  subhygrophanous,  glabrous,  innately  streaked  or  variegated 
hy  fibrils,  margin  whitish  at  firs?t  from  the  cortina.  FLESH  whit- 
ish. GILLS  adnexed,  becoming  ventricose  and  sinnuate,  rather 
broad,  close,  pallid  then  pale  ochraceous-cinnamon,  edge  white-fim- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  475 

briate  at  first.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick,  solid  or  apex 
hollow,  sometimes  with  a  tubule,  cortex  subcartilaginous,  fibrillose 
or  subfloccose,  apex  floccose-scurfy,  often  somewhat  twisted  or 
curved,  pallid  but  soon  darker  or  tinged  umber  toward  base.  COK- 
TINA  cobwebby,  evanescent,  slight  remnants  at  apex  of  stem  or  on 
margin  of  pileus.  SPORES  8-10  x  4-6  micr.  (mostly  8-9  x  4-5),  ellip- 
tical, smooth,  pale  ochraceous-cinnamon  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none; 
sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  are  prominent,  cylindrical.  40-50  x  4-5 
micr.     ODOR  radishy. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  denuded  or  grassy  soil  in  open, 
pastured  woods  or  similar  places,  often  on  sterile,  gravelly  soil. 
Washtenaw  County.  May  and  June  (as  early  as  May  3).  Frequent 
locally. 

This  Hebeloma  loves  sterile  or  gravelly  soil  which  has  scanty 
grass.  It  is  early  with  us,  although  Peck  reports  it  for  October. 
In  its  seasonal  habit  it  corresponds,  therefore,  with  H.  grega/rium 
from  which  it  differs  in  size,  color,  and  its  smaller  spores.  Peck 
says  it  is  closely  related  to  H.  fastitile  but  is  smaller,  with  a  more 
slender  stem,  differently  colored  pileus  and  more  crowded  gills.  The 
margin  of  the  pileus  sometimes  shows  a  differentiated  brown  zone. 
Small  forms  are  easily  confused  with  H.  liiemale,  except  for  the 
spores  and  the  presence  of  a  cortina. 

Section  II.    Denudati.     Cortina  lacking. 

500.     Hebeloma   sinapizans  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  413. 
Plate  XCVII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  6-12  cm.  broad,  compact,  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  viscid 
(moist),  glabrous,  even,  somewhat  irregular,  ashy-'broton  to  clay- 
color  or  whitish-tan,  sordid.  FLESH  thick,  soft  in  age.  GILLS 
adnexed  to  deeply  emarginate,  Iroad,  close,  dry,  pallid  then  pale 
alutaceous-cinnamon,  edge  entire  and  concolor.  STEM  stout,  6-12 
cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  thick,  rigid,  equal,  even  or  striate  above,  fibril- 
lose,  upper  part  becoming  squarrose-scaly  from  the  tearing  of  the 
cuticle,  stuffed  but  soon  cavernous,  white  then  dingy,  apex  squamu- 
lose-floccose.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  hyaline-apiculate  at  both 
ends,  obscurely  rough,  11-13  x  7-8  micr.,  pale-cinnamon  in  mass. 
CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  usually  strongly  of  radish. 


476  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

# 

111  troops,  siibcaespitose  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground,  wooded 
hillsides,  oak,  maple  and  beech  woods.  Washtenaw  Countj'.  Septem- 
ber.    Infrequent. 

This  is  one  of  our  largest  and  most  luxurious  Hebelomas,  appear- 
ing after  heavy  rains.  The  stout,  scaly-torn  white  stem,  lack  of 
cortina,  broad  gills  and  large  spores,  distinguish  it.  In  age  and 
in  wet  weather  it  decays  rapidly.  Fries  says  it  is  solitary,  but  with 
us  it  grows  in  troops  as  described  by  Stev'enson,  often  forming 
dense  rows  along  hillsides  where  Cortinarii  flourish.  Cooke's  fig- 
ures illustrate  our  plant  well.  It  approaches  H.  sinuosum  Fr. 
(sense  of  Eicken). 

501.     Hebeloma   crustuliniforme  Fr. 
Epicrisis,  1S3G. 

Illustrations:    Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  69. 
Engler  and  Prantl.  I,  1**,  Fig.  117,  p.  242. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  40,  Fig.  5-6,  1909. 
Cooke's  lUus.,  PI.  507. 
Pickeu,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  32,  Fig.  2. 
Plate  XCVII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-8  cm.  btoad,  broadly  convex,  then  plane,  subrepand, 
slightly  viscid  (moist),  glabrous,  even,  pale  wMtish-tan,  disk  reddish 
or  yellowish,  zoneless,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  thickish. 
rather  firm,  white.  GILLS  adnexed,  crowded,  narrow,  rounded 
behind,  thin,  whitish  then  watery  cinnamon-brown,  edge  crenulate 
and  headed,  with  drops  when  young  or  moist.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long, 
4-6  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subbulbous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  somewhat 
floccose-squamulose,  glabrous  below,  white  or  whitish,  pruinose  at 
apex.  SPORES  10-12  x  5-7  micr.,  apiculate,  ovoid  elliptical,  smooth, 
pale  brown.  Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills,  cylindric-saccate,  24-30  x  6 
micr.,  abundant.  ODOR  strong  of  radish.  TASTE  disagreeable. 
Said  to  be  poisonous. 

Solitary  or  gregarious,  sometimes  forming  interrupted  rings.  In 
frondose  grassy  woods.    Washtenaw  County.    October.    Infrequent. 

The  description  given  above  is  that  of  the  continental  mycologists. 
My  own  notes  and  specimens  were  lost. 

Form  minor:  is  smaller,  pileus  2-3  cm.  broad.  It  has  no  cystidia 
on  the  sides  of  the  gills,  and  the  spores  measure  8-10x5-7  micr. 
Sterile  cells  on  the  edge  of  the  gills  are  clavate  at  the  apex.    The 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  477 

edge  of  the  gills  exudes  drops.  Found  in  the  same  woods  as  the 
type. 

Form  sphagnophlhun:  These  plants  grew  on  dense  sphagnum. 
PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad.  STEM  7-9  cm.  by  5-8  mm.  There  are  no 
cystidia  on  the  sides  of  the  gills;  the  sterile  cells  on  the  edge  are 
slender,  slightly  thickened  below,  cylindrical  above.  The  edge  of 
the  gills  distils  drops.  The  odor,  when  the  plants  are  fresh,  is  sim- 
ilar to  alcohol  ethers.  Otherwise  as  the  type.  See  Plate  XCVII  of 
this  Report. 

The  most  striking  characteristic  of  this  species  and  its  varieties  is 
their  habit  of  distilling  drops  from  the  gills  when  fresh  or  moist. 
In  this  respect  it  imitates  H.  fastihile,  but  lacks  the  cortina  and 
has  more  crowded  gills.  It  is  considered  poisonous,  and  is  said  to 
be  called  "poison-pie"  in  England,  no  doubt  because  the  color  of  the 
cap  simulates  a  baked  pie  crust.  In  dry  weather  it  is  easily  confused 
with  other  species,  and  the  occurence  of  the  forms  mentioned  above 
shows  that  it  needs  further  study.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  as  com- 
mon here  as  in  Europe. 

502.     Hebeloma  hiemale  Bres. 

Fungi  Tridentini,  1892. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PI.  160. 

''PILEUS  rather  fleshy,  2-4.5  cm.  broad,  convex-subhemispherical 
then  plane  and  gibbous  or  depressed,  viscid,  glabrous,  margin  at 
first  involute  and  white  flocculose,  pale  alutaceous,  marked  by  a 
crustuline  center  or  broad  zone.  GILLS  crowded,  white  then  argil- 
laceous-subcinnamon,  edge  white-floccose,  sinuate-adnate  or  adnexed 
and  almost  free.  STEM  2.3  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  thick,  white,  becoming 
yellowish  below,  stuffed  then  soinewhat  hollow,  equal,  subfibrillose, 
apex  white-furfuraceous.  Spores  obversely  pyriform,  12-13  x  6-7 
micr.,  golden-yellow  under  the  microscope;  basidia  clavate,  30-35  x 
7-8  micr.     ODOR  scarcely  any.     TASTE  somewhat  bitter. 

"Approaching  nearest  to  H.  crustuUniforme,  from  which  it  differs 
by  its  constantly  smaller  stature  and  scarcely  noticeable  odor." 

The  description  is  that  of  Bresadola,  as  my  own  notes  are  not 
full  enough.  It  is  with  some  hesitancy  included  under  Michigan 
species  but  is  said  to  occur  in  the  United  States  and  is  easily  con- 
fused with  the  ]>receding.  It  is  at  least  of  value  to  make  Bresadola's 
description  accessible  in  English. 


478  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

503.     Hebeloma    longicaudum  Fr. 
Syst  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  415. 

Gillet,  Champiguous  de  France,  No.  309. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PI.  9,  Fig.  2. 
Kicken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  33,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  subumbonate,  glabrous, 
viscid  (moist),  even,  somewhat  irregular,  pale  ochraceous4an,  becom- 
ing whitish.  FLESH  soft,  watery,  white.  GILLS  arcuate-adnate 
then  emarginate,  medium  broad,  narrowed  behind,  crowded,  whitish 
then  pale  clay-color,  edge  minutely  fimbriate.  STEM  5-10  cm. 
long,  4-9  mm.  tliick,  tvhite,  equal,  subbulbous  below,  stuffed  then 
somewhat  liolloAv,  fragile,  fibrillose-striate,  mealy  at  apex  or  through- 
out. SPORES  ob]i(iuely-elliptical,  inequilateral,  narrow  at  one  end, 
smooth,  12-15x0-7  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none.  Sterile  cells  slender, 
slightly  enlarged  at  base,  numerous  on  edge  of  gills.  ODOR 
scarcely  noticeable  or  none.       TASTE  mild,  not  of  radish. 

Gregarious.  In  or  near  cedar  and  tamarack  swamps,  sometimes 
on  sphagnum,  sometimes  on  rich  humus.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Rich- 
mond.    September-November.     Infrequent. 

The  white  stem,  medium  size,  lack  of  cortina  and  large  spores 
distinguish  this  species.  The  white-stemmed  species  of  Hebeloma 
are  quite  distinct  from  those  with  sordid  or  brownish  stems, 
although  the  former  may  become  dingy  or  brownish  by  handling. 
The  gills  are  at  first  adnate-decurreut  and  often  do  not  become 
emarginate  until  late  maturity,  a  character  found  in  several  other 
species.  European  authors  do  not  agree  upon  the  size  of  the  spores 
for  this  species  and  usually  give  smaller  spores;  but  our  plant 
agrees  so  well  with  descriptions  alid  the  figures  referred  to  above 
that  it  seems  best  to  place  it  here.  It  differs  from  H.  elatum,  for 
whicli  Massee  gives  large  sjjores,  by  its  lack  of  a  radish  odor,  and 
the  smaller  average  size  of  the  pileus.  Two  other  related  species 
with  persistently  white  stems  were  found  at  New  Richmond:  (a) 
had  a  more  slender  stem  up  to  9  cm.  long,  tapering  downward, 
flocculose  at  apex,  elsewhere  innately  fibrillose-striate;  its  pileus 
was  up  to  7  cm.  broad,  yellowish  ochre  on  disk  and  white  on  margin ; 
gills  rather  broad;  odor  none,  (b)  was  smaller,  with  a  stem  about 
5  cm.  long,  hollow  and  torn-scaly  as  in  H.  sinapizans ;  its  cap  was 
testaceous-tan  and  it  had  a  radishy  odor.  Both  forms  had  spores 
9-12  X  5-C  micr.  in  size.     They  need  further  study. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  479 

504.  Hebeloma  albidulum  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  1901. 

PILEUS  .3-6  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  glahroiis,  viscid 
(moist),  dingy-white,  buff,  or  tinged  ochraceous  or  grayish,  even. 
FLESH  white,  thick  on  disk.  GILLS  adnexed,  emarginate,  narrow, 
croivded,  whitish  then  isabelline  to  pale  rusty-broAvnish,  minutely 
white-fimbriate  on  edge.  STEM  3-9  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  thick,  equal 
or  subbulbous  at  base,  glabrous  and  innately  silhy -shining ,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  icJiite,  pruinose  at  apex.  SPORES  elliptical,  in- 
equilateral, 10-12.5  X  5-7  micr.,  pale-brownish  under  the  microscope, 
smooth.  CYSTIDIA  rather  abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills, 
cylindrical,  slender,  obtuse,  about  75  x  5-6  micr.  Odor  none ;  taste 
mild. 

(Dried:  Pileus  rufous-brown  to  tan;  gills  rusty-brown;  stem 
pallid  to  dingy  white.) 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground,  mixed  or  frondose 
woods.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.  September-October.  Infre- 
quent. 

Definitely  known  by  its  peculiar  cylindrical  cystidia;  its  dingy- 
white  or  ochraceous-buff  pileus,  white  stem  and  narrow  gills  also 
help  to  place  it.  It  is  related  to  H.  album  Pk.  which  has  larger 
spores,  measuring  12-16  x  6-8  micr.,  and  a  more  persistent  white 
pileus  and  stem.  Both  H.  albidulum  and  H.  album  can  be  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  H.  sarcophyllum  which  is  also  a  pure  white  species, 
by  the  pink  gills  of  the  latter.  H.  neurophyllum  Atk.  may  also  be 
confused  with  it.  Some  of  our  specimens  had  a  rather  abrupt, 
oblique  and  marginate  bulb,  in  this  respect  approaching  Cortinarii, 
but  fresh  young  specimens  lack  the  cortina.  The  gills  and  spores 
have  a  peculiar  shade  of  brown,  showing  their  relation  to  H.  sar- 
cophyllum. 

505.  Hebeloma   simile  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  whitish  tinged  ochra- 
ceous, subviscid  (moist),  lustre  dull  (dry),  glabrous,  even.  FLESH 
thick  on  disk,  white.  GILLS  adnate  at  tirst,  becoming  emarginate, 
rather  broad,  not  crowded,  ventricose,  thin,  whitish  then  alutaceous, 
edge  minutely  ffoccose-deuticulate,  not  costate.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long, 
2-5  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  not  bulbous,  white,  foccosc  to  mealy 
throughout,   glabrescent,    at    length    innately    fibrillose-striatulate. 


480  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

stuffed  Kith  a  persistent  pith,  white  Avithin  and  without,  texture 
fibrous.  SPOKES  fusiform-elliptical,  inequilateral,  smooth  or  ob- 
scurely rough,  apiculate,  11-13  x  G-7  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none.  Sterile 
cells  on  edge  of  gills,  clavate-thickened  at  apex,  55-65  micr.  long. 
ODOR  and  TASTE-  slightly  of  radish. 

(Dried:  Pileus  and  stem  whitish,  dingy;  gills  cinnamon- 
brown.  ) 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  copses,  woods,  etc.,  among  grass. 
Ann  Arbor,  Detroit.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

Differs  from  H.  neurophyllum  Atk.  in  the  lack  of  costate  gills,  the 
persistent  pith  of  tlie  stem,  smaller  spores  and  broader  gills.  Its 
sterile  cells  are  clavate-thickened  like  the  upjoer  portion  of  many 
paraph yses  among  the  Pezizaceae,  a  character  which  is  said  to  be- 
long to  the  sterile  cells  on  the  gills  of  ff.  neuropliyllum  Atk.  It 
differs  from  H.  album  Pk.  by  the  broader  gills,  floccose-mealy  stem 
and  smaller  spores;  and  from  H.  alhiduliim  by  the  lack  of  cystidia, 
broader  gills,  etC; 

506,     Hebeloma   sarcophyllum  Pk. 

X.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 
Illustrations:     Ibid,  PL  I,  Fig.  7-11. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  (or  more)  broad,  cliallc-ichite,  becoming  dingy 
white,  convex,  obtuse,  glabrous,  subviscid  (moist),  soon  dry,  even. 
FLESH  white,  thickish.  GILLS  rather  narrow,  adnexed,  deeply 
emaryiiuite,  close,  deep  rose  to  flesh  color,  edge  minutely  fimbriate. 
STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  1-8  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  clavate- 
bulbous  at  first^white,  firm,  stuffed  by  a  persistent  pith,  finally  hol- 
low, fibrillose,  glabrescent,  minutely  scurfy-mealy  at  apex,  subshin- 
ing.  SPORES  veutricose-elliptical,  subinequilateral,  ovate-pointed 
at  both  ends,  obscurely  rough,  at  first  deep-flesh  color  in  mass,  but 
changing  to  dark  brown,  9-12  x  5-6  micr.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge 
of  .gills,  cylindrical,  slender,  5-6  micr.  diam.  CYSTIDIA  similar, 
rarely  found.     ODOR  subfarinaceous,  TASTE  bitterish. 

Solitary,  scattered  or  gregarious.  On  grassy  ground,  in  frondose 
or  mixed  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Huron  Mountains.  June-August. 
Infrequent. 

Remarkable  for  the  deep  pinkish  color  of  the  mature  gills  and 
spores  which  simulate  those  of  a  Psalliota.  There  is  no  cortina, 
else  the  shape  and  structure  of  the  spores  would  indicate  a  Cor- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  481 

Tinaiius.  The  si)ores  lose  their  piuk  color  iu  the  herbarium.  Lux- 
luiant  specimens,  with  cajis  15  cm.  across,  have  been  found,  whose 
surface  was  minutely  silky-floccose.  When  fresh  the  plants  present 
a  beautiful  appearance  because  of  their  chalky  Avhiteness  of  cap  and 
stem  as  contrasted  with  the  deep  flesh-colored  gills.  It  is  an  aber- 
rant species  and  approaches  the  genus  Entoloma. 

507.    Hebeloma   album  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  54,  1901. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  G,  Fig.  1-7. 

X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  139,  PI.  117,  Fig.  1-6,  1910. 

*'PILEUS  2.5-5  cm.  broad,  fleshy,  firm,  convex  becoming  nearly 
plane,  or  concave  by  the  margin  curving  upward,  glabrous,  subviscid,. 
white  or  yellowish-if kite.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  thin,,  narrow,  close,^ 
sinuate,  adnexed,  whitish  'becoming  hrownish-ferruginoits.  STEM 
3.5-7  cm.  broad,  4-0  mm.  thick,  equal,  firm,  rather  long,  solid  or 
stuffed,  slightl}^  mealy  at  the  top,  white.  SPORES  subellipsoid^ 
pointed  at  both  ends,  12-10  x  0-8  micr.'' 

Specimens  sent  from  Detroit  have  been  referred  by  Peck  to  this 
species.  Its  large  spores,  narrow  gills  and  white  or  almost  white 
cap  distinguish  it  from  related  species.  Compare  H.  alhiduluni^ 
H.  simile  and  H.  sarcophyllum. 

508.     Hebeloma   colvini  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Hep.  28,  1870.  .■ 

''PILEUS  2-7.5  cm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  sometimes 
gibbous  or  broadly  umbonate,  rarely  centrally  depressed,  glabrous, 
grayish  or  alutaceous  with  an  ochraceous  tint.  GILLS  close,  broad, 
sinuate,  adnexed,  whitish,  becoming  brownish-ochraceous.  STEM 
2-8  cm.  loug,  2-0  mm.  thick,  equal,  flexuous,  silky-fibrillose,  stuffed 
or  hollow  above,  solid  toward  the  base,  whitish.  SPORES  ellipsoid, 
10-12  X  5-0  micr.  Sandy  soil  in  open  ijlaces.  The  mycelium  binds 
tlie  sand  into  a  globose  mass  which  adheres  to  the  base  of  the  stem." 

The  description  is  that  of  Peck.     One  collection  at  New  Richmond 
is  closely  related.     The  plants  grew  in  sand  which  adhered  to  the 
cap  and  stem.     Our  plants  varied  from  the  type  iu  liaving  narrow^ 
gills  and  a  solid  stem  which  becomes  cavernous. 
61 


482  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

509.     Hebeloma   syrjense  Karst. 

PILEUS  2-5.5  cm.  broad,  convex-expauded,  firm,  glabrous,  viscid. 
provided  with  a  gelatinous,  separable  pellicle,  even,  rufous  or  hrick- 
red,  fading  to  ochraceous-brown,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH 
tougliisli,  ])allid  or  tinged  rufous-brown.  GILLS  adnate  at  first, 
then  emarginate,  close,  moderately  broad,  whitish  then  rufous- 
brown  to  cinnamon-brown,  edge  obscurely  flocculose.  STEM  4-6 
cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  subequal  or  attenuated  downward,  floccose- 
scahj  above,  glabrescent  below,  toufihish,  elastic,  stutfed  then  hollow, 
whitisli,  becomiiig  sordid  brownish  below,  even.  SPORES  elliptical, 
inequilateral,  apiculate,  smooth,  8-10.5  x  5-0  micr.,  pale  rusty-cinna- 
mon in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none.  Sterile  cells  short,  slender,  cylin- 
drical, on  edge  of  gills.     ODOR  slight.     TASTE  slightly  astringent. 

Gregarious  or  caespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods. 
Ann  Arbor.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

This  species  has  the  appearance  of  a  Cortinarius,  but  no  cortina 
is  present  in  the  young  stage;  on  this  account  it  is  also  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  H.  testaceum.  The  brick-red  color,  caespitose 
stems  and  separable  pellicle  are  characteristic  features.  The  some- 
what tough  texture  is  also  a  marked  character.  When  young,  the 
pileus  is  often  bay-brown  and  in  age  may  become  irregular  or 
repand. 

510.     Hebeloma   magnimamma  Fr. 

Hymen.  Europaei.  187-1. 
Illustration :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  508. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  Minhonate,  convex,  'brick-red  (moist), 
paler  on  margin,  fading,  glabrous,  viscid  (moist),  even.  GILLS 
adnate,  close,  thin,  narrow,  width  uniform,  ochraceous-isabelline, 
edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  3-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  even, 
f/labroiis,  narrowly  fistulose,  pallid-ochraceous,  apex  pruinose. 
SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  mostly  with  a  large  nucleus,  7-9  x  4-5 
nncr.  Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  numerous,  narrow-cylindrical, 
about  65  X  4-5  micr. 

Gregarious.  Ground  in  cedar  swamp.  New  Richmond.  Septem- 
ber.   Rare. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  483 

Flammula    Fr. 
(From  tlie  Latiu,  -flamma,  a  flame.) 

Ochre-brown  to  rusty-spored.  Stem  central,  continuous  with  the 
pileus,  without  an  annulus,  fleshy  or  flhrous;  partial  veil  in  the  form 
of  a  fibrillose  or  subarachnoid  cortiua,  evanescent.  Gills  adnate  ov 
suhdecurrcnt  at  first.  Spores  dark  hrown,  rusty-iroivn  or  rusty- 
yelloiv.    Pileus  viscid  or  dry.    Mostly  on  wood. 

Fleshy,  putrescent,  liguicolous,  rarely  terrestrial  fungi,  char- 
acterized by  the  habitat  and  the  spore-color.  To  be  separated  from 
Pholiota  by  the  non-membranous  inner  veil;  from  Hebeloma  by  the 
darker  brown  or  rusty-yellow  gills  and  spores ;  from  Naucoria  by  the 
fleshy-fibrous  stem ;  from  Continarius  by  the  habitat  on  wood.  It 
corresponds  to  Hypholoma  of  the  purple-spored  group  in  habit.  By 
reason  of  the  bitter  taste  or  odor,  the  Flammulas  are  not  attractive 
for  food,  and  altliough  no  definite  information  is  available  to  prove 
that  they  are  not  edible,  they  are  usually  considered  unpalatable 
and  looked  upon  witli  suspicion.  The  genus  is  difficult  and  the 
species  appear  to  run  into  one  another.  They  occur  mostly  in  the 
northern  forests. 

The  PILEUS  is  often  very  viscid,  with  a  separable  pellicle,  or,  in 
the  section  Sapineae,  with  a  dry  adnate  cuticle;  it  is  usually  tinged 
with  yellowish,  olivaceous  or  fuscous  hues.  The  margin  or  surface 
is  sometimes  dotted  with  thin,  fibrillose  scales  but  becomes  denuded 
in  age  or  after  rains ;  it  is  therefore  important  to  obtain  fresh  plants 
for  stud3^  The  fibrillose  cortina  is  more  copious  in  some  species 
than  in  others  and  this  fact  must  be  kept  in  mind.  The  GILLS  are 
referred  to  by  authors  as  adnate-decurrent  and  some  emphasize  the 
decurrent  character  as  a  means  of  recognizing  the  genus;  there  is, 
however,  considerable  variation  in  this  respect,  and  more  often 
the  gills  are  adnate  or  slightly  rounded  behind  and  in  age  may 
become  emargiuate  as  in  related  genera.  The  color  of  the  gills  at 
maturity  is  conditioned  by  the  spores  and  is  markedly  different  in 
the  first  and  last  section.  F.  polychroa  is  unique  by  the  gray  and 
purplish  hues  which  cloud  them.  F.  carhonaria  has  dark  dirty- 
brown  gills.  In  the  last  section  they  are  bright  rusty-ochre  or 
yellow.  The  STEM  is  fleshy  or  fibrous,  usually  more  or  less  fibril- 
lose, glabrescent,  raostl}'  naked  at  the  apex  and  with  a  tendency  to 
become  darker,  sordid,  brown  or  rusty  in  age,  especially  at  or 
toward  the  base.  The  SPOEES  are  usually  elliptical  or  oval,  smooth 
or  slightly  rough  under  high  magnificatiou.     A  spore-print  is  very 


4S4  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

impoitiint  for  ilu'  diagnosis  of  species,  because  of  the  cousi<lerjible 
(lineieuce  in  the  cokir.  CYSTIDTA  are  ])resent  and  rather  abund- 
ant on  the  sides  and  edge  of  the  gills.  The  ODOR  is  an  im]>()rtaut 
character  and  was  frequently  employed  by  Fries,  especially  in  the 
]\Ionograi)hia,  to  separate  the  species.  The  TASTE  is  often  bitter, 
sometimes  strong,  and  tends  to  turn  away  the  searcher  who  is  after 
edible  mushrooms. 

The  species  are  not  yet  well  understood,  especially  in  this  country. 
Peck  has  described  some  twenty-five  species  but  most  of  these  are 
jtoorly  known.  Only  about  half  of  my  ditVcrent  collections  have 
been  included  here  since  the  rest  are  still  doubtfully  determined. 
Few  species  seem  to  be  common  at  least  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State  but  it  is  likely  that  more  species  occur  in  the  north  during 
favorable  seasons. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus    dry,    golden-tawny,    minutely    floccose-scaly ;     gills    chrome- 
yellow.     519.     F.  sapinea  Fr. 
(AA)     Pileus    glutinous,    viscid,    subviscid    or   moist. 

(a)     Gills    grayish    to    olive-purplish-fuscous;     pileus     glutinous,     witli 

superficial  scales.     511.     F.  polycliroa  Berk, 
(aa)     Gills  without  gray  or  purple  tints, 
(b)     Pileus    6-12   cm.    or   more  broad,   viscid,    flesh    white.     512.     F.. 

luhrica  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  3-8  cm.  broad,  glutinous;  flesh  white.     513.     F.  lenta  Fr. 
(bbb)     Pileus   2-7   cm.   broad;    flesh   yellowish. 

(c)     Gills  smoky-brown  to  fuscous-brown;   pileus  not  truly  yellow. 

514.     F.  carhonaria  Fr.  var. 
(cc)     Gills  yellow  or  pallid-ochraceous. 
(d)     Pileus  with  viscid  or  glutinous  separable  pellicle, 
(e)     Pileus  sulphur-yellow,  with  fulvous  center;   stem  slender; 

flesh  thin.     515.     F.  spumosa  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  pale  ochraceous-olivaceous-buff ;    flesh    thick.     517. 
F.  (lummosa  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  without  a  viscid  pellicle. 

(e)     Odor    strong,    bitter;    pileus    pale,    cadmium-yellow,    lubri- 
cous; stem  elongated.     518.     F.  alnicola  Fr. 
(ee)     Odor  slight  or  none;   pileus  bright  yellow,  glabrous,  mar- 
gin cortinate.     516.     F.  flavida  Fr. 

Section  I.  Phacotac.  Spore  mass  sordid  brown.  Pileus  Avith  a 
more  or  less  viscid  or  glutinous,  separable  pellicle. 

511.     Flammula   polychroa  Berk. 

Lea's  Catalog,  Plants,  Cinn.  1844. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,   Mushrooms,   Fig.   147,   p.   l.")(i.    1!)00. 
Moffatt,  Chicago.  Xat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  VTT.  Part  T.  PI. 
10,  Figs.   1-L>.  1909. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  485 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex,  then  expanded,  obtusely 
depressed,  sometimes  broadly  umbonate,  very  viscid,  varyinu  dull 
orange  to  yelloiclsh  on  disk,  paler  yellowish  toward  the  olive  or 
greenish  margin,  in  age  variegated  yellowish-olivaceous-brown, 
at  first  decorated  toward  margin  hy  wedge-shaped,  creamy  to  vina- 
ceous,  fihrillose,  detersile,  delicate  scales,  concentrically  arranged, 
the  outermost  forming  an  interrupted  fringe  at  the  edge  of  the 
pileus,  glabresceut  in  age,  margin  even,  at  first  incurved.  FLESH 
soft,  moist,  thick  on  disk,  thin  on  margin,  yellowish-white.  GILLS 
aduate,  rounded  behind  or  sinuate,  often  seceding  or  subdecurrent 
in  age,  rather  broad  behind,  tapering  anteriorly,  close  to  crowded, 
at  the  very  first  creamy-buff,  soon  grayish-fuscous,  finally  dark 
olive  purplish-gray,  edge  white-flocculose.  STEM  3-G  cm.  long,  3-5 
mm.  thick,  slender,  rigid-tough,  subequal,  curved,  solid-fibrous  with- 
in, in  age  hollow,  fibrillose  and  dotted  ivith  small,  recurved  scales 
up  to  the  evanescent  annulus,  yellowish  above,  becoming  dull  red- 
dish-brown below.  VEIL  rather  well-developed  at  the  first,  Aary- 
ing  white  to  vinaceous,  lilac  or  purplish-tinged,  floccose-fibrillose. 
SPORES  oval  or  short  oblong,  6-7.5x3.5-4.5  micr.,  smooth,  dark, 
fuscous-brown  with  a  slight  purplish  tinge  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA 
numerous  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  subventricose  below,  lanceolate 
above,  about  55  micr.  long. 

Solitary  to  subcaespitose.  On  logs,  sticks,  dead  branches,  etc., 
frondose  and  mixed  coniferous  woods. 

Marquette,  New  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor,  etc.  Throughout  the 
State.    July-October.     Rather  frequent. 

This  species  is  distinguished  from  all  the  other  Flammulas  by 
the  peculiar  color  of  the  gills  and  spores;  the  tint  of  gray  and 
purple  which  these  possess  may  easily  lead  the  student  into  |)lac- 
ing  it  among  the  purple-spored  genera.  The  other  characters, 
however,  ally  it  to  the  genus  Flammula.  The  colors  of  the  pileus 
are,  furthermore,  quite  variable,  but  there  is  nearly  always  an 
olivaceous  tint  present,  especially  on  the  margin  when  young.  The 
pelliculose  cap  is  usually  glutinous  and  when  fresh  dotted  with  the 
triangular,  hairy,  appressed  scales.  It  is  apparently  indigenous 
to  America. 


486  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

512.     Flammula   lubrica  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustratious :    Fries,  Icoues,  PI.  IIG,  Fig.  1. 
Eickeu,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  57,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  6-12  cm.  broad,  tough,  broadly  convex,  then  expanded, 
obtuse  or  depressed,  tawny-orange  or  fulvous  on  disk,  yellowish  on 
margin,  sometimes  paler,  with  a  separable,  viscid  pellicle,  loosely 
scaly-dotted,  glabreseent,  even.  FLESH  whitish,  moist,  rather 
thick,  tinged  yellow  under  pellicle.  GILLS  adnate,  then  emargi- 
nate  or  seceding,  sometimes  subdecurrent  or  uncinate,  medium 
broad,  close  to  crowded,  sulphur-yellow  to  greenish-yellow,  then 
dingy-ochre  to  olive-liroion,  edge  minutelj^  fimbriate.  STEM  -l-G  cm. 
long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  tapering  downwards,  curved 
or  straight,  subbulbous  at  base,  spongy-solid  or  hollowed  hj  grubs, 
at  first  whitish  tvithin  and  without,  tinged  yellowish  or  at  base 
rusty-brown  in  age,  fibrillose.  SPOKES  minute,  elliptical,  5-6  x 
3-3.5  micr,,  smooth,  pale  rusty-brown  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  very 
abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  ventricose,  obtuse,  45  x  12-15 
micr.,  rarely  longer.  ODOR  and  TASTE  mild  or  very  slightly  of 
radish. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  decaying  logs  in  mixed  or 
frondose,  low  woods.  Bay  View,  New  Richmond.  September.  In- 
frequent or  local. 

Our  plant  departs  slightly  from  the  accepted  characters  for  the 
species.  It  is  known  by  its  large  size,  viscid  or  glutinous,  scaly- 
dotted,  yellow-tavny  cap  and  whitish  stem  when  fresh.  The  colors 
of  the  pileus  are  shown  in  the  figures  of  Fries,  although  a  form, 
such  as  is  shown  in  Ricken's  figure,  has  been  found  in  the  same 
locality  with  the  Friesian  plant.  The  flesh  of  both  forms  is  white 
in  the  fresh  plant.  The  color  of  the  spore-mass  indicates  the  next 
section;  but  it  must  not  be  confused  witli  F.  f;pumosa  which  is  a 
smaller  plant,  whose  cap  is  not  dotted  with  scales,  and  whose 
flesh  is  greenish-yellow.  F.  luhrica  appears  to  bo  limited  to  the 
coniferous  regions  of  tlie  State. 


:  CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  487 

513,     Flammula    lenta  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  439  and  440. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  284. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  57,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  glutinous, 
dotted  toward  margin  with  scattered,  concentric,  superficial,  fibril- 
lose  scales,  or  glabrous  and  white-silky  on  the  incurved  margin, 
dingy  white  to  huff,  brownish-tan  on  disk,  even.  FLESH  pallid, 
slightly  thick.  GILLS  adnate-subdecurrent,  rather  narrow,  close, 
white  at  first  then  pale  alutaceous,  buff-color,  edge  minutely  white- 
flocculose.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  8-11  mm.  thick,  varying  equal,  taper- 
ing down  or  subbulbous,  stuffed  then  narrowly  tubular,  firm,  floc- 
cose-pruinose  at  apex,  floccose-scaly  up  to  the  obsolete  annulus, 
white,  becoming  brownish  toward  base  in  age.  SPORES  elliptical, 
slightly  curved,  smooth,  pale,  5-7  x  3.5-4  micr.,  grayish-brown  in 
mass.  CYSTIDIA  abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  lanceolate, 
ventricose,  obtuse  at  apex,  50-55  x  12  micr.,  deep  in  the  subhjTnen- 
ium.    ODOR  and  TASTE  slight. 

On  decaying  logs  or  on  the  ground  among  debris  in  conifer 
woods.    New  Richmond.     September.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  its  pale  color,  glutinous  cap  and  the  remnants  of  the 
whitish  cortina  on  the  margin  of  the  cap  or  on  the  stem.  It  differs 
from  F.  lubrica  mainly  in  color,  especially  in  the  color  of  the  gills. 
It  is  seldom  reported  in  this  country,  although  very  abundant  in 
Europe.  The  flesh  is  white.  Heheloma  glutinosum  also  has  a 
glutinous,  scaly-dotted  pileus,  but  the  gills  are  said  to  be  emargi- 
nate,  and  the  flesh  of  the  stem  to  become  blackish  toward  the  base. 
(Ricken,  Bliitterpilze.)  In  drier  weather  the  pileus  is  less  viscid 
and  may  aj)pear  to  be  entirely  naked.  It  is  easily  mistaken  for  a 
Hebeloma  because  of  its  pale  gills  and  its  frequent  development 
on  the  ground.  Hebeloma  parvifructum  Pk.  may  be  a  form  of  this 
species,  although  Peck  does  not  report  any  cystidia. 


488  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

514.     Flammula   carbonaria  Fr.  var. 

Svst.  Mvc,   ISi'l. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  Tl.  W2. 

PILEUS  2-()  cm.  broad,  {)Iiant,  convex,  then  plane,  usually  de- 
pressed in  a.nc  more  or  less  viscid  or  subviscid,  jiellicle  somewliat 
separable,  dull  crustuliue  to  fulvous-yellowish,  dull  clingy  rufous- 
iroun  in  age,  disk  rusty-yellow,  glabrous,  even,  at  first  with  rem- 
nants of  cortina  on  edge.  FLESH  pallid  then  tinged  yellowish, 
rather  thin.  GILLS  adnate-subdecurrent.  sinuate  in  age, 
crowded,  ratlier  narrow,  at  first  j)allid,  fijiallij  pale  sinokij- 
hrown  or  fuscons-hrown,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  3-5 
cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick  at  apex,  tapering  doirnirards,  tough,  rigid- 
elastic,  flexible,  dilated  and  cavernous  at  apex,  elsewhere  soon 
hollowed  in  form  of  tuhiile,  fibrillose,  at  length  dark  sordid-hroirn 
or  smoky-fuscous,  curved  or  bulbillose  at  attached  base.  SPORES 
elliptic-oblong,  smooth,  G-7.5  x  3.5-4  micr.,  pale  ochraceous  under 
microscope,  solid  fuscous-hroicn  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  on  sides 
and  edge  of  gills,  scattered,  flask-shaped  to  subcylindrical,  variable, 
30-55  X  10-15  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  slight  or  mild. 

Solitai*j%  gregarious  or  caespitose,  on  roots,  sticks,  stumps,  etc., 
in  low,  swampy  woods  or  wet  places.  New  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor. 
September-October.     Infrequent. 

At  least  two  forms  have  been  referred  here:  a  small  plant,  with 
cap  2-3  cm.  broad,  growing  on  burnt-over  ground,  and  a  larger 
plant  not  always  on  charcoal  remains,  to  which  I  have  referred  my 
collections.  Cooke's  figures  illustrate  our  plants  well  except  in 
the  slightly  smaller  size.  The  principal  characteristic  is  the  color 
of  gills  and  spores,  in  which  it  approaches  F.  fuscus.  No  critical 
notes  of  such  a  plant  other  than  the  description  of  F.  carhonarius 
are  at  hand,  and  authors  vary  considerably  in  their  conception  of 
it  except  that  they  hohl  closely  to  the  idea  that  it  occurs  always 
on  charred  soil  or  wood.  Hard  illustrates  what  appears  to  be  the 
small  form,  and  Ricken  likewise  emphasizes  the  small  size  in 
which  respect  they  follow  the  Friesian  ti-aditiou.  Under  this  name 
Peck  has  described  a  still  difierent  form,  whose  spores  measure 
7-10  X  4-5  micr.,  and  which  also  grows  on  charcoal  beds.  The  species 
clearly  needs  further  study  in  this  country,  as  it  is  not  likely  that 
either  Peck's  or  my  plants  represent  the  Friesian  species.  F.  high- 
landensis  Pk.  may  represent  the  true  species. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  489 

Section  If.  Cciespitose,  spores  rusty-brown  in  mass.  Caespitose 
or  crowded.     Pileus  with  subviscid,  siibsepa ruble  pellicle. 

515.     Flammula   spumosa  Fr. 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icoues,  1*1.  IK;,  Fig.  :5. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  17."). 
Eicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  57,  Fig.  5. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  with  viscid,  separable 
pellicle,  siilpliur-yeUoic,  sometimes  greenish-tinged,  fulvous  on 
center,  paler  on  margin,  glabrous,  even,  sometimes  obscurely  vir- 
gate,  j)rovided  when  young  with  a  yellowish-white  cortina  on  the 
margin.  FLESH  yelloicish  or  greemsli-yellowisli,  rather  thin. 
GILLS  adnate-emarginate  or  decurrent  by  a  tooth,  close,  moderate- 
ly broad,  sulphiir-ycllow  or  greemsh-yeUow  at  first,  flnallj'  pale 
ferruginous.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  thick,  often  slender, 
equal,  hollow  by  a  narrow  tubule  which  is  at  first  stuffed,  fihriUose, 
yellowish  above,  soon  sordid  rusty-fulvous  toward  base.  SPORES 
elliptic-oval,  smooth,  6-8  x  1-5  micr.,  contracted  toward  one  end. 
CYSTIDIA  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  60-70  x  12  micr.,  lanceolate- 
ventricose.     ODOR  slight  or  of  radish. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  among  forest  debris  or 
•on  mossy  logs,  etc.,  in  coniferous  regions  in  moist  places.  Mar- 
quette, Houghton,  Bay  View,  New  Richmond,  Detroit.  July- 
September.     Rather  frequent. 

This  is  probably  as  common  as  any  of  the  Flammulas  but  is  to 
be  sought  in  the  regions  once  covered  with  hemlock  or  pine.  The 
color  of  the  pileus  and  flesh  varies  from  youth  to  age,  becoming 
darker  or  more  dingy,  and  individual  specimens  vary  from  sulphur- 
yellow  to  greenish-yellow  but  are  never  as  green  on  the  nuirgin  of 
the  cap  as  F.  polychroa.  The  usual  distinguishing  marks  are  the 
sulphur-yellow  margin  of  the  cap,  its  fulvous  to  tawny  disk,  the 
marked  viscidity,  the  slender,  fibrillose  stem  and  the  yellowish  or 
citron-yellow  flesh.  The  spores  have  a  rather  characteristic  shape 
as  compared  with  nearly  related  species. 


490  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

516.     Flammula   flavida  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  Ui. 

Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  58,  Fig.  1. 

"PlLEUtS  4:-7  cm.  broad,  campamilate-expanded,  subumbonate, 
moist,  not  viscid^  even,  gla'brous,  rather  regular,  hright  yellow 
(flavus),  sometimes  almost  sulphur-yellow  with  pale  fulvous  disk, 
decorated  along  the  margin  hy  the  adherent,  icJilte  or  pallid  remains 
of  the  cortina.  FLESH  white  then  yellowish.  GILLS  adnate, 
close,  thin,  rather  narrow,  at  first  white,  soon  yellowish  then  rusty- 
fulvous,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick, 
either  narrowed  or  enlarged  toward  base,  stuffed  then  hollow,  fibril- 
lose,  flavus-yellow,  rusty  toward  base,  at  length  entireh'  rusty- 
brown,  sometimes  with  evanescent  annulus.  CORTINA  whitish. 
SPORES  elliptical,  8-9  x  4-5  micr.,  smooth,  ferruginous.  CYSTIDIA 
clavate,  36-40  x  8-9  micr." 

Reported  by  Lonygear  from  Chandlers,  Michigan.  The  description 
is  adopted  from  the  Monographia  of  Fries,  with  additions  from 
Ricken.  It  seems  to  be  well-marked  by  the  non-viscid  pileus,  the 
shreds  of  the  cortina  on  its  margin  or  on  the  apex  of  stem  and  the 
spores. 

517.     Flammula   gummosa  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  441. 
Fries,  Icones,  PL  116,  Fig.  2. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  57,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  at  length  subdepressed  or 
subumbonate,  with  a  glutinous,  separable  pellicle,  even,  po/e  ochra- 
ceoiis  mixed  with  l)uff  and  olivaceous  hues,  glabrescent.  FLESH 
thick  on  disk,  concolor  when  moist,  paler  when  dry.  GILLS  ad- 
nate-subdecurrent,  broad  beliind,  tapering  in  front,  close,  jmle 
ochraceous-cinnamon,  edge  minutely  flocculose.  STEM  4-6  cm. 
long,  4-10  mm.  thick,  rather  firm,  subequal,  flo ceo se- scaly  adove, 
fibrillose  below,  stuffed,  pallid  ahove,  umber  downwards,  dull  red- 
dish-umber when  bruised  at  base.  SPORES  oblong-elliptical,  6-7 
X  3-4  micr.,  smooth,  pale  rusty-brown.  CYSTIDIA  scattered,  ventri- 
cose,  tapering.  45.50x15  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  491 

Solitary  or  subcaespitose  and  crowded.  At  the  base  of  stumps 
in  mixed  woods.    New  Richmond.    September.    Rare. 

Our  specimens  are  well  illustrated  by  Cooke's  figures.  The  species 
differs  from  F.  luhrica  in  its  usually  glabrous  pileus  and  the  rusty- 
red  base  of  stem;  the  spores  are  slightly  smaller. 

518.     Flammula  alnicola  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  443.      - 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  Ko.  282. 

Grevillea,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  90. 

Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  58,  Fig.  5. 

"PILEUS  5-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  obtuse,  not  truly 
viscid,  lubricous,  at  first  superficially  fibrillose  toward  margin, 
sometimes  minutely  scalj^,  cadmium-yellotv,  becoming  rusty  and 
sometimes  greenish.  FLESH  slightly  compact,  concolor.  GILLS 
subadnate,  at  times  decurrent  or  rounded  behind,  broad,  plane,  at 
first  dingy-pallid  or  yellowish-pallid,  at  length  ferruginous.  STEM 
5-10  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  attenuated-rooting  at  base,  commonly 
curved  or  flexuous,  fidrillose,  at  first  cadmium  yellow  then  becoming 
rusty.  CORTINA  manifest,  fibrillose  or  arachnoid.  SPORES 
elliptical,  9x4  micr.  ODOR  strong  and  pungent,  hitter.  TASTE 
'bitter. 

"On  old  stumps  of  frondose  trees  especially  of  alder  and  willow." 
This  has  been  reported  from  the  State,  but  I  have  found  no 
typical  specimens.  Ricken  describes  and  figures  a  plant  with 
smaller  spores,  wdiich  departs  considerably  from  the  figures  of 
Cooke,  Gillet  and  those  in  Grevillea.  The  description  given  above 
is  adopted  from  that  of  Fries  in  Monographia,  and  the  figures  of 
Cooke,  etc.,  fit  it  well.  F.  alnicola  should  be  recognized  by  its  long, 
rooting,  caespitose-  stems,  by  the  color  and  by  the  strong  bitter 
odor.  Peck  reports  it  from  the  Catskill  and  Adirondack  Mountains 
only. 


492  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Section  III.  Sapineac.  Spore  mass  oelire-yellow.  Gills  fulvous- 
golden  yellow.    Pileus  drv  or  nearly  so. 

519.     Flammula  sapinea  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:  Fries,  Icones,  PI.  118,  Fig-.  ?>. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  117. 

Michael,  Fiilirer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  III.  No.  90. 
Motiatt,  Chicago  Nat.  His.  Surv..  Bull.  7,  Part  1,  PI.  9,  Fig.  2, 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex,  then  subexpanded,  obtuse, 
golden-yellow  to  tawny,  paler  toward  margin,  velvety  or  minutely 
floccose-scaly,  dry,  at  length  fading  and  rimose-cracked.  FLESH 
thick,  yeUouisli.  GILLS  adnate,  plane,  rather  narrow,  thin, 
chrome-yellow  then  rusty-yellow,  edge  minutely  fimbriate.  STEM 
4-7  cm.  long,  G-12  mm.  thick,  rather  stout,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
sometimes  compressed  and  irregular,  fibrous,  innately  fibrillose, 
yellowish,  brownish  below  when  handled.  CORTINA  yellowish, 
scanty.  SPORES  elliptical,  (3-8  x  1-5  micr.,  smooth,  rusty-yellow. 
ODOR  strong. 

Subcaespitose,  scattered  or  solitary-.  On  wood  of  conifers  in  the 
north;  on  tamarack  stumps  and  logs  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State.  Bay  View,  NeAV  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit.  August- 
October.     Infrequent. 

This  is  a  rather  variable  plant,  not  yet  sufficiently  studied.  The 
forms  on  tamarack  are  apparently  the  same  as  the  species  in  pine 
and  hemlock  woods  but  often  the  pileus  is  almost  glabrous.  In  the 
young  state  the  colors  are  rich,  in  age  they  often  fade. 

Galera  Fr. 
(From  the  Latin,  Galera,  a  little  helmet.) 

Ochre-brown  or  rusty-yellow  spored.  Stem  suhcartilaginous, 
tubular,  slender.  Partial  veil  none  or  fibrillose;  volva  lacking. 
Pileus  thin,  conical,  campanulate  or  oval,  its  maryin  at  first 
straight  and  appressed  on  the  stem.  Spores  elliptical  or  oval, 
usually  smooth.     Cystidla  lacking. 

Putrescent,  fragile,  small  mushrcxtms,  gr()\\  iug  on  dung,  mosses, 
grass  or  on  the  ground.     They  correspond  to  Mycena  of  the  white- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  493 

spored  group  in  the  nature  of  the  stem,  the  straight  margin  of  the 
young  pileus  and  in  the  slender  liabit ;  they  also  correspond  to 
Xolanea  of  the  pink-spored  group.  Their  small  size,  growth  on 
dung  and  scarcity  in  number  makes  them  useless  for  food. 

The  PILEUS  is  thin  and  membranous,  either  conical,  oval  or 
elliptical  when  very  young,  becoming  campanulate,  or,  in  a  few 
species,  expanded.  It  is  ]iygTO]»hanous  and  in  many  species  is 
stria tulate  on  the  margin  when  moist.  The  color  varies  within  nar- 
uow  limits,  mostly  rusty,  ochraceous,  brownish,  yellowish  or  whit- 
ish ;  when  dry  they  usually  fade  to  a  much  paler  shade.  Many  de- 
velop an  atomate  or  delicate  silky  surface  after  losing  their  mois- 
ture, such  "atoms''  being  due  to  microscopic  erect  cells. 

The  GILLS  are  never  decurrent,  but  are  either  narrowly  adnate 
or  adnexed  to  the  stem  Avithin  the  cone  of  the  pileus.  They  are 
more  generally  narrow  and  linear,  although  some  species  possess 
ventricose,  rather  broad  gills.  Galera  ovalis,  described  in  European 
works,  has  very  broad  gills,  and  seems  to  be  a  rarity  with  us,  if  it 
is  not  entirely  lacking.  It  has  been  reported  from  the  United 
States  but  may  have  been  confused  with  others.  Rickeu  omits  it 
from  the  list  of  German  Galeras.  The  mature  gills  of  this  genus 
are  usually  a  pale  rusty-yellow  which  is  a  convenient  mark  of 
recognition;  sometimes  this  color  shades  into  cinnamon.  The  edge 
of  the  gills  is  provided  with  microscopic  sterile  cells.  In  the  first 
section  they  have  the  sha])e  of  nine-pins  or  Indian  clubs,  witli  a 
rounded  knob  at  the  apex,  i.  e.,  capitate,  but  with  a  more  narrowed 
base.  These  can  scarcely  be  seen,  unless  a  portion  of  a  gill  is 
mounted  sideways  under  the  microscope.  In  the  other  groups, 
these  cells  vary  in  shape  from  lanceolate  to  filiform,  and  are  never 
capitate.  True  cystidia  are  wanting.  The  trama  of  the  gills  is 
usually  composed  of  large-celled  hyphae,  and  a  careful  comparative 
study  may  bring  out  good  specific  characters  here.  The  STEM 
is  always  slender,  hollow,  and  usually  fragile.  In  some  species, 
however,  it  is  toughish  or  flaccid  as  in  certain  Mycenas.  In  texture 
it  is  somewhat  cartilaginous.  It  is  usually  equal  throughout  but 
species  are  known  wliere  a  marked  thickening  occurs  at  the  l)ase 
in  the  form  of  a  bulb;  others  may  (Unelo])  a  slight  bulhlet  or  even 
a  long  root-like  prolongation  as  in  G.  antipus.  The  CORTIXA  is 
lacking  in  most  or  all  of  the  section  Conocephalae.  In  the  second 
group  there  is  a  delicate,  fibrillose  cortina  Avliich  disappears  early. 
Another  section,  of  which  no  examples  are  included  below,  includes 
species  which  liave  a  more  highly  develoi)ed  superficial  veil  whose 
delicate  remnants  are  visible  after  the  pileus  has  expanded.    Some  of 


494  THE   AGAHICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

these,  e.  g.,  G.  pcUnvida  Fr.,  G.  sta</itiiia  Fi*.  and  G.  paludosa  Fr.,  are 
uow  placed  iu  the  genus  Tubai-ia,  because  of  their  decurrent  or 
broadlj'  adnate  gills.  G.  nifipcs  l*k.  seems  at  present  the  only 
species  of  this  third  section  likely  to  be  found  within  our  limits. 

About  24  species  of  Galera  have  been  reported  or  newly  described 
for  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Some  of  these 
will  probably  be  found  to  be  synonyms.  Several  unnamed  species 
are  included  below  whose  identity  is  not  established  and  which  as  yet 
seem  to  be  distinct  from  the  others.  This  genus  needs  consider- 
abl}'  more  microscopic  stud}'  in  order  to  place  its  species  on  a  firm 
basis.  Special  pains  Avere  taken  to  obtain  material  throughout  the 
course  of  this  study  but  a  comparatively  small  number  of  the 
described  American  species  came  to  hand.  See  Plate  XCVII  for 
habit. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Edge   of   gills    provided    with    microscopic,     capitate,     sterile     cells. 
(Growing  on  dung,  or  on  the  soil  among  grass  of  manured  lawns, 
gardens,  fields  and  pastures.) 
(a)     Stem  long,  rooting  below  the  enlarged  base;    primarily  on  dung- 
hills.    520.     G.  antipus  Lasch. 
(aa)      Stem    without    root-like    prolongation. 

(b)      Stem   bulbous-enlarged   at   base;     gills    narrow;     on    dung-hills. 

522.     G.  hulhifera  sp.  nov. 
(bb)     Stem  equal. 

(c)     Gills  very  broad,  almost  free,  ferruginous;   plants  large,  very 

fragile;    rare.     G.   ovalis  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  narrow  to  medium  broad. 

(d)     Stem    striatulate    and    pubescent;     spores     10-12x6-7    micr. 

523.     G.  inihescens  Gill, 
(dd)     Stem  not  markedly  striatulate. 
(e)     Spores  small,  7-8.5x4-5  micr.,  pileus  soft  and  very  fragile, 

finally  expanded.     527.     G.  teneroides  Pk. 
(ee)      Spores  10  micr.   or  more  in  length. 

■    (f)     Pileus    markedly    cylindric-conical,     longer     than     wide, 
pale  isabelline.     521.     G.  lateritia  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  not  narrowed-conical. 

(g)     On    cow-dung;    spores    15-18x9-10    micr;     pileus     not 

striatulate  when  moist.     524.     G.  sp. 
(gg)     In  grassy  places,  lawns,  etc. 

(h)      Stem    tough,    filiform;    spores    9-12x6-7    micr.      528. 

G.   cainUaripes   Pk. 
(hh)      Stem   fragile. 

(i)     Gills   crisped    and    interveined.      526.      G.    crispa 

Longyear. 
(ii)     Gills  not  crisped;  very  common  on  lawns.    525.    G. 
tenera  Fr. 
(AA)     Edge    of   gills   with    sterile   cells    of   a   different    form.      (Growing 
attached  to  mosses,  grass,  sedges,  etc.,  in  moist  places.) 
(a)     Stem  bluish  to  greenish-gray;    on  mosses    in    swamps.      529.      G. 

cyanopes  sp.  nov. 
(aa)     Stem  whitish  or  pallid. 

(b)     Pileus  sulcate,  convex;   gills  narrow;   on  grass.     530.     G.  plica- 

trlla  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  even  or  striatulate  when  moist;   gills  broad. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  495 

(c)  Spores  8-10x5-6  micr.,  pileus  conic-campanulate;  very  com- 
mon on  mosses;   small.     531.     G.  hypnorum  Fr. 

(cc)  Spores  10-12x6  micr.,  pileus  hemispherical-convex;  on  grass. 
G.  sp. 

Section  I.  Conocephalae.  Pileus  coiiico-campanulate  at  first; 
gills  ascending  and  on  the  edge  with  microscopic  differentiat- 
ed, capitate  cells ;  cortina  none.  Habitat  on  dung  or  manured 
ground. 

520.     Galera  antipus  Lasch. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PL  128,  Fig.  2. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  293. 
Ricken,  Die  Bliitterpilze,  PL  60,  Fig.  9. 

PILEUS  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad  (rarely  up  to  5  cm.),  broadly  campanu- 
latc,  dingy  ferruginous-cinnamon  (moist),  hygrophanous,  yellow- 
ish-isabelline  (dry),  glabrous  or  subpruinose,  not  striatulate,  ato- 
mate  when  dry,  subflaccid.  FLESH  submembranous,  slightly 
fleshy  on  disk.  GILLS  narrowly  adnate,  ascending,  crowded,  nar- 
roiD,  sublinear,  pale  cinnamou-ochraceous,  finally  dark  ferruginous. 
STEM  3-5  cm.  long  and  2-4  mm.  thick  above  substratum,  subjusi- 
form-enlaryed  at  base,  and  ivith  a  very  long,  sublwrizontal,  thickish, 
flexuous,  tvJiitish  root-like  prolongation,  pruinose  or  scurfy,  striate 
or  twisted,  concolor  or  paler  than  pileus.  SPORES  lemon-shaped, 
obscurely  6-angled,  otheryrise  smooth,  8-9  x  G  micr.  BASIDIA  18- 
25x7-8  micr.;  sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills,  small,  capitate.  .ODOR 
none. 

Gregarious  on  dung-hills  in  beech  and  pine  Avoods.  New  Rich- 
mond.    September.     Locally  abundant. 

This  is  often  a  large-capped  species,  known  by  its  long  root-like 
prolongation,  which  may  extend  5-8  cm.  below  the  point  of  entrance. 
Dung-hills  on  which  the  plants  are  plentiful,  are  often  penetrated 
by  a  thick  mass  of  these  "roots"  which  interweave  in  a  horizontal 
position.  The  stem  appears  clavate  or  fusiform  where  it  enters 
the  substratum,  and  easily  separates  at  this  point,  so  that  the 
"root"  is  easily  overlooked.  All  stages  of  development  were  ob- 
served; the  very  young  pileus  is  oval  and  whitish,  and  is  scarcely 
broader  than  the  stout  young  stem;  it  becomes  campanulate  and 
finally  is  broadly  expanded.  No  cortina  is  present  at  any  stage. 
The  spores  are  very  characteristic  and  agree  entirely  with  Ricken's 
description.  Cooke  gives  the  spores  entirely  too  large  in  connec- 
tion with  Plate  463  of  the  Illustrations. 


496  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

521.     Galera  lateritia  Fr, 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illnstratioiis :     Fiies,  Iconos,  PI.  1l*7. 

.Micliael,  Fulirei-  f.  rilzfi-eniKUs  \'(.l.  Ill,  No.  !)4. 
IJickeu,  Die  Bliitter])ilzo,  Plate  (id.  Fig.  11. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plate  Kid. 

PILEUS  2.5-3  nil.  liij^h,  2-2.5  cm.  wide,  almost  cyruidrical-conical,. 
later  siibcanipanulate,  pale  isaheUine,  liTgroplianous,  <;labrons,  tiue- 
ly  striate  on  iiiargin.  FLESH  membranous.  GILLS  nearly  free, 
narroir,  linear,  ascending,  'crowded,  fulvous-rusty-ochraceous. 
STEM  5-10  era.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  rigid,  equal,  hollow,  fraf/ile, 
pure  ichite,  mealy-frosted.  SPORES  elliptical,  ferruginous,  12-15 
X  8-9  micr.,  smooth.     STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  capitate. 

On  dung  or  rich  grassy  places.  Reported  by  Longyear  as  abund- 
ant;  rarely  seen  by  the  writer.     .June-September. 

The  color  of  the  cap  is  not  as  dark  as  in  some  of  the  Friesian 
figures;  a  fact  noted  by  European  as  well  as  American  observers. 
The  narrow,  elongated  pileus  is  unique  among  the  Galeras. 

522.     Galera  bulb  if  era  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  .5-2.5  cm.  broad,  oval-campanulate,  obtuse,  ferruginous- 
cinnainon  when  moist,  hygrophanous,  ochraceous  and  atomate  Avhen 
dry,  rh'ulose-reticulate.  GILLS  asceiiding-adnate,  narrow,  ,sub- 
Unear,  close  to  crowded,  ferruginous-cinnamon,  sprinkled  by  fer- 
ruginous spores.  STEM  G-15  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  thick,  strict  when 
moist,  equal  above  the  bulbous  base,  pale  ferruginous,  hollow,  glab- 
rous-shining when  dry,  sometimes  faintly  striatulate.  SPORES 
elliptical,  obtuse  at  ends,  smooth,  ferruginous  in  mass,  12-15x8-9 
micr.  CYSTIDIA  none.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  small, 
capitate.     ODOR  none. 

On  horse  <lung;  dung-hills  in  mixed  woods.  New  Richmond. 
September. 

Variable  in  size;  solitary  specimens  attain  the  large  size,  while 
a  patch  of  them  is  apt  to  be  composed  of  smaller  sizes.  It  has  the 
appearance,  in  the  large  condition,  of  (,.  oralis,  but  differs  by  the 
narrow  gills,  etc.  It  is  well  marked  by  the  gills,  the  bulblet  at  base 
of  stem,  and  the  spores.  The  whole  plant  is  ferruginous-cinnamon 
when  moist,  and  in  large  plants  the  jdleus  is  finely  rugose-reticu- 
late. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  497 

523.     Galera  pubescens  Gill. 

Ohampignous  de  France,  1874. 
Illustrations:     Ibid,  No.  296. 

PILEUS  14  cm.  broad,  oval-campanulate  or  obtnsel}'  conical- 
campanulate,  fcrnig'mous  cinnamon  to  rufous-brown  when  moist, 
hygrophanous,  buff  to  ochraceous-tan  when  dry,  sometimes  reticu- 
late-rivulose  or  obscurely  rugulose,  atomate  when  dry.  FLESH 
submembranous.  GILLS  ascending-adnate,  rather  narrow,  close, 
subveutricose,  cinuamon-ochraceous.  STEM  3-10  cm,  long,  1-3  mm. 
thick,  equal,  often  striatulate,  minutely  inibescent  or  glahrous, 
hollow,  brownish-ochraceous,  becoming  pallid  and  shining. 
SPOKES  elliptical,  smooth,  obtuse,  10-12  x  5.5-7  micr.  CYSTIDIA 
none.     STERILE  CELLS  capitate,  on  edge  of  gills. 

Common  locally  on  cow-dung,  cultivated  fields,  etc.  Ann 
Arbor,  New  Richmond.     June-Septemiber. 

This  differs  from  G.  hulhlfera  in  the  size  of  the  spores  and  of  the 
stem  which  is  of  equal  size  to  the  base.  The  stem  is  usually  pub- 
escent as  is  also  the  surface  of  the  pileus;  but  not  too  much  stress 
must  be  laid  on  this  character  since  it  is  not  unusual  for  other 
species  of  Galera  to  develop  pubescence  on  cap  and  stem  when 
growing  on  dung  in  shaded,  moist  situations.  The  stem  also 
varies  considerably  as  to  the  striations;  these  are  normally  well- 
marked  but  may  be  entirely  lacking. 

524.     Galera  sp. 
Plate  XCVII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  12-16  mm.  broad,  campanulate,  uot  striatulate,  watery- 
cinnamon-brown  when  moist,  hygroplmnous,  pale  whitish-ochra- 
ceous  and  atomate  when  diy;  FLESH  submembranous,  concolor. 
GILLS  adnate-seceding,  ascending,  rather  'broad,  ventricose,  close 
to  subdistant,  ferruginous  at  maturity.  STEM  about  5  cm.  long, 
1-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  not  bulbillate,  fibrous-rigid,  hollow,  even, 
glabrous  or  pruinate,  white  at  first,  then  pallid  or  pale  ochraceous. 
SPORES  large,  broadly  elliptical,  obtuse,  smooth,  ferruginous  in 
mass,  15-18  x  9-10  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none.  STERILE  CELLS  on 
edge  of  gills,  capitate. 

On  cow-dung  in  pine  woods.     New  Riclimond.      September. 

Differing  from  the  preceding  two,  in  the  large  spores,  broad  and 
63 


498  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

veuti'icose  gills  and  paler  colors.  It  was  distinguished  only  once 
and  no  name  is  as  yet  applied  to  it.  It  is  included  merely  for 
comparison.    It  may  prove  to  be  a  form  of  G.  pygmaea-affiiiis  Fr. 


525.    Galera  tenera  Fr. 


Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 


Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  4G1. 

Hard,  Muslifooms,  Fig.  223,  p.  27G,  1908. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  3,  PI.  40,  Fig.  6. 

PILEUS  S-IG  mm.  broad,  ohtiisehj  conic-campauulate,  liygro- 
phanous,  pale  ferruginous  and  striatulate  when  moist,  ichitish  to 
creamy-ichite  and  even  ivhen  dry,  glabrous,  atomate  when  dry; 
FLESH  submembranous.  GILLS  ascending-adnate,  close  to  sub- 
distant,  rather  narrow,  uniform  in  w^idth,  cinnamon  when  mature. 
STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  straight, 
slender,  fragile,  subshining,  hollow,  concolor  (moist  and  dry), 
pruinose  at  apex,  even  or  faintly  striatulate.  SPORES  variable  in 
size,  11-lG  X  G-9  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  obtuse.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  capitate. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  Especially  on  lawns  in  our  cities  every- 
where; also  among  grass  by  road-sides,  in  fields,  pastures,  etc., 
sometimes  on  dung-hills.  May  to  September.  Throughout  the 
State.     Very  common. 

This  must  not  be  confused  with  Bolbitius  tener  Berk.,  which  is 
much  more  delicate  and  collapses  quickly  at  maturity.  When 
growing  in  the  same  place  the  two  are  easily  distinguislied. 
Bolhitius  tcncr  is  rather  rare,  but  may  appear  in  similar  situations. 
There  seem  to  be  some  discrepancies  in  the  spore-measurements  of 
G.  tenera  as  given  by  different  authors,  a  fact  easily  explained  by 
their  variability.  The  gills,  too,  are  usually  said  to  be  "broad," 
wliile  in  most  individuals  they  are  relatively  somewhat  narrow. 

526.     Galera  crispa  Longyear 

Bot.  Gazette,  1899,  p.  272. 

Illustration:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  22G,  p.  278,  1908. 

PILEUS  1.5-3  cm.  broad,  persistently  conic-campamilate,  sub- 
acute, rivulose-striate,  sometimes  rugulose,  hrownish-ochraceous  at 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  499 

apex  icheji  moist,  whitish-buff  elsewhere,  glabrous,  atomate  when 
dry;  FLESH  membranous.  GILLS  adnexed,  close  to  subdistaut, 
rather  narrow,  crisped  and  interveined,  at  first  white  then  ferrugi- 
nous-brown. STEM  5-9  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  slender,  base 
slightly  bulbous,  hollow,  fragile,  pure  white  or  tinged  ochraceous,. 
sometimes  faintly  striatulate.  SPORES  very  variaMe  in  size  and 
shape,  elliptical,  ovate  or  elliptic  oval  in  some  individuals,  varying 
15x13  or  12x8,  etc.,  (11-16x8-14  micr.),  smooth.  CYSTIDLl 
none.     STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  capitate. 

On  lawns,  pastures,  etc.,  among  grass.  June-July.  Ann  Arbor, 
Lansing,  etc.     Infrequent. 

This  species  was  described  by  Longyear  from  our  State.  The 
peculiar,  crisped  appearance  of  the  gills,  and  the  slight  develop- 
ment of  the  hygrophanous  character  in  the  pileus  distinguishes  it 
from  G.  tenera.    Hard  gives  an  excellent  photograph  of  it. 

527.     Galera  teneroides  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  p.  39,  1878. 

PILEUS  5-20  mm.  broad,  conic-ovate  at  the  very  first,  then  cam- 
panulate-expanded ,  soft,  very  fragile,  sublubricous,  hygrophanous, 
'brownish-cinnamon  and  striatulate  when  moist,  paler  when  dry, 
glabrous.  FLESH  membranous.  GILLS  narrowly-adnate,  narrow, 
close,  pale  brown  then  ochraceous-cinnamon  or  watery-brown. 
STEM  slender,  3-6  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  elastic,  straight  then 
flexuous,  equal,  slightly  toughish,  subpubescent,  glabresceut  and 
shining,  often  striatulate.  SPORES  elliptical,  small,  7-8.5  x  5  micr., 
smooth,  obtuse,  pale  ochraceous-brown.  BASIDIA  18  x  8  micr., 
inflated  above,  narrowed-stipitate,  4-spored.  STERILE  CELLS  on 
edge  of  gills  capitate. 

On  horse-dung  and  ground  or  decayed  debris  in  woods.  Ann 
Arbor,  New  Richmond.     August-September. 

Remarkable  for  the  soft,  fragile  pileus  and  somewhat  toughish, 

persistent  stem ;  the  latter  separates  from  the  rather  watery  flesh 

of  the  pileus  and  is  found  in  good  condition  after  the  pileus  has 

collapsed.    It  has  afiinities  with  Bolbitius  but  the  gills  are  Galera- 

like.    The  small  spores  separate  it  from  related  species  on  dung.   "* 

seems  close  to  G.  spartea  Fr.,  but  that  species  is  said    to    r 

mossy  or  burned-over  places  in  woods.     Furthermore,  Mjt       ^^ 

the  gills  of  G.  spartea  are  broadlv  adnate,  while  Ricke  ^^roscopic 

are  narrowlv-attached,  so  tliat  a  clear  idea  of  that  sp        ' 

,  ^  .         '  .Id  only  con- 

to  obtain.  "^ 


502  THE   AGARIC  ACE  AE    OF   MICHIGAN 

fuse  the  studeut.  Sometimes  the  pileus  is  provided  with  a  little 
umbo,  sometimes  the  plants  attain  a  larger  size  than  that  given. 
A  form  growiiii;-  on  sphagnum  is  especially  large. 

Bolbitius    Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  holhiton,  cow's-dung.) 

Ochre-brown  to  rusty-ochraceous-spored.  Gills  dissolving  some- 
tvhat  in  wet  weather,  narrowly  attached.  Margin  of  pileus  at  first 
straight;  llesh  very  thin.  Stem  fragile  and  slender.  Partial  veil 
very  evanescent  or  none. 

Putrescent,  delicate,  dung-inhabiting  fungi,  with  hollow,  elongated 
stems,  with  gills  Avhich  dissolve  more  or  less  into  a  soft  mass  in  age 
and  very  thin  caps  which  usually  split  on  the  margin.  They  approach 
the  genus  Coprinus  in  habit  and  in  the  structure  of  the  hymenium, 
differing  in  the  rusty-ochraceous  spores.  They  have  something  of 
the  appearance  of  Galera,  but  their  gills  are  clearly  differ- 
ent. Only  three  species  are  included  below.  Some  consider  Pin- 
teolus  rcticulatus  to  be  a  better  species  of  Bolbitius.  The  genus 
Pluteolus,  in  fact,  differs  only  in  degree  from  Bolbitius.  Species 
with  free  gills  and  the  stem  separable  from  the  pileus  are  referable 
to  Pluteolus ;  species  with  gills  more  or  less  narrowly  attached  and 
with  a  tendency  of  the  gills  to  become  soft,  belonging  to  Bolbitius. 
But  apparently  these  characters  vary  or  intermediate  forms  may 
occur.  The  gills  of  Pluteolus  reticiilatus  are  sometimes  narrowly 
adnate  and  those  of  some  species  of  Bolbitius  are  free  in  occasional 
specimens.  The  texture  of  the  stem  in  both  genera  is  different  from 
that  of  the  pileus  and  the  stem  is  more  or  less  separable.  The  pileus 
is  viscid  or  slightly  so  in  nearly  all  species  of  both  genera.  In  spite 
of  these  facts,  the  nature  of  the  gills  of  Bolbitius  remains  a  real 
distinguishing  character  and  the  genus  Pluteolus  will  be  retained  in 
its  proper-place. 

Key  to  the  impedes 
(See  Pluteolus) 


CLASSIFICATION  OF   AGARICS  503 

532.     Bolbitius  tener  Berk. 

Outlines,  18G0. 

Illustrations,  Ibid,  PL  12,  Fig.  2. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  G91. 
Fries,  1  cones,  PL  139,  Fig.  1, 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  4G. 

PILEUS  conical,  1-1.5  cm.  high,  finally  expanded,  obtuse,  dull 
white,  apex  creamy-yellow,  sometimes  slightly  subviscid,  even  or 
scarcely  striatulatc,  glabrous,  atomate  when  dry.  FLESH  very 
thin,  delicate.  GILLS  free  or  nearly  so,  narrow,  close,  dissolving 
quickly  and  becoming  brownish-ochraceous.  STEM  slender,  6-12 
cm.  or  more  in  length,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal,  flaccid,  glabrous,  hollow, 
hulhillate  at  l)ase,  pure  white.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  smooth, 
13-lG  X  9-10  micr.,  rounded-obtuse,  ochraceous. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  Among  grass  on  lawns,  parks,  golf- 
links. 

Marquette,  Ann  Arbor,  Ypsilanti,  etc.  July- August.  After  heavy 
rains.     Rare. 

This  plant  must  not  be  confused  with  Galera  lateritia  which  has 
a  larger  pileus,  a  rigid-fragile  stem  and  slightly  smaller  spores  and 
gills  which  do  not  dissolve.  This  little  Bolbitius  seldom  appears,  ac- 
cording to  my  experience,  and  only  during  sultry,  rainy  weather. 
It  develops  overnight  and  in  early  morning  stands  up  on  its  slender 
stem  without  difficultv,  but  soon  after  the  sun  strikes  it  the  stems 
bend  over,  the  gills  dissolve  and  the  cap  collapses  into  soft  masses 
which  cling  to  the  apex  of  the  flaccid  stem.  On  cloudy  days  the 
cap  may  expand  and  persist  longer  but  usually  it  is  seen  as  shown 
in  Cooke's  figure.  It  is  described  wdth  salmon-colored  gills,  but  in 
our  plants  the  gills  were  brownish-ochraceous. 


533.     Bolbitius  fragilis  Fr. 


Epicrisis,  183G-3S. 


Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  720,  A. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  40,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  conical-expanded,  subumbonate,  more  or 
less  viscid,  light  yellow,  fading,  und)o  slightly  deeper  yellow,  thin, 
almost  pellucid,  glabrous,  striate  on  the  margin.      FLESH    mem- 


504  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

brauaceous,  GILLlS  nai-rowly  adnate,  attenuate  behind,  sometimes 
free,  yellow,  then  sordid  pale  cinnamon,  moist  and  somewhat  dis- 
solving. STEM  7-5)  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  fragile,  hollow,  slight- 
ly attenuated  upwards,  (jhihrous,  naked  at  apex,  yellow.  SPORES 
elliptical,  smooth.  ll-l.">x(>-7  micr.,  rusty-ochraceous. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  In  cultivated  fields.  Ann  Arbor.  May- 
July.     Infrequent. 

This  is  rather  difficult  of  separation  from  B.  mtellinus.  It  differs 
ajjparently  iu  its  less  plicate  pileus  and  the  naked,  more  yellow 
stem;  but  these  characters  are  variable  in  this  genus  and  inter- 
mediate forms  seem  to  be  quite  frequent. 

534.     Bolbitius  vitellinus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  92.3. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  iS^o.  47. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  23.  Fig.  9. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  at  first  oval,  obtuse  and  egg-yelloiv,  at 
length  campanulate-expanded,  cinereous  toward  margin,  sulcate- 
striaie  or  plirate  up  to  tJic  rf/fi-i/eliow  obtuse  iiiiibo,  viscid,  glabrous, 
margin  at  first  straight.  FLESH  very  thin.  GILLS  narrowly 
adnate,  close,  subdistant  at  full  expansion  of  pileus,  narro^N^  soft, 
ochraceous-clay-color  and  with  tchite  edge  tchen  young,  rusty-ochra- 
ceous in  age,  scarcely  dissolving  in  tvet  ivcather,  crisped  in  dry 
weather.  STE]\I  G-12  cm.  long,  2-1  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly 
tapering  upward,  slender,  fragile,  pruinosescaly  at  apex  or  through- 
out, tchite  or  slightly  sulphur-yellow-tinged,  often  pellucid-shining, 
even  or  innately  flbrillose.  SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  10-12.5  x 
6-7.5  micr..  rusty-ochraceous.  Hymeniurn  with  large,  inflated, 
sterile  cells  intermingled  with  basidia  and  of  the  same  length  as 
the  basidia  but  much  broader.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

On  dung,  especially  cow  dung,  in  fields,  woods,  etc.,  where  cows 
are  pastured.  Ann  Arbor.  New  Richmond,  ]>robably  throughout 
the  State.    3Iay-July.    Rather  frequent. 

To  be  looked  for  in  earh-  June.  It  is  a  rather  variable  plant, 
changing  in  color  as  it  develops,  and  again  as  it  ages.  Some  speci- 
mens have  white  stems,  others  have  stems  tinged  with  sulphur- 
yellow.  The  distinctive  character  is  the  egg-yellow  umbo  on  the 
center  of  the  pileus,  and  before  expansion    the    whole    pileus    is 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  505 

yellow.  In  the  very  young  unexpanded  stage,  the  surface  of  the 
pileus  is  provided  with  a  delicate,  thin,  viscid  pellicle,  composed 
of  glistening  particles ;  this  membrane  disappears"  as  the  pileus 
expands.  The  species  is  not  uncommon  in  Sweden,  where  I  was 
able  to  verify  the  identity  of  our  plant.  The  flesh  of  the  stem  is 
sometimes  pale  yellow.  It  should  be  carefully  compared  with 
Pluteolus  cxpansus. 

Piute olus  Fr. 
(Diminutive  of  Pluteus.) 

Ochre-brown  to  rusty-ochraceous  spored.  Gills  free,  not  dis- 
solving in  wet  weather.  Stem  distinct  from  tlic  pileus,  subcartil- 
aginous.     Pileus  viscid,  margin  at  first  straight.     Veil  none. 

Putrescent,  thin-capped,  slender-stemmed  fungi,  whose  distin- 
guishing characters  are  the  spore-color,  free  gills,  separable  stem 
and  viscid  pileus.  Bolbitius  differs  b}'  the  greater  or  less  degree  of 
the  softness  of  the  gills  which  tend  to  dissolve  in  wet  v.'eather. 
In  Galera  the  gills  are  attached,  the  stem  not  truly  separable 
and  the  cap  not  viscid.  In  Naucoria  the  margin  of  the  pileus  is 
at  first  incurved.  Pluteolus  corresponds  to  Pluteus  of  the  pink- 
spored  group  in  its  free  gills.  The  gills  are,  however,  not  always 
free,  but  may  be  attached  slightly  by  the  upper  corner;  this  is 
true  in  P.  expansus  and  P.  reticulatus,  which  are  somewhat  inter- 
mediate between  Pluteolus  and  Bolbitius.  Kicken  has  discarded 
this  genus,  referring  the  European  species  to  Bolbitius.  A  consid- 
eration of  the  extremes  as  shown  by  Bolbitius  tener  and  Pluteolus 
coprophilus  will  make  it  evident  that  a  real  basis  exists  for  these 
two  genera.  For  purposes  of  identification,  however,  it  seems  help- 
ful to  include  the  species  of  both  genera  in  one  key. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(a)     On    decaying    wood;     pileus    deep    violet-gray,    fading.      538.      P. 

7-eticulatus  Fr. 
(aa)     On  dung,  straw  piles,  grassy  places  or  ground  in  woods. 

(b)     Gills   dissolving   quickly;    pileus    conical,    1-1.5    cm.,    dull    white. 

(See  532.     BolMtins  tener  Berk.) 
(bb)     Gills   dissolving  slowly  or  not  at  all. 

(c)      Spores    large,    12-16    micr.    long,    pileus    rose-gray,    striatulate. 

535.     P.  coprophilus  Pk. 
(cc)      Spores  9-13  micr.  long. 

(d)     Pileus    drab-color     to     grayish-brown;     on     the     ground     in 

woods.     536.     P.  alenriatus  gracilis  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  yellow  when  young, 
(e)     Pileus  umbonate,  umbo  yellow. 

(f)     Stem  yellow,  glabrous;    pileus  striate  on  margin.      (See 
533.     Bolbitius  fragile  Fr. ) 


506  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(ff)     Stem   white,    rarely   tinged    yellow;     pruinose-scaly    at 
apex;      pileus     sulcate-plicate.       (See     534.     BoJbitius 
vitellinus  Ft.) 
(ee)     Pileus  sulcate-plicate,  not  umbonate;    stem  citron-yellow. 
537.     P.  expansus  Pk. 

535.     Pluteolus  coprophilus  Pk. 
X.  V.  State  Mns.  Eep.  46,  1893. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  fragile,  coiiical-campanulate  then  ex- 
panded, depressed  on  disk,  viscid  when  moist,  striatulate  on  margin, 
whitish  at  first,  soon  rosjj-c/raij  or  pinldsli-cinnamon.  FLESH  thin, 
snbmembranaceons.  GILLS  free,  narrow,  crowded  or  close,  pale 
rustv-cinnamon,  dotted  bv  the  spores.  STEM  G-11  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
thick,  straight  or  flexuons,  s/cnrfer,  hollow,  pure  loliite,  rarely  tinged 
with  pink,  glal)rons  or  obscnrelv  sqnamnlose,  equal  or  attenuated 
at  base.  SPORES  oval-elliptical,  smooth,  variable  in  size,  12-16  x 
7-10  micr.,  bright-cinnamon  in  mass. 

Caespitose  or  gregarious.  On  decaying  straw  piles,  on  compost 
heaps  or  on  dung,  especially  on  lawns,  fields,  around  trees,  etc., 
where  coarse  manure  was  used.  Ann  Arbor.  Probably  throughout 
the  State.     May- June.     Infrequent. 

During  i^ontinued  wet  and  sultry  weather  it  is  often  very  abundant 
on  manure  mixed  with  straw.  In  June  of  one  year  specimens  ap- 
peared around  every  tree  on  the  campus  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan where  such  manure  had  been  deposited.  Some  think  Bolhitius 
radians  Morg.  is  identical  with  it. 

536.     Pluteolus  aleuriatus  gracilis  Pk. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821  (as  P.  aleuriatus  Fr.). 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  1901. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  fragile,  soon  expanded-plane,  viscid, 
striate-sulcate  on  margin,  hygrophanous,  drab  color  to  grayisli- 
hrown,  paler  on  depressed  disk,  glabrous.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS 
free  or  nearly  so,  narrow,  close,  whitish  at  first  then  pale  rusty-cin- 
namon. STEM  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  thick,  equal  or  narrowed 
upwards,  glalirous  or  minutely  pulverulent,  holloAv,  white,  or  pallid. 
SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  9-12x4-6  micr.,  pale  ferruginous. 

On  the  ground  among  decaying  leaves  in  mixed  woods.  Hough- 
ton, Bay  View.     July.     Rare. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  507 

This  species  does  not  seem  to  be  very  well  kiiowu.  Ouly  a  few 
specimens  were  found  which  are  here  considered  to  be  identical  with 
Peck's  variety. 


537.    Pluteolus  expansus  Pk. 

]S[.  Y.  State  Rep.  26,  1874  (as  Galera  expansus). 
Illustration :    Plate  XCVIII  of  this  Eeport. 


PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  fragile,  oval  at  first,  then  expanded- 
plane,  not  umhonate,  slightly  depressed  in  centre,  viscid  when  moist, 
cinereoiis-ochraceous  tinged  with  brownish  or  greenish  hues,  margin 
at  first  sulphur-yellow,  striate-sulcate  or  plicatulate.  FLESH  thin, 
submembranaceous.  GILLS  free  or  slightly  and  narrowly  adnexed, 
narrow,  close  to  crowded,  at  first  white,  soon  ochraceous-cinnamon, 
edge  minutely  flocculose.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  thick, 
fragile,  equal  or  slight!}^  tapering  upward,  hollow,  sometimes  com- 
pressed, splitting  longitudinally,  pruiuose  or  floccose,  citron-yellow. 
yellow  within  except  the  evanescent  pith.  SPORES  elliptical, 
smooth,  10-12  X  7.5  micr.,  ochraceous-cinnamon  under  microscope. 
Eymenium  composed  of  large,  inflated  subglobose  sterile  cells  inter- 
mingled with  basidia  which  are  narrow  below,  inflated  above  and 
4-spored. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  rich  manured  lawns,  fields,  etc., 
sometimes  on  dung;  sometimes  in  vroods.  Ann  Arbor,  Houghton, 
etc.    Throughout  the  State.     May-July.     Infrequent. 

This  species  seems  to  differ  from  Bolhitiiis  vitcllinus  mainly  in 
the  absence  of  the  yellow  umbo  or  a  yellow  centre  in  the  expanded 
pileus,  in  the  constant  yellow  stem  and  the  somewhat  dift'erent  dis- 
tribution of  color  on  the  cap.  It  was  first  described  by  Peck  from 
specimens  on  decaying  wood,  but  later  he  reported  it  from  "rich 
ground."  The  microscopic  structure  is  very  similar  to  that  of 
Bolhitius  viiellimis.  The  gills,  although  rather  soft,  do  not  dissolve 
as  in  a  typical  Bolbitius,  but  are  fairly  persistent.  Var.  terrestris 
Pk.  is  here  made  an  integral  part  of  the  species. 


508  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

538.     Pluteolus  reticulatus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111..  PI.  495. 

CJillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  540. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  Pi.  9,  Fig.  5. 
l{icken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  2.3,  Fig.  10. 
Plate  CXIX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  campaunlate-expanded,  obtuse,  some- 
times slightly  depressed,  glutinous  ichoi  fresh,  the  gluten  drying 
so  as  to  form  reticulate  veins,  radiately-rugose  on  disk,  violaceous- 
(jray  when  fresh,  livid  to  blackish  on  disk,  margin  obscurely  striate, 
very  pale  in  age.  FLESn  rather  thin.  GILLS  almost  free  or 
narrowly  adnate,  rounded  behind,  seceding,  crowded,  ventricose, 
moderately  broad,  Avhitish  at  first,  then  rusty-cinnamon,  edge  white- 
fimbriate.  STEM  .3-G  cm.  long,  2-0  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly 
tapering  upNvards,  elastic,  toughish,  white,  minutely  floccose-scaly, 
fibrillose-striatulate,  hollow,  straight  or  curved.  SPORES  ellip- 
tical, smooth,  9-11  X  5-G  micr.,  rusty-brownish.     ODOR  none. 

Caespitose  or  subcaes})itose.  Arotind  the  bawe  of  stumps  and 
standing  trees,  on  decayed  Avood.     Ann  Arbor.     October.     Rare. 

When  fresh  the  plants  are  markedly  tricolored ;  pileus  deep  gray 
with  violet  tinge,  gills  rusty-cinnamon  and  stem  white.  Later  the 
color  of  the  pileus  fades  somewhat  as  in  the  plates  referred  to  above, 
all  of  Avhich  show  the  cap  much  decolorized.  The  gills  of  our 
specimens  depart  somewhat  from  the  character  of  the  genus  in 
being  narrowly  adnate;  on  this  account  it  was  at  first  referred  by 
the  writer  to  Naucoria.  Ricken  places  it  tinder  Bolbititis  becatise  of 
the  structure  of  the  gills.  In  our  plants  the  gills  showed  no  sign  of 
dissolving  or  becoming  soft  under  the  weather  conditions  in  which 
they  were  collected. 

Naucoria    Fr. 

(From  the  Latin,  Xaucurn,  a  nut-shell,  referring  to  the  shape  of  the 

pileus.) 

Ochre-brown  or  rusty-brown-spored.  Stem  suhcartilaginous,  hol- 
low or  stutled.  Partial  veil  none  or  fugacious.  Pileus  slightly 
fleshy,  convex,  its  margin  at  fi)-st  incurved.     Spores  smooth. 

Putrescent,  terrestrial  or  lignicolous,  usually  small,   sometimes 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  509 

luiiinte,  groAviiig'  ou  grassy  gi-oinid,  mosses,  sticks,  decayed  wocxl, 
or  on  the  ground  in  various  places.  Tliey  correspond  to  the  genus 
Collybia  of  the  white-spored  group  in  the  nature  of  the  stem,  the 
incurved  margin  of  tlie  young  pileus  and  in  habit  and  habitat.  They 
differ  from  Pholiota  in  lacking  an  annulus ;  from  Flammula  in  the 
subcartilaginous  stem,  and  from  Galera  in  the  more  convex  pileus 
and  darker  spore-mass.  They  are  usually  devoid  of  any  special 
odor,  but  may  have  a  slightly  disagreeable  taste.  Their  edibility 
is  mostly  uninvestigated,  and  their  small  size  gives  them  no  special 
value  as  edible  muslirooms. 

The  PILEUS  is  slightly  more  fleshy  in  many  species  than  in 
Galera;  others  have  very  thin- flesh.  It  may  be  hemispherical  and 
convex,  even  conical  in  a  few  species,  but  then  it  tends  to  expand 
and  become  plane  or  depressed.  It  is  often  somewhat  viscid,  some- 
times hygro[)lianons,  frecjuently  dry.  It  is  rarely  striate  on  the 
margin.  The  color  is  usually  ochraceous  or  of  dark  shades  of 
fuscous,  brown,  etc.  The  surface  is  glabrous  in  two  sections, 
(Gymnolae  and  Phaeotae),  flocculose,  scaly  or  silky  in  the  other 
(Lepidotae).  The  GILLS  are  adnate  or  adnexed,  never  decurrent, 
often  broad  or  ventricose.  Most  of  them  have  differentiated 
sterile  cells  on  the  edge,  which  gives  a  paler  or  white  dis- 
tinctness. A  more  careful  study  of  the  color  in  the  young- 
stage  may  make  it  possible  to  separate  species  with  greater  ease. 
The  STEM  is  often  toughish,  when  dry  somewhat  cartilaginous.  It 
is  short  as  compared  with  the  species  of  Galera,  except  in  a  few 
forms  growing  on  sphagnum  or  dung.  The  CORTINA  is  entirely 
lacking  in  the  first  section,  slightly  developed  in  the  second  and 
third.  It  is  probable  that  a  universal  veil  is  present  in  some  of  the 
species  of  the  third  group. 

The  species  of  Naucoria  are  rather  numerous  and  seem  to  occur 
over  the  whole  world.  Only  a  comparatively  small  nundier  are  here 
described,  and  a  careful  study  needs  to  be  made  of  many  others 
found  in  the  State.  Fries  includes  48  species  from  Europe  in  his 
Hymen.  Europ.  Peck  has  described  19  from  this  country.  These 
species  all  need  microscopic  study. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Growing  in  grassy  places  or  pastures. 

(a)     Pileus  dark  watery  brown  when  moist;   hygrophanous.     548.     2V. 

tahacina  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  yellowish  or  ochraceous. 

(b)     Pileus  dry,  slightly  tomentose  or  silky    on    margin.      547.      X. 

pediades  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  more  or  less  viscid. 


510  '  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(c)     Stem  compressed;  gills  yellowish  at  first,  some  spores  angular. 

546.     X.  platyspcnua  Pk. 
(cc)     Stem  terete;  gills  pallid  at  first;  spores  never  angular.     545. 
y.  scmiorbicularis  Ft. 
(AA)     Growing  in  the  woods  and  thickets,   on  ground,  mosses,  decayed 
wood,  etc. 
(a)     Pileus  scaly,  dark  reddish-brown.     549.     N.  siparia  Ft. 
(aa)     Pileus  glabrous;   on  wood, 
(b)     Pileus    2-4    cm.    broad,    dark-fuscous,    with   a   separable   pellicle. 

539.     N.  nimhosa  Ft.  var. 
(bb)     Pileus  not  over  2.5  cm.,  without  a  pellicle, 
(c)      Pileus  with  marked  olivaceous  tints.     540.     N.  centuncula  Fr. 
(cc)      Pileus   without    olivaceous    tints. 

(d)     Pileus  with   a  conical   umbo,   minute. 

(e)     Pileus     hygrophanous,     watery-cinnamon      (moist);      gills 

narrow.     543.     2V.  lignicola  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  dark  reddish-brown;     gills    ventricose.      542.      N. 
triscopoda  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  hemispherical   or   convex. 

(e)     Pileus  cinnamon-brown;   gills  broad;   stem  short.     541.     N. 

hoi-izontaUs   Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  and  stem  reddish-fulvous  or  darker,  gills  yellow; 
spores  minute.     544.     N.   hellula  Pk. 

Section  I.  Gymnotae.  Pileus ;  veil  none.  Spores  rusty  in  mass. 
(The  following  species  grow  on  decayed  wood.) 

^Pileus  icifh  a  separahle  pellicle. 

539.     Naucoria  nimbosa  Fr.  var. 
Hymen.  Enrop.,  1885. 

riLEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  convex,  firm,  obtuse  or  subumbonate,  even^ 
(larl--fuscdus  icith  a  rufescent  center,  almost  blackish-fuscous,  wood- 
brown  Avhen  dry,  icitJi  a  siihgclatinous  scpai-ahlc  pellicle,  not  viscid,, 
glabrous,  subpruinate  when  drj^,  veil  none.  FLESH  concolor, 
pallid  when  dry,  rather  thin  but  comi)act.  GILLS  rounded  behind,^ 
narrowly  adnate,  medium  broad,  crowded,  thickish,  fuscous-brown, 
edge  wliitctiiiibriate.  STI^M  2-4  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  stuffed 
then  liollow,  equal,  straight  or  curved,  densely  ivhite-flocculose 
above,  fibrillose  or  librillose  scaly  below,  striate,  pallid  to  fuscous- 
hroirn,  dark  brown  within,  ri (fid -elastic,  white-mycelioid  at  base. 
SPORES  6-7x3.5-4.5  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  rusty-brown.  CYS- 
TIDIA  scattered  on  sides  of  gills,  abundant  on  edge,  35-45  x  10-12 
micr..  obtuse,  ventricose,  stout.  ODOK  none.  TASTE  sometimes 
unpleasant,  astringent. 

On  decaying  logs  or  debris  in  liemlock  woods;  gregarious.  Bay 
View,  New  Richmond.     September.     Infrequent. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  5II 

This  species  seems  to  be  interinediate  between  N.  nimiosa  and 
K.  cidaris  Fv.  It  differs  from  the  latter  in  its  flocculose  stem  and 
fi.-om  both  in  its  habihit.  The  plant  is  qnite  well  marked  by  its  dark 
colors,  the  separable  pellicle,  firm  textnre  and  flocculose  stem.  The 
pellicle  is  composed  of  erect,  clavate  cells  with  fuscous-brown  con- 
tent, and  gives  to  the  surface  of  the  cap  a  gelatinous  feel,  but  is 
scarcely  at  all  viscid  in  wet  weather.  The  sjjores  are  not  genuinely 
rusty  as  in  the  other  forms  of  this  section. 


«* 


PUeus  without  a  separable  pellicle. 

540.     Naucoria  centuncula  Fr. 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustration :     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  601. 

'TILEUS  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  then  plane,  obtuse, 
subnndulate,  hygrophanons,  sooty-olive  to  'bvown-oUve  and  delicately 
striate  when  moist,  fading  to  yellowish,  dull,  silky  under  lens,  mar- 
gin at  first  with  sulphur-yellow  dust.  FLESH  submembranaceous, 
concolor.  GILLS  rounded  behind,  adnate,  thickish,  hroad,  crowded, 
yellow-gray  to  olive-brown,  edge  crenulate  with  yeUowish-yreen 
-flecks.  Stem  2-3  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  often  eccentric,  equal, 
curved,  hollow,  sometimes  compressed,  paler  olive,  white-mealy 
above,  white-mycelioid  at  base.  SPOEES  almost  kidney-shaped, 
6-7x4  micr.,  smooth,  rusty-brown.  CYSTIDIA  30-36  x  4-6  micr. 
ODOR  mild." 

On  decayed  Avood,  in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Eichmond. 
July-September. 

Usually  small  and  known  from  all  others  by  the  olivaceous  color- 
ing of  the  pileus  and  gills.    The  description  is  adapted  from  Eicken. 

54 L     Naucoria  horizontalis  Fr. 

■     Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustration:     Cooke,   111.,  PI.   601. 

^'PILEUS  .5-1  cm.  broad,  hemispherical ,  at  length  depressed,  dry, 
ciniiainon-hrown.  even  or  wrinkled.  FLESH  relatively  thick. 
GILLS  adnexed,  thickish,  hroad,  close  to  subdistant,  cinnamon- 
brown,  edge  AVhite-fimbriate.     STEM  short  and  curved,  1  cm.  long, 


512  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

1  mm.  thick,  bi'0\\  ii.  naked.  Icisc  wliilc  iiivcelioid.  Si)oi'es  somewhat 
almond-shaped,  14-18  xO-T  iiiicr..  smooili.  CYiSTIDIA  on  edge  of 
gills,  f nsiform,  *  oU-GO  X  8-10  mm. 

On  bark  of  standing  trees  (like  Mycena  corticola).  Not  found 
with  certainty  in  the  State.  The  description  is  adapted  from  Kickeu. 

542.     Naucoria  triscopoda  Fr. 

Monographia,  18()o. 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  124,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  458. 

I*IL]']US  3-10  mm.  l»road,  small.  <tl  firsi  critical,  then  cami»anulate 
uith  a  marked  acute  umho,  striatulate  to  the  umbo,  chestnut-hroicn 
to  rufous-hrown,  glabrous.  FLESH  suhmcnidi'anaceous.  GILLS  ad- 
uate,  ascending,  thickish,  ventricose,  close,  ochraceous-ciunamon 
then  darker,  edge  white-fimbriate.  STE^Nl  2-3  cm.  long,  1  mm.  thick, 
slender,  reddisk-hrown,  darker  below,  glabrous,  hollow,  apex  pruin- 
ose,  innately  silky.  SPOKES' minute,  0-7x3-4  micr.,  rusty-brown, 
smooth.  CYSTIDIA  none.  STEIMLE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills, 
slender,  subcAiindrical,  about  35  ndcr.  long. 

On  much  decayed  wood  in  mixed  forests  of  beech  and  hendock. 
Bay  View,  New  Richmond.     September,     Infrequent. 

A  dainty  little  plant,  well-marked  by  its  shape  and  color.  The 
descriijtions  omit  the  striations  of  the  pileus,  but  they  are  well 
shown  in  Fries'  excellent  figures.  Ricken  has  referred  it  to  the 
genus  Galera  but  without  explanation.  This  is  the  i)lant  referred 
to  in  the  list  of  the  8th  Rep.  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  35,  under  A.  ciispi- 
data  Pk.  (in  ed.)  which  Peck  never  published.  It  is  clearly  Fries' 
species. 

543.     Naucoria  lignicola  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

PILEUS  5-20  mm.  broad,  convex-campanulate,  markedly  umbo- 
nate  when  young,  at  length  expanded  and  depressed  around  the  small 
umbo,  Jif/(/roj}hanoiis,  watenj-cinnam.on  and  striatulate  when  moist, 
dull  ochraceous  when  dry,  glabrous.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  adnate, 
seceding,  jdane,  close  to  subdistant,  narrow,  cinnamon-brown,  edge 
concolor.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  1  mm.  thick,  slender,  toughish,  equal, 
subfistulose,    curved,    glabrous     or     obscurely     pruinate-librillose. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  ol3 

SPORES  elliptic-ovate,  inequilateral,  7-8  x  3-4:  luicr.,  smooth,  rusty- 
brown.     ODOR  none.     TASTE  slightly  farinaceous. 

On  decayed  wood.     Ann  Arbor.     July. 

Differs  from  jS\  triscopoda  by  its  hj^grophanous,  paler  pileus  and 
slightly  longer  spores. 

544.     Naucoria  bellula  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

PILEUS  1-2..")  cm.  broad,  firm,  moist,  convex,  obtuse,  minutely 
flocculose  or  glabrous,  even,  bright  icatery-cinnamon  to  rusty-jul- 
vous,  pliant.  FLESH  rather  thin,  yellowish.  GILLS  adnate-seced- 
ing,  sometimes  emarginate  with  tooth,  rather  narrow,  close  to 
crowded,  yeUoic  thoi  rusty-yeUoic  and  spotted.  STEM  2-2.5  cm» 
long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  short,  toughish-elastic,  straight 
or  curved,  reddish-brown  to  rusty-buy,  darker  below,  stuffed  then 
hollow,  librillose-scurfy  at  apex,  sometimes  scurfy  throughout. 
SPORES  minute,  oval,  5-5.5x3  micr.,  smooth,  ferruginous,  staining 
the  gills.     CYSTIDIA  none.     TASTE  bitter.    VEIL  none. 

On  decayed  coniferous  wood  in  hemlock  and  pine  woods,  sub- 
caespitose  or  gregarious.     September.     Bay  View,  New  Richmond, 

A  distinct  plant  of  the  conifer  regions  of  the  State.  The  whole 
plant  has  a  tendency  towards  a  fulvous-rusty  more  or  less  red  color. 
The  stem  and  gills  become  darker  colored  with  age.  The 
identification  was  made  by  Peck.  It  must  not  be  confused  Avith 
Flammula  limulata  Fr. 

Section  II.  Phacotae.  Pileus  glabrous.  Spores  and  gills  dull- 
colored,  fuscous,  cinnamon  or  ochraceous.  Veil  scarcely  noticeable. 
(The  following  species  grow  on  cultivated  ground.) 

545.     Naucoria  semiorbicularis  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  493. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  489. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PI.  9,  Fig.  4. 
Plate  XCIX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  hemispherical-convex,  obtuse,  somewliat 
viscid  when  moist,  fuIcous-yeUow,  darker  on  disk,  ochraceous  in 
65 


514  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

age,  glabrous,  sometimes  rimose,  even,  veil  uoue.  FLE8H  lliiu  or 
thickish  on  disk,  pallid.  GILLS  adnate.  often  seceding,  hroacl,  close, 
jJalUd  or  ahitaccoiis  at  first,  then  rusty-brown,  edge  white-fimbriate. 
STEM  4-0  cm.  long,  l-?>  mm.  thick,  equal  or  slightly  thickened  toward 
base  or  apex,  subrigid,  toughish,  terete,  somewhat  silky-shining, 
stuffed  by  a  white  pith,  oehraccous,  darker  in  age.  SPOKES  ellip- 
tical-oval, 12-15x8-9  micr.,  smooth,  rusty-brown  in  mass.  CYS- 
TIDIA  on  edge  of  gills  ventricose  flask-shaped,  sometimes  capitate, 
25-35x9  micr.     ODOR  none.     TASTE  slightly  disagreeable. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  lawns,  roadsides  and  grassy  pas- 
tures.   Throughout  tke  State.    May-September.    Common. 

This  species  occurs  on  lawns  witli  PsUocyhe  foenisecii  and 
PhoUota  iwaccox,  during  the  warm  and  rainy  weather  in  May  and 
June,  although  it  may  be  found  throughout  the  season.  Its  hemis- 
pherical cap  and  rusty-brown  spores  distinguish  it  from  similar 
species  of  the  purple-brown-spored  group.  Its  spores  and  size 
separate  it  from  nearby  species  of  Naucoria.  T.  verracti  Fr.  has 
been  reported  from  Ohio.  According  to  Rickeu,  this  has  spores 
measuring  12-17  x  S-12  micr.    Its  stem  is  said  to  be  rough-fibrillose. 

546.     Naucoria  platysperma  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  25,  p.  324,  1898. 

PILET^S  2-4.5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  subexpanded,  slightly  viscid 
when  moist,  ochraceoiis,  somewhat  darker  when  young,  glabrous, 
fading,  even,  veil  slight.  FLESH  white,  thick  on  disk.  GILLS 
adnate,  broader  behind,  close,  thin,  yeUoicish-ochre  at  first  then 
fuscous-cinnamon,  edge  pallid-limbriate.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  2-4 
mm.  thick,  tough,  JioUoic  and  usuallij  compressed,  equal  or  tapering 
below,  ochraceoiis,  often  striate  above,  slightly  flocculose  with 
whitish  fioccules.  SPORES  13-15  x  7-10,  elliptical,  or  sometimes  of 
various  shapes,  trianfjular.  heart-shaped,  lohed,  etc.,-  fuscous-brown 
in  mass.     STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  fusiform. 

Gregarious.  On  dunghills,  pastured  woods  and  grassy  places. 
Bay  View,  Ann  Arbor,  Xew  Richmond.  May,  June  and  September. 
Frequent  during  some  seasons. 

Characterized  by  the  flattened  or  irregular  spores  which  are  pres- 
ent in  each  mount,  although  in  small  numl)ers.  The  size  of  the 
plant  and  its  compressed  stem  are  often  good  marks  for  its  iden- 
tification. Peck  gives  a  greater  width  for  the  spores,  but  this  is 
rare  in  our  plants,  v.hich  were  referred  to  him  and  verified.  The 
original  description  was  made  from  California  specimens. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  515 

547.  Naucoria  pediades  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illiistratious :     Cooke,  111.,  PL  492. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  488. 
Patoiiillard,  Tab.  Aualyt.,  No.  34G. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  228,  p.  282,  1908. 

"PILEUS  2.5-G.  cm.  broad,  cami)aniilate-hemispherical,  at  length 
plane,  obtuse,  dry,  not  shining,  fulvous-ochraceous  then  isabelline- 
yellow,  delicately  tomentulose  totvard  margin,  margin  silky-floccose. 
FLESH  pallid,  slightly  fleshy.  GILLS  broadly  adnate,  rounded 
behind,  rather  broad,  close  to  subdistant,  ventricose,  hrownish-pallid, 
at  first,  at  length  sordid-brown.  STEM  4-7  (or  more)  cm.  long,  2-3 
(or  more)  mm.  thick,  often  twisted,  unequal,  stujfed,  silky-fulvous, 
concolor  or  yellowish,  granular- fiocculose.  SPORES  oval,  10-12  x  6-7 
micr.,  argillaceous-brown  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  (on  edge)  ventricose- 
fusiform,  45-50  x  8-10  micr.  ODOR  subfarinaceous.  TASTE  some- 
times nauseous." 

Reported  as  common  on  lawns  and  roadsides  by  Longyear.  De- 
scription adapted  from  Ricken. 

548.  Naucoria  tabacina  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustration:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  493. 

PILEtJS  6-18  mm.  broad,  convex,  obtuse,  then  almost  plane,  gla- 
brous,  hygrophanous,  even,  watery  hay-fuscous  (moist),  dull  ochra- 
ceous-cinnamon  (drj^),  FLESH  concolor,  thin.  GILLS  adnate- 
seceding,  narrowed  in  front,  rather  broad  behind,  close,  at  length 
horizontal,  alutaceous-brownish,  edge  white-flocculose.  STEM  2-3 
cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick,  tapering  downward,  straight  or  curved, 
stuffed  then  hollow,  toughish,  brownish-umher,  fihrillose-fioccose. 
SPORES  elliptic-ovate,  6-8  x  4-4.5  micr.,  smooth,  fuscous-brown  in 
mass.     ODOR  none.     TASTE  bitterish. 

Caespitose  or  subcaespitose,  on  the  ground  in  a  cornfield,  etc. 
Ann  Arbor.  June.  Infrequent.  Known  by  its  dark  colors  and 
small  spores.     The  gills  often  run  down  the  stem  by  a  line. 

Section  II.  Lepidotae.  Pileus  fiocculose  or  scaly.  Veil  mani- 
fest (universal).     Si>ores  rust-colored. 


516  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

549.     Naucoria  siparia  Fr. 

vSyst.  Myc.  1821. 

lllnsti'atioiis:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  480. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Aualyt.,  ^o.  G42. 

PILEUS  5-lo  mm.  broad,  broadly  convex  to  plane,  obtnse,  moist, 
at  first  densely  tomentose,  hrcakiiig  up  into  thick  scales  of  fascicled 
tufts,  especially  on  disk,  dark  reddisli-'broicn.  FLESH  soft,  brown- 
isli-ochraceons,  thin.  GILLS  adnate,  hroad,  close  to  subdistant, 
ventricose,  brownisli-clay-color,  edge  wliite-flocculose.  STEM  1-2 
cm.  long,  1-1. .5  mm.  thick,  short,  eqnal,  stuffed,  lower  two-thirds 
loosely  floccose-filtrillose  and  reddish-hroi<yn,  apex  glabrous  and 
whitish.  SPOEES  very  variable  in  size  and  shape,  9-13  (few  15)  x 
5-()  (few  1)  micr.,  inequilateral-elliptical,  smooth,  rusty-brown  in 
mass.  CYSTIDIA  none.  STEIULE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills 
numerous,  subcylindrical  or  narrowly  clavate,  about  40  x  8-9  micr. 
BASIDIA  4-spored,  27x6  micr.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious,  on  soil  or  moss  in  frondose  woods,  among  debris. 
Ann  Arbor.     August. 

Although  this  plant  is  said  to  usually  inhabit  the  stalks  of  ferns, 
our  specimens  agree  so  closely  with  the  descriptions  that  scarcely 
a  doubt  can  be  raised  concerning  their  identity, 

Crepidotus  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  krcpis,  a  slipper  and  ous,  an  ear.) 

Ochre-brown  to  rusty-spored.  Stem  lateral,  eccentric  or  none. 
Pileus  dimidiate,  eccentric  or  lateral,  often  at  first  resupinate. 
Veil  lacking.     SPORES  sphoeroid  or  elliptical. 

Putrescent,  shelving  or  resupinate  mushrooms,  from  1  to  5  cm. 
broad,  growing  on  decaying  wood.  They  correspond  to  those 
Pleuroti  of  tlie  white-spored  grou])  wliicli   have  no  veil. 

The  PILEUS  is  usually  of  a  soft  consistency  and  soon  collapses; 
in  some  species  it  is  firmer  or  tougher  and  a  few  have  a  gelatinous 
surface  layer.  Tlie  surface  of  some  forms  is  tomentose  or  hairy,  of 
others  glabrous;  when  hygroplianous.  Iliev  often  become  pruinose 
wlien  dry.  The  liygroi)han()us  s])ecies  are  usually  striatulate  on  the 
margin  of  the  pileus  Avhen  moist,  but  become  even  wlien  dry.  The 
color  of  most  species  is  white,  dingy-wliite  or  yellowish,  but  0. 
cinnalxirinus  luis  a  deep  scarlet-red  color.      The    GILLS    radiate 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  517 

from  the  point  of  attaclimeut  of  the  pileus,  where  they  either  run 
down  to  a  point  or  are  abruptly  rounded  behind.  They  are  often 
broad  and  soft  and  collapse  when  mature,  but  sometimes  are  very 
narrow  and  crowded ;  in  age  the}'  become  stained  or  spotted  by 
the  copious  spores.  The  short  STEM  or  tubercledike  point  of 
attachment  is  usually  somewhat  tomentose  or  villose  even  in  other- 
wise glabrous  plants.  The  SPORES  are  an  important  means  of 
diagnosis  of  the  species  of  this  genus,  since  a  number  of  species 
have  a  very  similar  general  appearance.  Peck  points  out  that 
European  mycologists  have  neglected  to  give  us  careful  measure- 
ments for  the  spores  of  their  species.  I  have  used  the  spore  chaf- 
acter  in  the  keys,  since  it  is  the  only  reliable  method  of  studying 
the  group,  and  as  the  species  are  not  as  a  rule  used  for  food,  the 
mycophagist  X\-ill  not  need  much  attention.  The  spores  in  differ- 
ent species  vary  from  brown  to  ferruginous  and  often  stain  the 
pilei  when  the  latter  grow  in  an  imbricate  fashion. 

Fifteen  species  are  reported  from  Michigan:  all  but  two  I  have 
collected. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Spores  elliptical  or  oval. 

(a)     Pileus  scarlet-red,  substipitate.     555.     C.  cinnaMrinus  Pk. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  red. 

(b)     Pileus  viscid,  hygrophanous,  sessile,  white  when  dry.     550.     C. 

liaerens  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  not  viscid, 
(c)     Pileus  with   a  subgelatinous   surface,    sessile,    glabrous.     551. 

C.  mollis  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  gelatinous. 

(d)     Pileus    distinctly    stipitate,   minutely   scaly,   4-8   mm.    broad, 

tawny,  tinged  gray.     556.     C.  seinarhis  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  sessile, 
(e)     Pileus  glabrous,  whitish,  resupinate.     552.     C.  alhidus  E.  & 

E. 
(ee)     Pileus  not  glabrous. 

(f)     Pileus  covered  by  a  white  villosity  or  tomentum. 

(g)     Pileus   4-10   mm.   broad;    spores   7.5   micr.    long.     553. 

C.  herharum  Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  8-20  mm.  broad;    spores  9-10  micr.  long.    554. 
C.  versutus  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  covered  by  a  dense  dark-colored  tomentum  when 
young, 
(g)     Spores  8-10x5-6;  pileus  with  a  thin  tawny  tomentum, 

hygrophanous.     557.     C.  fulvotomentosus  Pk. 
(gg)     Spores  5-6x4-4.5;   pileus  with  a  rufous-brown  tomen- 
tum, not  hygrophanous.     558.     C.  calolepis  Fr. 
(AA)     Spores  spherical. 

(a)     Pileus  white  or  whitish. 

(b)     Pileus  subtomentose,  densely  villose  at  base;  gills  broad;  spores 

6-7  micr.     559.     C.  putrigenus  B.  &  C. 
(bb)     Pileus  glabrous  except  at  attachment. 

(c)      Stipitate,  stem  2-4  mm.  long;  pileus  usually  marginate  behind. 
Spores  5-5.5  micr.     562.     C.  stipitatus  sp.  nov. 


olS  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(cc)     Not  stipitate,  i.  e.,  pileus  sessile. 

(d)     Gills    narrow    and    decurrent;    spores    4-5.5    micr.      561.      C. 

(I  p  1)1  a  nut  us  Ft. 
(dd)     Gills   broad,   rounded   behind;    spores   5.5-7   micr.     560.     C 
7nalac?iius  B.  &  C. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  white. 

(b)     Pileus  flabelliform,  narrowed  to  the  base,  ochraceous;   gills  con- 
color.      Spores   4.5-5.5   micr.,   with    a   cavity   on   one   side.      563. 
C.  crocopJn/Jlus  Berk, 
(bb)     Pileus    dimidiate    or    subreniform,    reddish-yellow,    tomentose- 
scaly;  spores  6  micr.    564.    C.  dorsalis  Pk. 

(C.  (Ustans  Pk.  lias  au  eccentric  stem;  pileus  small,  4-8  ram., 
sulcate-striate,  pubescent  and  taicny,  spores  elliptical,  10-12  x 
G-7.5  micr. ;  the  gills  are  very  distant.  C.  latifolius  Pk.  came  from 
Ohio;  pileus  is  sessile,  3-G  mm.  broad,  lnjijrophanous,  white,  almost 
glabrous ;  gills  very  broad;  spores  globose,  5-G  micr.  C.  croceotinctus 
Pk.  has  a  pileus  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  glabrous,  sessilie,  j^elloAvish; 
gills  whitish  becoming  dull  saffron-yellow;  spores  short  elliptical, 
5-6  micr.  long.) 

550.     Crepidotus  haerens  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  35,  1884. 

PILEUS  1-5  cm.  broad,  rarely  broader,  sessile,  flattened-convex, 
dimidiate,  reniform,  broadly  cuneate,  etc.,  hygrophanous,  viscid 
from  the  thin  but  tough,  gelatinous,  separable  cuticle,  glabrous  or 
slightly  floccose-squamulose,  obscurely  striatulate  when  moist, 
waterj'-brown  or  tinged  gray  (moist)  white  or  whitish  (dry),  white- 
villose  at  the  base,  margin  at  first  inrolled.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS 
close,  narrow,  radiating,  whitish  then  brownish.  SPORES  broadly 
ovate-elliptical,  obtuseh'  pointed  at  ends,  smooth,  7-9  x  5-6  micr., 
pale  rusty-cinnamon  in  mass. 

On  decaying  woods  of  deciduous  trees.  In  Washtenaw  County  it 
was  found  in  several  localities,  but  not  detected  elsewhere.  June- 
September.     Infrequent. 

This  is  our  only  truly  viscid  Crepidotus;  C.  mollis  may  become 
slightly  so  in  xery  wet  weather.  Our  plants  average  larger  than 
those  described  by  Peck,  and  the  spores  are  slightly  longer. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  519 

551.     Crepidotus  mollis  Fr. 

Syst.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustratious :     Swautoii,  Fungi,  PI.  40,  Fig.  10-12,  1909. 

Gillet,  Champiguons  de  France,  No.  262. 

Eickeii,  Bliitterpilze,  Plate  Gl,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke's  111.,  PI.  498. 

PILEUS  1-5  cm.  broad,  rarely  broader,  sessile  or  subsessile,  soft, 
obovate  to  reniform,  soon  plane  iclth  a  gelatinous  cuticle  which, 
gives  it  a  gelatinous  feel,  sometimes  subviscid,  flaccid,  glcibrous, 
substriate  on  the  margin,  livid  (moist)  becoming  ochraceous- 
whitish  (dry).  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  narrow,  croicdecl,  decurrent, 
radiating,  whitish  then  cinnamon.  SPOKES  elliptical-ovate,  sub- 
acute at  one  end,  rounded  at  the  other,  smooth,  7-8.5  x  4-5  micr. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  not  noticeable. 

Often  imbricated,  on  decaying  logs  and  limbs.  Xew  Eichmoud. 
September.     Rare. 

C.  mollis  difl'ers  from  C.  haercns  in  that  the  gills  are  more  crowd- 
ed and  narrow,  the  spores  are  slightly  smaller  and  the  surface  is 
not  viscid  as  a  rule,  even  when  moist  and  fresh. 

552.  Crepidotus  albidus  E.  &  E. 
.Proceedings  Amer.  Acad,  of  Phila.,  1894, 

'TILEUS  sessile,  resupinatc  at  first,  whitish,  gkihrous,  dry,  mar- 
gin incurved.  GILLS  thin,  rather  broad,  pallid  then  yellowish- 
brown,  radiating  from  a  point.  SPORES  unequally  elliptical,  yel- 
lowish-broAvn,  5  x  3.5  micr.     On  bark  of  tilia,  Ann  Arbor." 

This  species  has  not  been  recognized,  apparently,  since  it  was 
described.  It  is  included  as  a  basis  for  further  observation.  It 
approaches  C.  latifoUus  but  the  spores  are  not  spherical  and  the 
pileus  is  not  hygrophanous.  Specimens  of  the  type  material  are 
in  the  University  of  Michigan  herbarium.  It  is  very  close  to  the 
following. 

553.  Crepidotus  herbarum  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  20,  1874. 

''PILEUS  3-10  mm.  broad,  sessile,  resupinate,  suborbicular, 
clothed  with  a  white,  downy  villosity,  incurved  on  the  margin  when 


520  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

young,  sometimes  becoming  reflexed.  GILLS  rather  narrow,  sub- 
distant,  radiating  from  a  naked  lateral  or  eccentric  point,  white, 
then  subferruginou!^.     SPOKES  elliptical,  6-7.5x3-4  micr." 

On  dead  stems  of  herbs,  decaying  wood,  etc..  in  woods.  Through- 
out tlie  State.     June  to  November.     Frequent. 

This  little  species  grades  into  the  next,  but  the  spores  seem  to 
be  constant.    The  pileus  is  often  ouh'  villose  toward  the  base. 

554.     Crepidotus  versutus  Pk. 

X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  30,  187S. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  150,  p.  160,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  227,  p.  280,  190S. 

"PILEUS  8-20  mm.  broad,  at  first  resupinate,  then  reflexed, 
reniform  or  dimidiate,  sessile,  white,  clothed  with  a  soft,  downy  or 
tomentose  villosity,  incurved  on  the  margin.  GILLS  rather  broa<l, 
subdistaut,  rounded  behind,  radiating  from  a  lateral  or  eccentric 
point,  whitish  then  ferruginous.  SPORES  subelliptical,  9-10  x  6-7.5 
micr." 

On  logs,  decaying  wood,  etc.,  in  woods.  Throughout  the  State. 
June  to  October.     Frequent. 

The  larger  spores  and  size  of  pileus  distinguish  C.  versutus  from 
C.  herharum. 

555.     Crepidotus  cinnabarinus  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  22,  1895. 

1*ILEUS  5-10  mm.  broad,  subsessile  to  slightly  stipitate,  soon 
reflexed  lateral,  scarlet  to  cinnabar-red,  villose-tomentose,  glabre- 
scent,  even  on  the  margin.  GILLS  rather  broad,  subdistant,  sinuate 
behind,  scarlet  on  edge,  which  is  minutely  fimbriate-crenulate. 
STEM  short,  1-2  mm.  long,  or  almost  lacking,  lateral,  minutely  red- 
dish-tomentose,  continuous  with  the  base  of  the  pileus  on  the  upper 
side.  SPORES  elliptical-oval,  7-9  x  4.5-5.5  micr.,  smooth,  pointed 
at  one  end,  sliglitly  tinged  reddisli.  BASIDIA  20-25  micr.  long 
by  7-9  wide,  willi  1,  2  or  4  sterigmata. 

On  decaying  bass-wood  log,  etc.,  in  low  moist  woods,  southeast 
of  Ann  Arbor.     September-November.     Rare. 

This  brilliant  red  but  small  species  was  rediscovered  by  the  writer 
years  after  it  was  first  collected,  when  it  was  sent  to  Peck  from  Ann 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  521 

Arbor  by  L.  M.  Johnson,  then  instructor  in  Botany  in  the  Uni- 
versit}".  All  efforts  to  get  a  definite  spore  print  failed,  as  my  plants 
were  collected  Novjember  12  and  the  spores  matured  slowh'  in  the 
cold  atmosphere.  Under  the  microscope  they  had  a  sliglit  tinge  of 
red  like  that  of  the  edge  of  the  gills  and  pileus,  and  some  uncer- 
tainty remains  as  to  whether  tlie  form  should  not  be  referred  to 
Claudopus.  Quite  a  number  of  the  spores  were  abnormal,  and  in 
one  case  one  spore  grew  from  the  side  of  another  which  was  the 
only  one  attached  to  that  basidium.  The  trama  of  the  f/ills  is 
composed  of  narrow,  parallel  hj'pliae,  3  micr.  thick,  hyaline  to- 
wards the  pileus  but  filled  Avith  a  red  homogeneous  substance 
toward  the  edge  of  the  gills,  where  the  hyphae  terminate  in  in- 
flated, sterile,  oval  or  elliptical  large  cells;  this  coloring  matter 
gradually  breaks  up  into  refractive  red  globules.  The  trama  of  the 
pileus  is  hyaline  toward  the  gills,  composed  of  interwoven  narrow, 
long  hyphae,  about  6  micr,  thick,  which  become  narrower  toward 
the  surface  of  the  pileus  and  are  filled  with  the  red  coloring  matter, 
finally  ending  in  tufts  or  fibrils  which  stand  out  from  the  surface 
and  are  intensely  scarlet-red. 

556.     Crepidotus  sepiarius  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  25,  1898. 

"PILEUS  4-8  mm.  long,  convex,  subumbilicate,  even,  very  minute- 
ly scaly,  grayish-taicny.  GILLS  adnexed,  minutely  creuulate  on 
edge,  tawny.  STEM  short,  2-4  mm.  long,  curved,  generally  eccentric, 
rarely  central,  brownish,  sometimes  mealy  or  pulverulent.  SPORES 
broadly  elliptical,  9-10  x  6  micr.,  nucleate. 

On  oak  rails.  Michigan  Agricultural  College  grounds.  Leg.  Prof. 
W.  J.  Beal.     January. 

The  grayish  tint  of  the  pileus  is  due  to  the  minute,  grayish  floc- 
cose  squammules."  When  central-stemmed  the  species  might  be 
mistaken  for  a  Xaucoria.     I  Imve  not  collected  it. 

557.     Crepidotus  fulvotomentosus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  2G,  1874. 

PILEUS  1-5  cm.  broad,  scattered  or  gregarious,  suborbicular  at 
first  then  reniform  or  dimidiate,  sessile  or  attached  by  a  sliort, 
villose  tubercle,    hi/grophanoifs,    densely    tawny    tomentose    when 


522  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

young,  tomcntuni  hrcakhig  up  into  small,  taicny  scales  as  pileus 
expands,  i.  e.,  variegated,  ochraceous  beneath  tlie  tomentiim,  margin 
at  first  incurved.  FLESH  firm,  thin.  GILLS  medium  close,  broad, 
subventricose,  radiating  from  the  tubercle,  rusty-tan  color,  ichite- 
■finthriatc  on  c(h/e.  SPOKES  elliptical-ovate,  inequilateral  or  with  a 
depression  on  one  side,  8-10  x  5-6  micr.,  rusty-ochraceous. 

Gregarious.  On  decaying  wood,  logs,  etc.,  of  frondose  trees. 
Throughout  the  State.  Eecorded  from  June  9  to  October  12.  Com- 
mon. 

This  differs  from  C.  calolepis,  if  my  motion  is  correct,  by  its  spores 
and  the  tinge  of  red  in  the  color  of  the  pileus.  It  is  very  close  to 
C  calolepis,  but  if  the  spores  are  constant  must  be  kept  separate. 
Botli  are  distinguished  from  other  species  by  the  dense  tomentum 
when  young,  which  breaks  up  into  separate  but  small  hairy  scales. 
Botli  are  rather  persistent  and  may  remain  on  logs  in  a  dry  condi- 
tion for  quite  a  time.  Peck  says  the  cuticle  of  G.  fidvotomentosus 
is  separable.  It  sometimes  forms  large  colonies  with  pilei  of  all 
sizes. 

558.     Crepidotus  calolepis  Fr. 

Vet.  Ak.  Forhandl.,  1873   (Hymen.  Europ.     1874). 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icoues,  PL  129,  Fig.  4, 
Cooke,  111..  PL  499. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  suborbicular  when  young,  convex,  twice 
as  wide  as  long,  sessile  or  attached  by  a  white  villose  tubercle,, 
reniform  or  dimidiate,  not  hygrophanous  nor  gelatinous,  covered 
by  a  dense  reddish-hroicn  tomentum  when  young,  breaking  up  into 
rufous  scales  on  expanding,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  firm, 
thin.  GILLS  radiating  from  the  obsolete  stem,  those  in  the  center 
not  always  reaching  the  inner  point  of  the  radius,  medium  close, 
hroad,  rusty  ochraceous  at  length,  edge  minutely,  white  villose. 
SPORES  oval,  5-G  x  4-5  micr.,  smooth,  fuscous-brown  in  mass. 

On  dead  branches  of  basswood.  Houglitou.  July.  Infrequent 
or  rare. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  character  of  the  tomentum,  scales 
and  s[»ores.  It  was  at  first  considered  undescribed,  as  no  spore- 
measurements  were  found  in  European  descriptions.  The  spores 
of  this  and  the  preceding  species  are  certainly  distinct  and  they 
must  be  kept  separate.  The  plants  found  were  smaller  than  is 
usual  for  C.  fulvotomentosus. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  523 

559.  Crepidotus  putrigenus  B.  &  C.  . 
Annals  Kat.  Hist.,  1859. 

PILEUS  3-9  cm.  broad,  sessile,  dimidiate  or  subreniform,  convex 
to  conchate  or  subexpanded,  densely  short  viUose-tomentose,  lustre 
dull,  whitish  or  yellowish-iohite,  moist  or  watery,  even  on  margin 
when  Av\,  margin  incurved.  FLESH  thickish  behind,  white  (dry) 
under  the  somewhat  separable  pellicle.  GILLS  close,  Iroad  (width 
4-5  times  the^  thickness  of  the  flesh),  radiating  from  the  villose 
basal  tubercle,  narrowed  in  front,  rounded-adnate  behind,  becom- 
ing crisped  on  drying,  edge  entire.  SPORES  spherical,  smooth, 
about  G  micr.  diam.,  rustA^-fuscous.  BASIDIA  4-spored.  CYS- 
TIDIA  none.  ODOR  rather  disagreeable.  TASTE  tardily  some- 
what nauseous. 

Gregarious  or  imbricate  on  decaying  logs,  stumps,  etc.,  of  mixed 
woods.  South  Haven  and  New  Richmond.  July  to  September. 
Infrequent. 

Whether  this  species  is  a  mere  form  of  G.  malachius  is  hard  to 
determine.  The  spores  are  alike,  but  in  our  plants  the  pileus 
averaged  a  large,  size  (for  a  Crepidotus)  and  its  surface  was  villose 
throughout,  the  villosity  becoming  denser  at  the  base;  this  may  be 
the  result  of  luxuriant  development.  All  my  collections  of  C. 
malachius  average  smaller,  and  the  pileus  is  glabrous  except  the 
base.  The  gills  are  somewhat  closer  than  in  C.  malachius,  and  I 
am  not  certain  that  the  pileus  is  truly  hygrophanous.  It  would 
seem  that  the  villose,  non-hygrophanous,  large  pileus  with  margin 
not  striate  (dry)  and  the  closer  gills  separate  it. 

560.  Crepidotus  malachius  B.  &  C. 

Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  1859. 

Illustrations :    Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  122,  Report  for  1907, 
PL  112,  Fig.  1-4. 
Conn.  Survey,  Bull.  3,  PI.  22,  p.  43. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  convex  to  plane,  varying  subreniform, 
cuneiform  or  flabelliform,  often  depressed  behind,  sessile  or  icith 
a  very  short,  tvhite,  tomentose  stem,  hygrophanous,  watery  in  wet 
weather,  r/lahrons  except  above  attachment,  watery-white,  c/rayish- 
white  or  hoary,  striatulate  on  margin  (dry)  as  well  as  at  first,  sur- 


o24  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

face  witli  a  slight  gelatinous  feel.  FLESH  tiriu  at  first,  becoming 
soft.  GILLS  almost  close,  broad,  rounded  or  ahruptly  narrowed 
behind  but  reaching  the  stem-like  base,  ventricose,  thin,  whitish 
then  tinged  tlesh  color,  finally  rusty-brown.  SPORES  spherical, 
smooth,  6-7  micr.  diam.,  rustv-brown. 

Vav.  plicdtHis  Pk.  has  a  deeply  striate  pileus.  Found  at  Bay 
Mew. 

On  decaying  wood  of  fiondose  trees.  Throughout  the  State. 
June  to  [November.     Common. 

The  smaller  size,  presence  of  striations  on  the  margin  of  the 
pileus  even  when  dried,  the  glabrous  surface  of  the  pileus  and  its 
tinge  of  gray,  for  the  most  part  distinguish  this  species  from  the 
preceding.  From  ('.  applanatus  it  is  easily  separated  by  the  gills, 
which  in  the  latter  species  are  very  narrow  toward  the  base  and  run 
together  almost  in  lines. 

561.     Crepidotus  applanatus  Fr. 
Epicrisis,  183G. 

PILEUS  1-.3  cm.  broad,  variable  in  shape,  suborbicular,  reni- 
form,  cuneiform  or  spatulate,  convex,  soon  plane,  often  depressed 
behind,  sessile  or  with  a  short,  compressed,  white,  tomentose  base, 
gJahroiis,  hijgrophanous,  watery-white  and  striatulate  on  the  mar- 
gin when  moist,  white  when  dry.  GILLS  very  narrow,  decurrent, 
crowded,  white  then  cinnamon.  SPORES  globose,  5-0  micr.  diam., 
smooth. 

Gregarious  on  decayed  wood,  logs,  stumps,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  New 
Richmond.     Sej»tember.     Infrequently  found. 

Known  from  the  other  species  by  its  crowded,  narrow  gills  Avhicli 
taper  almost  to  lines  where  they  reach  the  stem.  The  pileus  be- 
comes convolute  on  drying  and  often  retains  its  striations  on  the 
thin  margin.  It  has  not  been  found  in  the  State  very  often,  but  is 
probably  widely  distributed.  Ricken  interprets  it  differently,  as- 
signing to  it  elliptical  spores. 

562.     Crepidotus  stipitatus  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex,  suborbicular  to  reniform,  hjjgro- 
2)hanous,  gJahrous,  watery-white  to  white,  stipitatc,  faintly  striatu- 
late on  the  margin  wlien  moist,  silky  wlien  dry,  margin  decurved. 
FLESH  white,  firm,  rather  thick  behind,  tliin  in  front.     GILLS 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  525 

somewhat  close,  rather  broad,  broadest  behind,  luuiuw  in  front, 
white  then  pale  ochraceous-brown,  edge  entire.  STEM  distinct,  L'-A 
mm.  long,  eccentric  to  nearly  lateral,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  white, 
pruinose,  villose  at  base,  somewhat  prolonged  to  the  gills.  SPOKES 
spherical,  5-G  micr.  diam.,  smooth,  pale  ochraceons-brown.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  not  noticeable. 

Gregarious,  on  very  rotten  wood.  Low  swampy  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     September.     Found  but  once. 

The  texture  is  rather  lirm ;  the  stipitate  character  separates  it 
from  C.  malacliius,  and  the  globose  si)ores  from  C.  sepiarius.  The 
pileus  is  marginate  behind  and  with  a  minute,  floccose  tuft  an  the 
side  of  the  stem.  G.  tU'wphUa  Tk.  and  C.  haustellaris  Fr.  are 
also  said  to  have  a  short  stem,  but  the  pilei  of  these  are  brown  or 
alutaceous  and  their  spores  are  elliptical. 

563.     Crepidotus  crocophyllus  Berk. 
Dec.  Hooker's  Jour.,  185G. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  reniform  to  fiabelliform,  convex,  slightly 
lobed,  narrowed  into  a  stem-like  base,  delicately  hairy  or  glabrous 
in  front,  'basal  half  covered  witJi  a  dense  cottony  white  tomentiun, 
watery-ochraceous  when  moist,  becoming  pale  chrome  when  drying, 
even  on  margin.  GILLS  rather  broad,  close,  thickish,  converging 
at  the  very  base,  ochraceous-buff,  becoming  rustj^-ochraceous  from 
the  spores.  SPORES  spherical,  1.5-5.5  micr.,  icitli  a  depression  or 
cavity  on  one  side,  ochraceous  under  the  microscope. 

Scattered  on  decaying  beech  log.    Bay  View.     September.     Rare. 

Originally  collected  at  Waynesville,  Ohio,  in  1814  by  Thomas  G. 
Lea,  and  named  by  Berkelej^,  along  with  a  list  of  other  fungi  sent 
to  him  by  the  same  collector.  (See  Cinn.  Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol. 
5,  1882,  p.  199.) 

Our  plant  Avas  at  first  referred  to  C.  ralfsii  B.  &  Br.,  but  it  is 
much  more  like  Lea's  plant.  The  ground  color  of  the  pileus  and 
gills  is  yellow  to  ochraceous,  and  the  peculiar  spores  add  a  definite 
distinguishing  character.    It  is  close  to  0.  dorsalis. 

564.     Crepidotus  dorsalis  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 
f 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  1)road,  convex,  sessile,  at  first  subOrbiciilar,  Tlien 


526  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

reuiform  or  dimidiate,  rcddish-ycllow  to  taicny-i/ellow  when  fresh, 
fading  to  grajisli-browu,  adorned  icith  small,  tawny,  fihrillose  scales, 
scarcely  striate  ou  the  margin,  which  is  decurved.  FLESH  pliant, 
thin.  GILLS  close,  rather  broad,  slight!}-  ventricose,  rounded  be- 
hind, yellow  at  first,  becoming  ochraceous-fuscous  then  rusty,  rad- 
iating from  tlie  villose  point  at  the  attachment  of  the  pileus. 
SPOKES  splierical,  G  micr.  diam.,  smooth,  nucleate. 

On  decaying  logs  and  rotten  wood,  in  low  swamps.  Ann  Arbor, 
New  Richmon<l.     July  to  September.     Infrequent. 

The  color  of  the  pileus  varies  from  a  strong  tinge  of  red  in  some 
specimens  to  no  red  in  others.  At  times  the  species  may  be  easily 
taken  for  small  forms  of  Claiidopus  nidulans,  as  the  coloring  is 
somewhat  similar.  The  young  growing  specimens  are  entirely 
tomentose-squamulose,  forming  a  variegated  surface  when  the  pileus 
is  expanded.  The  perfectly  globular  spores  as  well  as  the  absence 
of  a  white  tomentum  on  the  basal  part  of  the  pileus  separate  it 
from  C.  crocophylh{s.     It  is  probably  found  throughout  the  State. 

RHODOSPOREAE 

Voivaria  Fr. 
(From  the  Latin,  Volva,  a  wrapper.) 

Pink-spored.  Stem  provided  at  its  base  with  a  volva  which  is 
formed  from  a  discrete  universal  veil;  without  an  annulus;  stem 
separable  from  tlie  pileus.     Gills  free,  ventricose,  rounded  behind. 

Terrestrial  or  lignicolous.  With  the  exception  of  V.  homhycina 
and  V.  spcciosa,  the  species  are  small  and  rather  rare.  They  cor- 
respond to  Araanitopsis  of  the  white-spored  group,  and  differ  from 
all  the  pink-spored,  except  Chamaeota,  in  the  free  gills,  the  volva, 
and  the  separable  stem.  V.  homhycina  is  known  to  be  edible;  the 
others  are  mostly  poisonous. 

The  PILEUS  is  soft  in  texture,  corresponding  in  this  respect  with 
the  Amanitas.  Its  surface  may  be  glabrous  or  beautifully  silky,  in 
a  few  species  viscid,  margin  even  or  striate.  Most  of  them  have  a 
whitish  jiileus,  but  a  few  vary  to  grayisli  or  brown.  The  GILLS 
are  broad,  ventricose,  do  not  reach  the  stem,  and  are  soft  as  in 
Amanita.  The  STEM  is  glabrous,  silky  or  villose,  some  covered 
witli  minute  spreading  liairs;  there  is  no  distinct  cortex,  but  a  few 
s])ecies  are  said  to  be  partly  hollow.  We  need  more  accurate  infor- 
mation concerning  the  interior  stem-structure  of  the  rarer  species. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  257 

The  VOLVA  is  membranous  and  persists  at  the  base  of  the  stem ; 
in  all  our  species,  except  one,  it  splits  apically  and  leaves  no  shreds 
on  the  pileus,  showing  the  splitting  in  the  form  of  lobes  which  are 
often  quite  constant  for  a  particular  species.  There  is  never  any 
ANNULUS.  The  SPORES  are  rounded,  i.  e,,  not  angular,  smooth, 
rose-colored,  sometimes  nucleate.  CYSTIDIA  are  present  in  V.  vol- 
vacea  Fr.,  V.  iiusilla  Fr.,  Y.  murinella  Quel,  and  V.  speciosa  Fr. 
I  have  followed  Patouillard's  idea  of  the  species  of  Europe. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(a)     On  tree  trunks,  large;  pileus  very  silky,  white;  volva  large,  firm, 

tough;   spores  6-7x5  micr.     565.     Y.  homhycina  Fr. 
(aa)     On   the  ground,  among  grass,  herbs,  etc.,  in  woods,  on  dung  or 
manured  places. 
(b)     Pileus  viscid,  grayish-white   or   smoky-gray;    odor  disagreeable; 
rather  large, 
(c)      Pileus  striate  on  margin,  smoky-gray;    gills  flesh  color,  with- 
out cystidia.     567.     F.  gloiocephala  D.  C. 
(cc)     Pileus  even  on  margin;   gills  rosy,  cystidia  present.     566.     V. 
si)eciosa  Fr. 
(bb>     Pileus  only  slightly  viscid,  or  not  at  all. 

(c)     Pileus   umbonate,  striate;    stem  glabrous   and   solid.     568.     V. 

uvihonata  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  markedly  umbonate. 

(d)     Pileus  5-8  cm.  broad,  grayish-brown,  blackish-brown  on  disk, 
streaked  with  black  fibrils;   spores  small,  elliptic-ovoid.     V. 
volvacea  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  less  than  5  cm.  broad,  whitish. 

(e)      Stem  densely  villose  with  minute  spreading  hairs;    grow- 
ing in  woods.     569.     V.  pubescentipes  Pk.;   V.  plurmilosus 
Quel, 
(ee)     Stem  glabrous,  except  at  the  very  base. 

(f)     Pileus  at  length   striate  or  rimulose   on  margin,  white, 
dry. 
(g)      Spores  subglobose,   7.5  micr.   long;    stem   rather  long, 

3-4  cm.,  gills  narrow.     V.  siriatula  Pk. 
(gg)     Spores    truly   elliptical,     6-8x4-5.5     micr.;     stem     1-2 
cm.;  gills  medium  broad.     571.     T.  pusilla  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus   not  striate,   1-3   cm.    broad,    conico-campanulate, 
dry,  silky,  white  or  ashy-tinged;  stem  solid,  pubescent; 
volva  bilobed.     570.     V.  hypopitJiys  Fr. 

565.     Volvaria  bombycina  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  134,  p.  Ill,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PL  29,  Fig.  191-3,  1908. 
Mcllvaine,  American  Fungi,  PI.  59,  1900. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  102. 
Plate  C  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-20  cm.  broad,  globose-ovate  at  first,  then  campanulate 


528  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

or  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  irJiitc,  very  silky,  in  age  somewhat 
sqnanmlose,  even  on  niai-gin,  ed<ie  Moccose.  FLESH  rather  thin, 
white,  soft.  GILLS  free,  remote,  broad,  very  ventricose,  croicdeth 
flesh  color,  edge  eroded.  STEM  8-20  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  solid^ 
glabrous,  tapering  ujtward,  usually  curved,  white,  deejtly  inserted 
at  the  base  into  the  hi  rye.  tJiiclc.  loose  \'()LVA,  which  splits  at  ai)ex, 
and  persists  as  an  ample  bag-like  or  cup-like  sheath,  sometimes 
entire,  sometimes  torn.  SPORES  oval  to  broadly  elliptical,  G-S  x  5.5 
micr.,  smooth,  rosy  in  mass. 

Solitary  or  few  together  on  trunks  of  living  trees  or  decayed 
Avood,  of  maple,  beech,  elm,  horse-chestnut,  etc. ;  usually  from  a 
crack  or  wound.  Throughout  the  State.  July-September.  Infre- 
quent. 

A  noble  mushroom,  often  ensconced  on  a  tree  trunk  out  of  reach, 
its  perfect  shape  and  silky  dress  evoking  admiration  from  every- 
one. In  the  egg-stage  it  reminds  one  of  the  large  IMialloids. 
Brought  into  the  house  at  this  stage,  and  placed  in  a  drinking-glass 
with  a  moist  cloth  about  its  base,  it  will  expand  in  all  its  perfection. 
It  has  not  been  shown  as  yet  that  it  lives  parasitically  on  the  trees 
from  which  it  grows.  Once  located,  it  may  be  looked  for  each 
succeeding  year  on  the  same  spot.  A  maple  tree  on  the  campus 
ol'  the  University  of  Michigan  is  the  home  of  one  which  fruits  regu- 
larly every  summer.  It  attains  a  considerable  size.  The  species 
occurs  throughout  the  world. 

566.     Volvaria  speciosa  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

Syst.  .Myt(.l.,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  Xo.  040. 
Kicken,  Bliltterpilze,  PI.  TO.  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  297. 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  44. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  714. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  (»r  more  broad,  globose-ovate  at  first,  then  ex- 
panded to  ]»lane,  subumbonate,  very  viscid,  glahroiis,  white  or  tinged 
gray,  margin  not  .striate.  FLESH  thin,  soft,  putrescent.  GILLS 
free,  crowded,  rather  broad,  ventricose,  deep  flesh-color  or  rosy. 
STEM  10-20  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  tJiick,  equal  or  nearly  so.  at  prst  ril- 
lose,  glabrescent,  base  tomentose,  white.  YOLVA  large,  splitting 
apically,  close-fitting,  flaccid,  edge  torn.  SPORES  large,  broadly- 
elliptical,  smooth,  vaiialdo  in   size.   12-18x8-10   micr.     CYSTIDIA 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  529 

clavate,  obtuse.  ODOR  strong  and  disagreeable  at  times,  especially 
when  old. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  manured  gronud,  dung,  rich  leaf- 
mould  in  woods ;  often  in  rich  cultivated  fields.  So  far  found  in  the 
southern  half  of  the  State  only.   May,  June  and  July.     Infrequent. 

Atkinson  says  plants  from  Lansing,  found  in  a  potato  patch,  had 
the  odor  of  rotting  potatoes.  Sometimes  the  odor  is  not  evident, 
espccialli/  irlicn  the  plant  is  ijoinif/.  Solitary  s]>ecimens  occur  in 
low  woods  and  are  somewhat  smaller,  but  in  all  cases  the  large, 
broad  spores  are  characteristic  and  separate  it  from  the  next  species. 
It  is  considered  poisonous  in  Europe,  but  McClatchie,  in  California, 
reports  it  perfectly  safe.  Bresadola  warns  against  confusing  it 
with  Lepiota  naucina  and  PaUiota  campestris. 

567.     Volvaria  gloiocephala  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

Svst.  MvcoL,  1821. 

Illustration :     Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  IS'o.  224:. 
Bresadola,  Fung.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  45. 
Gillett,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  711. 
Picken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  70,  Fig.  2. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  298. 

PILEUS  .j-10  cm.  broad,  ovate  at  first  then  campanulate-expanded" 
to  jdane,  obtuse,  sometimes  umbonate,  glabrous,  viscid  to  glutinous 
Avhen  moist,  snioky-grai/  to  pearl-gray,  with  a  metallic  luster  when 
dry,  n*iargin  striate.  FLESH  thin,  fragile,  white.  GILLS  free, 
rather  close,  broad  toward  front,  narrowed  behind,  subventricose, 
edge  concolor.  STEM  8-15  cm.  or  more  long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  tapering 
upward,  solid,  even,  glabrous  above,  somewhat  villose  toward  base. 
^^OLVA  thin,  splitting  apically  or  circularly,  sometimes  threeJobed, 
sometimes  regular  or  lacerated  on  edge,  adherent,  externally  tomen- 
tose.  SPORES  11-1.3x6-7.5  micr..  elliptical,  smooth,  flesh  color. 
CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  disagreeable,  quite  strong. 

Solitary.  On  decaying  vegetation,  old  leaves,  rotten  wood,  in  low 
woods.     August.     Ann  Arbor.     Rare. 

Except  for  the  darker  colors,  smaller  spores,  strialions  on  tlie 
]»ileus  and  lack  of  cystidia.  this  seems  close  to  the  prece<ling,  and 
might  perhaps  be  considered  as  a  variety  of  it.  The  spores  and 
colors  in  these  two  sjiecies  are  very  variable  and  no  doubt  inter- 
mediate forms  occur.  Striations  are  never  very  satisfactory  cliarac- 
ters  to  separate  species,  although  they  are  useful.  The  species  is  con- 
67 


530  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

sidered  very  poisonous,  aud  if  so,  is  easily  confused  with  V.  speciosa. 
The  authors  note  that  the  volva  breaks  in  a  circuhir  manner,  some- 
times leaving  shreds  on  the  pileus  like  some  Amanitas.  Atkinson 
has  shown  that  in  Amanita  the  volva  of  the  same  species  may  under- 
go the  two  dift'erent  modes  of  breaking,  and  the  same  holds  true  of 
this  form.  Our  jdants  did  not  show  any  shreds  on  the  pileus,  and 
the  volva  was  angularly  lobed.  The  pileus  was  not  truly  umbonate. 
It  must  not  be  confused  with  the  gray  form  of  Anianltopsis  vaginata. 

568.     Volvaria  umbonata  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  26,  1899. 

''PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  conico-campanulate  or  campanulate,  then 
expanded  and  furnished  icith  a  prominent  uniho,  white,  slightly 
viscid  w'hen  moist,  silky  when  dry,  strongly  striate.  FLESH  thin. 
GILLS  free,  remote,  medium  close,  pale  flesh  color.  STEM  5-6  cm. 
long,  4  mm.  thick,  solid,  glabrous,  white,  slightly  thickened  below. 
^'()LVA  white,  membranous,  persistent,  irregularl}-  split  into  seg- 
iiients,  forming  a  shallow  cap.  SPOKES  variable  in  size,  broadlj* 
elliptical,  nucleate,  smooth,  5-7  x  4-5  micr. 

^'On  lawns  and  grassy  places." 

The  above  is  taken  from  Peck's  and  Lloyd's  descriptions.  Lloyd 
finds  it  in  Ohio.  It  is  probabh*  to  be  found  in  our  State  if  careful 
search  be  made. 

569.     Volvaria  pubescentipes  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  1878  (F.  puhipes  in  Sylloge). 
Illustrations:     Ibid..  PI.  I.  Fig.  1-3. 


'^f-'- 


PILELTS  1-2  cm.  broad,  dry,  tc/iitc,  obtuse,  covered  with  adpressed, 
silky  squamules,  not  striate  on  margin.  GILLS  free,  remote,  close, 
not  very  broad,  white  then  flesh  color,  edge  persistently  ivhite-fim- 
hriate.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  usually  slender,  equal 
or  subequal,  densely  minutely  villose  with  spreading  hairs,  even, 
white.  VOLVA  white,  membranous,  subappressed,  sometimes  3- 
lobed.  SPORES  suboval  to  broadly  elliptical,  smooth,  5-7  x  4-5  micr., 
pale  flesh  color. 

(Dried:     Buff  to  pale  ochraceous-brown.) 

Scattered.  On  the  ground,  among  debris  in  hemlock  and  cedar 
'sv\'amps  of  northern  ^Michigan,  sparingly  in  frondose  woods  of  the 
southern  part.  Marquette.  Houghton,  Bay  "S'iew.  New  Richmond, 
Ann  Arbor,  etc.     July-September.     Frequent  locally. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  531 

Slender,  pure  white,  with  minute  hairs  all  over  the  stem.  Its 
habitat  in  woods  is  a  distinguishing  character.  Patouillard's  figure 
of  y.  plumulosus  Quel,  of  Europe  (No.  333,  Tab.  Analyt.)  is  some- 
what illustrative  of  our  plant.  1  find  the  stem  of  V.  j)nl)escentipes 
of  the  woods  always  rather  long  and  slender,  and  the  cap  and  gills 
more  narrow  than  in  Patouillard's  figure. 

570.     Volvaria  hypopithys  Fr. 
Hymen.  Europ.,  1874. 

PILEUS  cow/co-campanulate,  G-15  mm.  high,  dry,  silky,  whitish, 
even  on  margin.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  free,  ascending,  rather  nar- 
row, close,  white  then  flesh-color,  edge  minutely  crenulate.  STEM 
2-3  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  solid,  equal,  adpressed-silky,  whitish. 
VOLVA  vaginate,  bilobed,  tomentose  externally,  whitish.  SPORES 
5-7.5  X  3-4  micr.,  smooth,  elliptical. 

I  have  referred  here  a  collection  made  by  Messrs.  Hill  and  Fischer 
of  the  Detroit  Mycological  Club,  and  given  the  description  of  their 
plant.  It  appears  to  lack  the  pubescent  stem  of  the  typical  descrip- 
tion, but  its  conical-shaped  cap  even  at  maturity  seems  to  require 
its  reference  to  this  species  or  to  a  closely  related  one.  The  finders 
referred  it  to  V.  murinella  because  of  the  gray  tinge  of  the  pileus. 
Patouillard's  figure,  however,  shows  the  pileus  of  that  species  ex- 
panded-plane  and  the  plant  smaller.  Peck  (in  N.  Y.  State  Bull.  54) 
reports  V.  hypopithys  for  New  York,  but  without  any  notes. 
Our  plant  differs  from  Y.  umhonata  Pk.  in  its  pileus  being  even,  not 
at  all  viscid,  although  the  spores  are  the  same.  Further  collections 
are  necessary-  to  determine  its  true  place. 

571.     Volvaria  pusilla  Fr. 

Syst.  JMyc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  332  (as  V.  parvula). 
Ricken,  P>latterpilze,  PL  70,  Fig.  3. 

Gillett,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  713  (as  V.  parvuki). 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  195,  p.  243,  1900. 
Clements,  Minn.  Mushrooms,  Fig.  31,  p.  57,  1910. 
Plate  CI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-12  mm.  broad,  at  first  ovate  then  campanulate-convex, 
finally  plane,  white,  silky-fibrillose,  dry,  even  then  rimose  or  striatu- 


532  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

late  on  niarjiiii,  obtuse  or  slightly  dopressed,  rarely  mainmillate. 
FLESH  tliickish  <>ii  disk  (ndy.  while.  GILLS  free,  close  to  sub- 
distant,  moderately  broad,  white  then  bri<;lit  flesh  color.  STEM  1-2 
t-ni.  lonj>-,  l:')  mm.  ihick.  white,  equal,  f/hihroti.s.  solid,  even.  ^'OLVA 
split  into  '.\  or  4  nearly  e(]ual  lobes,  linn,  loose,  white  becoming 
sordid.  SPOKES  elliptic-ovate,  G-8.5  x  4-5.5  micr.,  smooth,  nucleate^ 
incarnate  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  scattered  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills, 
ventricose,  very  obtuse,  35-tO  x  0-lS  micr.     ODOR  none. 

Solitary  or  scattered,  under  herbs  in  moist  ground.  Detroit,  Ann 
Arbor.     July-August.     Rarely  found. 

This  s]>ecies  is  distinguished  by  its  small  size,  white  color,  the 
regular,  three  to  four-lobed  volva  and  by  its  cystidia  and  spores. 
Dr.  Fischer  collected  the  Detroit  specimens,  from  which  Hard's 
figure  was  obtained ;  Dr.  E.  B.  Mains  found  the  Ann  Arbor  speci- 
mens of  (uir  photograph.  It  seems  to  be  the  same  plant  described 
Ity  ('.  (J.  Lloyd  in  Mycological  Notes,  Vol.  I,  p.  9.  Whether  it  is 
the  true  V.  pusiUa  of  I'ersoon  remains  an  open  question.  Fries^ 
in  the  Systema,  does  not  mention  the  striations  of  the  pileus,  and 
in  his  later  works  includes  the  form  under  V.  parvula,  which  he  al- 
ways describes  with  a  dry  cap.  Ricken  (Bliitterpilze),  however,  says 
the  cap  is  at  first  viscid,  soon  dry.  Berkeley  (Outlines)  {ilso  speaks 
of  the  cap  of  Y.  pusiUa  as  viscid  and  not  striate.  The  stem  is  said 
to  be  somewhat  stuffed  to  hollow,  and  hence  our  plant  departs  from 
Berkeley's  also  in  this  respect. 

From  the  remarks  of  various  authors  it  would  seem  that  the  spe- 
cies referred  to  Y.  pusUUi  by  some  and  to  T'.  parvula  by  others  is  an 
unusually  variable  jdant.  inasmuch  as  the  i»ileus  may  be  somewhat 
viscid  or  dry,  even  on  the  margin  or  striatulate,  umbonate  or  plane, 
and  the  stem  is  either  solid  or  with  a  narrow  tubule.  Careful  study 
of  the  caps  of  our  plants  failed  to  reveal  more  than  mere  rudiments 
of  a  cuticle  which  could  scarcely  become  viscid  in  wet  weather.  The 
stem  was  s(>]i<l  and  jtractically  homogeneous.  There  were  no  signs 
of  striations  on  tlie  pileus,  although  the  exjianded  margin  became 
sliglitly  rivulosein  age.  The  trania  of  the  gills  was  convergent,  com- 
posed of  large,  inflated  cells.  It  remains  for  those  who  are  lucky 
enough  to  find  it  often,  to  note  to  what  extent  it  may  vary  as  to 
tlic  contested  jtoints. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  533 

Chamaeota  Smith,  W.  G. 

(From  the  Greek,  chamui,  on  the  grouiul.     The  ohl  generic  name 

Annubiriii  is  preoccupied.) 

Pink-sporecl.  8tem  fleshij,  separable  from  the  pileus,  with  a  per- 
sistent or  evanescent  annul  us.  Gills  free.  Sj)ores  rounded. 
Terrestrial  or  lignicokis.  Fleshy,  putrescent,  rare  mushrooms, 
corresponding  to  Lepiota  of  the  white-spored  group.  They  ditfer 
from  Volvaria  in  having  an  annulus  but  no  volva.  The  annulus  is 
derived  from  an  inner  veil,  which  is  thin.  The  annulus  is  usually 
movable.  About  a  dozen  species  are  known  throughout  the  world. 
The  two  following  species  seem  to  be  the  only  ones  known  in  the 
United  States,  and  their  discovery  is  due  to  the  careful  and  acute 
observations  of  Mr.  Bronson  Barlow  of  Greenville,  and  Dr.  O.  E. 
Fischer  of  the  Detroit  Mycological  Club. 

572.     Chamaeota  mammillata  (Longyear)     Murrill 

Mich.  Acad,  of  Sci.  Rep.  3,  1902.     (As  Annularia.) 
Illustration :     Ibid,  PL  I,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  plane  at  maturity  with  a  prominent  mam- 
miform umbo  at  the  center,  whitish,  umbo  lemon-yellow,  surface 
minutely  rough.  FLESH  very  thin,  soft.  GILLS  free,  ventri- 
cose,  broad,  thin,  close,  3  mm.  broad,  pale  flesh  color.  STEM  3.5  cm. 
long,  1.5  mm.  thick  at  ajtex,  gradually  enlarging  toward  base,  gla- 
brous above  and  silky  below  the  ring.  ANNI^LL^S  membranous, 
persistent,  white.  SPORES  subglobose,  smooth,  5-6  micr.  diam., 
pale  flesh  color.  CYSTIDIA  fusiform,  inflated  in  the  middle,  50  x  20 
micr. 

Solitary.  On  decaying  logs  in  woods.  Greenville.  July.  Rare. 
Reported  b}'  Longyear,  collected  by  Mr.  Barlow. 

The  type  material  is  in  the  herbarium  of  Michigan  Agricultural 
College,  East  Lansing. 


534  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

573.     Chamgeota  sphserospora  (Pk.) 

ToiT.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  :J3,  p.  210,  lOOG.     (As  Auuularia.) 
Illustrations :    Plates  VI,  CII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-0  cm.  broad,  conic  or  subcampanulate,  becoming  ex- 
panded, umbonate,  silky-fibrillose,  yellow,  fading  to  whitish  in 
part,  umho  broivnish.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  free,  close,  thin,  whit- 
ish or  cream-colored  when  young,  llesh-color  when  mature,  moder- 
ately broad,  edge  ichite-fiiiihriate;  trama  of  parallel  hyphae.  STEM 
3-8  cm,  long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  solid,  fibrous, 
substriate,  whitish.  ANIS'ULUS  white,  median  or  below  the  mid- 
dle. SPORES  globose  or  subglobose,  5-0  micr.  diam.,  smooth,  non- 
apiculate,  dull  flesh-color.  BASIDIA  4-spored,  at  maturity  pro- 
jecting beyond  the  younger  hymeuium,  about  25  x  8-9  micr,  CYS- 
TIDIA  none,  except  on  edge,  which  is  densely  covered  by  slender 
stalked  long  cells,  enlarged  at  apex. 

Subcaespitose.  On  rotten  wood  of  elm  trunk."  Detroit.  Col- 
lected by  Dr,  Fischer.  August.  Rare.  Cotype  in  the  University 
of  Michigan  herbarium. 

Described  by  Dr,  Peck  from  material  collected  near  Detroit  by 
O,  E,  Fischer,  It  has  been  suggested  that  it  is  identical  with  C. 
fenzUi  Fr.,  illustrated  as  follows: 

Kalchbrenner  and   Schulzer,   Icones,  Hymen  Hung,,  PI,  10, 

Fig.  1, 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  30, 
Engler  and  Prantl.  I,  1**  Fig.  121,     B.  p.  258. 

In  some  respects  it  certainly  has  similar  characters,  but  Gillet, 
who  gives  a  full  description,  says  the  spores  are  ''large"  and  his 
figures  confirm  this  if  we  compare  them  with  those  in  which  he 
shows  small  spores  of  other  species.  Unfortunately  neither 
Gillet  nor  any  one  else  appears  to  have  recorded  the 
spore-measurements  of  C.  jcnzlii.  Furthermore,  the  latter  species 
is  described  as  smaller,  the  annulus  and  stem  yellow,  or  yellowish, 
the  former  evanescent.  Gillet  says  the  stem  of  C.  jenzlii  is  at  first 
solid  then  hollow.  Further  information  concerning  the  variation 
of  our  plant  is  necessary  before  it  can  be  reduced  to  synonymy.  It 
seems  to  be  a  very  rare  plant  and  is  only  recorded  from  the  one 
localitv. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  535 

Pluteus  Fr. 
(From  the  Latiu,  Pluteus,  a  protective  military  covering.) 

Pink-spored.  Without  volva  or  annulus.  Stem  fleshy  to  fibrous, 
not  cartilaginous,  separable  from  the  pileus.  Gills  free,  rounded 
behind,  soft.  Spores  rounded,  rarely  angular.  Hymenium  pro- 
vided iclth  cystidia. 

Small,  soft  mushrooms  (except  P.  cervinus  Fr.  which  is  rather 
large),  Ugnicolous  for  the  most  part,  i.  e.,  growing  on  wood,  on 
logs,  stumps,  decaj-ed  wood,  forest  debris,  or  sawdust,  rarely  on 
manure.  The  smaller  forms  are  found  in  very  moist  situations. 
P.  cervinus  is  common ;  the  others  tend  to  be  rare  or  infrequent. 

The  PILEUS  may  be  glabrous,  silky,  velvety,  minutely  scaly  or 
torn,  fibrillose  or  granular ;  its  surface  is  even,  striate  on  the  margin 
or  vaiying  to  quite  rugulose.     Tlie  upper  layer  of  hyphae  is  some- 
times differentiated  into  a  separable,  somewhat  viscid  pellicle,  or 
it  is  composed  of  loose,  rounded  cells  of    a    different    color;    the 
shape,  size  and  color  of  these  surface  hyphae  or  cells  under  the 
microscope  provide  a  helpful  means  of  definitely  determining  some 
of  the  species.    The  color  of  the  pileus  varies  white,  yellow,  brown, 
blackish,  or  rarely  orange  to  red.     The  GILLS   are   soft,    not   at- 
tached to  the  stem  but  rounded  behind  and  often  remote.    Usually 
they  are  white,  in  a  few  cases  yellowish,  and  all  become  tinged  by 
the  flesh-colored  or  rosy  spores.    They  are  coherent,  i.  e.,  collapsing 
on  each  other  as  in  Coprinus,  and  often  become  moist  and  nearly 
deliquescent  in  wet  weather.     They  are  provided  with  large  cells 
projecting     beyond     the     basidia,     either      on      their      edge      or 
sides    or    both,    called    CYSTIDIA;     the     shape     and     structure 
of     the     cystidia     vary,     and     can     be     used     with     the    spores 
to    separate    the    otherwise    often    similar    species.      They    are 
called    STERILE    CELLS   when    they   occur   on   the   edge   of   the 
gills,  where  they  are  sometimes  arranged  in  clusters.     The  STEM 
is  central,  fleshy,  often  with    a    fibrous    cuticle,    not    cartilagin- 
ous except  under  dry  weather  conditions;  it  is  solid  except  in  a 
few  species,  as  e.  g.,  P.  admiraMUs  Pk.  and  P.  salicitius  Fr. ;  it  is 
usually  slender  and  fragile,  equal,  rarely  subbulbous,  glabrous  or 
velvety,  etc.,  like  the  pileus.    The  SPORES  of  the  different  species 
are  very  much  alike,  minute,  subglobose  or  short-oblong,  white  and 
smooth,  not  angular  in  our  species.     They  include  a   number  of 
edlNe  forms  according  to  Mcllvaine,  although    the   older    authors 
considered  them  with  suspicion.     Not  all    the    species    liave    been 


536  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

tested,  :in<l  all.  except  peilia)»s  the  edible  P.  cerv'niu.s,  are  too  small 
to  consider  from  a  food-value  standpoint. 

The  species  can  for  the  most  part  only  be  identifie<l  with  the 
aid  of  a  microsco]>e,  since  the  character  of  the  cystidia  must  be 
known  before  eeitainty  can  prevail.  Hence  the  followin«>  key  is 
based  on  the  only  certain  method  which  can  be  followed  in  this 
genus.  Of  the  species  not  yet  found  in  the  State,  P.  stercorarhi.s 
Pk.  grows  on  manure  heaps,  and  its  spores  are  exceptionally  large, 
measuring  12-15  micr.  long;  /*.  steriloniarginatits  Pk.  has  angular 
spores.  It  is  possible  that  Pleiirotus  subpahnatus  Fr.  which  as  it 
occurs  with  us  is  well  illustrated  by  Cooke  under  Pluteus  plileho- 
pliorufi,  Plate  422,  B.,  has  been  reported  as  a  Pluteus;  its  adnate 
gills,  however,  should  prevent  confusion. 

Fries  divided  the  genus  into  three  sections,  given  below. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus  white  or  whitish.     [See  also    (AA)    and    (AAA).] 

(a)     Cystidia   with   2-4   horns  at  apex;    pileus  sutaglabrous   to   fibrillose 

or  rimose,  5-15  cm.  broad.     574.     P.  cervinus  Fr.  var.  albus  Pk. 
(aa)     Apex  of  cystidia  without  horns;   pileus  villose-tomentose,  2-7  cm. 

broad.     578.     P.  tomentosulus  Pk. 
(aaa)     Cystidia  rare,  not  pronged;  pileus  glabrous,  2-3  cm.  broad.     579. 
P.   roseocandidus   Atk. 
(AA)     Pileus  yellow,  orange  or  red. 

(a)     Pileus  orange  to  vermillion;  spores  short-oblong.     582.     P.  caloceps 

Atk. 
(aa)     Pileus  yellow,   sometimes  smoky  tinged, 
(b)     Pileus  rugose-reticulate  on  disk. 

(c)      Stem   stuffed   to  hollow,   yellow;     pileus    glabrous,    umbonate. 

584.     P.  admit-abilis  Pk. 
(cc)      Stem  solid,  pinkish-white;  pileus  4-5  cm.  broad,  smoky  velvety 
on  disk.     P.  flavofuligineus  Atk. 
(bb)     Pileus   not   rugose   on   disk,   striate   on   margin;    stem   pellucid- 
white.     585.     P.   leonlnus  Fr. 
(AAA)     Pileus  brown,  fuscous,  umber,  blackish,  etc. 

(a)     Cystidia  with  2-4  horns  at  apex;  pileus  not  striate  on  margin;  stem 
fibrillose. 
(b)     Gills  with  their  edges  smoky-brown.     575.     P.  umirosus  Fr. 
(bb)     Gills  unicolorous. 

(c)     Pileus  usually  rather  large,  3-15  cm.  broad;    color  dingy  pale 

brown,  but  variable;   common.     574.     P.  cervinus  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  small  to  medium;  pileus  and  base  of  stem  tinged  bluish 
or  with  a  distinct  olivaceous   tinge;    cystidia  longer   than   in 
the  preceding;   rare.     576.     P.  salicinus  Fr. 
(aa)     Cystidia  without  horns  at  apex. 

(b)     Pileus  not  truly  striate  on  the  margin. 

(c)      Stem  glabrous,  pellucid,  innately  striatulate. 

(d)      Stem  and  gills  white  at  first.     581.     P.  nanns  Fr. 
(dd)      Stem  and   sometimes  the  gills,  yellowish.     581.     P.   na7ius 
var.  lutescens  Fr. 
(cc)     Stem  velvety  to  squamulose,  brownish,  etc. 

(d)     Edge  of  gills  of  same  color,  cystidia  hyaline.     580.     P.  gran- 

nlaris  Pk. 
(dd)     Edge  of  gills  with  yellowish  cystidia.     580.     P.  granularis 
Pk.  var.  ximbroscUiis  Atk. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  537 

(ccc)     stem  silky,  whitish   or  tinged   fuscous;    spores  oblong,   6-6.5 
X  3  micr.     577.     P.  ephebius  Fr.  var. 
(bb)     Pileus  short-  or  long-striatulate  on  margin. 

(c)     Pileus   slightly   striate   on   margin,   glabrous,   cinnamon-brown. 

P.  chrysopliaeus  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  long-striate  on  margin,  minutely  velvety  or  obscurely 
granulose. 
(d)     Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad;  stem  fibrous-striate,  glabrous,  white  or 

brownish.     (See  617.     Leptonia  seticeps  Atk.) 
(dd)     Pileus  2.5-5  cm.  broad;   stem  innately  striatulate,  glabrous. 
583.     P.  longistriatus  Pk. 

Section  I.  Surface  of  the  pileus  at  leiigtli  fibrillose  or  floccose, 
by  the  breaking  up  of  tlie  liorizoutal  layer  of  the  fibrils  of  the 
cuticle. 

574.     Pluteus  ceivinus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  183G. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  TIL.  PI.  301. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  335. 
Eicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  71,  Fig.  1. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  132,  p.  138,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  188,  189,  p.  235,  1908. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  op.  p.  87,  1905. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  54,  PI.  74,  1901. 
Mcllvaine,  American  Mushrooms,  PL  LXI,  p.  243. 
Plate  cm  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broa(J,  rarely  smaller,  campanulate,  then  broad- 
ly convex  to  expanded,  varying  glabrous  to  fiirillose,  fibrils  darker, 
disk  sometimes  scaly,  even  on  margin,  white,  dingy-tan,  grayish 
brown  or  darker,  provided  with  a  somewhat  separable,  sometimes 
subviscid,  pellicle;  FLESH  white.  GILLS  close,  free,  broad, 
rounded  behind,  white  then  flesh-colored  from  the  spores.  STEM 
equal  or  slightly  tapering  upward,  5-15  cm.  long,  C-18  mm.  thick, 
firm,  solid,  dingy  white  to  brownish-tan,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
fibrillose.  SPORES  inconstant  in  size  and  shape,  short -oblong, 
oval,  broadly  elliptical,  5-8  x  4-5  micr.,  sometimes  longer  or  broader, 
more  rarely  globular,  often  nucleate,  smooth,  flesh-colored  in  mass. 
CYSTIDIA  abundant,  fusoid,  stout,  termimiting  in  2-4  short,  blunt 
horns.     ODOR  and  TASTE  somewhat  disagreeable. 

Solitary,  scattered,  or  when  growing  on  sawdust,  etc.,  often 
caespitose.  On  stumps,  logs,  from  underground  roots  or  wood,  on 
boards,  sawdust,  etc.    Throughout  the  State,  mostly  in  lu-oad-leaved 


538  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

woods.  June  to  October  (earliest  record  is  May  28;  latest,  Octo- 
ber -i ) .    Very  commou.     Edible. 

Like  Armillaria  mcllea  its  frequent  fruiting  makes  it  possible  to 
find  a  great  anioimt  of  variation,  and  many  varieties  have  been 
named.  Var.  alha.  Pk.  is  whitisli,  often  caespitose  and  frequents 
sawdust  piles.  Var.  viscosus  Lloyd  is  described  as  verj'  viscid  on  the 
cap,  and  with  narrow  gills.  Var.  petasatus  Fr.  has  the  cap  striate 
to  the  middle.  It  is  probable  that  all  of  these  forms  intergrade  with 
the  typical  plant  which  along  with  the  varieties  varies  into  many 
shades  of  color.  Slender  forms  occur  in  low  woods,  on  debris,  with 
the  stature  of  P.  Iconinus,  but  the  pileus  is  almost  white. 

This  species  can  be  distinguished  from  Entoloma  by  its  free 
gills  and  its  lignicolous  habitat,  although  of  similar  appearance 
otherwise.  As  Entoloma  contains  poisonous  species,  this  is  im- 
Ijortant.  In  Europe,  P.  cervinus  has  been  marked  as  "suspected"; 
in  this  country,  however,  it  is  highly  praised  by  mycophagists, 
since  the  disagreeable  odor  and  taste  disappear  on  cooking.  It 
has  a  characteristic  relation  to  the  stump  on  which  it  is  often 
found,  in  being  so  attached  that  it  is  difficult  to  get  a  piece  of  the 
wood  and  mushroom  together,  since  its  stem  grows  in  the  vertical 
cracks  of  the  stump.  With  us  it  is  found  on  wood,  rarely  on 
soil,  although  the  condition  of  the  woody  substratum  varies  ex- 
ceedingly. Small  plants  imitate  some  of  the  other  species  and 
can  only  be  separated  with  certainty'  by  the  use  of  the  microscope. 
The  pronged  cystidia  are  usually  the  decisive  character.  Patouil- 
lard  says  that  the  flesh  has  yellowish  lactiferous  hyphae  scattered 
throughout  it. 


•ft' 


575.    Pluteus  umbrosus  Fr. 

Sys.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid..  Vol.  2,  PI.  116. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  70,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  campanulate  then  convex-expanded, 
broadly  umbonate.  smoky  iinihcr  or  blackish  brown,  rufjosc-reticu- 
late  and  floccose-scali/  on  disk,  even  and  fibrillose  on  margin. 
FLESH  white.  Gills  ftee.  close,  broad,  ventricose,  whitish  then 
flesh-colored  from  tlie  spores,  edge  fii)ihriate  and  smoky  hroicn  from 
the  dark  cystidia.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  solid,  firm, 
equal  or  slightly  tapering  upward,  dingy  white  to  brownish,  covered 
witli  smoky-brown  fibrills.     SPORES  oval-elliptical,  5-7x3-4  micr., 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  539 

smooth,  flesh  color  iu  mass.  CYSTIDIA  fiisoid,  75-85  x  15-20  micr., 
apex  with  2-4  horns.     ODOR  and  TASTE  slightly  disagreeable. 

Solitary  or  scattered  on  rotten  wood,  in  conifer  woods,  usually 
on  hemlock  or  pine.  Huron  Mountains,  Houghton,  New  Richmond. 
August  and  September.     Infrequent  except  locally. 

Distinguished  at  once  by  the  smoky-brown  edge  of  the  gills.  It 
tends  to  be  smaller  than  P.  cervinus  and  darker  in  color.  P.  gran- 
ularis  var.  umhrosellus  has  yellowish  edged  gills,  and  its  cystidia 
are  not  horned.  There  seem  to  be  a  number  of  varieties  connect- 
ing P.  cervinus  and  P.  umhrosus.    Mcllvaine  pronounces  it  edible. 

576.     Pluteus  salicinus  Fr.  var. 

Sj-st.  MycoL,  1821    (as  Leptonia  salicinus). 
Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  11G9. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  to  expanded,  broadly  umbouate, 
smoky-umber,  pruinose-velvety,  disk  flocculose,  margin  even. 
GILLS  free,  close,  not  broad,  reaching  margin  of  cap,  edge  concolor, 
white  then  flesh-colored  from  the  spores.  STEM  equal,  2-4  cm. 
long.  2-1  mm.  thick,  base  bulbillose,  curved,  shining,  silky-fibrillose, 
stuffed,  whitish  but  covered  with  smoky  fibrils,  hase  smoky-olive. 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  7.5-8.5x5-6  micr.,  smooth,  flesh  color. 
CYSTIDIA  2-4  pronged  at  apex,  75-90  x  15-17  micr.,  fuscoid,  stout. 

Solitary.  On  rotten  wood,  in  willow  and  alder  swamp.  July- 
August.     Ann  Arbor.     Rare. 

The  green  tinge  is  not  very  marked  on  the  pileus  but  is  quite 
marked  at  the  base  of  the  stem.  It  agrees  best  with  Massee's  de- 
scription (British  Fungus  Flora).  The  typical  bluish  form  has 
not  been  seen  by  me  in  the  State,  although  collected  elsewhere. 
The  horned  cystidia  separate  it  from  other  smoky-umber  species, 
and  the  white  edge  of  the  gills  distinguishes  it  from  P.  umbrosus. 

577.     Pluteus  ephebius  Fr.  var. 

Syst.  MycoL,  1821. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  517. 

PILEUS  2.5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  delicately  silky-fihril- 
lose,  shining,  becoming  somewhat  fibrillose-scaly,  not  at  all  gran- 
ular, mousegray,  unicolorous,  even  on  margin.     GILLS  free,  ratlier 


540  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

remote,  not  broad,  jtiuinose,  wliite  then  bright  pink  from  spores, 
edge  concolor.  STEM  abont  2  cm.  long,  equal,  curved,  silky,  white 
or  tinge<l  fuscous,  striate.  SPOKES  ohionfj,  G-G.5  x  3  uiicr.,  smooth, 
pink.  CYSTIDIA  about  50  micr.  long,  slender,  sometimes  curved 
and  rounded  at  the  apex,  abundant  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills. 

Solitary.     On   rotten  logs,  in  woods.     New  Kichniond.     Kare. 

The  tibrillose  pileus  allies  this  form  with  this  section.  The  oblong 
spores,  cliaracteristic  of  the  species  according  to  Massee,  induced 
me  to  jdace  it  here  although  the  absence  of  ''bluish  down"  wliich 
Fries  italicises  may  indicate  that  it  is  a  ditferent  or  undescribed 
species.  It  seems  to  be  close  to  var.  drcpanophyUiis  Schultz,  the 
status  of  which  is  uncertain. 

578.     Pluteus  tomentosulus  Pk. 

X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  32,  1879. 

Illustration:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  133,  p.  139,  1900. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  thin,  soon  expanded,  obtuse,  umbonate, 
ffoccosc-tomentosc,  more  densely  so  on  disk,  ichitc  or  tinged  with 
l)ink,  especially  on  the  margin,  margin  even.  FLESH  thin,  white. 
GILLS  free,  rather  remote,  crowded,  hroad,  white  then  rose-colored 
from  the  spores,  edge  fimbriate.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  4-8  mm. 
thick,  equal,  solid,  iibrillose-sfna^f^  subbulbous  at  base,  slightly 
tomentulose,  bulb  tomentose,  white.  SPORES  subglobose,  or 
broadly  sliort  elliptical,  5-7  x  4.5-5.5  micr.,  smooth,  rose-flesli  color 
in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  stout,  85-95x22-25  micr.,  not  horned,  bottle- 
shaped  on  a  rather  slender  stalk,  scattered,  more  numerous  on  edge 
of  gills. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  rotten  logs  or  prostrate  trunks,  es- 
pecially in  hemlock,  tamarack  or  cedar  swamps.  Throughout  the 
State :  Marquette,  Hougliton,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  New  Riclimond, 
Ann  Arbor.  July.  August,  Sei)teinber.  Frequent  in  the  northern 
part  of  State. 

This  is  a  beautiful  species  but  prefers  deep  swamps.  In  Europe 
P.  pcllituft  Fi-..  a  more  glabrous  species,  takes  its  place.  Accord- 
ing to  Peck,  the  pileus  often  has  a  pink  tinge. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  541 

.  579.     Pluteus  roseocandidus  Atk. 

Aun.  Mycol.,  Vol.  VII,  p.  373,  1909. 

PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  fragile,  convex  tlien  expanded,  glabrous^ 
dry,  pure  white,  sometimes  tinged  rose  or  brownish-butt"  in  wet 
weather,  striatulate  on  the  thin  manjin,  with  a  dull  lustre.  FLESH 
thin,  white.  GILLS  free,  reaching  the  stem,  elliptical,  close, 
rounded  behind,  moderately  broad,  hyphae  of  trama  converging,^ 
white  at  tirst  then  pink.  STEM  3-4  cm.  long,  2.5-J:  mm.  thick,  equal, 
even,  hollow,  glabrous,  slightly  nieah'  at  apex,  jriujUe,  terete  or 
compressed,  subbulbillate,  innately  fibrillose,  pure  white.  SPORES 
globose,  smooth,  G-8  micr.,  pale  diani.,  Hesh  color  under  microscope. 
CYSTIDIA  few  or  lacking  on  sides  of  gills,  sterile  cells  on  edge, 
globose  or  ventricose-inflated,  obtuse,  50-80  x  20-35  micr,  Basidia 
30  X  8-9  micr.,  14-spored.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.  On  grassy  ground  in  woods  near  tamarack  swamp. 
Ann  Arbor.    October.     Rare. 

This  white  species  is  said  to  have  a  two-layered  trama  in  the 
pileus,  the  inner  floccose,  the  outer  forming  a  cuticle  two  to  three 
cells  thick  of  pyriform  to  subglobose  cells.  I  have  found  it  but 
once. 

Section  IT.  Surface  of  pileus  grauulose,  pruinate  or  pulverulent, 
composed  of  enlarged  globular  pyriform  or  fusoid-elongated,  color- 
ed cells. 

580.     Pluteus  granulans  Pk. 

Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  Bull.  1,  1873. 
Illustration:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  190,  p.  237. 

PILEUS. 2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  to  plane,  subnmbonate.  rut/osc- 
u-rinkled,  yellowish-brown  to  umber,  or  chestnut  color,  yranulose 
or  villose-grannJose  like  plush.  GILLS  free,  crowded,  rather  broad, 
ventricose,  white  then  flesh-colored  from  spores,  eihjv  concolor. 
STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  solid,  pallid, 
velvety  pnhescent  or  covered  with  brown  scales  towards  base. 
SPORES  globose,  4-5  micr.  diam.,  apiculate,  nucleate,  smootli, 
flesh  color.  CYSTIDIA  globose-obovate,  about  35-25  micr..  infre- 
quent, hyaline. 


542  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Solitary'  or  scattered.  On  rotten  logs,  etc.,  in  conifer  and  frou- 
dose  woods. 

Throughont  the  State:  JLluu^lilon,  Huron  Mountains,  Marquette, 
Bay  View,  Ann  Arbor.  July-September.  More  frequent  in  mixed 
hemlock  woods;  never  common. 

The  villosit}'  and  granulosity  on  tlie  cap,  when  present,  is  due 
to  globular  or  elongated-fusoid  cells,  filled  with  coloring  matter. 
These  cells  correspond  to  the  librils  of  such  species  as  P.  unibrosus, 
from  which  this  species  is  separated  by  the  spherical  spores  and 
cystidia  without  prongs  at  the  apex.  Peck  describes  the  spores  in 
the  2Gth  report  as  spherical,  later,  in  the  38th  report,  he  says 
"broadly  elliptical,  6-7.5  x  5-G  micr."  Our  i)lants,  like  Lloyd's 
(Mj-col.  j^otes,  2),  have  spherical  spores. 

Var.  umhroselliis  Atk.  nov.  var.  is  distinguished  by  the  more 
villose  pileus  and  the  tinge  of  yellow  on  the  edge  of  the  gills. 
The  villosit^^  is  caused  by  long,  yellowish  brown  cells,  200- 
300  micr.  long,  20-30  micr.  wide,  often  crowded  into  erect,  pointed 
scales,  arranged  in  sooty,  radiating  or  reticulate,  velvety  ridges. 
The  edges  of  the  gills  are  provided  with  sterile  cells  filled  with  a 
pale  yellow  coloring  matter.  The  cystidia  are  scattered,  globose  or 
pyriform,  not  pronged.  The  spores  are  4-5  x  3-4  micr.,  longer  than 
broad,  subglobose,  similar  to  those  of  P.  unibrosus;  the  cystidia, 
however,  separate  it  from  the  latter. 

Var.  intermedins  nov.  var.  approaches  Leptonia  seticeps  in  size 
of  spores,  and  wJiite-fimbriate  edge  of  gills;  but  the  stem  is  stuffed, 
then  hollow,  and  4-5  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  thick.  The  cap  is  ruglose- 
villose  and  2-5  cm.  broad. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  rotten  wood.  Detroit,  etc.  Infre- 
quent. 


581.     Pluteus  nanus  Fr. 


Syst.  :Mycol.,  1821. 


Illustrations:    Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  334. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  70,  Fig.  G. 

PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  obtuse,  radiately 
rugose  on  disk,  margin  even  or  nearly  so,  velvety-pruinose,  gran- 
ulose  or  pulverulent,  broiaiish  ashy,  umber  or  darker  when  young. 
GILLS  free,  close,  ventricose,  narrowed  toward  ends,  Avhite  then 
flesh  color  from  spores,  edge  fimbriate.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  2-3 
mm.  thick,  solid,  equal,  rigid  often  curved,  glabrous,  pellucid-white. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  543 

striatulate  or  innately  fibrillose.  SPORES  suhglohose,  4-5.5  micr, 
diam.,  smooth,  flesh  color.  CYSTIDIA  fusiform  bottle-shaped, 
sometimes  tapering  to  a  point  at  apex,  not  horned,  vaculoate,  75-80 
micr.  long,  on  the  sides  and  edge  of  the  gills. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  decaying  logs,  sticks,  etc.,  in  low 
woods  and  swamps.  June  to  October.  Throughout  the  State: 
Huron  Mountains,  New  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor.     Infrequent. 

The  velvety  character  of  the  pileus  is  onh'  apparent  since  the  sur- 
face under  a  lens  is  granulose  or  pulverulent ;  this  is  due  to  globular 
or  fusoid  cells  which  compose  the  surface  layer  and  give  it  the 
brown  appearance.  It  is  separated  from  a  number  of  others  by  the 
glabrous  stem,  small  size  and  subglobose  spores.  It  may  appear 
quite  early.    There  is  sometimes  a  smoky  tinge  on  the  cap. 

Var.  lutesccns  Fr.  Stem  and  sometimes  the  gills  are  yellow. 
The  spores  seem  to  be  more  truly  spherical  in  the  variety;  stem 
solid,  striate. 

Habitat,  etc.,  as  in  the  type:  New  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor.  In- 
frequent. 

582.     Pluteus  caloceps  Atk. 
Ann.  Mycol.,  1909. 

"PILEUS  2.5-4.5  cm.  broad,  convex,  umbonate,  orpiment-orange 
to  Vermillion,  orange-vermillion  on  center,  glabrous  or  slightly 
granular  by  separation  of  the  cells,  or  somewhat  rimose  on  margin ; 
trama  two-layered,  outer  layer  composed  of  globose  cells.  FLESH 
white.  GILLS  free,  rounded  behind,  broadly  elliptical  to  subventri- 
cose,  pale  dull  flesh  color,  edge  flocculose,  tramal  hyphae  converg- 
ing, STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  pallid,  fibrous-striate. 
SPORES  suboblong,  5-8  x  4-6  micr.  CYSTIDIA  ventricose  on  sides 
of  gills,  clavate  to  subfusoid  on  edge,  60-75  x  12-20  micr." 

Solitary.    On  rotten  wood  and  on  the  ground.    Ann  Arbor.    Rare. 

583.     Pluteus  longistriatus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  30,  1878. 
Illustration:    Plate  CIV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  very  thin,  convex  then  expanded,  pale 
brownish-gray  to  hrownish-ashy,  minutely  scaly  on  disk  and 
cuticle    at    length    breaking    into  minute  granules,  long-striate  or 


544  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   ]<IICHIGAN 

siihsulcate  irJtcii  old.  GILLS  free,  close,  rather  broad,  width  almost 
unit'onii.  ronii(le<l  behind,  white  Iheii  i»ale  flesli  color  li-oni  spores, 
edge  itulveruleiit.  STEM  :>-.")  cm.  loiifi;,  2:'>.~)  mm.  thick,  equal,  !^oUd, 
fibrous,  iunately  striatulate,  irJiitc,  ])ulverulent.  SPOKES  sub- 
globose,  (5-7x5  micr.,  slightly  longer  than  wide,  granular  within, 
smootli,  /xilr  tlesh  color.  CYSTIDTA  ventricose,  cylindrical  in 
ui)iier  jtart,  T.l-iJO  mici-.  long,  not  lioined,  apex  broadly  obtuse  to 
pointed. 

Solitary.  On  rotten  wood  in  moist  places.  '  Ann  Arbor,  South 
Haven.     June-July.     Infrequent. 

Peek  describes  the  stem  glabrous;  our  plants  had  a  distinctly 
])ulverulent  stem  when  fresh.  The  si)ores  also  did  not  seem  to  be 
dented  on  one  side  as  indicated  by  l*eck.  Nevertheless,  the  descrip- 
tion fits  closely  in  other  respects.  It  differs  from  P.  chrijsopliacHS 
in  the  long  striations  of  the  pileus  and  the  fibrous-solid  stem;  the 
color,  also,  is  not  cinnamon.  In  age,  the  longitudinal  fibres  within 
the  stem  loosen,  so  that  it  appears  falsely  fistulose.  The  larger 
size  and  truly  free  gills  separate  it  from  Leptonia  seticeps,  which 
is  long-striatulate  on  cap. 

Section  III.    Surface  of  pileus  glabrous ;  moist  or  hygrophanous. 

584.     Pluteus  admirabilis  Pk. 

y.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

PILEL^S  1-2  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex-campanulate  then  expanded^ 
usually  nmbonate,  (jlahroiis,  hygrophanous,  rugose-reticulate,  ochre- 
i/cUoir  to  luteous,  brownish  when  young,  striatulate  on  margin  when 
moist,  subeven  when  dry.  GILLS  free,  rounded  behind,  moderately 
broad,  ventricose,  close,  whitish  or  yellowish  then  rosy-flesh  color 
from  the  spores.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal, 
subrigid,  glabrous,  stuffed  then  JioUou',  ijeJloir,  white-myceloid  at 
l)ase.  SPOKES  subglobose,  5.5-7  x  5-()  micr.,  smooth,  rosy  flesh 
color  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  ventricose,  cylindrical  in  ui»])er  ]»art, 
rounded  at  apex,  55-()5xl8  micr.,  scattered,  more  abundant  in  the 
interspaces,  more  ovoid  on  the  edge  of  the  gills. 

Scattered  or  snbgregarious.  On  logs  and  decayed  wood,  in  mixed 
conifer  or  fronddse  woods.  Houghton^  Munising,  Marquette,  New 
Richmond,  Ann  Arbor.  July,  August  and  Sejitember.  More  fre- 
quent in  hemlock  woods  of  the  nortliern  part  of  the  State. 

The  surface  (»t'  the  jdleus  is  composed  of  s])heroid  stalked  cells 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  545 

containing  tlie  yellow  coloring  matter ;  these  are  30-35  x  20-25  micr. 
in  diam.  The  hyphae  of  the  gill-trama  converge  and  are  long  and 
cylindrical.  From  P.  leoninus  this  form  is  separated  by  its  yellow 
stem  and  rugulose  i^ileus;  the  rugosity,  however,  may  be  almost 
lacking  at  times.  Variations  occur  approaching  other  species,  like 
P.  chrysophaeus,  P.  flavafuligincus  and  P.  leoninus,  and  such  are 
often  difficult  to  place.  I  have  never  seen  P.  chrysophaeus  Fr.  but 
include  it  in  the  key,  as  it  has  been  reported  b}^  Lougyear. 


585.     Pluteus  leoninus  Fr. 


Syst.  Myc,  1821. 


Illustrations:     Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  639. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  71,  Fig.  5. 
Gillett,  Champignons  de  France. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  campanulate-couvex,  subumbonate,  not 
rugulose,  glabrous,  moist,  yellow,  striate  on  margin,  GILLS  free^ 
moderately  broad,  close,  white  then  deep  flesh  color.  STEM  5-7  cm. 
long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  equal  or  enlarged  below,  striatulate,  glabrous, 
solid,  pellucid-white  or  whitish.  SPORES  subglobose  to  oval 
elliptical,  G-7  x  5  micr.,  smooth,  dull  rose-colored.  CYSTIDIA 
about  60  micr.  long,  fusiform,  subacuminate  above,  not  abundant, 
not  horned. 

Solitary.  On  rotten  wood.  Infrequent  in  the  hemlock  forests 
of  the  north.     Xegaunee,  etc. 

A  form  was  found  with  the  surface  of  the  pileus  minutely  velvety. 
Patouillard  says  the  surface  is  glabrous,  composed  of  long  slender 
hyphae.  In  this  respect  the  form  differs  markedly  from  P.  admira- 
Mlis  Pk.  *  ^ 

Entoloma  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  entos,  inside;  and  loma,  the  border  of  a  robe.) 

Pink-spored.  Without  volva  or  anuulus.  Stem  fleshy  or  fibrous, 
not  cartilaginous,  soft,  confluent  with  the  j)ileus.  Gills  ndnntc  or 
adnexed,  emarginate  or  sinuate.  Spores  angular,  rarely  rounded. 
Cystidia  rarely  present  in  a  few  species. 

Mostly  large,  soft,  putrescent  mushrooms;  terrestrial,  frequent 
in  rainy  weather;  some  of  the  species  are  poisonous.     A  difficult 
genus  to  study. 
69 


546  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

The  PILEUS  may  be  glabrous,  pruinose,  silky  or  ftbrillose,  hard- 
ly ever  strongly  scaly;  it  is  either  hygrophanous,  viscid  or  dry,  in 
the  last  ~case  tibrillose  or  somewhat  scaly.  The  cuticle  varies  in 
structure,  the  viscid  species  being  provided  with  a  pellicle  composed 
of  gelatinous  hyphae  while  in  many  cases  the  surface  has  a  gelatin- 
ous feel  but  is  not  truh-  differentiated  and  does  not  become  viscid  ex- 
cept in  very  prolonged  wet  weatlier.  In  one  section  the  surface  is 
distinctly  librillose,  the  fibrils  sometimes  forming  definite  scales 
on  the  dislv.  In  only  a  few  species  is  the  margin  striate  or  striat- 
ulate.  Many  become  water-soaked  in  rainy  weatber,  and  it  is  then 
often  difficult  to  determine  whether  they  are  hygrophanous.  The 
colors  vary  from  white,  watery-whitish,  grayish,  grayish-brown  to 
dark  brown ;  more  rarelv  tinged  violet,  reddish  or  vellowish  and 
always  with  only  the  soft  shades  of  these  colors.  The  colors  are 
hard  to  describe  in  terms  which  are  sufficiently  clear,  and  this  has 
caused  considerable  confusion ;  hence  other  characters  must  be 
used  as  much  as  possible.  Nearly  all  the  species  are  somewhat 
fragile,  but  may  become  tougher  in  dry  weather. 

The  GILLS  are  adnate-siuuate  as  in  Tricholoma,  sometimes  ad- 
nexed,  often  seceding  from  the  stem  in  age.  It  is  important  to  note 
their  color  before  they  become  pink  from  the  spores;  this  is  either 
icliite,  yellowish  or  ashy.  They  are  rather  broad,  even  in  the  small 
species  rarely  narrow.  In  distinction  from  Pluteus,  there  are  no 
cj'stidia  except  in  a  very  few  species,  the  edge  is  therefore  usually 
entire.  The  STEM  is  central,  flesliy  or  with  the  outer  rind  fibrous 
and  spongy  within,  sometimes  loosely  stuffed  and  then  hollow,  not 
cartilaginous  except  under  peculiar  weatlier  conditions.  In  the 
larger  species  the  stem  is  stout  as  in  Tricholoma.  It  is  intimately 
connected  with  the  pileus,  the  trama  of  the  stem  extending  un- 
altered into  that  of  the  pileus  as  in  all  the  genera  with  adnate 
gills;  it  is  therefore  not  separable  as  in  Pluteus  and  Volvaria. 

The  SPORES  are  irrefjularly-anguhir,  the  general  outline  varying 
from  spherical  to  elliptical,  often  with  a  prominent,  oblique  apic- 
ulus  at  the  angle  where  it  was  attached  to  the  basidium ;  a  few 
species  have  rounded  spores,  i.  e.,  not  angled.  Their  color  in  mass 
varies  from  pale  to  deep  flesh  color,  to  rosy  or  salmon.  Tricholoma 
j)C7'sonatum  Fr.,  Tricholoma  nudum  Fr.  and  Tricholoma  panocolum 
var.  cacspitosa  Bres.  have  flesh-colored  spores  in  mass  and  will  be 
looked  for  here. 

A  number  of  the  species  are  known  to  be  very  poisonous:  E. 
lividnm  Fr.  has  been  proved  so  by  both  Romell  and  Worthington 
Smith;  E.  grandc  Pk.  is  suspected  by  its  author.    The  species  are 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  547 

diflScult  for  the  amateur  and  even  for  the  expert,  and  hence  it  is 
necessary  to  proceed  with  extreme  caution  when  collecting  for  the 
table.  It  is  hcst  not  to  eat  Eiitolomas  at  all  because  of  the  danger 
of  confusing  the  species.  The  common  saying,  "only  the  mushroom 
which  is  pink  underneath  the  cap  is  sure  to  be  safe,"  illustrates 
another  error  in  so-called  "rules  to  know  mushrooms,"  since  here 
we  have  a  whole  genus  which  the  unsuspecting  amateur  who  is 
told  the  above,  would  be  likely  to  take  for  Agaricus  compestris. 

This  genus  corresponds,  by  its  sinuate-adnate  gills,  its  fleshy- 
fibrous  stem,  and  lack  of  volva  and  annulus,  to  Triclioloma  of  the 
white-spored  group  and  to  Heheloma  of  the  pink-spored  group. 
Peck  reports  23  species  in  New  York ;  we  have  been  able  to  identify 
18  species  of  those  that  have  been  found  in  Michigan.  Others  have 
been  collected  witliin  our  limits  but  need  further  study.  Some 
occur  seldom ;  others  are  more  common,  especially  in  showery 
weather.  To  what  extent  certain  species  are  limited  to  the  conifer 
regions  of  the  State  has  not  yet  been  determined. 

Fries  divided  the  genus  into  three  sections :  Genuini,  Leptonidei 
and  Nolandei.  To  these  Peck  has  added  a  fourth  section  of  Ameri- 
can species,  which  he  calls  Conoidei. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus  scaly,  scabrous,  flocculose  or  superficially  silky-fibrillose. 
(a)     Pileus  white,   5-15  mm.   broad,   silky,   spores   9-12x7-8   micr.     588. 

E.  sericelliim  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  white,  1-5  cm.  broad. 

(b)     Pileus  scabrous,  dark  brown,  1-3  cm.  broad;  stem  slender.     587. 

E.  scabrinellum  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  not  scabrous. 

(c)     Pileus   and   stem   tinged    purplish   or  wine   color;    stem   solid. 

589.     E.  cj/aneum  Pk.   (cf.  also  E.  jichatum  Fr.) 
(cc)     Pileus  and  stem  not  tinged  purplish. 

(d)     Gills  ashy  or  smoky  at  first;    pileus  mouse-gray;    stem  hol- 
low.    590.     E.  jul)atum  Fr. 
(dd)     Gills  white  at  first;   pileus   ashy  or  ashy-brown.     601.    E. 
■peckianum    Burt. 
(AA)     Pileus  glabrous,  moist,  hygrophanous  or  viscid, 
(a)     Pileus  pelliculose  or  the  surface  viscid,  gelatinous, 
(b)     Pileus  2-5  cm.,  gelatinous  above,  flesh  color,  coarsely  reticulate; 

stem  eccentric;    rare.      (See  699.     Pleurotus  subpalmatus.) 
(bb)     Pileus  not  reticulated. 

(c)     Stem  loosely  stufi:ed  then  hollow,  stout;    pileus  livid-brownish 

(moist),  7-10  cm.  broad.     586.     E.  lividum  Fr. 
(cc)     Stem  longer,  solid;    pileus  viscid,   smaller,  grayish.     E.  pru- 
nuloides  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  viscid, 
(b)     Pileus  hygrophanous. 
(c)     Odor  and  taste  farinaceous,  at  least  when  plants  are  fresh  and 
crushed, 
(d)     Gills  gray  at  first;   pileus  dark  brown,  2-5  cm.  broad,  striat- 

ulate   (moist).     596.     E.  sericeum  Fr. 
(dd)     Gills  white  or  pallid  at  first. 


548  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(e)     Pileus    conic-campanulate     or     umbonate,     streaked     with 

darker  fibrils;  stem  short.     591.     E.  clypeatum  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus   convex   or    finally     plane,     subumbonate,     grayish- 
brown    (moist), 
(f)     Stem  at  length  tinged  gray;  pileus  scarcely  fading,  with 

a  delicate,   separable  pellicle.     595.     E.  griseum  Pk. 
(ff)      Stem  white;    pileus   fading    to    whitish;     gills    narrow. 
594.     E.  sci-icatum  Britz. 
(cc)     Odor  and  taste  not  farinaceous. 

(d)     Odor  of  fresh  plant  nitrous.     593.    E.  nidorosum  Fr. 
(dd)     Odor  not  nitrous. 

(e)     Pileus  umber,  fuscous  or  cinnamon    (moist). 

(f)     Pileus    conic-campanulate    or    umbonate;    stem    twisted; 

spores   elongated-angular.     597.     E.   strictius   Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  at  length   plane;    stem  pure  white;    gills  rather 
broad;    spores    globose-angular.      592.      E.    rJioclopolium 
Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus   whitish   or   yellow-tinged    (moist). 

(f)     Stout  and  firm,  pileus  watery,  whitish  or  tinged  yellow- 
ish,  5-12   cm.   broad;    stem   10-20   mm.    thick.     598.     E. 
grayanum    Pk. 
(ff)     Rather  slender  and  fragile,  pileus  whitish,  2-6  cm.  broad; 
stem  3-8  mm.  thick.      599.     E.  speculum  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  neither  viscid  nor  hygrophanous. 
(c)     Pileus  conic  or  campanulate,  usually  unexpanded,  1-5  cm.  broad; 
among  moss,  especially  sphagnum, 
(d)     Color  of  pileus  changing  darker  in  age,  from  pale  yellow  to 

reddish-brown.     E.  variabile  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  fading  or  scarcely  changing, 
(e)      Spores  quadrate,  4-angled. 

(f)     Pileus  strongly  cuspidate  at  apex,  pale  yellow.     602.    E. 

cuspidatum  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  not  cuspidate. 

(g)     Pileus    yellow,    smoky-yellow,    or    greenish-yellow.      E. 

luteum   Pk. 
(gg)     Pileus  salmon-colored,    subacute    at    apex.     600.     E. 
salmoneum.  Pk. 
(ee)     Spores  5-6  sided,  irregular,  longer  than  wide;  pileus  gray 
to  smoky-brown,  umbonate.     601.     E.  peckianum  Bert. 
(cc)     Pileus     convex-expanded,      large,    yellowish-white    or    tinged 
brownish;   gills  broad;    stem  solid;    spores  angular-sphoeroid, 
8-10  micr.     E.  grande  Pk. 

Section    T.     Genu  in  i.     PiUms    fleshy,   glabrous,    moist   or   viscid; 
not  hygrophanous. 

586.     Entoloma  lividum  Fr.     (Poisonous) 

Epicrisis,  ISoG. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,    111.,    IM.    :;il. 

Ricken.  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  72,  Fig.  2. 
Gillet,  (Mianijiignons  de   France,    No.  271. 

PILEUS  7-10  cm.  broad,  campanulate  then  expanded,  (jlahrous, 
peUiculose,  the  cuticle  composed  of  subgelatinous  hyphae  about  6 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  549 

iiiicr.  diam.,  splitting  iuto  fibrillose  parts  on  drying,  viscid  in  very 
wet  weather,  pale  livid-tan  faded  when  dry,  repand,  wrinkled- 
rugose,  margin  striate.  GILLS  adnexed,  abruptly  rounded  behind, 
broad,  subventricose,  subdistant  at  stem,  pallid  then  bright  llesh 
color.  Stem  G-S  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  thick,  stout,  white,  glabrous, 
apex  subpruinose,  even,  subequal,  stuffed  then  holloir.  SPORES 
sphoeroid-angular,  S-IO  micr.  diam.,  hriijhi  flesh  eolor  in  )nass, 
apiculus  prominent,  5-G  angled.  CYSTIDIA  none  or  very  few, 
fusoid.     ODOR  faint.     TASTE  strongly  farinaceous. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  white  pine  and  beech  woods  of 
western  ..Michigan.  New  Richmond.  September.  Rare.  Poison- 
ous. 

This  rare  Entoloma  is  a  rather  stout  plant.  Its  pileus  is  viscid 
in  wet  weather,  although  the  descriptions  merely  call  it  ''pellic- 
ulose,"  so  tliat  it  is  identified  with  difficulty  when  one  follows  the 
European  authors.  A  specimen  from  Sweden,  which  was  referred 
to  E.  lividum  by  Romell,  agrees  with  our  specimens  in  having  sub- 
gelatinous  thick  hyphae  in  the  cuticle,  and  when  dried  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  surface  once  viscid  or  subviscid  like  that  of  our 
plant.  Furthermore  E.  liridum  is  described  with  a  stuffed  to  hol- 
low stem,  while  its  near  relatives  E.  siiiuatiim  and  E.  prunuloides 
have  solid  stems.  If  Gillet's  and  Cooke's  figures  of  the  latter  are  cor- 
rect, then  I  have  never  collected  such  Entolomas  with  a  viscid  cuticle 
on  the  pileus.  Romell  told  me  he  tested  the  edibility  of  E.  liridum 
with  serious  consequences,  and  hence  he  ought  to  know  the  plant. 
It  seems  to  be  rare  and  will  on  that  account  cause  little  damage. 
The  gills  are  often  tinged  yellowish  and  the  pileus  may  have  a 
livid-brown  color.  E.  prunuloides  Fr.  is  said  to  have  an  umbonate 
ashy  cap,  sometimes  tinged  yellowish,  considerably  smaller  accord- 
ing to  Cooke's,  Gillet's  and  Patouillard's  figures,  and  the  stem  is 
slightly  striate  and  solid.     It  is  said  to  be  viscid. 

Section  II.  Leptonidei.  Pileus  campannlate-exi)anded  or  con- 
vex-plane, dry,  tlocculose  or  subsquamose ;  not  hygrophauous. 

587.     Entoloma  scabrinellum  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  33,  1880. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex,  expanded  and  subum- 
bonate,  drj^,  scabrous,  densely  covered  by  minute,  erect,  spine-like 


550  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

scales,  dark  mousc-hroicn  or  siiioky-'broirn,  the  thin  incurved  margin 
slightly  surpassing  the  gills.  FLEkSH  thin,  pallid  or  tinged  brown. 
GILLS  adnexed,  rounded  behind,  becoming  deeply  emarginate, 
hroad,  ventricose,  at  tirst  grayish-white,  becoming  pink,  edge  white- 
flocculose.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  tapering  upward, 
thicker  at  base,  stufled  then  hollow,  iibrillose.  glabrescent,  scurfy- 
pruinose  at  apex,  white-mycelioid  at  base,  pallid  or  tinged  brownish. 
SPORES  coarsely  tuberculate-angular,  elliptic  in  outline,  7-10  x 
5.5-6.5  micr.,  flesh-pink.  CYSTIDIA  none.  Sterile  cells  on  edge 
of  gills,  capitate,  nine-pin  shaped.  BASIDIA  40  x  9  micr.,  4-spored. 
ODOR  none. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  low  mossy  woods  of  pine,  beech,  etc. 
New  Richmond.     September.     Rare. 

It  seems  to  be  nearest  to  E.  scabro.m  Fr.,  but  it  does  not  possess  an 
und)ilicate  pileus,  the  apex  of  the  stem  is  not  black-punctate  and 
the  gills  are  not  segmentoid.  Our  plants  were  somewhat  larger  and 
darker  than  those  found  by  Peck. 

588.     Entoloma  sericellum  Fr. 

Svst.  MycoL,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  95,  Fig.  3. 

Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  73,  Fig.  4  (as  Leptonia  sericellum). 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  307. 

PILEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  small,  pure  sliining 
white,  or  pellucid-white,  silky  or  minutely  squamulose,  even  on  mar- 
gin which  is  incurved  at  first.  GILLS  broadly  adnate,  becoming 
sinuate,  slightly  decurrent  by  a  tooth,  rather  distant  and  hroad, 
white  then  bright  flesh  color  from  the  spores.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long, 
1-2  mm.  thick,  slender,  pellucid  shining  white,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
equal,  even,  pruinose  at  apex,  glabrous,  soft,  or  slightly  toughish 
and  fibrous.  SPORES  elongated,  angular-tuberculate,  9-13x6-8 
micr.,  variable  in  size,  apiculus  prominent,  bright  flesh  color  in 
mass. 

(Dried:  Stem  pale  rufous;  pileus  pale  brownish-buflf,  tinged 
rufous.) 

Scattered.  On  debris  or  humus  in  low  frondose  woods,  cedar 
or  hemlock  swamps,  etc.  August-September.  Throughout  the  State, 
Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View,  Marquette,  Houghton.    Frequent. 

The  color  sometimes  varies  to  a  creamy  tint.  The  pileus  may  be 
obtuse  or  depressed.     It  has  the  stature  of  an  Eccilia,  and  the  de- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  551 

pressed  pileiis  and  siibcartilagiuoiis  stem  remind  one  of  a  Leptouia. 
It  is  smaller  than  E.  speculum  and  has  very  different  spores. 

589.     Entoloma  cyaneum  Pk. 
Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Bci.,  Bull.  1,  1873. 

PILEUS  2-3.5  era.  broad,  nmhonate,  convex-campannlate,  dry, 
fihriUosc-squamuIose,  dark  vinaceons-miirinns  (Sacc),  paler  at 
length,  margin  even.  FLESH  white,  thin  except  disk.  GILLS 
adnate,  later  seceding,  close,  rather  broad,  at  first  white- tinged 
vinaceons  then  flesh  color  tinged  ashy,  edge  ichite-fimhriate.  STEM 
3-6  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  solid,  fibrillose- 
striate,  jurfuraceous-squamulose  especiall}'  upwards,  twisted  at 
times,  vinaceons  above,  pallid  below,  white  and  fibrous-fleshy  within, 
cuticle  subcartilaginous.  SPORES  angular-tuberculate,  subellip- 
tical  in  outline,  7-9  x  4.5-6  micr.,  flesh  color  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA 
few  on  sides  of  gills,  ventricose;  sterile  cells  numerous  on  the  edge 
and  nine-pin  shaped. 

(Dried:     Pileus  dark  amber-brown.) 

Solitary  or  scattered.  Sandy  soil  and  humus,  in  birch  and  hem- 
lock swamps  of  our  coniferous  regions.  August  and  September. 
Marquette.  Negaunee,  New  Richmond.     Infrequent  or  rare. 

It  has  the  habit  of  a  Leptonia,  and  might  be  mistaken  for  one. 
Peck  describes  the  stem  as  hollow;  our  specimens  invariably  had 
the  interior  filled  with  a  solid  fibrous-'flesh}'  substance;  this  some- 
times loosens  longitudinally  so  as  to  give  a  false  "hollow"  interior. 
It  has  much  the  appearance  of  E.  juhatuni  Fr.  as  illustrated  by 
Cooke,  and  of  E.  griseo-cyaneum  Fr.  as  figured  by  Fries  (Icones, 
Plate  94,  Fig.  1).  It  differs  from  both  these  in  its  solid  stem  and 
in  the  color  of  the  pileus.  It  is  said  to  occur  sometimes  on  de- 
caying wood  or  mossy  logs. 

590.     Entoloma  jubatum  Fr. 

Svst.  MvcoL,  1S21. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  136,  1900. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  317. 
Fries,  Icones,  PI.  92,  Fig.  1. 

"PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  mouse  color,  diy.  campanulate  then  ex- 
panded umbonate,  rillose-scaljj  or  filrillose.     GILLS  slightly  ad- 


552  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

nexed,  seceding,  veutricose,  croirOcO,  at  fii\st  dark  fidUjineous,  then 
purple  fKlif/hieous.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  4-0  mm.  thick,  fleshy-libivMis, 
rigid,  I'l-agile,  JioUoir,  e(inal,  becoming  fnscons  and  clothed  with 
fnligineon.s  libiils.  Sl'OKKS  extremely  irregnlar,  9-12x6-7  niicr., 
(Ricken).     Inodorous." 

In  woods.     East  Lansing.     Reported  by  Lougyear. 

The  description  is  taken  from  Fries'  Hymenomycetes  Enropei 
and  Stevenson's  British  Fungi.  Atkinson  has  described  a  i'orm 
with  a  dull  heliotrope-purple  pileus  and  stem,  with  spores  7-11  x 
6-7  micr.,  irregularly  oval,  coarsely  angular,  nucleate  and  5-7  angled. 
This  species  differs  from  E.  cyaneum  in  the  hollow  stem,  adnexed, 
aliiiosl  free  gills  and  larger  spores.     Ti  is  rare  in  Michigan. 

t^cction  Ilf.  \(j]aitidei.  l*ileus  thin,  lii/i/ropltajtotis,  somewhat 
silky  when  dry,  often  wavy  and  irregular. 

591.     Entoloma  clypeatum  Fr.     (Edible) 
Epicrisis,  1830. 

Illustrations;     Cooke,  111.,  PL  319. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  270. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  73,  Fig.  1. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  53,   Plate  D.     (As  E.  strictius 
var.  ii-rcgularc.) 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  with  an  obtusely  conic 
umbo,  hygrophanous,  lurid-brown  (moist),  hroicnish-ashy  (djy), 
often  virgatc  with  darker  lines,  glabrous,  margin  even,  often  wavy. 
FLESH  thin,  white.  GILLS  adnexed,  rounded  'behind,  seceding, 
sometimes  emarginate  with  decurrent  tooth,  moderately  broad,  sub- 
distant  to  close,  Avhitisli  then  sordid  rose-colored,  cdf/e  serrate- 
eroded.  STEM  4-G  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  often  rather  stout,  and 
short,  stuffed  or  hollow-,  sometimes  compressed,  fragile,  silky-fibril- 
lose,  white  or  w^hitish,  apex  subpruinose,  often  rivulose.  SPORES 
subglobose,  angular,  7-9.5  x  6-7.5  micr.,  rosy  in  mass.  Taste  and 
odor  farinaceous. 

(Dried:     Pileus  ashy-brown,  gills  rose-colored.) 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  low  woods,  maple, 
elm,  beech,  etc.,  sometimes  in  grassy  places  near  woods.  Ann  Arbor, 
New  Richmond.     July  to  September.     Infrequent. 

Usually  known  when  dry  by  the  grayish-brown  pileus  streaked 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   AGARICS  553 

with  darker  fibrils,  by  the  rosy  gills  at  maturity  aud  by  the  whitish 
stem.  When  moist  the  color  varies  considerably.  Sometimes  it 
becomes  almost  white  on  drying.  E.  clypeatuni  has  liad  the  reputa- 
tion in  Europe  of  being  jxjisonous,  but  is  eaten  with  iinpnnity  by 
some  who  claim  it  is  harmless.  Even  if  its  edibility  is  established, 
the  amateur  may  have  some  difficulty  in  being  certain  of  the  species. 
The  pileus  is  often  persistently  campanulate  with  an  obtuse  apex 
which  separates  it  from  forms  liaving  grayish  caps. 

592.     Entoloma  rhodopolium  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Syst.  MycoL,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  Xo.  :>o8. 

Murrill,  Mycologia,  PL  92,  Fig.  4  (as  E.  grai/anum). 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  275. 
Plate  CY  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1-8  cm.  broad,  campanuJate  then  expanded-plane,  -firm, 
hygrophanous,  umTjcr  to  fuscous  (moist),  pale  livid-gray  and  silky 
shining  (dry),  glahrous,  cuticle  slightly  differentiated  with  sub- 
cartilaginous  liyphae,  with  a  gelatinous  feel  but  not  viscid,  un- 
dulate and  even  on  the  margin.  FLESH  watery  then  white,  scissile. 
GILLS  adnate,  becoming  emarginate,  somewhat  suhdistant,  some- 
times veined,  moderately  hroad,  whitish  then  deep  rose  color,  edge 
minutely  eroded.  STEM  4-10  cm.  long,  0-12  mm.  thick,  pure  white , 
subequal,  tapering  up  or  down,  sometimes  curved,  glahrous,  apex 
furfuraceous,  white,  spongy-stuft'ed  then  hollow,  with  a  thickish, 
fibrous,  subcartilaginous  cuticle,  readily  splitting  longitudinally 
on  drying.  SPORES  subglobose,  5-0  angled,  0-9  micr.  in  diameter, 
(with  a  few  larger  ones),  deep  rose  color  in  mass.  CYSTIDTA 
none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Solitary  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground,  mixed  or  frondose 
woods.     August-September.     New  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor. 

The  deep  rosy  spores,  pure  white  stem,  the  toughish  subcartilagi- 
nous pileus  and  colors  are  characteristic  for  our  plants.  The  species 
mav  have  an  odor  at  times.  Fries  savs  it  has  scarcely  any  odor; 
others  report  a  farinaceous  odor.  Our  plants  differ  from  the  typical 
description  in  the  toughish  cuticle  on  the  pileus  and  stem  although 
collected  in  moist  weather.  The  pileus  is  often  dusted  on  top  by 
the  rosy  spores  as  in  Clitopilus  ahortivus.  It  differs  fundamentally 
from  E.  griseum  Pk.  in  the  deep  rose-colored  gills  and  tlie  glabrous 
and  shining-white  stem,  but  agrees  with  it  in  being  firm,  and  in 


554  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

the  structure  of  the  cuticle  of  pileus  aud  stem.    E.  griseum  has  a 
fariuaceous  odor  aud  taste. 

593.     Entoloma  nidorosum  Fr.  var.     (Suspected) 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

llliistratious :    Fries,  Icoues,  PI.  94,  Fig.  3. 
Swanton,  Fuugi,  PI.  42,  Fig.  IT. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  couvex,  obtuse,  gvayish-hrown  (moist), 
hygrophanous,  edge  incurved,  minutely  tomentose-silky.  FLESH 
thin,  white,  p-agUe.  GILLS  aduexed,  hroad,  suhdistant,  flexuose, 
l)ale  llesh  color.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  4-S  mm.  thick,  equal  or  sub- 
equal,  stuffed  soon  hollow,  pruinose  at  apex,  slightly  fibrillose, 
whitish.  SPORES  angular,  ovate,  angles  not  definite  except  the 
very  marked  angle  at  the  oblique  prominent  apiculus,  8-10  micr. 
long  (with  apiculus),  6-7  micr.  wide;  flesh  color,  ODOR  fifrongly 
acid  or  alkaline. 

Solitary.  On  mosses,  in  a  sphagnum  bog.  Ann  Arbor.  Septem- 
ber.   Rare. 

Differs  from  the  type  in  the  obtuse  to  subumbonate  cap,  less 
slender  habit  aud  by  not  being  entirely  glabrous.  The  European 
plant  is  said  to  have  an  umbilicate  or  depressed  pileus  and  slender 
stem. 

594.     Entoloma  sericatum  Britz. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  campanulate  then  plane,  subumbonate, 
grayish-broAvn  (moist),  jading,  paler  to  creamy-buff  or  whitish 
(dry),  uiriho  darker  ichilc  drying,  hygrophanous,  margin  faintly 
striatulate  (moist)  elsewhere  even,  glabrous,  silky-shining  (dry), 
surface  scarceh'  differentiated,  margin  at  length  splitting  or  re- 
curved. FLESH  thin,  concolor,  scissile.  GILLS  narrow,  narrow- 
ed to  a  point  in  front,  moderately  close,  thin,  adnexed  becoming 
emarginate,  white  at  first,  maturing  slowly,  at  length  pale  -flesh 
color,  edge  rather  eroded.  STEM  long  and  somewhat  slender,  5-10 
cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  pure  shining  white,  variously  curved,  ob- 
scurely undulate,  innately  silky-striatulate  but  glalyrous,  equal  or 
somewhat  attenuated  below,  white-fibrous-stuffed  within  then  some- 
what hollow,  splitting  longititdinally  (dry),  apex  pruinose. 
SPORES  angiilar-tuberculate,  slightly  longer  than  wide,  8-10x6- 
S!..")  micr.,  apiculus  ])ro]ninently  oldique,  flesh  color  in  mass.  CYS- 
TIDIA  none.     TASTE  and  ODOR  farinaceous. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  555 

Gregarious  or  siibcaespitose.  On  tlie  groiiiid  among  leaves  and 
debris  in  conifer  and  fi-ondose  woo'ds.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Eicliniond. 
September.     Freqnent,  abundant  locally. 

The  fading  colors  of  the  pilens,  the  pure  white,  glabrous,  long 
stem,  the  narrow  gills  and  pale  spores  distinguish  this  species. 
Britzelmayr  gives  no  description  except  the  color  of  the  pileus  and 
the-size  of  tlie  spores,  and  hence  I  have  used  his  name  to  avoid  a  new 
one.  It  has  the  stature  and  the  colors  of  E.  rhodopoUuni,  but  differs 
in  its  farinaceous  odor,  the  spores,  narrow  gills  and  the  striate 
margin  of  the  pileus. 

595.     Entoloma  griseum  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  75,  1904. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  obtuse,  -jirm,  then 
fragile,  glabrous,  margin  even  and  often  wavy  at  length,  subhygro- 
phanous,  grayisli-'broicu,  sometimes  pale  umber  (moist),  scarcely 
fading,  innately  silky  (dry),  cuticle  someicJiat  differentiated  form- 
ing a  tliin,  separaMe  pellicle,  margin  decurved.  FLESH  hygro- 
phanous,  very  scissile,  moderately  thin.  GILLS  adnexed,  becom- 
ing emarginate,  moderately  broad,  close  or  slightly  subdistaut,  whit- 
ish-grayish, slowly  flesh  color,  sometimes  veined.  STEM  3-8  cm. 
long,  4-10  mm.  thick,  subrigid,  equal  or  attenuated  either  upwards 
or  downwards,  silky-fibrillose,  tcliitish  or  tinged  gray,  stuffed  to 
hollow,  sometimes  solid  below,  subshining.  SPORES  tuberculate- 
angular,  7-9x6.5-8  micr.,  splioeroid,  apiculus  prominent,  pale  flesh 
color  in  mass.  ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous,  at  least  when  flesh 
is  crushed,  rarely  lacking  this  odor. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  low  woods,  both  coni- 
ferous and  frondose.  Throughout  the  State,  Marquette,  New  Ricli- 
mond,  Ann  Arbor.     May-October.     Frequent  but  scattered. 

This  species  is  similar  at  times  to  E.  sericeum,  Fr. ;  it  is  a  stouter 
plant,  usually  without  an  umbo  on  the  pileus,  and  the  colors  are 
paler.  The  margin  of  the  cap  is  not  striate  in  typical  plants,  but 
this  character  is  sometimes  obscure.  Specimens  which  lack  the 
mealy  odor  are  not  infrequent  in  spring.  The  flesh  is  rather  firm 
but  shot  through  with  watery  lines  and  is  scissile.  The  stem  is 
often  abruptly  attenuated  below  and  its  interior  is  composed  of  a 
fibrous  pith  at  first  which  disappears  in  places  leaving  cavities. 
The  cuticle  of  the  pileus  has  a  slight  gelatinous  feel  but  is  never 
viscid.     The  gills  are  not  always  noticeably  grayish    but    merely 


556  THE  AGARICACEA5:    OF   MICHIGAN 

pallid.  Foiins  which  seem  otherwise  to  belong  here  have  a  slight 
iilkaliiie  odor.  Solitary  specimens  appear  as  early  as  May  around 
Ann  Arl»or.  I  liave  i'ound  this  species  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains, 
and  it  agrees  in  all  respects  with  our  i)lants  except  that  the  spores 
are  slightly  smaller,  G-7.5  x  6-7  micr.,  the  size  assigned  to  them  by 
Peck. 

596.     Entoloma  sericeum  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  ISoG-OS. 

Jlluslrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  320. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  276. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  72,  Fig.  5. 
Plate  CVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  convex  expanded,  mot-e  or  less  umbonate, 
glabrous,  hygrophanous.  uinher-'brovjii  ( moist),  umbo  darker,  fad- 
ing to  grayish-brown  and  silkj'-shining  (dry),  striatulate  on  margin 
when  moist,  margin  at  first  regular  then  wavy.  FLESH  thin,  con- 
color,  moist.  GILLS  adnexed-emarginate  or  broadest  behind  and 
rounded-adnate,  moderately  hroad,  close  to  snbdistant,  gray  or 
graj'ish-white  at  first,  edge  entire.  STEM  2-6  cm.  long,  3-5  mm. 
thick,  stuft'ed  then  hollow,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  sometimes 
compressed  or  twisted,  grayish-hrowii  or  tinged  icith  gray,  innate- 
ly silky-fibrillose.  SPORES  sphoeroid,  tubercnlate-angular,  8-9.5 
(iiicl.  a])iculus)  x  6-7  niicr.,  apicnlus  prominent,  deep  flesh  color  in 
mass.     ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous. 

Gregarious.  On  tlie  ground,  in  open  woods  among  grass  or  fallen 
leaves.     Ann  Arbor.     June-July.     Infrequent. 

This  species  is  characterized  by  its  medium  to  small  size,  dark 
brown  cap,  the  presence  of  an  umbo,  the  grayish  gills  and  the 
mealy  odor.  The  umbo  almost  disappears.  In  Europe  it  is  said 
to  be  abundant  and  to  grow  in  grassy  pastures  or  meadows.  I 
have  not  found  it  in  such  a  luibitat.  Tlie  surface  of  the  cap  'has 
a  sheen  almost  velvety  as  slunvn  in  our  illustration.  E.  griseum 
differs  in  the  truly  convex  cap  without  an  umbo,  and  is  usually 
larger.  Tlie  spores  of  these  two  species  are  alike,  and  there  is  some 
question  whetlier  they  do  not  inn  into  each  otJier. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  557 

597.     Entoloma  strictius  Pk.     (Suspected) 

N.  Y.  State  Miis.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  2,  Figs.  G-9. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  138,  p.  11:G,  1900. 
Plate  CVII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2. .5-0  cm.  broad,  rigid-fragile,  obtusely  couic-campa- 
nulate  to  broadly  campanulate,  then  expanded  and  often  strongly 
umhonate,  glabrous,  hygrophanous,  umber  to  watery  cinnamon 
(moist),  pearl-gray  and  silky-shining  (dry),  margin  even  or  pel- 
lucid-striatulate  when  moist,  somewhat  wavy,  thin  and  at  length 
splitting.  FLESH  quite  thin,  concolor,  scissile.  GILLS  adnexed, 
then  emarginate  or  sinuate,  ventricose,  hroad,  narrowed  in  front, 
close  to  subdistant,  white  or  pallid  then  ros^'-incarnate,  edge 
minutely  eroded.  STEM  G-10  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  thick,  slender, 
cylindrical  or  tapering  slightly  upward,  sometimes  obscurely  bulb- 
ous, strict,  stuffed  then  hollow,  rigid-fragile,  twisted,  fibrillose- 
striate,  pallid  to  pale  grayish-white.  SPORES  elongated-angular, 
curved  toward  apiculus,  10-12  x  0-8  micr.,  nucleate,  cinnamon-rose 
color  in  mass.  BASIDIA  about  40  x  8-9  micr.,  4-spored.  CYSTIDIA 
none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Subcaespitose.  In  swampy  or  low  woods  or  near  sphagnum 
swamps,  near  or  on  much-decayed  stumps,  etc.  July-August.  Ann 
Arbor,  New  Richmond,  East  Lansing.    Infrequent. 

Very  distinct.  The  pileus  is  usually  markedly  campanulate,  with 
a  strikingly  mammate  umbo,  very  hygrophanous  becoming  silvery 
shining  when  dry,  and  the  thin  flesh  is  at  length  split  on  the  margin. 
The  stem  is  very  straight  and  easily  splits  longitudinally.  The 
spore-mass  is  peculiarly  colored;  when  deposited  thickly  on  white 
paper  it  has  a  deep  rufous  or  cinnamon-rose  color.  The  width  of 
the  spores  are  given  too  large  by  Peck.  The  striations  on  the  mar- 
gin of  the  cap  soon  disappear  or  are  lacking.  The  smaller  speci- 
mens have  the  appearance  of  a  Nolanea. 


558  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

598.     Entoloma  grayanum     Pk. 

:N.  V.  «late  Mus.  Kep.  24:,  1872. 

Illustrations :    Atkinson,  ^Mushrooms,  Fig.  157,  p.  145,  1900. 
riate  CVIII  of  this  Report. 
1 

PILEUS  4-12  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  then  expanded  and 
obtuse  or  broadly  umbonate,  firniy  glabrous^  Jiijgrophanous,  watery- 
white,  icJiitisli  or  ijcUoici.sJi-tchife  (moist),  shining-  and  whitish 
(dry),  not  striate,  sometimes  wrinkled  on  disk.  FLESH  relatively 
thin,  whitisli  or  tinged  yellowish,  scissile,  not  compact.  GILLS 
adnexed,  becoming  emarginate,  at  first  rounded  behind,  broad, 
ventricose,  rather  close,  thickish,  white  then  deep  tiesh  color,  edge 
entire  or  eroded-crisped.  STEM  5-12  cm.  long,  10-20  mm.  thick, 
equal  or  subequal,  firm,  stout,  variouslj'  thickened,  fibrous-stuffed, 
solid  at  base,  straight  or  curved,  glabrous,  silky-shining,  watery- 
white  or  tinged  faintly  with  yellowish.  SPORES  sphoeroid,  angu- 
lar, 5-G  angled.  8-10  (incl.  apiculns)  x  7-9  micr.,  bright  tiesh  color 
in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  and  STERILE  CELLS  none.  BASIDIA 
clavate,  45x12  micr.,  4-spored.  ODOR  and  TASTE  none  or  rarely 
subfarinaceous  to  slightly  j)ungent. 

(Dried:     Pileus  fuscous;  stem  sordid ;  gills  dingy  flesh-color.) 

Solitary  or  subcaespitose-gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  woods. 
August-October.     Ann  Arbor,  Negaunee. 

Distinguished  by  its  whitish  or  yellowish-white  pileus  which  has 
a  water}-  cast,  the  hygrophanous  hence  scissile  flesh,  and  the  spores. 
It  is  often  a  noble  plant  and  our  forms  surpass  considerably  the 
sizes  given  by  Peck.  In  fact  its  characters  are  in  some  respects 
so  near  those  of  E.  grande  Pk.,  that  only  its  hygrophanous  flesh  and 
thinner  pileus  seem  to  separate  it.  The  spores  are  sharply  angled 
and  the  apiculns  usually  stands  out  straight  instead  of  obliquely 
as  in  many  others.  Atkinson  (1900)  describes  a  form  with  a  drab- 
colored  pileus.  In  dry  weather  the  yellowish  hues  may  be  alto- 
gether lacking. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  559 

599.    Entoloma  speculum  Fr. 

Epicri.sis,  1S36. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  95,  Fig.  2. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  308. 
Plate  CIX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded  then  expanded-plane 
or  slightly  depressed  around  the  umbo,  margin  somewhat  wavy, 
hygrophaiious,  i)inkish-wMte  (moist),  white  and  silky-shining  (dry), 
the  umbo  obtuse  and  when  moist  whiter  than  the  rest  of  the  pileus, 
margin  even  or  obscurely  striatulate  (moist).  FLESH  thin,  fragile, 
white.  GILLS  emarginate,  broad  behind,  suhdistant,  sometimes 
veined,  white  at  first  then  deep  rose-coJored,  edge  suberoded.  STEM 
3-9  cm.  long  x  3-8  mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed  by  loose  pith  then 
hollow,  sometimes  compressed,  fragile,  shining -white,  silky-libril- 
lose  or  striatulate,  pruinose  at  apex.  SPORES  sphoeroid-angular, 
or  slightly  longer  in  one  direction,  7-9  (including  apiculus)  x  6-7.5 
micr.,  apiculus  suboblique,  nucleate.  CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  none. 

( Dried :  Pileus  dark  rufous-brown  or  fuscous-brown,  stem  brown- 
ish.) 

Solitary  or  subcaespitose.  In  grassy  places  in  w^oods  or  on 
debris.     Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.     Infrequent. 

The  persistently  white  umbo,  deep  color  of  the  gills,  fragile 
texture  and  the  silvery  shining-white  pileus  when  dry,  characterize 
the  species.  The  size  varies  in  different  collections,  normally  rather 
small,  but  in  favorable  situations  becoming  larger  than  figured  in 
the  plates.  The  stem  tends  to  elongate  and  is  very  fragile.  The 
color  is  not  retained  on  drying.  The  spores  are  a  little  large  in 
some  specimens  but  do  not  agree  with  the  large  size  given  by 
Saccardo  and  Massee,  each  of  whom  must  have  dealt  with  a  differ- 
ent species.  The  surface  of  the  pileus  lacks  any  kind  of  differ- 
entiated cuticle.  The  trama  of  the  gills  is  parallel  and  the  margin 
of  the  cap  is  at  first  incurved. 


560  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Section  /  r.  Conoidei.  IMleus  couic  or  campauulate,  not  ex- 
pauded.  iiioisi  ;  stem  sleudei-,  long'  and  hollow;  (»ii  mosses,  especially 
sphagiiuni. 

600.     Entoloma  salmoneum  Pk.     (Suspected) 

^'.  V.  .State  Mus.  l{ep.  I'-i,  1872. 

Illusti-atioiis:     N.  Y.  State  Miis.  liep.  24,  1*1.  4,  1872. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  109,  p.  247,  1UU8. 

PILEUS  10-25  mm.  broad,  often  longer  than  wide,  thin,  conical 
or  campanulate,  papillate  or  subacute,  subhygrophanous  or  moist, 
deep  salmon  color  or  tinged  Avith  orange,  margin  even  or  nearly 
so.  GILLS  adnexed,  hroad,  subdistaut,  ascending,  ventricose,  sal- 
mon-yellow or  salmon-colored.  STEM  5-12  cm.  long,  •  2-4  mm. 
thick,  slender,  equal,  glabrous,  pruinose  at  apex,  hollow,  salmon- 
colored,  innately  silky-striatulate,  becoming  subcartilaginous. 
SPOKES  quadrate-nodulose,  measuring  10-12.5  micr.  diagonally, 
about  9  micr.  wide  from  side  to  side,  apiculus  i)rominent,  rosy-sal- 
mon in  mass.     CYSTIDIA  few  or  none. 

(Dried:    Keddish-ciunamon  to  chestnut  color. j 

(iregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  conifer  woods,  in 
moist  places,  usually  among  mosses.  August  and  September.  In 
northern  Michigan,  Bay  View,  Negaunee,  Detroit.  Infrequent  and 
local. 

A  beautiful  little  Entoloma,  easily  mistaken  for  a  Nolanea.  The 
spores  are  unique  for  the  most  part;  under  the  microscope  they  ap- 
pear like  4-sided  crystals,  but  with  the  sides  less  straight.  Simon 
Davis  reports  that  the  stem  and  sometimes  the  pileus  may  be  tinged 
greenish. 

601.     Entoloma  peckianum  Burt.  var. 

« 

N.  Y.  State  Miis.  Re]).  .54,  1901. 
Illustration:      Ibid.  PI.  F.,  Figs.  9-lG. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  cami»anulate  or  convex-expanded,  hroicn- 
ish-ashy  to  grayish,  streaked  irith  hroicn-gray  fibrils,  umhonate,. 
glabrescent,  even  on  margin.  FLESH  white,  thin.  GILLS  ad- 
Jiate,  becoming  emarginate-sinuate,  rather  broad,  white  then  bright 
flesh  color.  STIOM  5-7  cm.  long,  4-G  mm.  thick,  whitish,  sometimes 
ashy-tinged,  equal  or  tapering    downward,    straight    or    flexuous, 


i 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  561 

stuffed  then  hollow,  white-mycelioid  at  base,  glabrous,  sometimes 
tibrillose-striatulate,  flocculosc-pruinose  at  apex,  subshining  and 
subcartilaginous  when  dry..  SPOKES  angular,  slightly  longer  than 
wide,  5-6  angled,  8-9.5  x  6-7.5  micr.,  apiculus  prominent,  nucleate. 
CYSTIDIA  none. 

Subcaespitose  or  solitary.  Low  grounds  and  swamps  of  frondose 
trees.  July,  August  and  September.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Eichmond, 
Marquette  and  Houghton.     Infrequent. 

This  Entoloma  seems  to  have  characters  of  both  E.  peckianum 
and  E.  murimim  Pk.  It  differs  from  the  former  in  its  smaller 
spores,  color  and  size,  as  these  are  given  in  Peck's  description. 
Our  plants  were  referred  to  E.  peckianum  by  Peck.  This  species 
differs  from  E.  mitriniim  in  the  smaller  spores  and  size  and  in  the 
even  margin  of  the  cap.  From  both  it  would  seem  to  differ  in  its 
lack  of  a  conical  pileus  and  in  its  stouter  habit,  so  that  it  may  turn 
out  to  be  a  distinct  species  belonging  to  the  section  Leptonidei.  In 
his  remarks  on  E.  murinum,  Peck  indicates  that  it  is  smaller  than 
E.  peckianum,  although  he  gives  the  same  size  in  the  published 
descriptions.    Our  plants  always  have  spores  of  the  size  given. 

602.    Entoloma  cuspidatum  Pk.     (Suspected) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  2,  Fig.  14-18. 
Plate  CX  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  1.5-5  cm.  broad,  conical  or  persistently  conical-cam pa- 
nulate,  1-3  cm.  high,  glabrous,  silky-shining,  pale  yellow,  even  or  at 
length  rimulose,  hearing  an  elongated  papilla  at  the  apex,  margin 
at  first  straight,  at  length  irregular.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  ascend- 
ing, narrowly  adnate,  broad  in  middle,  subdistant,  pale  yellow  at 
first,  then  bright  flesh  color,  edge  uneven.  Stem  4-12  cm.  long, 
2-3  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  strict,  sometimes  twisted,  glabrous, 
pale  yellow,  fibrous  or  with  a  subcartilaginous  cuticle.  SPORES 
subquadrate,  coarsely  angular,  nucleate,  apiculus  prominent.  9-12 
micr.  diam.,  bright  flesh  color.  CYSTIDIA  none;  STERILE 
CELLS  lacking  on  edge  of  gills.  Trama  of  gills  parallel.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious.  On  mosses,  sphagnum,  leucobryum,  etc..  in  swamps 
and  bogs. 

Eloise,  near  Detroit.    August.    Rare. 

A  unique  plant,  collected  by  Mrs.  T.  A.  Cahn  of  the  Detroit 
71 


562  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Mvcolosical  Club  near  Eloise.  It  does  uot  seem  to  have  been  re- 
l>oi-ted  outside  of  New  York.  The  pileus  and  stem  fade  on 
losing  moisture,  but  it  is  not  liygrophanous.  It  is  a  close  relative 
of  E.  sahnonvuin,  but  with  diilerent  colors  and  marked  by  the 
prominent  cusp  at  the  apex  of  the  cap. 

Clitopilus  Fr. 
(From  the  (Ireek,  llitos,  a  slope,  and  pilos,  a  felt-cap.) 

Pink-spored,  without  volva  or  annulus.  Stem  fleshy  or  fibrous, 
not  cartilaginous,  confluent  with  the  pileus  whose  margin  is  at 
first  involute.  Gills  decurrent  or  uilnute  but  not  becoming  sinuate 
nor  seceding.     Pileus  usually  depressed  or  umbilicate. 

Terrestrial  plants,  often  with  a  farinaceous  odor  or  taste;  none 
are  known  to  be  poisonous.  The  decurrent  gills  ally  them  with  the 
genus  Clitocybe  of  the  white-spored  group. 

The  PILEUS  is  glabrous  or  pruinose  in  most  species ;  in  C.  abor- 
tivus  a  delicate  silky  tomentum  covers  the  surface;  in  a  number 
it  is  liygroplianous,  and  in  C.  orceUa  it  is  sliglitly  viscid.  The 
larger  species  are  of  a  firm  consistency ;  the  smaller,  membranous 
or  fragile.  Tlie  colors  are  usually  dull  or  pale,  whitish,  grayish  or 
brownisli.  The  GILLS  furnish  the  characteristic  mark  of  the 
genus.  Although  usually  decurrent,  they  are  sometimes  broadly 
adnate  as  in  Entoloma  and  Leptonia,  but  in  that  case  do  not  be 
come  sinuate-emarginate  in  age,  nor  readily  separate  from  the 
stem.  When  decurrent,  thev  are  usually  narrowed  behind  and  end 
in  a  point  on  the  stem  as  in  many  Clitocybes.  When  mature  the 
gills  of  the  different  sj)ecies  present  the  same  variation  of  color 
as  those  of  I']ntoloma.  Some  are  pale  liesh-colored  <»r  deep 
rose;  Peck  grou])ed  them  into  three  groups  with  this  difference 
in  color  as  a  basis.  At  first  the  gills  are  usually  white  or  whitish, 
but  in  C.  micropus,  C.  albof/riscus,  C.  abortivus  and  C.  novaboracen- 
sis  they  are  pale  gray  or  ashj-  at  first.  The  STEM  is  fleshy-fibrous 
but  may  become  rather  rigid  in  the  smaller  forms.  It  is  solid  in 
all  the  larger  forms  and  in  this  respect  differs  markedly  from  most 
Entolomas.  There  is  no  cartilaginous  cuticle  as  in  Eccilia.  The 
SPOKES  are  angular  in  some  species  like  those  of  Entoloma, 
rounded  in  others  as  in  Clitocybe,  varying  in  intensity  of  color  as 
shown  by  the  mature  gills  or  spore-prints.  Ricken  has  moved  all 
those  with  non-angular  spores  to  other  genera  and  omits  the  genus 
Clitopilus  entirely.     ("YSTIDIA  are  absent  as  far  as  known.     The 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  563 

TASTE  is  often  farinaceous,  sometimes  quite  strong;  that  of  C.  nov- 
aboracensis  is  bitter;  in  others  it  is  mild  or  insipid. 

Fries  divided  the  European  species  into  two  sections :  one  with 
deeply  decurrent  gills  and  the  margin  of  the  pileus  at  first  floc- 
culose ;  the  other  with  adnate  or  subdecurrent  gills  and  the  margin 
of  the  pileus  naked.  Peck  suggested  the  use  of  the  different  shades 
of  pink  of  the  mature  gills  as  a  basis  for  the  sections.  It  seems 
to  me  that  the  character  of  the  spores  is  more  fundamental  than 
anj  of  these,  since  the  angular  spores  simulate  those  of  Entoloma, 
the  rounded  ones  those  of  Clitocybe.  In  this  sense,  there  would 
be  two  sections;  the  Angulosporae  and  the  Globosporae.  The  genus 
is  not  well  represented  in  Michigan. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Spores  angular. 

(a)     Pileus  liygrophanous,  1-3  cm.  broad,  fragile. 

(b)     Odor  and  taste  farinaceous;   pileus  grayish-brown   (moist).     605. 

C.  suhvilis  Pk. 
(bb)     Not  farinaceous;  pileus  pinkish-white   (moist).     Spores  smaller 
than  in  the  preceding.     604.     C.  woodianus  Pk. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 

(b)     Pileus  5-10  cm.  broad,  grayish-brown,    often    abortive.      603.     C. 

ahortivus   B.   and   C. 
(bb)     Pileus  less  than  5  cm.  broad,  whitish    to    grayish    or    smoky- 
cinereous, 
(c)     Odor  none. 

(d)     Gills  white  then  somewhat  rosy;    stem    stuffed    to    hollow. 

609.     C.  suhplanus  Pk. 
(dd)     Gills  dark  ashy;  stem  solid  or  fibrous.    606.    C.  undatus  Ft. 
(cc)     Odor  farinaceous;   gills  gray  at  first, 
(d)      Stem  slender,  3-6  cm.  long,  solid;   pileus  glabrous.     608.     C. 

albogriseus  Pk. 
(dd)      Stem  short,  1-2  cm.  long,  solid;   pileus  silky.     607.     C.  mi- 
croinis   Pk. 
(AA)      Spores  not  angular.      (Slightly  in  C.  novaboracensis.) 

(a)     Pileus  somewhat  viscid    (moist),  white  or  whitish,  3-7  cm.  broad. 

611.     C.  orccUa  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  viscid. 

(b)     Taste  bitter;    pileus  concentrically-cracked,  brownish-gray;    gills 

deeply  decurrent.     612.     C.  novaboracensis  Pk. 
(bb)     Taste  not  bitter. 

(c)     Plants  very  caespitose,  fragile,  pileus  5-15  cm.  broad,  whitish, 

moist.     613.     C.  caesintosus  Pk. 
(cc)     Plants    gregarious,    firm;    pileus    3-10     cm.     broad,     white     or 
tinged  gray.     610.     C.  pmnulus  Fr. 


564  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Section   1.     Angulosporac.     Spores   augular  or   tuberculate. 

603.     Clitopilus  abortivus  B.  &  C.     (Edible) 
Aim.  Nat.  Hist.,  1859. 

Illustrations:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  202,  p.  250,  1908. 
(Abortive  form)   Ibid,  Fig.  203. 

(Abortive  form)  Minnesota  Mushrooms,  Fig.  33,  p.  57,  1910. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  54,  PL  78,  1902. 
Plate  CXI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  then  plane  to  subdepressed, 
dry,  at  first  covered  Avith  a  delicate  silky  tomentum,  glabrescent, 
grayisli-liroicn,  duU,  becoming  isahellme,  margin  even.  FLESH 
white.  GILLS  decurrent,  varying  to  merely  aduate  with  a  tooth, 
thin,  close,  pale  gray  at  first,  then  rosy  to  salmon  color,  rather  nar- 
row. STEM  3-9  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  solid,  fibrous,  subequal, 
minutel}'  flocculose,  sometimes  striate,  pale  grajish-brown  to  isabel- 
line.  SPORES  elongated  angular,  irregular,  8-10  x  5-6  micr., 
nucleate,  jmle  rose  color  or  almost  salmon  color  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA 
none.    ODOR  and  TASTE  somewhat  farinaceous. 

(Dried:  Pileus  brownish-gray,  stem  sordid  white,  gills  dingy  deep 
flesh  color). 

Subcaespitose,  gregarious,  occasionally  solitary.  Habitat  varies: 
found  frequently  in  low  woods  of  elm,  maple,  etc.,  on  wooded  hill- 
sides, ravines,  of  frondose  or  mixed  woods;  sometimes  on  rotten 
wood.  Late  August  to  middle  October.  Common  in  southern  Mich- 
igan. 

Often  some  of  tlic  individuals  of  one  patch  are  attacked — ap- 
parently by  some  other  fungus — and  do  not  develop  the  cap  and  gills^ 
but  remain  as  abortive,  whitish  masses,  with  the  appearance  of  puff- 
balls;  the  interior  however  retains  its  Avhitisli  color,  and  does  not 
become  brown,  olive  or  purple  as  in  puff-balls.  Their  shape  varies 
from  globular  to  depressed,  often  umbilicate  above.  Sometime's  all 
of  the  sjiecimens  are  found  in  this  condition,  but  careful  searching 
of  the  locality  usually  brings  to  light  normal  individuals.  Mcllvaine 
savs  the  abortive  ones  are  fair  eating. 

604.     Clitopilus  woodianus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  Slate  Mus.  IW]k  24,  1872. 

I*1LET'S  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex,  then  ]»lane,  obtuse  or  slightly 
depressed,  sometimes  umbonate,  fragile,  liygroplianous,   brownish- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  563 

huff  Of  watenj-Khite  (moist),  white  or  tinged  slightly  yellowish  or 
brownish  and  silky  shining  (dry),  glabrous,  margin  striatulate 
(moist).  FLE!??n  thin,  white.  GILLS  hvoadly  adiiate  to  suhdeour- 
rent,  not  sinuate,  moderately  close,  rather  broad,  thickish,  whitish 
then  deep  flesh-colored.  STEM  4-6  cm,  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  equal  or 
tapering  upward,  glabrous,  stuffed  with  a  firm  ]>ith,  cuticle  sub- 
cartilaginous,  innately  silky-striatulate,  somewhat  pellucid-white, 
elastic.  SPOEES  sphoeroid-angular,  7  micr.  diameter,  nucleate, 
deep  flesh  color  in  mass.     TASTE  and  ODOR  none. 

Solitary,  On  the  ground  or  on  rotten  logs  in  frondose  or  cedar 
woods.     Ann  Arbor,  Marquette.     September.     Rare. 

This  differs  from  C.  subvilis  in  its  small  spores,  whitish  color, 
close  gills  and  lack  of  odor.  The  stem  is  rather  elastic  for  the 
genus  and  inclines  to  that  of  Xolanea.  The  pileus  is  depressed 
around  the  low  umbo  and  tinged  brownish  there.  It  has  a  stouter 
stem  and  smaller  spores  than  Entoloma  sericellnni,  and  is  hygro- 
phanous. 

605.     Clitopilus  subvilis  Pk.     (Edible) 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  40,  1887, 

PILEUS  1.5-3  cm.  broad,  fragile,  convex-campanulate,  depressed  to 
umbilicate,  hygroplianous,  hrown  or  loatery  gray isli-hr own  (moist), 
paler  and  silky-shining  when  dry,  margin  decurved  and  somewhat 
wavy,  slightly  striatulate  (moist),  glabrous.  FLESH  thin,  moist. 
GILLS  broadly  adnate  or  subdecurrent,  sabdistant,  rather  broad, 
whitish  then  flesh-colored,  edge  uneven.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm, 
thick,  fleshy-fibrous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  equal  or  subequal,  glabrous, 
tinged  brownish,  silky-shining,  SPORES  strongly  4-6  angled,  sub- 
quadrate  to  subrectangular  in  focus,  sides  straight  or  concave, 
apiculus  oblique,  8-10x7-9  micr.,  nucleate.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous. 

(Dried:    Dark  brown  to  umber.) 

Solitary.  Ground  in  hemlock  woods,  Houghton.  July-August. 
Infrequent. 

It  differs  from  C.  icoodiaiuis  in  the  color,  subdistaut  gills  and 
spores.  From  similar  species  in  other  piuk-spored  genera,  it  differs 
by  its  fleshy-fibrous  stem  and  its  adnate,  not  seceding  gills. 


566  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

606.     Clitopilus  undatus  Fr. 
(Sense  of  Patouillard.) 

Eldciisis.  ]88(J-38. 

lllustiaticms:     Fiics.  Icmies.  IM.  iiO,  Fig.  4. 
Patouilhiid.  Tab.  Aiialyt.,  No.  428. 
Cooke,  111..  1*1.  48(;. 

PILFFS  1.5-0.5  (111.  liroad.  jninilc.  decjdy  uiiihilicate  to  subiii- 
I'uiidihulif'orm,  dark  xiii(iJ:j/-<ir(ij/  iiiioisTi,  fading,  o])aqiie,  silky  wheu 
dry.  splitting  radially  in  age.  sometimes  obscurely  zonate,  marijhi 
icavij,  lleshy,  eoucolor.  (jILLS  dccnrrviii.  broad  in  llie  middle, 
thin,  close,  durlx  cinereous,  at  length  tinged  by  the  spores, 
edge  entire.  STFM  short,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  l.S-.')  mm.  thick,  equal, 
terete,  solid,  even,  tough-elastic,  glabrous,  hrownish-ashy  to  pale 
broicn.  SPOKFS  irregularly  subglobose-oval,  angular,  7-9x6-6.5 
micr.,  nucleate,  reddish-Hesh  color  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
ODOP  none. 

On  mossy  ground  or  much  decayed  w  ood,  in  open  frondose  woods. 
Ann  Arbor.     August.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  its  dark  gray  gills,  lack  of  odor  and  angular  spores. 
Ricken  refers  it  to  Paxillus  and  assigns  to  it  smooth  spores,  in  which, 
he  differs  from  other  authors.  Our  plants  had  a  solid  stem  while 
Fries  describes  the  stem  with  a  cavity.  In  all  other  respects  it 
agrees  well  with  the  Friesian  description.  Patouillard  reports  the 
stem  either  solid  or'  hollow  and  doubtless  he  had  our  species. 

607.     Clitopilus  micropus  Pk. 

y.  Y.  State  Mus.  Pep.  :31,  1879. 

Illustration  :    X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  54,  PL  78,  1902. 

I'lLFUS  small,  1-2  cm.  broad.  fr(i(/il(\  convex  then  depressed,  um- 
hUirate,  silkij,  U''^'.'J^  usually  slightly  zoned  on  margin,  margin  de- 
curved.  GILLS  adnato-decurrent,  iKirroic,  narrowed  in  front  and 
behind  to  a  point,  close,  gray  then  mini  on-colored.  STEM  short, 
1-2  cm.  long,  2-o  mm.  thick,  solid  or  witli  a  slight  cavitj^,  pruinose, 
gray,  white-mycelioid  at  base.  SPORES  elongated  angular-tuber- 
culate,  9-10x5-6  micr.,  nucleate,  pale  salmon  color.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  farinaceous. 

( D r i ed  :     Da r k  gr ay . ) 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  567 

Gregaiions  oi-  snbcaespitose.  On  the  grouiKl.  grassy  places,  sandy 
fields  or  thin  woculs.  .Inly-i^eptenibei-.  Tlirongiiout  the  State.  Ann 
Arbor,  Detroit,  New  Iticlnnond,  Marquette.    Frequent. 

Sometimes  it  occius  in  abundance  in  one  place.  There  is  a  pale 
variety,  almost  white,  which  is  widely  distributed.  The  short 
stem,  umbilicate  and  subzouate  pileus  distinguish  it  from  C.  al- 
bogrisciis.  It  is  rarely  if  ever  found  in  deep  woods.  It  ditfers 
from  C.  suhplaiius  in  its  fragile  cap. 

608.     Clitopilus  albogriseus  Pk.     (Edible) 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  31,  1879. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  cony  ex,  firm,  then  plane,  depressed  or  um- 
bilicate, glabrous,  pale  gray,  margin  even.  GILLS  adnato-decurrent^ 
close,  rather  hroad.  grayish  then  flesh  color.  STEM  3-C  cm.  long,  2-5 
mm.  thick,  solid,  subequal,  glabrous,  pale  gray.  SPOKES  elongated- 
angular,  10-12x6-7  micr.,  apiculus  oblique  and  prominent.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  farinaceous. 

Gregarious  or  solitary.  Ground,  in  conifer  or  frondose  woods. 
Ann  Arbor,  Mai^iuette,  Houghton.  July-September.  Not  infre- 
quent in  northern  Michigan. 

The  large  spores  and  longer  stem  separate  it  from  C.  micropus; 
the  solid  stem  and  the  spores  from  C.  snhplaiuis.  These  three  are 
closely  related. 

609.     Clitopilus  subplanus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Bull.  122,  190S. 

.  PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  somewhat  plane,  de- 
pressed or  umbilicate,  glabrous,  innately  silky,  grayish-icJiite  or 
whitish.  GILLS  adnato-decurrent,  close,  moderately  broad,  white 
then,  flesh  color.  STEMS  2-4  cm.  long,  2-1:  mm.  thick,  toiij/kish, 
terete  or  subcompressed,  subsilky,  cuticle  subcartilagiuous,  even. 
SPORES  angular,  9-11  x  G-7  micr.,  flesh-colored  in  mass;  no  cystidia. 

Scattered.  On  decaying  leaves,  etc.,  in  mixed  woods.  New  Rich- 
mond, Bay  View.     July-September.     Frequent  locally. 

This  species  differs  from  the  two  preceding  in  its  white  gills 
Avhen  young  and  its  stuffed  to  hollow  stem.  The  whole  plant  is 
rather  tougli  and  its  taste  and  odor  are  not  farinaceous. 


568  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Section  II.  Glohosporae.  Spores  rounded,  neither  angled  nor 
tubercular. 

610.     Clitopilus  prunulus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.   MyooL.  1821.       • 

Illustrations:    Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  i:j.j,  p.  142.  ir>00. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  200,  p.  248,  11)08. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  48,  PI.  14,  189G,  IJot.  ed. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  42,  p.  131,  1900. 

Kicken,  P>latterpilze,  PL  27,  Fig.  5  (as  I'a.j-iUu.s  pninidnti). 
Clements,  Minn.  Mushrooms,  Fig.  34,  p.  58,  1910. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  322. 

••1»ILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  at  first  obtuse,  convex  then  nearly  plane, 
frm.  dry,  'pruinate,  white  to  dark-gray,  often  eccentric,  margin  even 
and  often  wavy.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  deeply  decurrent,  suhdis- 
tant,  narrow,  white  then  flesh-colored.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  5-15  mm. 
thick,  solid,  naked,  striate,  subequal  or  tapering,  sometimes  veu- 
tricose.  SPORES  subfusiform  to  subelliptical,  pointed  at  ends, 
10-12x5-7  micr.,  smooth,  with  three  deep  longitudinal  furrows, 
tinged  salmon.    ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous/' 

Ground  in  open  woods.  July-September,  Ann  Arbor,  Lansing. 
Infrecjuent. 

The  general  appearance  is  that  of  C.  orcella  but  its  cap  is  firm 
and  not  viscid  and  the  stem  is  glabrous.  Massee  and  Hard  give  the 
spores  too  small.  Only  Hennings,  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  and  Ricken 
mention  the  characteristic  furrows  of  the  spores.  It  has  not  been 
seen  by  me  in  abundance  and  is  apparently  rather  rare  in  the  State. 
Its  edible  qualities  are  highly  praised.  In  France  it  is  called  the 
^'Mousserou"  by  the  peasants.  An  abortive  form  is  described  by 
^Icllvaine. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  569 

611.     Clitopilus  orcella  Fr.     (Edible) 
;Syst.  Mycol,  1821. 

Illustrations:    N.  Y.  Miis.  Rep.  48,  PI.  U,  189G,  Bot.  e<l. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  201,  p.  249.  1908. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  323. 

Gillet,  Champignous  de  France,  No.  145. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  427. 

PILEUS  3-9  cm.  broad,  convex  at  first,  soon  expanded,  plane  then 
-depressed,  soft,  somewhat  viscid,  silky,  white  to  whitish  or  tinged 
yello\vish,  margin  often  undulate-lobed,  even.  FLESH  white. 
GILLS  deeply  decurrent,  close,  narrow,  edge  entire,  white,  then 
pale  salmon-colored  from  spores.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  4-10  mm. 
thick,  rather  short,  solid,  soft,  ffocciilose,  sometimes  eccentric,  sub- 
equal  to  subventricose.  SPORES  9-11  x  4-0  micr.,  fusiform  to  oval- 
elongated,  narrowed  toward  apiculus,  nucleate,  pale  salmon  color 
in  mass,  furrowed,  smooth.     ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous. 

(Dried:     Pileus  and  stem  dull-white;  gills  salmon-colored.) 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  or  on  moss,  in  low  oak 
and  maple  woods,  grassy  places,  etc.  July- September,  Ann  Arbor, 
Detroit,  Jackson.     Frequent  in  southern  Michigan. 

This  apparently  diifers  from  C.  prunulus  in  its  viscid  pileus  when 
moist,  in  its' closer  gills  and  the  soft  texture.  It  is  more  abundant 
than  that  species.  Its  edibility  is  the  same  and  for  that  purpose 
need  not  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding.  I  have  not  found  it 
in  conifer  regions.  It  is  often  considered  identical  with  C.  prunulus, 
but  is  at  least  a  variety. 

612.     Clitopilus  novaboracensis  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

Illustrations :     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  204,  p.  251,  1908. 
Compare  illustrations  of  C.  popinalis  Fr, 
Fries,  Icones,  PL  9G,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  485. 

PILEUS  3-G  cm.  broad,  convex,  plane  or  umbilicato-depressed, 
concentrically  rivulose,  glabrous,  obscurely  zonate  toward  margin, 
which  is  inrolled  at  first  and  often  wavy,  dingy-white,  tinged  ashy. 
FLESH  thin,  white,   fiaccid.     GILLS   deeply  decurrent.   crowded, 


570  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

narrow,  brownish-ashy  to  pallid  with  a  slight  flesh  color,  becoming 
ashy-stained,  edge  entire.  STEM  o-U  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  rather 
slender,  fe.rihJc,  stnfled  then  hollow,  pruinose  or  tomentose,  white- 
niycelioid  at  base,  snbequal,  concolor  or  paler  than  pileus.  SPOKES 
oval,  obscnrely  or  not  at  all  aiignlar,  5-0x4-4.5  micr.,  apicnlate, 
pale  tlesh  color  in  mass.  ODOK  farinaceous.  Taste  bitteri.sh  or 
very  bitter. 

(Dried:     Pileus  and  gills  brownish-gray.) 

Snbcaespitose  or  solitary.    ( )ii  the  ground  in  hemlock  woods.    Ann 
Arbor.  li.\y  ^'iew.     August.     Infrequent.' 

\i\y.  hrevis  Pk.  is  reported  by  Longyear  in  frondose  woods,  East 
Lansing.  This  variety  is  pure  white,  Avith  gills  merely  subdecurrent 
and  stem  short.  The  species  is  referred  by  some  to  C.  poplnaUs  Fr. 
The  spores  of  the  American  plant  appear  rounded  under  ordinary 
magnification,  but  when  magnified  about  1500  diameters,  it  is  seen 
that  they  are  slightly  angled.  The  angles  are  not  sharply  nmrked 
and  the  spores  never  appear  tubercular-angled  as  figured  by  Cooke 
for  C.  popinalis;  some  appear  to  be  altogether  rounded.  The  dark 
plants  may  be  mistaken  for  Clitocybe  cyuthiforme,  but  the  pileus 
of  the  latter  is  not  rivulose-cracked.  Some  Tricholomas  have  a 
pileus  of  the  same  color  and  markings.  The  plants  often  turn  ashy 
where  bruised. 

613.     Clitopilus  caespitosus  Pk. 

^\  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  188S. 

Illustrations :    Plates  CXII,  CXIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-15  cm.  broad,  at  first  convex,  soon  expanded  and  plane 
to  depressed,  somewhat  firm  but  brittle,  very  fragile  when  moist 
or  water-soaked,  glabrous,  whitish  to  gray-tinged  when  young, 
watery-dingy-white  (moist),  dull  ichitish  to  pale  tan  and  silky- 
shining  (dry  I,  even,  margin  at  first  inrolled,  often  recurved  and 
sjdit  in  age.  FLI^SH  pallid  to  white,  thin,  subhygrophanous,  some- 
what scissile.  (JILLS  very  crowded  and  narrow,  adnate-decurrent, 
thin,  dingy  pale  Hesh  color,  edge  ^sometimes  minutely  crenulate. 
STEM  .'1-7  cm.  long,  5-lL'  mm.  thick,  equal  or  lapcriu;/  (lowuu-ard, 
silky-fibrilbtse,  scurfy  at  apex,  stutfed,  fragile  in  age,  pallid,  easily 
splitting.  SPORES  short-oblong,  4-5x2.5-3  micr.,  smooth,  sordid- 
white  with  a  pink  tinge  in  mass.  ODOR  slightly  fragrant.  TASTE 
none.  ♦ 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  571 

(Dried:  Pileu8  and  stem  dingy-white  tinged  tan  color;  gills 
browuisli-flesli  color.) 

Very  caespitose,  sometimes  singly.  On  the  ground  in  open  oak 
and  maple  woods  of  southern  Michigan;  in  mixed  woods  of  maple 
and  pine  in  the  north.  August-October.  Throughout  the  Htate. 
Infrequent. 

This  is  easily  mistaken  for  a  Clitocybe.  The  spores  have  a  dingy- 
flesh  tinge  in  mass,  like  Trk-holoiiia  pcrsonatum  and  Tricholoma 
panocolum  var.  cctespifosum.  In  rainy  weather  it  is  water-soaked  and 
appears  as  if  hygrophanous.  Its  fragile  flesh  and  its  usually  large 
size  separate  it  from  other  Clitopili.  It  seems  to  be  much  more 
closely  related  to  the  genus  Clitocybe  than  to  Clitopilus. 

Leptonia  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  lepklioii,  a  small  scale.) 

Pink-spored.  Pileus  at  length  siihexpanded  and  depressed  in 
center,  umbilicus  minutely  squamulose,  margin  at  first  incurred. 
Stem  cartilaginous,  confluent  with  the  pileus,  stufted,  soon  hollow. 
Gills  adnexed  or  adnate,  seceding.     Spores  anr/ular. 

Terrestrial,  lignicolous  or  sphagnicolous.  Ilather  small,  slender- 
stemmed  plants  of  low  wet  places  in  woods  or  swamps.  They  cor- 
respond to  Collybia  of  the  white-spored  groui».  From  Nolanea  they 
are  distinguished  by  the  more  expanded,  subumbilicate  pileus  whose 
margin  is  at  first  incurved  instead  of  straight  on  the  stem. 

The  PILEUS  is  often  minutely  scaly  or  fibrillose,  sometimes  gla- 
brous ;  hj^grophanous  or  merely  moist ;  even  or  striate  on  the  margin. 
The  colors  are  often  bright,  rosy,  violet,  yellowish,  greenish  or  blue- 
black.  As  in  Collybia,  the  pileus  tends  to  expand  rather  fully, 
because  of  the  position  of  the  margin  when  young.  The  peculiar 
lustre  is  due,  according  to  Patouillard,  to  the  presence  of  air  be- 
tween the  hyphae  of  the  surface  layer.  The  GILLS  secede  from  the 
stem  at  maturity  as  in  Nolanea;  at  first  they  are  either  adnexed 
or  adnate.  The  color  when  young  is  to  be  noted,  as  it  varies  in  dif- 
ferent species,  at  first  it  may  be  gray,  bluish,  or  whitish,  at  length 
the  gills  are  colored  by  the  spores.  The  STEM,  as  in  Nolanea  and 
Eccilia,  is  cartilaginous,  hollow  (sometimes  stuffed),  confluent  with 
the  pileus  but  of  a  ditterent  texture;  it  is  composed  of  ]>arallel 
hyphae,  with  long  cells,  which  are  regularly  cylindrical.  It  is 
usually  glabrous  and  polished,  but  some  sjjecies  are  dotted  with 
colored   scinamules.      It   is   often    {•onii)ressed    and    furrowed   longi- 


572  THE   A.GARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

tudinally.  The  SPORES  vary  from  fiesli  color  to  bright  rose  and 
are  often  prominently  angled,  sometimes  tnberculate.  CYSTIDIA 
are  uusually  lacking  except  in  L.  seticcps. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  rather  diflicult  to  diagnose.  In 
some  cases  the  color  is  rather  striking,  as  for  example,  of  L.  formosa 
and  L.  rosea;  in  others  the  color  varies  considerably  iu  different 
specimens  of  the  same  species,  e.  g.,  L.  asprella,  so  that  a  microscopic 
study  must  be  the  final  resort.  Not  much  is  known  concerning  their 
edibility,  although  several  species  appear  quite  frequently.  Some  of 
the  species  are  rarely  found  and  this  accounts  for  the  smaller  num- 
ber of  species  for  the  State.  All  species  likely  to  occur  iu  the  State 
are  included  in  the  key. 

Key  io  the  Species 

(a)     Stem  and  pileus  rose-tinged;    on  sphagum.     616.     L.  rosea  Long- 
year, 
(aa)     Stem   and   pileus   white,   becoming    blackish    on    drying;     pileus 
striate;  gills  adnexed;   spores  10-12.5x7-9  micr.     L.  transfonnata 
Pk. 
(aaa)     Stem  and  pileus  waxy-yellowish;  pileus  scaly  to  fibrillose.     618. 

L.  fonnosa  Fr. 
(aaaa)     Stem  and  pileus  neither  rosy,  white  nor  yellowish, 
(b)     Pileus,   stem   and  gills  green    (aeruginous). 
(c)     Odor  strongly  of  mice.    L.  incana  Fr. 
(cc)     Odor  not  mentioned.     L.  aeruginosa  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  and   stem  grayish-brown    to    fuscous,    dark    brown,    or 
light-leather  color. 
(c)     Pileus   hygrophanous,   striatulate. 
(d)     On  rotten  wood;  gills  rounded  behind,  nearly  free,  whitish; 

spores  10  x  7.5  micr.     L.  tmdulatella  Pk. 
(dd)     On  the  ground;   gills  adnate-seceding,  tinged  gray;    spores 
elongate,  10x6-8  micr.     621.     L.  asprella  Fr.  var. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 
(d)     On  rotten  wood;  pileus  walnut-brown;  gills  slightly  adnexed. 

Spores  subglobose.     617.     L.  seticeps  Atk. 
(dd)     On  the  ground;   pileus  paler. 

(e)     Pileus    innately    silky    and    substriatulate;    gills    whitish, 
broad,    adnexed;    stem    glabrous;    spores    quadrate,    9-11  x 
9-10  micr.     L.  solsticialcs  Fr.      (Sense  of  Ricken.) 
(ee)     Gills,  stem  and  pileus  gray,  gills  broad;  spores  sphoeroid, 
8-10  micr.     L.  grisca  Pk. 
(bbb)     Pileus    and    stem    violet,    bluish-black,    smoky    or    steel-blue, 
(c)     Stem  dotted  with  dark  squamules,  at  least  at  apex. 

(d)     Gills  with  a  black  serrulate  edge;   on  the  ground.     619.     L. 

serrulata  Fr. 
(dd)     Gills   with   edge   concolor;      pileus     fuscous,     squamulose; 
stem   tinged    lavender,    squamulose;    on   rotten    wood.      614. 
L.  placida  Fr. 
(c)      Stem  glabrous  or  with  few  evanescent  squamules. 

(d)     Gills  with  a  black  serrulate  edge;   pileus  grayish-white,  um- 
bilicus darker  and  scaly.     L.  siibserrulata  Pk. 
(dd)     Gills   unicolorous. 
(e)     Pileus  hygrophanous,   striate    (moist),  squamulose  to  gla- 
brous; gills  grayish,  adnate;  spores  11-14x6-8  micr.     621. 
L.  asprella  Fr. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  573 

(e)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous,  not  striate. 

(f)     Pileus    at    first    bluish-black,    then    smoky-fuscous;    gills 

adnate,  ventricose,  stem  concolor;  spores  9-12x6-7  micr.; 

on  the  ground.     615.     L.  lavipropoda  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus,  gills  and  stem  rather  dark  violet;    squamulose- 

fibrillose     on     pileus;     spores     subsphoeroid,     8-10x7-8 

micr.;   on  wood,  sawdust,  etc.     620.     L.  euchroa  Fr. 

Section  I.  yonJiygropJiauae.  The  species  of  this  section  are  not 
trnlv  hTgrophanoiis  nor  markedly  striate  on  the  pileus  but  in  wet 
weather  they  may  appear  somewhat  hygrophanous,  and  a  few  species 
are  faintly  or  finely  striate  on  the  pileus. 

"Gills  white  or  ivhitish  at  firmt. 

614.     Leptonia  placida  Fr. 
Syst.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  97. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  330. 
Plate  CXIV  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  then  convex,  obtuse,  rarely 
depressed,  ground  color  jjale  fuscous,  covered  icith  brown  to  black- 
ish silky  scales  which  are  denser  and  darker  on  disk,  often  with  an 
obscure  tinge  of  violet,  not  striate.  FLESH  pallid,  with  a  pinkish 
tinge,  thin.  GILLS  hroad  behind  but  abruptly  narrowed  and  ad- 
nexed,  sometimes  subarcuate  and  subdecurrent,  narrowed  in  front,, 
crowded,  thickish,  whitish  then  flesh  color  from  spores,  edge  con- 
color,  often  eroded-crenate.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  rather  thick,  3-8 
mm.,  cartilaginous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  often  compressed  and 
grooved,  sometimes  twisted  or  variously'  curved,  loosely  dotted  by 
lavender  or  da\'k  blue  to  blackish  squaniules  above,  squaniules  rosy 
or  violet  below,  apex  usually  thickened,  base  white  mycelioid,  some- 
times glabrous  except  at  apex.  SPORES  tuberculate-angular,  ob- 
long, 8-10.5  X  5-0  micr.,  apiculus  obli(iue.     CYSTIDIA  none. 

(Dried:     Dark  fuscous  throughout.) 

Gregarious.  On  rotten  wood,  stumps  and  logs,  in  low  woods  of 
elm,  majile,  etc.  June  to  October.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit.  Frequent 
at  times. 

A  beautiful  plant,  with  a  stouter  and  more  curved  stem  than  the 
terrestrial  Leptonias.  The  shades  of  lavender  and  blue  vary  con- 
siderably in  different  collections,  but  the  peculiar  dark  scales  on 
the  pileus  and  stem  are  unmistakable.  The  gills  of  our  plants  al- 
ways have  a  decurrent  tooth. 


574  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

615.     Leptonia  lampropoda  Fr. 

Svst.  Mvcol.,  1S21. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  lit..  IM.  :5;n. 

(lillet,  Cliainj)i<iii(»iis  dc  l^'rance.  No.  434:. 
Kicken,  Blatterpilze.   PI.  7:1,  Fi^-.  7. 
Swantoii.  IM.  42.  Fi«is.  ;j-5,  IIXII). 

PILEUS  1-3  em.*  bi-oad,  eonvex  then  ])lane,  nmbilicate  or  de- 
pressed, hluish-hhich-  to  jct-hlack  irhcn  j/oinif/,  beconiinji'  snioky- 
fnscons  when  old,  becoming  minutehj  S(jti(iiiiiiIose  by  the  breakin*»- 
Tip  of  the  cuticle,  innately-tibrillose  at  iiist,  sqnaniules  dense  in 
center,  never  striate^  not  papillate,  sometimes  rimose,  margin  de- 
curved  then  raised.  FLESH  at  first  bluish-black,  then  gray  to 
wliite,  subliygrophanous,  thin.  GILLS  adnate-seceding,  moderately 
broad,  subdistant,  rentricose,  white  at  first  then  rose-colored ,  edge 
entire  and  concolor.  STEM  2..5-5  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick,  equal  or 
tapering  ni>ward,  stufi'ed  then  hollow,  often  compressed  and 
grooved,  straight  or  curved,  (jlahrous,  even,  firm,  elastic,  hJid.sh- 
liJticJ:  at  first,  hecoiiiiiif/  fuscous,  white  mycelioid  at  base,  apex  not 
punctate.  SPOEES  variable  in  size,  tuberculate,  angular,  9-13  x  6-7 
nucr.,  rosy  in  mass.    CYSTIDIA  none.    ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  wet  places  in  mixed  hendock  and 
maple  woods.  I5ay  ^^iew,  New  Kichmond,  Marquette.  July-Septem- 
ber.   Frequent  in  conifer  regions. 

Easily  known  by  its  bluish-black  color  when  young,  the  lack  of 
striations  on  the  pileus  and  the  rather  tirni  stem.  It  ai)proaclies 
L.  aspn'lla.  and  1  at  first  referred  it  to  that  sjiecies,  but  the  margin 
of  the  pileus  is  never  striate  and  the  gills  are  not  graj'.  It  has  the 
colors  of  L.  scrnilata  but  the  edge  of  the  gills  does  not,become  black- 
dotted.  The  figures  of  European  authors  do  not  illustrate  our 
plant  well;  this  is  not  surprising,  since  it  is  always  reported  as 
growing  ''among  grass."  In  fiut,  the  majority  of  species  in  England 
are  reported  from  grassy  places,  while  with  us  the  high  winds  and 
dryer  conditions  seldom  favor  their  appearance  in  fields  or  meadows, 
and  the  forest  forms  are  slightly  dillerent  in  a])pearance.  It  agrees 
well  with  the  descrii)ti<ni  of  Fries  given  in  his  .Monographia.  Ricken 
gives  broader. spores;  those  of  our  plants  agree  with  the  size  given 
by  Saccardo. 


I 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  575 

616.     Leptonia  rosea  Longyear 

Mich.  Acad,  of  Sci.  Rep.  3,  1902. 

Illii.stratious :  Ibid,  Plate  I,  Fig.  .5. 
ri^te  CXIV  ol"  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1.5-3.5  cm.  broad,  convex,  tlien  expanded,  depressed  or 
subiimbilicate  at  center,  not  striate,  rose  color  ichen  yoiuuj,  fading 
to  isabelline  witli  reddish  umbilicus,  minutely  fibrillose-scaly,  espe- 
cially at  center.  FLESH  thin,  white.  GILLS  adnate  with  slight 
tooth,  close,  moderately  broad,  ventricose,  broadest  behind,  irhite 
then  flesh  color.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  slender,  scarcely  1.5  mm. 
thick,  equal,  cartilaginous,  glabrous,  stuffed,  appearing  solid,  pale 
roseate,  white-mycelioid  at  base,  subpellucid-striatulate.  SPORES 
angular,  10-12x7-8  micr.,  tlesh  color  in  mass. 

Scattered.  On  sphagnum,  in  cedar  and  tamarack  swamp  (35 
specimens).  Bay  View.  "Burnt  ground  on  a  sandy  hillside,  Kent 
County.     Longyear."     July-September.     Rarely  seen. 

The  difference  in  habitat  of  the  two  localities  where  this  has  been 
found  is  remarkable.  My  own  collection  was  made  entirely'  on 
thick  sphagnum,  but  Longyear  found  the  two  type  specimens  on 
burnt-over  sandv  soil.  Its  prettv  colors  are  attractive  and  it  is 
not  easily  mistaken.  Gillet's  figure  of  Xolanea  rufocarnea  Berk. 
reminds  one  somewhat  of  L.  rosea,  but  our  species  is  a  true  Lep- 
tonia with  a  non-striate  pileus,  without  the  bitter  taste  of  X. 
rufocarnea  and  with  a  different  color. 

617.     Leptonia  seticeps  Atk. 
Jour,  of  Mycol.,  Vol.  8,  1902. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex  to  expanded,  umber  to  brownisli- 
gray,  darker  on  disk,  faintly  and  finely  long-striate.  minutely  granu- 
lose  under  a  lens,  margin  somewhat  incurved  at  first.  FLESH  whit- 
ish, very  thin,  composed  of  two  layers,  surface  layer  of  oval  or 
clavate  long-pediceled  cells  mixed  with  longer,  lanceolate  to  fusoid 
cells,  all  Avith  smoky  content.  GILLS  slif/htly  adnexed  or  free, 
subdistant  to  close,  broad,  elliptical,  white  then  Hesh  color,  edge 
eroded;  the  trama  composed  of  converging  hypliae.  STEM  short. 
1-2  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  glabrous  or  sometimes  villose-dotted, 
whitish  or  brownish,  subcartilagiuous,  solid,  filtrous-striate,  equal 
or    bulbilose,    straight    or    curved,    sometimes    slightly    eccentric. 


576  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

SPOEES  brojully-elliptieal  to  subgloboso.  not  <ni(jii1ar,  miuiite,  6-7  x 
5-0  micr.  in  cliaiuetei-,  pale  tiesh  coloi-  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  more 
or  less  inimeron.s  on  the  edjje  of  the  jiills,  c-lavate  to  elliptical,  some- 
times hair-pointed,  livaline,  oO-CO  x  10-15  micr.  ODOII  and  TASTE 
not  marked. 

Scattered.  On  rotten  logs.  Bay  View,  Houghton,  Ann  Arbor. 
July- September.  Frecjueut  in  hemlock  or  tamarack  woods,  mixed 
with  maple  or  birch. 

This  little  Leptonia  is  partial  to  rotten  wood.  Its  finely  striate, 
granulose  pileus  reminds  one  of  some  of  the  small  species  of  Plnteus 
and  it  approaches  that  genus  also  in  its  smooth  spores  and  clavate 
cystidia.  The  gills  are  slightly  adnexed  or,  in  expanded  specimens, 
thev  raav  be  free,  and  the  stem  is  subcartilaginous.  It  seems  tO' 
form  a  connecting  link  between  Leptonia  and  Plnteus. 

^^ Gills  yclloicish-tuiged. 

618.     Leptonia  formosa  Fr. 

Svst.  Mvcol.,  1821. 

Illustration:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  98. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane  and  umbilicate,  ycllow- 
uax  color,  covered  with  minute  fuscous  squamules,  margin  striate. 
FLESH  thin,  yellow,  toughisli.  membranaceous.  GILLS  adnate,. 
with  a  tooth,  rather  broad,  subdistant,  tiiufcd  yelloic  then  fiesh  color, 
edge  entire,  concolor.  STEM  4-5  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  thick,  strict, 
etiual,  cartilaginous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  yclloic,  glabrous,  shining, 
striatnlate.  SPORES  tuberculate-angular,  rather  rectangular  in 
outline,  10-12x0-7  micr.,  apiculus  oblique,  flesh  color.  CYSTIDIA 
none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Scattered.  In  low.  swanii»y  woods  of  hemlock,  etc.,  in  northern 
Michigan,  in  maple  and  elm  woods  in  southern  Michigan.  July- 
Sei)i ember.     Throughout  the  State.     Frequent  locally. 

Easily  recognized  by  the  yellow  cast  to  the  whole  i)lant  and  the 
striate  and  sciuamulose  pileus.     Fries  says  ''scarcely  different  from 
L.  asprella  excei»t  in  color."     This  is  borne  out  by  the  fact  that  it 
is  subhygrophanous.  which  makes  it  dilticult  to  place  not  only  this- 
but  other  swamp  species  in  tlie  non-hygrophanous  section. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  577 

*** Gills  hluish  or  hlaclcish  at  first. 

619.     Leptonia  serrulata  Fr. 

Syst.  MtcoI.,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Hard,  Miisliroonis,  Fig.  207,  p.  254,  1908. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  437. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  iimbilicate-depressed^ 
not  striate,  at  first  hluish -Mad;,  then  smoky-nmber  or  fuscous  squa- 
mulose,  especially  in  the  umbilicus.  FLESH  thin,  not  hygrophan- 
ous,  whitish.  GILLS  adnate,  white,  tinged  bluish-gray,  edge  hlack- 
serrulate,  ventricose.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  cartila- 
ginous, 'blackish  to  steel-blue,  stuffed  then  hollow,  rigid,  equal,  gla- 
brous, except  the  black-dotted  apex,  white-mycelioid  at  base. 
SPORES  11-4  X  7-8  micr.,  tuberculate-angular,  elongated.  Sterile 
cells  on  the  edge  of  the  gills,  filled  Avith  blackish  coloring  matter. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  In  low  wet  places,  of  mixed  hemlock 
woods  in  the  north ;  ash,  elm  and  maple  woods  of  southern  Michigan. 

Throughout  the  State.     July-September.     Frequent  locally. 

This  species  and  Eccilia  atrides  appear  to  run  into  each  other. 
Both  are  characterized  by  the  black-serrulate  edge  of  the  gills.  In 
Eccilia  they  run  down  the  stem  by  a  broad  tooth.  The  colors 
remind  one  much  of  L.  lampropoda,  which  differs  mainly  in  that  it 
has  not  black-edged  gills  and  is  not  black-dotted  at  the  apex  of  the 
stem.  Varieties  and  related  species  have  been  described,  indicating 
that  these  two  species  run  into  each  other.  Var.  expallens  Fr.  is 
paler;  var.  laevipes  Maire  has  no  black  dots  on  the  stem ;  var.  berke- 
leyi  Maire  has  entire  gills. 

620.    Leptonia  euchroa  Fr. 

Syst.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  334. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  not  umbonate  nor 
truly  umbilicate,  covered  icith  fibrillose  squamules,  riolaccoiis  to 
wine-color,  not  striate,  margin  fibrillose-scaly.  GILLS  subdistaut, 
very  ventricose,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  narrowly  adnate,  sometimes 
pseudo-decurrent  when  pileus  is  expanded,  violet  at  first  then  pallid. 
STEM  slender,  equal,  2-3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  stuffed  then  hollow^, 
73 


578  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

tou<?hislK  f/hibi-oiis  ov  very  delicatclv  tihi-illose  witli  purple  fibrils 
on  (I  tlnrk  riohi  (iroinid.  SPOUICS  tuhcrculiUeaii^nlni-.  cloiiiiahMl, 
10-11*  x(i-7  iiiicr.  (occasionally  wider),  niiiiU's  obtuse.  CY>>T1D1A 
none. 

Siibcaespitose.  On  sawdust,  i-otteu  wood,  etc.  Bay  View.  July- 
Aui?ust.     Rare. 

This  beautiful  little  j»laiit  is  a  wood-inhabiting-  s])ecies  like  L. 
placitJd  but  much  more  slender.  Tlie  spores  of  oui-  [ilants  are  longer 
than  the  measurements  given  hy  the  English  mycologists  and  their 
coarse  obtuse  angles  make  them  somewhat  uniciue.  When  <»ld,  the 
translucent  margin  of  tlie  pileus  shows  the  lines  of  the  gills  so 
as  to  a])iK'ar  striate,  a  cdndition  often  found  in  other  non-striate 
S])ecies  when   old. 

Section  11.  Bi/f/rophanac.  Pileus  hygrojihanous.  margin  striate 
Avhen  fresh  and  moist. 

621.     Leptonia  asprella  Fr. 

Syst.  .Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustration:     Atkinson,  :\rushr<)(.nis.  Fig.  i:;i>,  p.  147,  l!)0(l. 

PILEUS  2-1  cm.  broad,  convex,  becoming  somewhat  exi)anded,' 
undulicate-depressed,  (jhihroii.s  or  fibriUosc,  striaiidatc  irlicn  moist, 
und)ilicus  villose  or  scaly,  hygrophanous,  silky-shining  when  dry, 
from  i)ale  und)er  to  grayish-brown,  variable  in  color,  margin  becom- 
ing s})lit.  FLESH  Avatery  to  whitish,  thin,  rather  fragile.  (ITLLS 
adnexed  to  adnate  seceding,  si(h(list<ni1\  niihcr  broad,  iiarroircd  in 
front,  whitish  to  grayish,  then  rosy  from  the  spores,  edge  concolor, 
entire.  STEM  o-8  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  slender  and  usually 
straight,  rigid  and  elastic  but  fragile,  glabrous,  livid-fuscous  to  pale, 
stulfed  then  hollow,  sometimes  twisted,  white-mycelioid  at  base,  apex 
l)minose.  SPOKES  angular,  angles  shar]),  O-P^xd-S  micr..  broadly 
ellii)ti(el(.nga1e  in  .mtline.  CVSTIDIA  none.  ODOP  and  TASTE 
mild. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  woods.  Pay  View, 
New  llichnKUid,  Ann  Arlxn-.     lnfre(iuent.     August-Se]»tend)er. 

This  s])ecies  varies  considerably,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  settled 
notion  of  its  exact  limitations.  Cooke  tigures  a  jdant  quite  different 
in  color  and  size  t'roni  that  of  the  above  description.  The  striations 
:are  not  always  detinilcly  [>resent,  especially  in  the  dry  plant.     The 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  579 

spores  are  variable  in  size,  even  in  the  same  plant.  One  variety  oc- 
curs  in  low,  mossy  or  spliagnons  places.  Its  pileus  is  pale  isabelline 
or  pale  brownish-gray  when  moist,  slightly  virgate  witli  hbi-ils, 
scarcely  or  not  at  all  striatulate.  The  gills  are  white  at  first.  The 
stem  is  of  the  same  color  or  is  slightly  paler  than  the  pileus,  so 
that  the  Avhole  plant  has  a  uniform  cohn-  when  fresli  and  mature. 
The  cap  is  apt  to  be  truncate  at  the  apex  and  campanulate;  in  all 
other  respects  it  agrees  with  the  species.  L.  aspreUa  is  found  in 
coniferous  regions,  e.  g.,  Bay  View,  New  Richmond.  See  Kick  en's 
figure  of  L.  anatina,  PI.  73,  Fig.  9.  That  species,  however,  has 
markedly  narrow  gills. 

Nolanea  Fr. 
(From  Latin,  Xola,  a  little  bell.) 

Pink-spored.  Stem  liolJotr  and  cartilaginous  or  tough,  usually 
slender,  (iills  aduate,  adnexed  or  almost  free,  seceding,  not  <lecur- 
rent.  Pileus  thin,  caniixiiuihite,  usually  papillate,  margin  at  first 
straight  and  applied  to  the  stem.    Spores  angular. 

Terrestrial,  small,  slender  plants,  corresponding  to  Mycena  of 
the  white-spored  group,  approaching  the  smaller  Entolomas,  and 
separated  from  Lei)tonia  by  the  unexpanded  bell-shaped  pileus.  It 
is  a  small  genus. 

The  PILEUS  is  glabrous,  silky  or  scurfy,  dry  or  hygr()})lianous; 
and  its  campanulate  shape  which  is  rather  persistent  and  is  due  to 
the  position  of  the  straight  margin  on  the  stem  when  young,  is 
quite  characteristic.  It  is  usually  fragile.  The  color  is  some  shade 
of  brown  in  our  sj)ecies  except  in  N.  caelestina.  The  GILLS  are 
often  broad  or  ventricose,  and  generally  secede  (i.  e.  separatei  from 
the  attachment  at  the  stem,  in  Avhich  respect  they  differ  from  those 
of  Clitopilus.  The  STEM  is  central,  tubular  and  elastic  or  fragile 
in  most  species;  in  some,  however,  it  is  toughish-cartilaginous 
like  that  of  certain  Mvcenas.  It  has  a  tendency  to  become  com- 
pressed  or  longitudinally  furrowed  because  of  its  hollow  interior. 
It  is  usually  glabrous  or  minutely  llocculose;  in  ,A'.  d/jsfJiales  [Vk.) 
it  is  densely  floccose-hairy.  There  is  no  annnlus,  nor  volra,  and  the 
flesh  is  confluent  with  that  of  the  pileus.  The  SPORES  are  angular, 
often  irregularly  tuberculate-angulai-.  CYSTIDIA  are  usually  ab- 
sent; in  X.  'bah'nujtonii  and  A'.  (lij.stJialcs  they  may  be  found  on  llu' 
edge  of  the  gills.  A  few  species  liave  a  slight  ODOR;  tliai  of  \. 
mammosa  is  similar  to  rancid  meal.     The  Nolaneas    are    dilTicult 


580  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

to  identify  to  the  species,  and  a  niici'oscope  is  essential  to  any  final 
decision. 

Kvjj  to  tltc  i^ptcics 

(a)     Pileus  and  stem  lavender  to  violaceous.     630.     N.  caelestina  var. 

violacca  Kauff. 
(aa)     Pileus  and  stem  some  other  color. 

(b)     Spores  quadrate  or  cruciate-four-angled;  pileus  umber  or  smoky- 
umber.     623.     N.  pascua  Fr. 
(bb)  ■  Spores  not  distinctly  four-angled. 

(c)     Pileus  with   greenish   tint,   fuscous-brownish,   livid   or   smoky, 

very  shining.     624.     2V.  versatilis  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  without  greenish  or  olivaceous  tints. 

(d)     Stem  and  pileus  hairy,  fibrillose-scaly    or    flocculose;    gills 
subdistant. 
(e)     Spores   14-20x8-9  micr. ;    whole  plant   smoky-brown.     622. 

N.  dysthales   (Pk.)   Atk. 
(ee)     Spores  subglobose,  8-9  micr.;   pileus  small,  covered  with 
loose  brown  fibrils.     625.    N.  habingtonia  Berk, 
(dd)     Stem  and  pileus  glabrous,  silky  and  shining. 

(e)     Gills  white  or  whitish  at  first;   pileus  hygrophanous. 
(f)     Pileus  conical,  cinnamon-brown   then    pale   and    shining; 

gills  narrow.     628.     N.  conica  Pk. 
(£f)     Pileus  campanulate,  grayish-brown;  gills  medium  broad. 
629.     y.  fuscogrisella  Pk. 
(ee)     Gills  grayish  at  first;   odor  somewhat  rancid-farinaceous. 
626.    N.  mammosa  Fr.    627.    N.  papillata  Bres. 

^Gills  at  first  gray,  hrotvn  or  fuscous. 

622.     Nolanea  dysthales  (Pk.)  Atk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eeport.  32,  1879  (as  Entoloma  dysthales). 
Jour,  of  Mycol.,  Vol.  8,  p.  114,  1902  (as  Nolanea  nodospora  Atk.). 

PILEUS  6-18  mm.  broad,  rarely  larger,  thin,  campanulate-convex, 
obtuse,  densely  floccose-hairy,  sometimes  furfuraceous  and  striate, 
more  often  even,  the  hairy  tufts  sometimes  squarrose,  smokij-umher 
or  dark  fuscons,  maroin  at  first  straight.  FLESH  submembrauous. 
GILLS  adnate,  ascending,  hroad,  ventricose,  subdistant  to  distant, 
thickish,  dark  fuscous-gray  or  smoky,  tinged  fiesh  color  at  maturity, 
edge  flocculose.  STEM  1-1  cm.  long,  1.5-4  mm.  thick,  equal,  more 
or  less  densely  floccose-tomentose,  dark  fuscous  or  seal-brown,  be- 
coming smoky,  toughish-cartilaginous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  con- 
color  within.  SPORES  large,  variable,  elongated  tuhercnlatc-angu- 
hir.  14-20x8-9  micr.,  deep  flesh  color  in  mass,  faintly  colored  under 
ihc  microscope.  PySTlDIA  only  on  edge  of  gills,  variahle,  some- 
times elliptical  to  ventricose  and  obtuse,  sometimes  ventricose- 
lanceolate  and  pointed,  00-70x20-25  micr.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
mild. 


I 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  681 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  low,  wet,  mos.sy  or  swampy  ground, 
on  leaf  mold,  etc.,  in  hemlock  regions.  P,ay  Mew,  South  Haven, 
New  Richmond.     July-September.     Infrequent. 

This  species  is  known  by  the  covering  of  the  cap  and  stem,  its 
color  and  the  very  large  tuberculate  spores.  It  is  very  variable 
and  was  considered  an  Entoloma  by  Peck,  who  first  described  the 
form  Avith  the  thin,  striate  pileus  whose  surface  is  only  granular- 
furfuraceous  or  mixed  with  the  characteristic  hairs.  Later  Atkinson 
described  the  form  in  which  the  hairv  covering  is  more  hiahlv 
developed,  often  as  if  matted,  as  Nolanea  nodospora.  I  have  found 
the  two  forms  in  different  parts  of  the  state  and  consider  them 
variations  of  the  same  plant.  The  trama  of  the  pileus  is  two-layered, 
the  layers  being  separated  by  a  dark  line  of  narrow  hyphae.  A  form 
occurs  in  frondose  woods,  of  which  the  hair-like  fibrils  of  the  stem 
are  almost  ferruginous.  The  gills  of  N.  dysthales  remain  dark 
grayish-brown  a  long  time  and  hence  it  is  easily  mistaken  for  an 
Inocybe;  at  length,  however,  they  are  somewhat  colored  by  the 
rather  bright  spores.  It  seems  that  in  very  moist  situations  the 
cap  is  less  hairy-scaly  and  then  striate,  especially  when  more  fully 
expanded.  The  size  of  the  basidia  varies  as  the  plant  slowly  ma- 
tures and  the  cystidia  seem  to  take  on  a  different  shape  in  age. 

623.     Nolanea  pascua  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,   111.,   PI.   376. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  493. 
Ricken,  Blatter])ilze,  PI.  74,  Fig.  3. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PI.  42,  Fig.  10-12. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  fragile,  conico-campanulate,  obtuse  or 
umbonate,  hygrophanous,  umber-brown  and  striatulate  (moist), 
fading  and  even  (dry),  glabrous,  silky-shining.  FLESH  thin,  con- 
color.  GILLS  rounded  behind,  adnexed,  rather  broad,  ventricose, 
grayish,  then  gray-flesh  color,  seceding,  close.  STEM  4-10  cm.  long, 
2-4  mm.  thick,  pallid  grayish-brown,  cartilaginous,  hollow,  equal, 
often  twisted,  fragile,  splitting  longitudinally,  fibrillose-striate. 
SPORES  siibquadrate  or  almost  cruciform,  8-11  micr.  diara.,  deep 
flesh  color  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none;  sterile  cells  absent  on  edge 
of  gills. 

Gregarious.  On  low  mossy  ground  in  open  woods  by  lakes.  Ann 
Arbor.     September.     Infrequent. 


582  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

This  species  is  snid  lo  be  vi'i-y  coniinoii  in  I'^urope.  I  have  oiilv 
one  record  and  ilic  si.ccinicns  arc  losl.  It  was  n)ost  sharply  marked 
by  lilt'  (inadraic.  !  an^UMl  spores.  This  is  a  cliaraclcr  jiivcn  by 
nearly  all  authors  and  by  the  tij^ures.  Our  })lant.s  a{>proached  closely. 
\.  fitdiirosjxird  IJrcs.  i  Fun,i>.  Trid..  \'(»1.  I.  ]>.  IS),  and  this  s})ecies 
and  \.  fxisciKi  (sense  of  Jiicken  i  seem  to  be  very  similar.  It 
certaiidy  is  not  a  common  si)ecies  with  ns  and  I  did  not  observe 
any  olive  tints,  such  as  occur  in  our  .\ .  ccrsutilit^. 

624.     Nolanea  versatilis  Fr. 
Mono<ira])hia,  ISOo. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  98,  Fig.  5. 
Kicken,  J>latter]»ilze,  PI.  74,  Fig.  7. 
Plate  CXV  of  this  lieport. 

PTLEUS  l-.">  cm.  broad,  at  first  conic  or  elongated-oval,  then 
campanulate,  fragile,  obtuse,  at  length  expanded  and  subnndjonate, 
silky-shining,  sometimes  silki/fihriUose,  almost  (jlitteri)if/,  color 
variable,  livid-fuscous,  olivaceous-brown,  smoky-tinged,  subhygro- 
phanous.  FLESH  thin,  subniend^ranous,  grayish.  (IILLS  narrowly 
adnexed,  almost  free,  veutricose  and  hroad  in  front,  subdistant,  r/?Y///, 
becoming  smoky-flesh  color,  edge  minutely  fimbriate.  STEM  3-6  cm. 
long,  1-4  mm.  thick.  Cipial,  hollow,  often  tiristcd  or  compressed, 
splitting  longitudinally,  librillose-striate,  sJiiiiiii;/,  glabrous  or  floc- 
culose,  pallid  then  j)ale  fuliginotis  or  fuscous.  SPOKES  tuberculate- 
angular,  longer  than  wide.  !)-ll  x  (i-7.r)  micr.  (few  longer  i,  tlesli 
color  in  nuiss.  CYSTIDIA  numerous  on  edge  of  gills,  few  elsewhere, 
veutricose,  often  acuminate-pointed,  4.>G5xl2-l(>  micr.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  slight  or  none. 

Gregarious.  Among  grass  in  low  moist  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  New 
Pichmond.     July-August.     Infrequent. 

This  species  was  abundant  in  a  single  wood-lot  during  one  seasoii; 
elsewhere  it  occurred  as  lew  iiidi\  iduals.  It  varies  in  size  and 
shaj)e  (within  limits)  ;  often  it  has  the  shajte  and  size  of  Cooke's 
figures  of  A  .  jxisciki.  at  other  times  the  caps  may  be  narrow  and 
stem  slender  and  longer,  all  in  the  same  patch.  The  cap  is  beauti- 
fully silky  and  shining  and  usually  has  a  somewhat  olive  or  greenish 
hue  which  suggests  the  glitter  of  metal.  The  shape  of  the  young 
plant  is  often  like  that  of  Ilijfjroplioriis  coiiiciis  or  af  an  Inocybe. 
lu  our   specimens    the   stem   was   freiiuently   somewhat   flocculose. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  583 

Except  for  tlie  spores  it  approaches  X.  puscuu  (piite  closely  in  color 
and  shape.     It  is  here  conceived  in  the  sense  of  Kicken. 

625.     Nolanea  babingtonii  Berk. 

Outlines  of  British  Fiingology,  1800. 

Illnstrations :     Patonillard,  Tab.   Analyt.,   No.   420. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  :{77. 

'Tileus  (!-12  mm.  broad,  conico-campannlate,  pale  gray,  covered 
with  dark  hrown  fasciculate  fibrils  free  at  one  end.  silky-shining^ 
disk  snbsqnamulose.  FLESH  very  thin.  GILLS  adnata,  distant, 
gray,  ventricose,  edge  minutely  flocculose.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  2 
mm.  thick,  equal,  covered  with  dark-browii  down,  hollow,  slightly 
undulate.  SPORES  angular-nodulose,  subglobose  or  slightly  oblong, 
7-8  micr.,  apiculate." 

Lewiston.     On  moss,  in  wet  places.    Rare.  .  Reported  by  Longyear. 

The  description  is  taken  from  Massee's  British  Fungus  Flora,  and 
the  spore-measurements  were  doubtless  made  from  the  type  speci- 
men. Patonillard  gives  spore  size  as  9-10  x  5-6  micr.  It  is  a  delicate 
little  plant,  characterized  by  the  loose  fibrils  which  stand  out  from 
its  pileus  and  stem.     There  is  some  doubt  of  this  determination. 

626.     Nolanea  mammosa  Fr.     (Sense  of  Bresadola.) 

Epicrisis,  1830. 

Illustrations:     Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  I,  Tab.  82,  1881. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  191. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  conic  to  l)roadly  campanulate,  margin 
decurved,  niamniilafeli/  mnhonate,  faintly  striate,  umber  (moist), 
soon  grayish-brown  or  fuscous,  innately  tibrillose  and  shining  when 
dry.  FLESH  dingy,  broAvnish  near  surface,  thin,  subscissile. 
GILLS  rather  broad,  rounded  behind,  usually  narrowly  adnate  but 
seceding,  stihdisfa)it,  thickish,  pale  (jraij  at  first  then  tinged  Hesh 
color  by  spores,  edge  often  uneven.  STEM  5-9  cm.  long,  elongated, 
2-5  mm.  thick,  tubular,  terete  or  compressed,  tinf/ed  fuscous,  not 
white,  cartilaginous,  slightly  fibrillose-striate,  white-pruinose  at 
apex,  otherwise  glabrous.  Sl'ORES  tuberculate-angular,  elongate, 
distinctly  longer  than  broad,  9-11x0-7  micr.,  deep  tlesli  color, 
nucleate.     CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  of  rancid   meal. 

(Dried:  (tills  pale  brown.) 


584  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  woods,  copses,  etc.,  sometimes  in 
grassy  places.     Throughout  the  State.     July-October.     Frequent. 

This  is  our  commonest  Nolanea.  It  may  be  known  by  its  elongated 
stem  which  is  often  furrowed  longitudinally,  by  its  gray  gills  and 
by  the  spores;  the  latter  are  distinctly  longer  than  broad,  and  the 
angles  are  not  as  clearly  and  sharply  marked  as  in  other  species. 
It  is  somewhat  hygrophanous.  The  gills  are  often  broadly  adnate. 
There  are  short  sterile  cells  on  the  edge  of  the  gills. 

627.     Nolanea  papillata  Bres. 

Fungi  Tridentini,  Vol.  I,  1881. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  82. 

Fries,  Tcones,  PI.  98,  Fig.  4  (as  Nolanea  mammosa  var.  minor 
Fr.). 

PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  then  expanded,  pa})iUate, 
umber  to  watery-brown  and  striate  (moist),  paler  when  dry,  gla- 
brous. FLESH  thin,  scissile,  subhygrophanous,  fragile.  GILLS 
sinuate-adnate,  seceding,  broader  toward  front,  subdistant  to  close, 
subventricose,  livid-whitish  then  somewhat  salmon-colored  from 
spores.  STEM  slender,  3-5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  tubular,  pale 
grayish -brown,  glabrous,  slightly  pruinose  at  apex,  white-mycelioid 
at  base,  straight  or  curved,  cartilaginous,  sometimes  striatulate. 
SPORES  angular,  9-11x6-7  micr.,  nucleate,  salmon-colored  in  mass. 
ODOR  none  or  slightly  of  rancid  meal.    CYSTIDIA  none. 

Scattered.  Low  places  in  moist  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay 
View,  New  Richmond.     September.     Infrequent, 

Differs  mainly  from  N.  mammosa  in  its  more  slender  habit,  smaller 
size  and  closer  gills. 

**Gills  tohite  at  first. 

628.     Nolanea  conica  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

PILET'S  5-15  mm.  broad,  conical,  then  expanded  and  papillate, 
hijf/roplianoHS,  watery-cinnamon  and  striatulate  (moist),  paler, 
silky-sliining  and  subzonate  (dry).  FLESH  tliin.  GILLS  nearly 
free,  close,  moderately  broad,  narrowed  behind,  white  at  first,  bright 
flesh  color  from  spores.     STEM  slender,  2-5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  585 

€qiial,  straight,  tubular,  cartilaginous,  elastic,  white-mycelioid  at 
base,  tiuged  ashy-browu.  SPOKES  tuberculate-augular,  7-0  (in- 
cluding apiculus)  X  5-6  micr.,  longer  than  broad,  apiciilus  prominent. 
CYSTIDIA  none. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  moss  or  low  places  in  swamps  or  wet 
<!0uifer  or  mixed  woods,  ^'orthern  Michigan.  July-Septend>er.  In- 
frequent. 

The  conical,  shining,  hygrophanous  pileus  and  small  spores  dis- 
tinguish it.  The  length  of  spores  rarely  passes  8  microns  unless 
apiculus  is  included. 

629.     Nolanea  fuscogrisella  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  39,  1886. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  more  or  less  palillate, 
hygro'phanons,  glabrous,  grayish-brown  and.  striatulate  (moist), 
paler  and  silky-shining  (dry),  papilla  darker.  GILLS  rather  broad, 
narrowed  beliind,  adnexed,  almost  subdistaut,  whitish  then  bright 
flesh-colored.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  glabrous,  w^hite-my- 
celioid  toward  base,  apex  pruinose,  brownish,  often  darker  than 
pileus,  tubular,  cartilaginous.  SPORES  7-9x5-6  micr.  (incl.  api- 
culus), angular,  apiculus  prominent. 

Gregarious.  On  moss,  etc.,  of  low  mixed  woods.  Sault  Ste.  ^larie. 
July.    Infrequent. 

This  differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  stouter  stem,  and  less  conic 
pileus.  The  spores  are  very  similar.  The  gills  are  broader.  In  our 
specimens  the  stem  was  invariably  darker  than  the  pileus,  and 
hoary  at  base  and  above  by  the  white  mycelium.  The  spores  are 
slightly  shorter  than  the  measurements  given  by  Peck. 

630.     Nolanea  caelestina  var.  violacea  Kauff. 

Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Rep.  10.  1908. 

PILEUS  8-10  mm.  broad,  conico-campanulatc,  larendcr,  acutely 
papillate,  innately  silky-fibrillose,  margin  even.  GILLS  adnexed. 
rather  narrow,  snhdistant,  white  then  tlesh  color,  not  reaching  to 
the  margin  of  pileus.  STEM  slender,  5  cm.  long,  1  mm.  thick,  even, 
glabrous,  pruinose  at  apex,  equal,  lavender,  darker  than  cap. 
SPORES  tuberculate-elliptical,  9-11x6-7  micr.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
ODOR  none. 


& 


,586  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Solitiiiy.     Ill  low  clni  s\\;ini|».     Ann  Aihor.     Rare. 

A  beauiirul   lirilc  jilaiil.  iisuallv  lii(l<k*ii   aumnii'  the  dcld-is  of  the 

w Is.      The   sicni    is    licxihlc.   siil)cai-l  ilaiiiimns    ami    docs   not    turn 

reddish  wlicii  bruised.  It  dilVers  I'roni  the  dcsci-ipl  ions  of  the  type 
in  ilie  narrow"  ^ills.  It  ai»i>ears  close  also  to  A.  cniciild  (^uel.  ex- 
cept in  color. 

Eccilia  Fr. 
(From  tlie  Greek,  ckkoilo^  1  hollow  out.) 

Piuk-spored.  Stem  vurtUaginous,  hollow  or  stufifed,  slender. 
(Jills  (lecurrent,  either  attenuated  behiud  or  broadly  aduato-decur- 
rent.  IMleiis  umhilicate  or  depressed,  its  margin  at  first  incurved. 
Spores  angular. 

Terrestrial  or  lignicolous.  Small,  slender  plants,  corresponding  to 
Omjihalia  of  the  white-spored  grouj);  differing  from  the  small 
Clitopili  in  the  cartilaginous  stem.  A  very  small  genus  composed 
of  rather  rare  species. 

The  PILEUS  is  glabrous,  silky,  or  somewhat  squamulose  in  the 
umbilicus ;  dry  or  hygrophanous.  It  is  usually  expanded  and  then 
tlie  center  is  depressed  to  strongly  umbilicate.  Its  margin  is  at 
first  incurved  and  this  character  may  ])ersist  until  maturity.  The 
color  varies  from  white  to  grayish  and  brown.  The  GILLS  are 
attached  in  two  ways,  either  attenuate-long-decurrent  or  broadly 
adnate  and  then  slightly  decurrent,  remaining  attached,  i.  e.,  not 
seceding  as  a  rule.  They  are  often  quite  distant  as  in  E.  rliodocijUx 
Fr.  or  crowded  as  in  E.  atrides  Fr.  and  E.  poUta  Fr.  They  vary 
from  narrow  in  some  species  to  broadly  triangular  in  others.  In 
E.  apiciilata  Fr.,  E.  rilis  Fr.  and  E.  rhodcyliciokJes  Atk.  they  are 
distinctly  gray;  in  others,  white  or  dingy  white,  finally  colored 
by  the  spores.  Some  species  possess  cystidia.  giving  the  edge  a 
minutely  fimbriate  appearance.  The  STE]\I  is  usually  enlarged 
somewhat  at  the  apex  where  it  expands  into  the  membranaceous 
pileus.  It  is  truly  cartilaginous,  slender,  and  soon  hollow  or 
tubular  within.  Some  s])ecies  have  been  described  as  solid,  but 
it  remains  to  be  seen  whether  these  are  not  really  only  stuffed  at 
first  by  a  differentiated  pith.  The  color  is  often  that  of  the  yuleus 
or  ])aler.  The  angular  SPORES  correspond  to  those  of  Leptonia, 
Nolanea,  Pluteus  and  one  of  the  sections  of  Clitopilus.  CYSTIDIA 
usually  absent;  in  E.  pirlnoidcs,  E.  rJiodcijlicioidcs  Atk.  and 
E.  rosrf)aIh(jritriiia  Atk.  cyst  idia-like  cells  are  present  on  the  edge  of 
gills. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  ,  587 

The  group  is  difficult,  and  the  rarity  of  specimens  makes  it  hard  to 
learn  much  concerning  their  variability.  A  microscopic  study  is 
essential  to  determine  the  species  with  any  satisfaction,  as  the 
size  of  spores  and  basidia,  the  structure  of  the  trania,  and  the  pres- 
ence or  absence  of  cystidia  must  often  determine  the  linal  judg- 
ment. 

Because  of  their  rare  occurrence,  it  seems  best  to  include  in  the 
key  all  forms  which  may  ])ossibly  be  found  in  the  State,  fJ.  polita 
and  E.  carneo-grisea  have  been  reported  from  the  neighboring  States, 

Kcij  to  the  S-pecies 

(a)     Gills  crowded  or  close. 

(b)     Edge  of  gills  black-dotted.     631.     E.  atrides  Fr. 
(bb)     Edge  of  gills  concolor,  not  black  dotted. 

(c)     Pileus  2-4  cm.  broad,  hygrophanous,  livid    (moist)  ;   gills  very 

crowded,  broad.     E.  polita  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus   5-20  mm.  broad,  not  hygrophanous,  mouse»gray;    gills 
close,    broad;    spores    5-angled,  8-10  micr.     634.    E.  pentagon- 
ospora  Atk.  var. 
(aa)     Gills  subdistant  to  distant. 

(b)     Pileus  2-5  cm.  broad,  hygrophanous,  tough,  sordid-brown;    stem 
tough,  concolor;  taste  tardily  pungent;  gills  close  to  subdistant; 
on  the  ground.     635.     E.  mordajs  Atk. 
(bb)     Pileus  smaller    (rarely  as  large  in  E.  carneo-grisea). 

(c)     On   wood;    pileus  deeply  umbilicate,   1-1.5   cm.,   hygrophanous; 
gills   very   distant,    broad,    long-decurrent.     E.   rhodocylix   Fr. 
(cc)     Not  on  logs,  stumps  or  wood. 

(d)     On    sphagnum;    pileus    umbonate,    small,    dark-brown;    gills 
long-decurrent,   distant,    broad.      Spores    10-12.5  x  6-7.5   micr. 
E.  sphagnicola  Pk. 
(dd)     On  lawns,  fields,  or  in  woods  on  humus,  etc. 

(e)     Pileus  white,  1-2.5  cm.,  silky;   gills  adnato-decurrent,  sub- 
distant;    stem   long,   white.     Spores   elongate,    9-11    x    6-9 
micr.     E.  roseoalbocitrina  Atk. 
(ee)     Pileus  grayish-brown  to  fuscous. 

(f)     Pileus  hygrophanous;  gills  without  cystidia. 
(g)      Edge  of  gills  darker,  crisped;   pileus  gray  flesh  color, 
margin    micaceous;    gills    distant,,    spores  .6-7    x    4-5 
micr.     E.  carneo-grisea  B.  &  Br. 
(gg)     Edge  of  gills  concolor;  pileus  brownish-gray  (moist); 
gills  subdistant,  broad.     632.     E.  grisco-rubella  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous;  gills  with  cystidia. 

(g)     Gills   adnato-decurrent,   broad   behind,   distant;    spores 
sphoeroid,  angles  not  sharply  marked.     633.     E.  pirin- 
aides  sp.  nov. 
(gg)     Gills  arcuate,  distant,  decurrent;  spores  prominently 
angled,   quadrate.     E.   rhodocyliciodes  Atk. 

Illustrations : 

E.  vilis  Fr.:   Kicken,  Blatterpilze,  VI.  73,  Fig.  10. 

E.  cavuvo-iirixea  Fr. :     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  lMI.~),  1008. 

E.  parheufiis  Fr. :    Icones,  PI.  100,  Fig.  ."). 

E.  poUt<(  Fr. :     Atkinson,  ^Mushrooms,  Fig.  140,  1900. 

Fries,  Icones,  PI.  100.  Fig.  :{.     Hard,  :Mnsbr()oms.  Fog.  200, 

1908. 


588  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

/;.   rusticoMcs  Gill.:     IJickeii.  Blatterpilze,  PL   73,  Fio.   11. 
E.  rhodocaylix  Fr. :    Swauton,  Fungi.  PI.  42,  1909.     Fries, 

Icones,  PL  100.  Fig.  6. 
E.  spJiafiiiico](t  Pk.:    N.  Y.  Mus.  Rep.  54,  I'l.  1,  1900. 

631.     Eccilia  atrides  Fr. 
Epicrisis,  183G. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  deepl}'  umbilicate,  dark  umber,  umbilicus 
darker,  striate  to  umbilicus,  somewhat  virgate,  pruinose.  FLESH 
thin.  GILLS  decurrent,  narrowed  behind,  close,  pallid,  edge  black. 
STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  brownish,  apex  paler  and  floc- 
cose-dotted,  dots  sometimes  black,  sometimes  pallid,  hollow,  gla- 
brous below,  equal  and  slender.  SPORES  tuberculate-angular, 
elongated,  11-13x0-7  micr.  (incl.  apiculus),  bright  tlesh  color  in 
mass. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  very  rotten  wood.  Houghton,  Bay 
View.  July-August.  Infrequent  in  maple  and  hemlock  woods  of 
northern  Michigan. 

This  si)ecies  approaches  Leptonia  serrulata  Fr.  which  also  has 
black-edged  gills.  At  times  this  character  is  almost  or  entirely 
absent  except  in  old  plants.  Our  plants  had  truly  decurrent  gills, 
but  not  extending  far  down  the  stem.  It  is  usually  found  on  debris 
or  on  very  rotten  logs  in  forests.  Rickeu  considers  it  identical  with 
L.  serrulata. 

632.     Eccilia  griseo-rubella  Fr. 
Epicrisis,  1830. 

Illustrations:  Fries,  Icones,  PL  100.  Fig.  4. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  508. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  013. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  umbilicate,  hygrophanous, 
striate  and  brownish-ashy  (moist),  umbilicus  darker,  minutely 
squamulose,  elseivhere  with  innate  white  fibrils.  FLESH  concolor, 
thin.  GILLS  broacllj/  adnate,  slightly  decurrent,  broad,  subdistant, 
pallid  then  Oesli  color,  edge  even.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm. 
thick,  pallid  to  bull",  (jlahrous,  equal,  even,  cartilaginous,  hollow. 
SPORES  tuberculate-angular,  elongated,  8-9  x  5-0  micr. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  cedar  swamps.  Bay 
View.    September.    Infrequent. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF. AGARICS  589 

Our  plant  has  ratlier  broad  gills  as  is  shown  in  Fries'  Icones. 
The  other  authors  figure  narrower  gills.  The  pileus  becomes  hygro- 
phanous-streaked  on  drying. 

633.     Eccilia  pirinoides  sp.  nov. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  campanulate,  then  subexpanded,  margin 
decurved,  depressed-umbilicate,  grayish-brown  to  fuscous,  moist, 
silky  shining  when  dry,  ifith  dense  appressed  small  squamules  on 
dislc.  appressed-fibrillose  elsewhere.  GILLS  aduato-decurrent, 
'broad  'beliind,  suhdistant,  thin,  whitish  then  rosy-tinged  to  bright 
rtesh  color.  STEM  4-6  cm.  long,  1-2..5  mm.  thick,  distinctly  cartil- 
aginous, white,  slightly  fuscescent,  pruinate,  equal,  even,  stuffed 
with  a  white  pith,  finally  hollow.  SPORES  sphoeroid-subangular, 
angles  not  prominent,  8-10  micr.  diam.  (without  apiculus),  abrupt- 
ly narrowed  to  an  apiculus  tvhich  is  2-3  micr.  long,  obscurely  5-6 
sided.  CYSTIDIA  not  numerous,  slender,  acuminate,  about  75 
micr.  long.  BASIDIA  4-spored,  clavate,  45-50  micr.  long.  ODOR 
none. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  among  forest  debris,  hemlock,  oak 
and  maple  woods;  clay  ravine.     September.     New  Richmond. 

Except  for  its  lack  of  a  strong  malic  odor,  it  agrees  with  all  the 
descriptions  which  we  have  of  E.  pirina  B.  &  C.  It  also  approaches 
E.  rhodocylicioidcs  Atk. ;  but  it  differs  from  the  latter  in  its  bright 
colored  spores,  even  pileus  and  broadly  adnate,  white  gills ;  the 
shape  of  the  spores  is  also  different.  It  has  so  far  been  found  only 
in  one  locality. 

634,     Eccilia  pentagonospora  Atk.  var. 
Jour,  of  Mycol.,  Vol.  S,  p.  113,  1902. 

PILEUS  5-20  mm.  broad,  fragile,  convex-plane,  umbilicate,  hygro- 
phanous.  at  first  blackish-gray,  fading  to  steel-gray  and  shining, 
even,  at  first  minutely  tomentose-flocculose  over  the  entire  surface, 
later  appressed  scurfy.  FLESH  thin,  membranous.  GILLS  broad 
behind  and  adnate-subdecurrent,  at  first  grayish  tlion  dark  tiesh 
color,  close  to  subdistant,  thickish,  somewhat  crisped,  edge  con- 
color.  STEM  1-2.5  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  entire- 
ly glabrous,  cartilaginous,  metallic  gray,  whitish-mycelioid  at  base. 
SPORES  tuberculate-angular,  mostly  5-angled,  angles  obtuse,  7-9.5 
micr.  (incl.  apiculus),  deep  flesh  color  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
BASIDIA  about  30x9-10  micr. 


590  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Gregarious.  On  moist  soil  in  I'l-oiulose  woods.  Aim  Arbor. 
August. 

This  collection  departs  from  Atkinson's  description  in  the  more 
Hoccnlose,  hygrophanous  i)ileus  and  the  hollow  stem.  The  micro- 
scopic characters  seem  to  be  the  same. 

635.     Eccilia  mordax  Atk. 
Jour,  of  Mycol.,  Vol.  S.  \k  11:5.  l!M)l'. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex,  iou<jh,  nnd)ilicate,  hygrophanous, 
glabrous,  duU-reddisli-hroicri  to  imle  cJustniit  or  cinnamon  {moist), 
sordid  isabelline  (dry),  even,  margin  inrolled.  FLESH  dirty 
white,  thin.  GILLS  adnate  to  subdecurrent,  close,  dingy  brown  at 
first  then  tinged  tlesh  color,  narrow.  STEM  :>  (>  cm.  long,  :i-5  mm. 
thick,  tough,  equal,  fibrous-cartilaginous,  fistulose,  often  compressed, 
concolor,  glabrous  or  pruinose,  white  mycelioid  at  base.  SPORES 
oval,  (!-7x4-r>  micr.,  smooth,  pale  tlesh  color.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
BASIDIA  clavate,  25-30  x  G-8  micr.,  4-spored.  TASTE  at  tirst 
mild,  after  15-20  minutes  pungent  in  the  throat  and  causes  nausea. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  springy  sides  of  ravines.  Ann 
Arbor.     August.     Infrequent. 

This  species  aj^proaches  Clitocyhe  cyatJiiforinc  in  external  ap- 
pearance, but  differs  by  its  flesh-colored  spores,  its  umbilicate 
])ileus  and  the  habitat  on  the  ground.  It  seems  to  be  our  largest 
Eccilia  and  is  jtrobably  somewhat  poisonous. 

Claudopus  Smith. 
(From  the  Latin,  claudus,  defective,  and  pes,  foot.) 

Pink-spored.  Stem  eccentric,  lateral  or  icanting.  Pileus  dimi- 
diate or  resupinate,  irregular.  Gills  not  seceding  nor  anastomosing, 
radiating  from  an  eccentric  or  lateral  ])oint.  Spores  angular  or 
rounded. 

On  rotti'ii  wood  or  liuiiius.  Correspondiiig  to  the  genus  l*leu- 
rotus  of  the  white-spored  grouj).  AVith  the  exception  of  C.  nidulans, 
they  are  small,  insignificant,  soft  ]>lants,  often  growing  in  small 
hollows  of  decayed  wood  or  on  humus  at  the  base  of  stumps,  etc. 
The  small  forms  are  white,  grayisli  or  bi-o\\-n  ;  ('.  nidulans  is  yellow 
to  huff.  All  except  one  of  the  small  species  are  at  first  resupinate, 
i.  e..  ajijtlied  to  the  substratum   witli   gills   uppermost,  but  tinally 


I 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  591 

becoming  reflexed  Avitli  gills  in  the  usnal  position.  The  stem  is 
entirely  lacking  or  is  small  and  inconspicuous,  usually  tomentose 
or  villose  at  the  point  of  attachment  of  the  st(Mii  ov  pilens.  Only 
a  few  species  are  Icnown  in  our  Hora. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(a)     Pileus  medium  to  large,  yellowish;    gills  orange  yellow.     636.     C. 

nidulans  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  small,  3  cm.  or  less  in  diam. ;  not  yellow, 
(b)     Pileus  white  or  whitish,  at  first  resupinate. 

(c)     Spores    angular;    pileus   silky   to    villose-floccose.     637.     C.    de- 

pluens  Fr. 
(cc)     Spores  not  angular;    pileus  tomentose.     C.   variabilis  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  gray  to  brown. 

(c)     Pileus  hygrophanous,  striatulate   (moist) ;  gills  scarcely  reach- 
ing stem.     C.  griegensis  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus   not  hygrophanous,   subdecurrent.     638.     C.    byssisedus 
Fr. 

636.     Claudopus  nidulans  Fr. 

Syst.  Mycol.,  1821.     (As  Pleurotus.) 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,    Mushrooms,   1*1.   41,   Fig.    141,    p.    149, 
1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  208,  p.  256,  1908. 
Clements,  Minn.  Mushrooms,  Fig.  35,  p.  59,  1910. 
Plate  CXV  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  1-7  cm.  broad,  shelving,  sessile  or  narrowed  behind  into 
a  short  stem-like  base,  nearly  orbicular,  dimidiate  or  reniform, 
coarsely  hairy  or  tomentose  on  the  surface^  rich  yellow  or  buff, 
margin  at  first  involute,  even.  FLESH  soft,  rather  tough.  GILLS 
orangc-yeUow,  medium  broad,  close  to  subdistant,  adnate,  rarely 
subdecurrent.  STEM  or  attached  base  tomentose  next  to  the  gills 
beneath.  SPORES  elongated,  slightly  curved,  6-8  x  3-4  micr., 
smooth,  pink  in  mass.  ODOR  very  disagreeable  when  fresh. 
TASTE  becomes  rather  mild  at  length ;  not  desirable  for  the  table. 

Gregarious  or  imbricately  caespitose.  On  decaying  logs-,  etc.,  of 
frondose  trees.  Throughout  the  State;  Marquette,  Houghton,  Ann 
Arbor,  etc.     July-October.     Infrequent. 

Panu^  (Jorsalis  Rose,  is  now  agreed  to  be  the  same.  The  toughish 
consistency  of  C.  nidulans  ap])roaches  that  of  the  genus  Panus.  In 
general  appearance  it  looks  like  a  Pleurotus  an<l  was  so  called  by 
Fries,  and  as  its  s])ore-color  is  not  a  very  bright  jtink  it  woubl  seem 
to  fit  that  genus  as  well  as  Phiirotus  suhpaliiialiis  does.  The  latter, 
in  my  opinion,  might  ecpially  well  be  made  a  species  of  the  pink- 


592  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

sporod  groni*.  Tlic  bejiiniiei-  will  lie  apt  to  refer  (\  nidtdaiis  1o  the 
ochre-spored  group  in  Crepidotus  if  he  neglects  to  make  a  spore- 
print.  Thi«  all  emphasizes  the  fact  that  nature  takes  no  account  of 
the  convenience  of  the  student  and  probably  no  sytstem  can  ever  be 
devised  in  which  some  plants  will  not  be  found  half-way  between 
the  groups.  This  is  the  largest  of  the  genus,  and  is  not  easily  con- 
fused with  other  mushrooms  except  Crepidotus  dorsalis  which 
resembles  it  in  colors  but  is  smaller  and  has  globose,  ochre-brown 
spores.  The  pileus  is  more  often  dimidiate  or  kidney-shaped  rather 
than  the  shape  given  in  Atkinson's  illustration. 

637.     Claudopus  depluens  Fr. 

Svsr.  :Mvco1.,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Patouillai-d.  Tab.  Analyt..  No.  4;J1. 
Cooke,  111..  I»l.  344. 

PILEUS  1-5  mm.  broad,  irJiitc,  resupinate  at  first  then  re- 
flexed,  suborbicular,  subreuiform,  conchate,  etc.,  variable  in  form^ 
foccose,  almost  sessile  or  attached  by  a  short,  white,  villose  8TEM. 
FLESH  membranous,  very  thin.  GILLS  radiating  from  the  stem^ 
broad,  subdistant  to  distant,  ro.se-colored  at  maturity.  SPORES- 
angular,  somewhat  longer  than  broad,  sphoeroid-angular  from  the 
end-view,  7-10x6-7.5  micr.,  distinctly  rose-colored  in  mass,  nucleate. 

On  ^■ery  decaying  wood  or  black  humus,  in  hemlock  and  birch 
mixed  woods,  in  spring}'  places.  New  Richmond.  September. 
Rarely  found. 

Massee  gives  the  spores  as  sphoeroid;  Patouillard  and  Peck  give 
them  slightly  longer.  It  may  be  that  varieties  occur  w^hich  might 
explain  the  difference.  There  was  no  tinge  of  red  or  gray  present 
in  our  plants,  as  described  by  Fries.  They  are 'small  and  insignifi- 
cant plants.  C.  variabilis  is  similar,  but  has  non-angular  spores. 
Ricken  reports  the  above  species  under  Crepidotus  and  with  smooth 
spores. 

638.     Claudopus  byssisedus  Fr. 

Syst.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Patouillard.  Tab.  Analyt..  No.  432. 
Cooke,  111..  PI.  344. 

"PILEUS  5-20  cm.  broad,  at  first  resupinate,  then  reflexed,  near- 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  o93 

ly  plane,  reniform,  covered  with  a  line  pruiiiositv,  gray  tinged  with 
pink,  or  grayish-brown,  striate  on  the  maryin.  FLESH  thin,  mem- 
branous. GILLS  subdecurreut,  grayish,  rosy  from  the  spores. 
STEM  short,  eccentric,  or  lateral,  incurved,  villose,  icliite  fibrils 
radiating  from  the  base  forming  an  interlaced  membrane."^ 
SPORES  elongate-angular,  9-11  x  G-7  micr.,  rosy  in  mass. 

On  very  rotten  wood..  Swamps  of  frondose  or  conifer  trees. 
Throughout  the  State.     Summer.     Infrequently  found. 

The  description  is  taken  from  Fries  and  Patouillard.  As  in  the 
preceding  species,  there  is  a  difference  in  the  spore-measure- 
ments given.  Our  plants  have  spores  agreeing  with  those  of  Peck, 
while  in  Europe  they  seem  to  be  smaller.  Patouillard  and  Massee, 
give  them  7-8  x  6  micr.  The  American  form  must,  therefore,  be 
considered  as  a  varietj'.  It  is  scarcely  distinct  from  C.  griegensis 
Pk. 

LEUCOi^PORAE 

Amanita  Fr. 

(From  the  Greek  Amanos,  the  name  of  a  mountain  in  Asia  Minor^ 
which  doubtless  abounded  in  edible  fungi,  for  the  Roman  physician 
Galen  used  the  term  Amanites  to  refer  to  Agaricus  campestris. 
Persoon  first  applied  it  to  this  genus,  using  Amanita  caesarea  as 
the  type.) 

White-spored ;  stem  provided  with  an  annul ns  and  a  volva,  and 
separable  from  the  pileus.  The  gills  are  free  or  attached  by  a  line, 
icJiite,  cut  off  squarely  at  anterior  extremity.  The  volva  is  formed 
from  a  universal  veil  which  covers  the  whole  plant  in  the  egg-stage 
and  is  discrete  from  the  cuticle  of  the  pileus.  The  hyphae  of  the 
trama  of  the  gills  are  divergent. 

Soft-fleshy,  terrestrial,  mostly  poisonous  mushrooms,  usually  of 
rather  large  size,  never  truly  caespitose;  mostly  in  forests  or  on 
the  border  of  woods  and  thickets ;  sometimes,  however,  in  fields  or 
lawns. 

The  PILEUS  is  soft,  entirely  enveloped  at  the  beginning,  along 
with  the  stem,  by  a  differentiated  layer  of  tissue  called  the  uni- 
versal veil.  When  this  splits  above  the  pileus  during  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  plant,  it  is  pulled  off  from  the  pileus  and  leaves  tlie 
surface  of  the  pileus  glabrous ;  when  it  splits  circularly  around  the 
edge  of  the  pileus  (circumscissile)  the  loose  layer  left  on  top 
ceases  to  grow  and  as  the  pileus  expands  and  enlarges,  this  cover- 
ing is  broken  into  patches  or  warts,  sometimes  called  scales ;  if 
75 


594  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

the  universal  veil  is  of  a  powdery  or  loose  consistency,  it  tends  to 
disappear  on  the  surface,  oi-  leniains  as  floccose  or  mealy  granules 
either  irregularly  disjiosed  over  the  pileus  or  only  on  the  margin; 
all  intermediate  arrangements  occur  when  affected  by  the  weather, 
as  when  rains  wasli  off  the  scales,  etc.,  or  dry  weather  causes  slow 
expansion  and  corresponding  irregularities.  Tlie  margin  is  marked- 
ly striate  in  some  species  like  A.  cacsorea  and  A.  russuloidcs,  or 
striations  may  be  entirely  lacking  as  in  .4.  phalloidrs.  Tlie  shape 
of  tlie  pileus  varies  in  the  young  stage,  usually  ovoid  or  spherical, 
sometimes  campanulate  or  somewhat  conical.  Many  species  have 
thesurface  of  the  pileus,  under  the  scales,  provided  Avith  a  delicate 
viscid  pellicle,  which  causes  fresh  specimens  wlien  wrapped  in 
tissue  paper  to  adhere  to  the  paper,  and  indicates  one  of  the  ways 
of  recognition.  The  color  of  dift'erent  species  varies  from  pure 
snowy  W'hite  to  smoky  brown,  yellow,  orange  or  bright  red;  bright 
green  or  blue  colors,  do  not  occur  in  our  species  of  this  genus,  olive, 
ashy  to  lead-color  or  livid-purplish  being  the  only  shades  in  this 
connection. 

The  GILLS  are  white  or  whitish,  in  some  species  tinged  yellow. 
They  are  free  from  the  stem,  sometimes  remote  leaving  an  open 
space  around  its  apex,  sometimes  reaching  it  by  the  narrowed  point 
which  may  run  down  the  stem  as  a  line.  Their  shape  varies,  some- 
times ventricose,  often  broader  in  front,  sometimes  almost  equal 
in  width  except  at  stem ;  the  anterior  end  is  more  or  less  sharply 
truncate,  and  this  can  be  used  to  distinguish  this  genus  and  Araani- 
topsis  from  other  Agarics  even  after  cooking.  Shorter  gills  alter- 
nate with  those  of  full  length.  The  trama  of  the  gills  is  composed 
of  hyphae  which  in  this  genus  diverge  toward  the  hymenium,  instead 
of  being  noticeably  parallel ;  in  this  respect  it  agrees  with  the 
genera  Armillaria  and  Hygrophorus. 

The  STEM  is  usually  soft;  the  interior  is  stuffed  hi/  a  pith  which 
is  sometimes  weblike  and  evanescent,  sometimes  forming  a  spongy 
column  in  the  stem,  and  only  disappearing  at  full  maturity;  in  both 
cases  the  stem  may  become  hollow.  In  .4.  strohiliformis,  A.  soli- 
faria  and  A.  chlorinosmn  the  pith  approaches  the  condition  of 
solid  stems,  but  all  Amanitas  have  practically  a  form  of  stuffed 
stem.  Tlie  texture  of  the  stem  is  not  homogeneous  with  that  of  the 
]>ileus  and  the  apex  separates  rather  easily  from  the  pileus  leav- 
ing a  socket.  It  is  cylindrical  or  tapers  upward,  the  base  enlarged 
in  most  cases  into  a  bulb,  but  occasionally  cylindrical  throughout 
as  in  A.  spreta.  The  base  is  enveloped  in  the  volva  which  is  found 
in  various  degrees  of  development  or  persistency  and  which  can  be 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  595 

grouped  under  three  heads:  (1)  The  VOLVA  is  the  remains  of  the 
whole  universal  veil  which  has  split  above  the  ]»ileus  and  has 
formed  a  true  cup  or  sheath  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  the 
margin  usually  extends  above  the  bulb  or  base.  (2)  The 
VOLVA  in  this  case  is  only  the  lower  half  of  the  uni- 
versal veil  and  adheres  closely  around  the  bulb,  some- 
times forming  circular  rolls  or  scaly  rings  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  stem.  (3)  The  VOLVA  is  very  incomplete  and  fragmentary, 
flioccose,  mealy  or  minutely  warty;  this  is  due  to  the  loose,  friable 
texture  of  the  universal  veil,  the  remnants  of  which  disappear 
easily  when  the  stem  is  pulled  from  the  soil.  Thus  the  presence 
of  a  rolva  is  not  a  safe  or  positive  characteristic  in  case  persons 
depend  on  the  "death-cup''  for  their  identification  of  the  poisonous 
Amanitas.  Besides  the  volva,  the  stem  is  provided  with  an  AN- 
NULUS.  The  annulus  is  sometimes  fonned  from  an  outer  layer 
of  the  stem.  In  the  young,  ''button"  stage  the  gills  lie  with  their 
edges  closely  against  and  adnate  to  the  stem,  and  during  elonga- 
tion of  stem  and  expansion  of  pileus,  this  thin  outer  layer  is  pulled 
loose  from  the  stem  by  tlie  fact  that  it  adheres  more  closely  to  the 
gills  than  to  the  stem.  If  it  begins  to  tear  off  from  the  stem  in 
the  early  stage  of  elongation,  it  peels  the  entire  stem  upwards  and 
after  loosening  from  margin  of  pileus  it  drops  down  on  the  loAver 
part  and  forms  an  "inferior"  annulus.  When  it  is  not  loosened 
from  the  gills  or  margin  of  pileus  until  the  stem  is  nearly  elongated, 
it  peels  off  only  from  the  apex  of  the  stem  and  later  from  the  gills 
and  margin  of  pileus  and  forms  a  "superior"  annulus.  The  latter  is 
much  the  commonest  method,  and  the  layer  of  tissue  which  in  this 
case  holds  on  to  the  gills  for  a  time  and  conceals  them  is  called  the 
"inner  veil."  Sometimes  this  inner  veil  separates  at  tlie  stem  instead 
of  at  the  margin  of  the  pileus  and  so  hangs  in  shreds  or  in  pieces 
from  the  margin  of  the  pileus.  In  fact  conditions  of  weather,  etc., 
may  cause  all  sorts  of  variations  from  the  above  two  most  com- 
mon methods.  The  surface  of  the  stem  where  the  outer  layer  has 
been  peeled  off  to  form  the  annulus,  usually  becomes  roughly  floc- 
cose.  Sometimes  also  the  outer  rind  is  split  and  broken  in  various 
ways  by  drying,  as  shown  in  our  figures  of  A.  rubescens;  at  other 
times  the  stem  is  glabrous. 

Properties.  This  is  usually  called  the  "poisonous  genus,"  as  some 
of  the  species  are  sure  to  cause  death.  Poisonous  species  occur 
also  in  many  other  genera,  but  the  poisons  are  not  as  deadly.  Some 
Amanitas  are  knoAvn  to  be  edible,  as  for  examjde,  .1.  caesorcd  an<l  .1. 
ruhescens.    But  one  who  has  not  a  thorough  knowledge  of  most  of 


596  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

the  mushrooms,  includinE:  their  microscopic  characters,  would  be 
unwise  to  eat  auy  of  the  species  of  Amanita,  since  the  poisonous 
species  sometimes  approach  the  edible  ones  quite  closely  in  general 
appearance.  And  to  serve  them  to  others  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances is  worse  than  criminal.  For  further  discussion  see  ''Chapter 
on  Mushroom  Poisons,"  and  remarks  on  individual  species. 

Ideutiiication  of  Ainanitas  is  not  alwavs  easv.  Even  those  who 
know  all  the  genera  and  their  characters  will  proceed  cautiously. 
The  stems  with  their  volvas  are  often  deep  in  the  ground  and  one 
must  get  the  whole  plant  if  amateurs  are  to  be  asked  to  pass  upon 
them,  else  they  may  not  take  account  of  this  danger-signal — the 
presence  of  a  volva  ''death  cup".  The  species  with  a  powdery  volva 
often  lose  the  remnants  by  the  time  they  are  fully  expanded,  and 
might  be  referred  to  Lepiota  by  mistake.  When  hoth  volva  and 
annuhis  are  present  on  a  plant  irith  wliite  (jills  or  white  spores, 
an  Amanita  is  certain.  Young  undeveloped  "buttons"  are  the  more 
dangerous,"  since  they  tlien  imitate  to  an  extent  the  common  widely 
used,  edible  mushroom  Agaricus  campestris  in  its  button  stage. 
Of  course,  an  experienced  mycologist  would  "feel"  the  ditference 
when  picking  it  up,  but  amateurs  and  those  who  collect  only  the 
"pink  gilled"  mushroom,  may  in  this  way  easily  make  a  sad  mistake. 
The  prudent  collector  of  mushrooms  for  the  table,  no  matter  where 
thev  grow,  or  how  manv  he  has  examined,  will  always  look  on  the 
under  side  of  the  cap  for  the  white  gills,  and  at  the  bottom  of  the 
stem  for  the  remains  of  the  volva. 

The  SPORES  vary  from  spherical  to  elliptical.  They  are  rather 
large,  smooth,  granular  or  nucleate,  and  white,  and  their  size  and 
shape  are  most  important  in   diagnosing  closel}^   related   species. 

The  TASTE  of  fresh  Amanitas  varies.  The  deadly  A.  phaUoides 
has  a  bitter  taste  due  to  its  poisonous  content.  The  edible  A. 
caesarea  is  considered  in  Europe  one  of  the  finest  flavored  mush- 
rooms, and  is  highly  prized.  The  ODOR  is  sometimes  strong,  as  in 
A.  chlorinosnia  Pk.  In  this  species  it  resembles  chloride  of  lime. 
In  many  species  the  odor  is  not  marked,  and  cannot  be  used  to 
recognize  species. 

HABITAT.  Amanitas  prefer  the  woods  or  borders  of  woods  and 
thickets.  Rarely,  however,,  they  are  found  on  lawns,  or  in  fields, 
especially  in  towns  whicli  have  groves  or  whose  outlying  residences 
are  situated  among  the  original  forest  trees.  Some  species  prefer 
conifer  forests,  others  hardwoods,  wliile  otliers  are  partial  to 
particuhir  soils.  .1.  ffprcta,  A.  rii.'<suloidrs;  and  A.  peckiana  have 
been  found  in  Michigan  only  in  tlie  sandy  regions.     A.  phalloides 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  597 

prefers  the  deep  moist  forest  liuiniis.  A.  vcnia  is  partial  to  the 
edge  of  groves,  although  widely  found  elsewhere.  I  have  occa- 
sionally found  it  growing  from  the  very  rotten  cavities  of 
stumps  or  logs.  There  is  no  rule  which  we  can  be  sure  that  they 
may  not  break  in  their  selection  of  a  place  to  grow. 

The  genus  is  with  difficulty  divided  into  natural  sections.  Those 
mycologists  who  laid  the  foundations  of  classification,  like  Fries 
and  Quelet,  divided  the  genus  by  the  different  ways  in  w^hich  the 
universal  veil  forms  a  volva.  Prof.  Atkinson  has  shown  that  a 
single  species,  A.  phallokles,  may  act,  under  different  weather  and 
growth  conditions,  so  that  some  specimens  can  be  placed  under  one 
section,  other  specimens  under  another  section.  Monsieur  Bondier 
(Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  France,  18,  1902)  has  pointed  out  that  although 
this  is  true,  we  can  still  tell  them  apart  if  we  take  account  of  the 
differences  in  the  structure  of  the  universal  veil.  For  example,  in 
the  "Phalloides"  section  the  universal  veil  is  membranous  and 
composed  of  narrow-celled  hyphae,  and  the  veil  when  it  does  tear 
in  a  circumscissle  manner,  leaves  thin  shreds  on  the  cap,  never 
in  the  form  of  elevated  warty-scales;  while  in  the  "Muscaria"'  sec- 
tion the  universal  veil  is  composed  of  large,  rounded  cells  which  do 
not  cohere  well,  and  hei>ce  the  veil  breaks  in  a  circumscissle  man- 
ner, and  leaves  thick  floccose  warts  on  the  cap.  We  will  therefore 
follow  the  old  divisions  and  group  them  in  sections  with  reference 
to  the  texture  and  dehiscence  of  the  universal  veil.  Twenty-two 
species  have  been  so  far  found  in  the  State.  Since  the  genus 
Amanita,  by  virtue  of  its  species  with  poisonous  properties,  is  of 
great  interest,  and  its  species  need  to  be  known  as  widely  as  possi- 
ble, it  has  seemed  best  to  include  in  the  following  synoptical  key 
all  of  the  species  of  the  northeastern  part  of  the  Tnited  States 
that  one  might  be  likelv  to  find  in  Michigan. 


'^^^ 


Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Base  of  stem,  or  bulb,  provided  with  a  distinct,  membranous,  loose 
cup-like  sheath,  or  rarely  with  a  shallow  cup. 
(a)     Pileus  orange-red,  yellow  or  straw-colored. 

(b)     Volva  entire,   large;    pileus   deep   yellow   to   orange,   striate   on 

margin,  glabrous.     639.     A.  caesarea  Fr. 
(bb)     Volva  saucer-shaped;   pileus  straw-yellow,  usually  with  floccose 
warts,  margin  even.     649.     A.  viappa  Fr.    (form  B). 
(aa)     Pileus  white   with   delicate   pinkish   or   cream-colored   appressed, 
fibrillose  scales;  inner  veil  evanescent;  volva  large;  stem  faintly 
rubescent.      645.     A.   peckiana    Kauff. 
(aaa)     Pileus    pure   white;    bulb   rounded    below. 

(b)     Pileus  conical  at  first;   inner  veil  adhering  to  gills  or  edge  of 

pileus.     643.     A.  virosa  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  convex  to  subcampanulate;  stem  with  a  well-formed  an- 
nulus. 


598  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

(c)     Plant    rather   stout;    basidia   4-spored;     volva    large.      641.     A. 

verna   Fr. 
(cc)     Plant    slender;    basidia    2-spored;    otherwise    like     preceding. 
642.     .4.    bisporigera   Atk. 
(aaaa)     Pileus  brown,  umber,  gray,  drab  or  shades  of  these. 

(b)     Base    of    stem    cylindrical,    not   bulbous;    pileus    pale    brown    to 

umber.     646.     A.  spreta  Pk. 
(bb)     Base  of  stem  bulbous,  bulb  rounded, 
(c)     Pileus  viscid,  pale  smoky  olive,  umber,  or  smoky  white,  often 
with  shreds  of  veil   on  top;    annulus  apical,  white.     640.     A. 
phalloidcs   Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  scarcely  viscid  or  dry;  stem  slender. 

(d)     Spores  elliptical,  11-13  x  7-9  micr. ;   pileus  brown  or  grayish- 
brown;    disk    with    white   patch-like    scales.     648.     A.    recu- 
tita Fr. 
(dd)      Spores  globose. 

(e)     Pileus   scarcely   viscid,    fuscous   to    pale   brown,    glabrous; 
annulus   distant,   brownish;    bulb    rather    small.     644.     A. 
porphyria  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus    with    numerous    ash-colored     appressed     scales; 
ash-colored   pulverulence    on    stem.     647.     A.  tomentella 
Kromb. 
(AA)     Base  of  stem  or  bulb  without  a  cup-like,  free-margined  volva. 
(a)     Pileus  orange,  yellow  or  straw  colored. 
(b)     Margin  of  pileus  markedly  tubercular-striate,  yellowish  to  straw 
color;   annulus    evanescent;    volva    usually  evanescent  or  a  few 
scales  on  bulb.     656.     A.  rtissuloides  Pk. 
(bb)     Margin  even  or  only  slightly  striate;   pileus    orange    to    bright 
yellow;    annulus  persistent, 
(c)     Flesh  of  stem  changing  to  reddish  when  bruised    or    in    age. 

658.     A.  flavorubescens  Atk. 
(cc)     Flesh  not  reddish. 

(d)     Pileus  large,  more  than  7  cm.  broad;   stem  stout,  provided 
with  prominent,  concentric  scales  or  rings  on  or  above  bulb. 
650.     A.  muscaria  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  less  than  7  cm.  broad. 

(e)     Bulb    with   an    adherent,    inrolled,    collar-like    ring    on    its 
upper   margin ;    spores   spherical.     651.     A.   frostiana   Pk. 
(ee)     Bulb  and  pileus  w-ith  a  few,  flocculent  masses  of  the  fri- 
able, yellow  volva;   spores  oval;   common.     659.     A.  flavo- 
conia  Atk. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  yellow  nor  yellowish. 

(b)     Odor   strong   of   chlorine   or    chloride    of    lime;     stem    bulbous- 
napiform,  more  or  less  deeply  rooting;  plant  entirely  white  and 
very  densely  floccose-scaly.     655.     A.  chJorinosma  Pk. 
(bb)     Odor  not  penetrating  like  chlorine. 

(c)     Base  of  stem  more  or  less   deeply  rooting  below  an  enlarged 
or  concentrically  furrowed  bulb, 
(d)     Pileus   white   to   grayish;    plants   large    and    stout,    densely 
floccose  scaly.     654.     A.  solitaria  Fr.     A.   strobiliformis  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  or  its  scales  grayish-brown  to  umber-brown;    plants 
slender,   covered  wath   a   loose   pulverulence;    spores   8-12  x 
4-6  micr.     A.  cinereoconin  Atk. 
(cc)     Base  of  stem  rounded,  or  at  most  short  conical  below, 
(d)     Flesh  of  stem  or  of  whole  plant  turning  to  reddish  W'here 
bruised  or  in  age. 
(e)     Pileus  decorated  with  yellow  powdery  masses;  flesh  chang- 
ing to  red    only    toward    base    of    stem.     658.     A.  flavorti- 
hescens  Atk. 
(ee)     Pileus  decorated  with  grayish  or  reddish-stained,  floccose 
warts;  whole  plant  becoming  reddish,  never  yellow.     657. 
A.  rubes cens  Fr. 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  599 

(dd)     Flesh  not  turning  red  when  bruised, 
(e)     Pileus,  etc.  white  or  whitish. 

(f)     Bulb    at    base    of    stem    provided    with    a    concentrically- 
grooved  close-fitting  inrolled  sheath;    annulus  superior. 
652.     A.  cothurnata  Atk. 
(ff)     Bulb  with   remnants   of  volva  variously   disposed. 
(g)     Stem  floccose-scaly  or  torn,  below  with  an  ovate  bulb, 
which  is  concentrically  scaly. 
(h)     Annulus  adorned  with  yellow  floccules,  ample,   dis- 
tant;   stem    stuffed    by    pith,    soon    hollow;    pileus 
covered  with  dense,    white,    floccose    patches.     653. 
A.  chrysoblema  Atk.  sp.  nov. 
(hh)      Annulus  white,   ample,   apical;    stem   solid-stuffed; 
pileus  with  angular  or  pyramidal   warts.    A.   Can- 
dida Pk.   . 
(gg)     Stem  slender,  glabrous  or  pulverulent,  bulb  naked  or 
with   remains   of  friable  volva. 
(h)     Entirely  white;  pileus  5-10  cm.  broad,  with  angular, 
erect  warts;   bulb  subglobose,  abrupt;   annulus  per- 
sistent.    A.  abrupta  Pk. 
(hh)     Pileus  grayish-white  or  yellow-tinged,  2-5  cm.  broad, 
adorned  with  flocculent  scales;  annulus  evanescent, 
slight;   edge  of  gills  crenulate-floccose.     A.  crenu- 
lata  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  brown-gray,  smoky  brown  to  umber. 

(f)     Annulus    inferior,    broadly    pendant;    pileus    rich    hair- 
brown  to  umber-brown;   bulb  ring-margined  above.    A. 
velatipes  Atk. 
(ff)     Annulus  superior. 

(g)     Margin  striate;   upper  margin  of  bulb  with  appressed 
ochreate   volva,   sometimes   with   rings   above   it.    A. 
pantherina  Fr. 
(gg)      Margin  not  striate;   pileus  with  grayish  scales, 
(h)     Volva  friable;    pileus  with   mealy  scales;    gills   ad- 
nexed    by   decurrent   lines;    bulb    oval    or   globose. 
Spores  8-9  x  5-6  micr.     660.     A.  spissa  Fr. 
(hh)     Volva  f riable-floccose ;    gills  free;   bulb  marginate- 
rounded,    concentrically   grooved.     Spores    11-13   x 
6-8  micr.   (Boudier).     A.  excelsa  Fr. 


Section  I.  Universal  veil  splitting  at  apex;  volva  persistent  on 
bulb  or  base  of  stem,  usually  foriinuy  a  true  cup,  its  upper  part 
free  from  stem  or  merely  collapsing  on  it,  memltranous ;  surface  of 
pileus  bare  (except  occasionally  in  A.  phaUoiiles  and  A.  spreta  in 
which  thin  membranous  shreds  or  patches  remain  on  pileus). 


600  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

639.     Amanita  caesarea  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Michael,  Vol.  II,  No.  97. 
Bresadola,  Fungh,  mang.  e.  vel..  PI.  1. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Plate  IS  and  19,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  28  and  29,  1908. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  1.  op.  p.  50,  1905. 
Peck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  18.  PL  15,  1897. 

Not  yet  reported  in  Michigan.  It  is  occasionally  found  farther 
south.  The  present  known  range  seems  to  be  as  far  north  as 
latitude  43°.  This  would  bring  it  into  southern  Michigan  where 
no  doubt  it  will  yet  be  found.  Its  name  indicates  that  it  is  the 
emperor  of  its  genus,  and  its  large,  showy,  orange  to  red  cap  and 
perfect  volva  fulh'  justify  the  name.  The  inleusis  striate  and 
glabrous;  gills  and  stem  are  yelloic.  "The  thick  volva,  before  split- 
ting is  about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg  and  of  like  shape  and  color." 
It  is  edible,  and  was  served  to  the  Caesars  of  Rome  as  a  delicacy 
long  ago.  It  approaches  the  deadly  A.  muscaria  in  color,  except 
that  the  gills  of  the  latter  are  white.  Avoid  eating  it  unless  inti- 
mately acquainted  with  both  species.  It  often  forms  large  fairy 
rings. 

640.     Amanita  phalloides  Fr.     (Deadly  Poisonous) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821.. 

Illustrations :     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,    Xo.    3    (as    A. 

iiilhosa,  the  green  variety). 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  2,  f green  variety). 
Cooke,  Illustrations,  Plate  2,  (yellow  variety). 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  75,  Fig.  2. 
Fries,  Sverig.  iitl.  u.  gift.  Svamp.,  PI.  2. 
Farlow,  Bull.  Xo.  15,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Plate  XXIII,  1898. 

(See  also  Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  11.  p.  21,  1908,  for  same 

figure.) 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Plate  14,  Fig.  56,  57  (umber  to  olive 

variety). 
Marshall.  ^Fushroom  Book,  p.  48,   1905. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  at  first  ovate  or  rounded,  then  subcam- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  GOl 

panulate  to  expanded,  quite  viscid  when  moist,  umher-brown  to 
smoky  olive,  sometimes  virgate,  ofteu  paler  or  whitish  on  margin, 
glabrous  or  with  few  remnants  of  the  universal  veil  in  the  form  of 
thin  shreds  or  patches,  margin  even.  GILLS  free  or  adnexed  by 
a  line,  medium  broad,  close,  v,^hite.  STEM  8-20  cm.  long,  G-12  mm. 
thick,  cylindrical  above  bulb,  varying  stout  to  slender,  glahi'ous  to 
subsquamulose,  stuffed  by  fibrils  then  hollow,  white  or  tinged  by 
color  of  pileus.  ANNULUS  superior,  ivhite,  ample,  pendant,  mem- 
branous. VOLVA  mostly  buried  in  the  ground,  forming  a  loose 
or  appressed  cup,  sometimes  entire  and  lobed,  often  irregularly 
torn,  formed  by  the  universal  veil  dehiscent  or  tearing  in  shreds  at 
the  apex,  not  truly  circumscissile,  its  texture  memlranoiis,  not  floc- 
cose.  SPOKES  spherical-ovate,  the  ovate-pointed  side  ending  in  a 
rather  stout  apiculus,  9-12  (with  apiculus)  to  8-9  micr.,  granular 
within,  white,  smooth.     ODOR  rather  nauseous. 

Scattered  or  gregarious.  In  conifer  or  frondose  woods,  borders 
of  woods,  thickets,  rarely  on  lawns,  etc.  Common  throughout  the 
State.  July  to  September  (earliest  record  July  9,  latest  September 
24). 

The  form  with  circumscissile  universal  veil  belongs  under  .4.. 
mappa.  The  typical  fonn  with  dark  cap  described  above  is  rather 
common  and  recognizable  by  the  umber  to  olive-brown  colors  or 
paler  shades  of  these  colors,  the  even  margin,  the  rather  ample  volva 
which  may  be  reduced  in  size  by  the  shreds  it  sometimes  leaves  on 
the  cap,  by  the  subglabrous  stem  and  spherical-ovate  spores.  It  is 
distinguished  from  .4.  mnppa,  form  (A)  by  the  membranous  text- 
ure of  its  universal  veil  which  does  not  split  in  a  truly  circumscissile 
manner,  by  the  more  ample  volva,  and  by  the  shreds  which  when 
present  on  the  cap  are  membranous,  not  floccose-warty.  In  this 
separation,  I  have  followed  Boudier,  the  eminent  French  mycologist. 
This  is  one  of  our  most  deadh^  muslirooms,  no  antidote  having  yet 
been  discovered  for  its  poison.  The  amateur  need  not  attempt  to 
keep  A.  phalloides  and  A.  mappa,  form  {A)  apart,  as  they  are  equally 
poisonous.  The  autumnal  yellow  form  is  more  easily  distinguished 
but  is  also  a  deadly  species.  See  Chapter  on  Poisons.  In  Europe, 
the  green  variety  is  very  common;  their  yellow  variety  {A.  hulbosa) 
is  referred  by  Ricken  to  A.  mappa.  We  do  not  seem  to  have  these 
color  forms  here. 


602  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

641.     Amanita  verna  Fr.     (Deadly  Poisonous) 

Epici-isis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  Plate    3    (bulb    imitates    that    of    A. 

map  pa). 
Gillet.  Champignons  de  France,   (as  A.  hulbosa  vav.  alba). 
Bi-esadola.  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  4. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  59  and  (10;  also  Fig.  55   (as  A. 

phalloidcK  var.  alha).  l*»(l(). 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  p.  48   (probably  A.  verna,  given 

as  A.  plialloidcs),  1905. 
Murrill,  Mycologia.  Vol.  5,  PI.  87,  Fig.  1.     (As  A.  phalJoklcs.) 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  K),  p.  27,  1908. 
Plate  CXVI  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  elongated  ovate  then  convex  to  subcam- 
panulate,  tinally  expanded,  pure  ichite,  viscid  when  moist,  glabrous, 
without  patches  from  the  veil,  even  on  margin.  GILLS  free  or  ad- 
nexed  by  a  line,  not  broad,  subventricose,  crowded,  white,  edge 
floccose  or  pulverulent.  STEM  pure  white,  8-20  cm.  long,  rather 
stout,  8-15  mm.  thick,  cylindrical  above  bulb,  or  tapering  upward, 
stuffed,  then  somewhat  hollow,  glabrous  or  floccose-scaly,  bulb  oval 
or  orbicular,  not  as  wide  as  in  A.  mappa.  sunk  i)i  the  ground:  AN- 
NULUS  ample,  superior,  pendant,  wliite,  membranous,  not  disap- 
pearing normally.  VOLVA  tirm,  thick  below,  thinning  out  toward 
lobed  margin,  derived  from  the  entire  universal  veil,  which  de- 
hisces at  its  apex,  membranous,  white,  forming  a  genuine  cup  the 
ample  free  margin  of  which  is  at  first  rigid  then  appressed  to  stem. 
SPORES  spherical-ovate,  the  ovate-pointed  end  terminating  in  a 
rather  stout  apiculus,  granular  within,  white,  9-12  (with  apiculus) 
X  8-9  micr.,  immature  spores  smaller.  BASIDIA  4-^spored.  ODOR 
nauseous  or  slightly  so. 


'f^' 


Solitary  or  scattered  gregarious.  In  conifer,  mixed  or  frondose 
woods  or  thickets,  rarely  on  lawns,  often  in  clearings.  Very  com- 
mon throughout  tlic  State.  July-October  (latest  record  October 
11.) 

This  beautiful,  pure  white,  stately  and  deadly  poisonous  Amanita 
is  called  the  "destroying  angel."'  In  the  egg-stage  it  is  easily  con- 
fused by  the  inexperienced  Avitli  Agaricus  campestris.  The  hidden 
volva  must  be  looked  for  in  every  ichite  mushroom  gathered  for  the 
table  so  as  to  avoid  it.    A.  verna  has  spores  like  A.  phalloides;  and 


i 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  603 

spores  which  are  larger  and  less  truly  spherical  than  in  A.  mappa. 
From  the  next  sfj^cies  it  is  separated  by  its  four  spores  to  each 
basidium  and  by  its  stouter  habit.  But  to  the  amateur,  A.  verna, 
A.  hisporigera  and  A.  virosa  will  look  alike,  and  as  they  are  equally 
poisonous,  he  need  not  separate  them.  They  are  only  kept  dis- 
tinct for  scientific  reasons.  The  bulb,  as  well  as  the  adjustment 
of  the  volva  on  it  varies  considerably  so  that  unless  it  can  be 
shown  that  the  microscopic  characters  differ,  the  so-called  ^-alia" 
var.  of  A.  phaUokles  and  A.  Hjcrna  proper  are  here  combined  into 
one.  It  seems  to  have  no  soil  preference  with  us,  although  Boudier 
says  it  is  partial  to  limestone  land.  I  have  found  it  on  clay  and 
saud}^  soil  in  southern  Michigan,  and  on  the  rockj^  foundations  of 
the  Lake  Superior  region.     See  Chapter  on  Poisons. 

642.    Amanita  bisporiger  Atk.     (Deadly  Poisonous) 

Botanical  Gazette,  Vol.  41,  1906. 

Illustration:     Atkinson,    Mushrooms,    Fig.    01,    1900     (as      .1. 
vertia). 

Like  A.  verna,  except  in  its  more  slender  habit,  and  the  2-spored 
basklia.  Pileus  4-7  cm.  broad.  Stem  8-12  cm.  long,  5-8  cm.  thick 
above  the  bulb  which  varies  from  2-1  cm.  in  thickness.  "^Aliole 
plant  is  pure  white,  and  only  separable  from  A.  verna  in  the  field 
after  some  experience.  I  have  examined  the  2-spored  character 
frequently  and  it  seems  to  be  constant. 

Usuallv  solitarv.  Throughout  the  State,  in  hemlock  or  frondose 
woods.  One  specimen  was  found  growing  from  a  rotten  hemlock 
trunk  near  its  base,  in  the  Huron  Mountains.  July  to  September. 
Frequent.     Poisonous. 

643.     Amanita  virosa  Fr.     (Deadly  Poisonous) 

Hymen.  Europ.,  1871. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Sverig.  iitlig.  u.  gift.  Svamp.,  PI.  81. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  1. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  l^o.  0. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  62,  p.  62,  1900. 

Like  Ari-crna,  except  that  it  has  a  conical  pileus  when  young; 
the  annulus  is  rarelv    formed,    because    the    inner    veil    remains 


(304  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

attached  to  gills  and  edge  of  pileus  and  becomes  torn  into  parts 
or  shreds;  the  stem  has  a  tendency  to  be  eccentric,  and  is  usual- 
ly Hoccose  or  sinianmloso.  and  the  spores  are  slightly  smaller, 
spherical-ovate,  S-D  (with  apiculus)  x  7-8  micr.,  white.  It  seems  to 
be  j/artial  to  sandy  soil  in  this  State.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Kichmoud. 
September.     Infrequent.    Poisonous. 

644.    Amanita  porphyria  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  5. 
Plate  CXVII  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  3-G  cm.  broad,  at  first  campanulate  then  expanded, 
gJahrous,  pale  hrotcn,  disk  smoky-brown,  moist  or  subviscid,  silky 
and  obscurely  virgate  when  dry,  margin  even.  Flesh  thin,  white. 
GILLS  white,  slightlj^  adnexed,  close,  medium  in  width,  subventri- 
cose,  thin.  STEM  rather  slender,  7-12  cm.  long,  4-G  mm.  thick,  sub- 
equal,  soft,  even,  glabrous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  whitish  to  pale 
brown,  iDitli  a  small  bulb.  ANNULUS  superior  but  distant,  thin, 
membranous,  white  becoming  brown-tinged,  pendant.  VOLVA 
white,  thin,  flaccid,  membranous,  forming  a  thin  cup,  imbedded 
with  the  bulb  in  the  soil,  somewhat  evanescent.  SPORES  spherical, 
7-9  micr.  diameter,  granular  within,  smooth,  white.  BASIDIA 
4-sp()red. 

In  low.  swampy  ground,  among  poplars  and  willows.  July.  Ann 
Arbor.     Rare. 

Distinguished  from  A.  tomentella,  by  its  sheathing  cup  and  gla- 
brous pileus.  Our  plants  did  not  have  the  purplish  tinge  reported 
as  frequent  in  European  plants.  Gillet  gives  a  good  figure.  The 
anuulus  becomes  brownish  and  is  thin  and  drapes  the  stem  at  some 
distance  from  the  apex.  In  this  and  other  respects  it  differs  from 
small  forms  of  A.  phalloides.  This  appears  to  correspond  with 
Ricken's  ''forma  volvata."     (Bliitterpilze,  PI.  75,  Fig.  3.) 

645.     Amanita  peckiana  Kauff.     (Suspected) 
Mycologia,  Vol.  A',  p.  (57,  1913. 

PILEUS  5-9  ('111.  broad,  at  first  ovate,  becoming  broadlv  convex 
or  nearly  plane,  white,  glabrous  at  first,  then  fibrillose  or  some- 
ivhat  scurfy  with  numerous  minute  pinkish  or  cream-colored  squam- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  (505 

tiles,  not  striate,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  bordered  by  the 
thiekish  union  of  the  universal  and  partial  veil,  at  length  crenate- 
fringed  or  lacerate-appendiculate.  FLESH  firm,  thiekish,  white. 
GILLS  free  or  attached  bj'  a  line,  reaching  the  stem,  moderately 
broad,  much  broader  iu  front,  subellipsoid,  pure  Avhite,  flocculose 
on  edge,  trama  divergent.  STEM  5-9  cm.  long  (rarely  up  to  13 
cm.,  1-2  cm.  tliick,  stout,  tapering  slightly  upward,  stutled  by  loose 
pith,  then  hollow,  white,  at  first  hulbous,  the  bulb  covered  hj  a 
thick,  firm,  loose  VOLVA  which  is  margined  with  ovate  lobes,  the 
flesh  often  pinkish  or  salmon-colored.  esi)ecially  toward  base.  AN- 
NULUS  evanescent,  but  in  the  young  plants  the  gills  are  concealed 
by  the  very  thin  inner  veil.  SPORES  elongate-oblong  or  sub- 
cylindrical,  obtuse,  13-lG  x  5-7  micr.,  sometimes  slightly  narrower 
toward  one  end,  white  in  mass.  BASIDIA  46-50  x  9  micr.,  elongate- 
clavate,  4:-spored.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  inllated, 
pyriform,  variable  in  size.     ODOR  none  or  very  slightly  of  radish. 

Gregarious.     On  sandy  ground  under  white  pine  in  open  groves. 
New  Richmond.     September.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  the  fringed  margin  of  the  pileus,  the  large,  two-layered 
volva,  the  thin,  evanescent  inner  veil,  the  peculiar  delicate  innate, 
fibrillose  scales  on  the  cap  and  stem  and  the  large  subcylindric 
spores.  The  volva  is  entirely  immersed  in  the  sand ;  it  splits 
usually  at  the  top  of  the  young  cap  into  ovate  lobes  and  at  length 
seems  spuriously  two-layered  below  by  the  separation  of  a  thick 
layer  of  the  bulb  so  that  finally  the  stem  is  removable  and  appears 
subcylindrical  at  base.  Rarely  the  volva  breaks  so  as  to  leave  a 
large  thick  piece  on  top  of  the  cap  as  in  A.  coccola  Scop.  In  some 
respects  it  approaches  A.  spreta  Pk.,  but  differs  distinctly  in  color 
and  spores.  Sometimes  the  surface  of  the  cap  is  beautifully  dotted 
by  the  pale  salmon-colored,  delicate  scales.  The  volva  may  reach 
a  large  size,  4  to  5  cm.  high  and  3  to  4  cm.  across.  The  inner  veil 
is  very  thin  and  often  remains  adnate  to  the  stem  at  first,  and 
appears  to  be  absent;  in  the  mature  plant  it  is  rarely  to  be  made 
out.  This  species  is  close  to  if  not  identical  with  A.  coccola  Scop, 
(sense  of  Boudier,  Soc.  Myc.  d.  France,  Bull.  18,  p.  253  and  PI. 
13).  The  shape  and  size  of  the  spores  are  figured  and  described 
like  those  of  our  species.  The  margin  of  the  pileus.  however,  is 
said  to  be  always  striate,  Saccardo  says  "sulcate."  On  the  other 
hand,  the  inner  veil  of  A.  coccola  is  said  to  be  very  thin  and  evane- 
scent, and  the  figures,  showing  the  volva,  are  very  suggestive  of 
our  plant.  Furthermore.  Ricken  (Blatterpilze.  under  A.  ovoidcn) 
quotes  Quelet  as  authority  for  the  statement  that  the  flesh  of  A. 


606  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

coccola  assumes  a  reddish  hue.  Some  consider  the  latter  species 
a  form  of  A.  ovoidca  Fr.  to  which  our  plant  cannot  be  referred,  but 
to  which  it  may  be  related. 

646.     Amanita  spreta  Pk.     (Deadly  Poisonous) 

>'.  V.  State  Mus.,  Rep.  :V2,  1879. 

Illustrations :     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  71,  p.  G9,  1900. 
Plate  CXVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEU.S  7-12  cm.  broad,  ovate  at  first,  then  broadly  convex-ex- 
panded, pale  bt'own  to  umher-colored,  often  unicolorous,  ghihrous  or 
with  a  few  large  patches  of  the  white  universal  veil,  slighth^  viscid, 
margin  even  or  obscurely  striatulate.  FLESH  white,  soft,  thick, 
abruptly  thin  at  margin.  GILLS  crowded,  reaching  the  stem  and 
adnexed  by  a  decurrent  line,  rather  broad,  narrowed  behind,  sub- 
ventricose,  pure  white,  edge  fimbriate-serrulate,  its  trama  with 
diverging  hyphae.  STEM  10-15  cm.  long,  stout,  10-20  mm.  thick, 
equal  or  tapering  slightly  upward,  stutfed  then  hollow,  striate  and 
mealy  above  the  annulus,  subgiabrous  or  subfibrillose  below,  ivhit- 
ish,  not  'bulhous,  inserted  at  base  into  the  rather  large,  thickish, 
persistent,  memhranous,  sheathing,  white  VOLVA.  ANNULUS 
white  above,  tinged  umber  beneath,  thin,  membranous,  superior. 
SPORES  elliptical,  11-12x0-7  micr.,  nucleate  at  maturity,  smooth, 
white.     No  cystidia.     Basidia  1-spored. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  sandy  soil,  in  the  pine  plains  of 
western  Michigan  now  covered  with  scrub-oak,  etc.,  where  it  is  fre- 
quent.    September.    New  Richmond,  along  the  Kalamazoo  River. 

Known  by  the  sheathing  volva  and  the  bulbless  stem,  which  are 
both  deeply  immersed  in  the  sandy  soil  and  imitate  Amamtopsis 
vaginata  in  this  respect.  The  color  of  the  pileus  is  unifonnly 
darker  than  it  is  given  by  Peck.  It  i)refers  sandy  soil.  Its  stout 
habit  and  its  spores,  as  well  as  the  base  of  the  stem,  are  strikingly 
different  from  A.  porphyria.  A.  cinerea  Bres.  of  Europe  also  lacks 
the  bulb  but  is  a  much  smaller  plant. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  607 

Section  II.  Universal  veil  splitting  in  a  circular  line  between 
bulb  and  pileus  {circumscissile),  the  upper  half  adhering  on  the 
pileus  in  the  form  of  floccose  scales,  warts  or  pyramids,  the  lower 
half  adhering  to  the  bulb  or  the  base  of  the  stem  and  forming  abrupt 
inrolled  sheaths,  or  several  imperfect  rings.  The  universal  veil  is 
composed  of  globose,  inflated  cells,  at  least  in  the  upper  ])art. 

*Annulus  median  or  inferior. 

647.     Amanita  tomentella  Kroml).     (Suspected) 
Naturgetreue  Abbildungen,  1831. 

Illustrations :     Krombholtz,  ibid. 

Kicken,  Bliltterpilze,  PL  76,  Fig.  1.     (As  A.  porphyria.) 

PILEUS  4-9  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  umber-brown  or 
paler,  with  a  tinge  of  violaceous  (ecru-drab,  Ridg.),  almost  dry, 
radiately-silky,  shining,  covered  by  numerous,  delicate,  pulverulent- 
floccose,  appressed,  ash-colored  scales,  margin  even  and  decurved. 
FLESH  white  or  tinged  ashy  under  the  separable  pellicle.  GILLS 
white,  rather  narrow,  of  equal  width,  close,  free  or  decurrent  by 
a  line,  edge  minutely  fimhriate  and  sometimes  ashy-tinged.  STEM 
7-9  cm.  long,  tapering  upward  from  the  thick,  ovoid  bulb,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  often  with  an  ashy  piilverulence  hoth  ahove  and  'below 
the  distant  annulus,  innately  scaly  below,  whitish.  VOLVA  thick, 
circumscissile,  covered  with  tomentose  pulverulence,  its  margin 
thick,  short  and  somewhat  angled.  ANNULUS  median,  usually 
ample,  membranous,  thin,  persistent,  ashy-colored  on  under  side, 
somewhat  striate  above.  SPORES  spherical,  8-9.5  micr.  in  diam., 
smooth,  white  with  minute  apiculus. 

(Dried  :  Cap  shining,  chestnut,  scales  paler;  gills  pale  alutaceous. ) 

Solitary.  In  conifer  and  mixed  woods  of  northern  Michigan. 
Isle  Royale,  Houghton,  Munising.    August-October.    Infreiiuent. 

I  have  restored  Krombholtz's.  name  in  order  properly  to  limit 
our  plant.  According  to  Boudier  A.  recutita  has  oval  spores,  11-12  x 
7-9  micr.  in  size.  Except  for  this  discrepancy,  this  form  wouhl  be 
referred  to  that  species.  It  differs  from  A.  porphyria  in  belonging 
to  this  section,  by  reason  of  its  circumscissile  universal  veil  and  the 
floccose  structure  of  the  scales  on  the  cap,  which  are  numei-ous; 
the  spores,  however,  are  the  same.  No  doubt  our  plant  is  one  of 
three  different  species,  which  are  closely  related.    It  is  easily  known 


608  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

by  the  ashy-colored  piilveriileuce  on  cap  and  stem,  and  the  median, 
pendant  annnlns.  The  main  color  oT  tlie  pilens  varies  from  umber- 
brown  to  drab,  with  an  obscure  tinge  of  lilac  or  purplish.  It  is  an 
autumnal  Amanita  of  the  conifer  forests. 

648.     Amanita  recutita  Fr.  var.     (Suspected) 

Epicrisis,  1S3G-38. 

Illustration  :     Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  3,  No.  124:. 

PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  dry,  grayish,  hroini  oiidisky 
disk  dotted  with  patch-like  wliitisli  scales,  striate  on  margin. 
FLESH  rather  thin,  white.  GILLS  free  but  with  decurrent  line, 
rather  narrou\  close.  Avhite  or  whitish,  trama  divergent.  STEM  8-9 
cm.  long,  sloider,  7-10  mm.  thick,  silky,  white,  equal  above  the  small 
rounded  bulb.  ANNL^LUS  membranous,  thin,  subpersistent,  dis- 
tant ,narrow.  whitish.  VOLVA  sheathing  but  short,  truncate,  thick- 
ish,  extending  above  bulb,  whitish.  SPOEES  l)roadly  elliptical^ 
oval  to  subpyriform,  11-13  x  7-9  micr.,  variable  in  shape,  smooth,, 
white.  BASIDIA  40-45x10  micr.,  attenuated  downward,  4-spored. 
ODOR  none. 

On  sandy  soil,  coniferous  region,  under  thickets.  New  Richmond. 
September.    Rare. 

This  species  is  distinct  from  A.  imrphyria  and  A.  tomentclla, 
which  it  imitates  in  size  and  coloring,  and  by  its  large  spores.  It 
differs  also  from  A.  porphyria  in  the  mode  of  breaking  of  the  uni- 
versal veil,  the  greater  part  of  Avhich  remains  at  the  base  of  the  stem 
in  the  form  of  a  thimble.  The  spores  agree  with  the  species  as 
known  to  Boudier.  (Soc.  Myc.  d.  France,  Bull.  18,  p.  259.)  The 
striations  of  our  plants  extend  halfway  to  the  center  of  the  cap  and 
this  seems  to  be  an  aberrant  feature,  although  the  descriptions  by 
European  authors  are  not  very  full. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  609 

"Annulus  superior. 

649.    Amanita  mappa  Fr.     (Deadly  Poisonous) 
Hymen.  Enrop.,  1874. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  4    (shape,  etc.,  but  not  with  the 
colors  of  the  American  plant). 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  5. 
Rolland,  Bull,  de  la  soc.  Myc.  de  France,  PI.  IV,  Fig.  1. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  77.  Fig.  2. 

Atkinson,  Mnshroonis,  Fig.  .58,  p.  .58  (as  A.  phaUoidcs) ,  1900. 
Hard,  :Mnsliroonis,  Fig.  24.  p.  ?,.5,  1908. 

I'lLEFS  4-8  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  usually  very- 
regular,  margin  eren.  FLESH  white,  not  very  thick.  GILLS  free 
or  adnexed  by  a  line,  close,  medium  broad,  ichite.  STEM  subcylin- 
drical  above  the  vtrjj  hroad,  ahrupt,  sahdepressed  hulh,  stuffed  then 
hollow. 

There  are  two  forms  with  us:  (A)  PILEUS  snioky-umher  vary- 
ing to  dark  olive,  sometimes  almost  white,  often  paler  in  color  or 
umber  color  only  present  on  disk,  the  rest  being  whitish  covered  with 
floccose  soft  scales,  the  upper  part  of  the  universal  veil.  STEM 
with  a  very  abrupt,  depressed,  margined  bulb  above  the  edge  of  which 
the  margin  of  the  circumscissile  volva  may  project  slightly,  bulb 
rounded  below,  surface  of  stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  white  or 
tinged  smoky  brown.  SPORES  globular,  8-9  micr.,  apiculate.  AN- 
XULUS  superior,  white,  membranous.  VOLVA  evanescent  on  bulb, 
l)ut  remaining  on  cap.  This  form  is  usually  confused  with  A.  phal- 
loides. 

(B)  PILEUS  yellotcish-ivhitc  to  straw-color,  rarely-  approaching 
sulphur-yellow,  covered  with  more  or  less  persistent,  floccose,  sordid- 
white  or  pale  brownish  scales.  GILLS  Avith  edge  floccose-crenulate, 
•lue  to  globose-pyriform  sterile  cells,  its  trama  with  divergent 
hyphae.  STEM  with  depressed  saucer-shaped  wide  bulb,  uj)  to  .'*>  cm. 
diameter,  cylindrical  above,  10-15  mm.  thick,  pallid,  or  tinged  very 
slightly  with  drab,  almost  glabrous,  G-9  cm.  long.  ANXFLFS 
superior,  straw-colored  as  a  rule,  membranous,  rather  anii»le. 
VOLVA  appressed  on  the  bulb,  its  short,  thick,  cup-margin  free  from 
stem  and  leaving  a  space  between  it  and  the  stem,  rarely  obtusely 
short-lobed.  SPOIJES  perfectli/  globular,  with  an  abru]>t  apitulus, 
7-9  micr.   diameter,  or  smaller  when  immature,  granular  Avithin, 

white. 

77 


610  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Form  (B)  is  autunmal,  rarely  appearing  before  September,  when 
it  is  common  tlironghout  the  State.  September  to  November  (earli- 
est record  August  25th.  latest  November  '2\.  It  seems  to  prefer 
sandy  soil,  but  also  occurs  in  sandy-clay  soil.  IJoudier  says  it  seems 
to  be  lacking  in  clay  soil  in  France;  he  also  gives  spores  slightly 
larger.  Found  in  white  pine  or  hendock  forests,  as  well  as  in  oak, 
maple,  etc.  Uoth  forms  have  a  circumscissile  volva,  the  upper  part 
of  which  is  tloccose  in  structure,  the  lower  membranous.  It  is  there- 
fore intermediate  between  the  first  and  second  sections.  The 
European  form  is  said  to  have  a  nauseous  odor.  It  is  jioisonous  like 
A.  phaUoidcs.  The  spores  of  the  yellow  form  are  entirely  spherical 
and  the  apiculus  is  abrupt  and  very  slender  and  short;  in  this  it 
differs  from  A.  pJialloidcs,  which  has  spores  with  the  spherical  shape 
but  on  the  side  of  the  apiculus  becomes  somewhat  ovate-pointed,  the 
point  ending  in  a  rather  stout  apiculus;  this  diameter  is  therefore 
a  few  microns  longer,    sometimes    10-12    micr.    long    to    9    broad. 

650.     Amanita  muscaria  Fr.     (Deadly  Poisonous) 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Gibson,   Our  Edible  Toadstools   and   Mushrooms, 

PI.  IV  (colored),  1895. 
Farlow,  Bull.  No.  16,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  PI.  22,  copied  by  Hard, 

Mushrooms,  Fig.  13,  1908. 
Atkinson,  ^Mushrooms,  Frontispiece  (colored),  also  PI.  12-13. 

Figs.  52,  53  and  54,  1900. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  Ill  (colored),  1905. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  5,  PI.  85  and  PI.  87,  Fig.  3. 
Mcllvaine.  Amer.  :Mushrooms,  PI.  IX,  1900. 

PILEUS  8-20  cm.  broad,  at  first  ovate  or  hemispherical,  then 
broadly  convex  to  plane,  viscid  when  young  and  moist,  yellow,  some- 
times orange  or  orange-red,  rarely  whitish,  covered  with  numerous, 
u-Jiitish  or  pale  i/ellowish  irarts,  margin  at  maturity  slightly  striate. 
FLESH  white,  or  yellowish  under  the  separable  pellicle.  GILLS 
reaching  the  stem,  l>ut  free  or  decurrent  by  a  line,  crowded,  broadest 
toward  front,  ichite.  STEM  10-20  cm.  high,  equal  or  tapering  up- 
ward, loosely  stuffed  then  hollow,  ovate-bulbous  below,  white  or 
tinaed  vellow,  with  a  white  annulus  above,  the  lower  half  floccose- 
scaly  or  somewhat  lacerate,  and  near  the  bulb  provided  ivith  prom- 
inent concentric  scales  or  rings,  which  are  the  remains  of  the  broken 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  611 

ueil.  ANNULUS  large,  thick,  superior,  white.  VOLVA  is  much 
torn  and  surrounds  the  bulb  and  the  stem  just  above  the  bulb  in 
the  form  of  scales  or  rings.  SPORES  broadly  oval,  9-10.5  x  G-7..J 
micr.,  smooth,  usually  with  a  large  oil-globule  nearly  tilling  the 
spore,  obliquely  apiculate,  white.  ODOR  and  TASTE  usually  in- 
sipid in  the  fresh  condition  of  the  mushroom;  its  poison  when  ex- 
tracted is,  however,  extremely  bitter. 

(Dried:  More  or  less  ochraceous  to  alutaceous  throughout,  the 
scales  on  pileus  alwaj^s  paler.) 

Gregarious  or  closely  massed,  often  in  large  fairy  rings.  In 
tliickets  of  poplar,  wood-lots  of  oak  and  maple,  forests  of  pine  or 
hemlock,  cemeteries,  roadsides,  etc.,  widely  distributed  throughout 
the  State.  Sometimes  on  poor,  gravely  soil,  sometimes  in  swampy 
poplar  woods,  usually  on  denuded  or  pastured  ground  if  found 
under  conifers.     July-October.     Frequent. 

One  of  the  most  showy  and  attractive  mushrooms  of  the  State. 
Known  by  its  size,  its  yellow  caps  ornamented  with  Avhitish  patches, 
its  white  gills  and  scaly  bulb.  A.  frostiana  and  A.  flaooconia  have 
similar  colors,  but  are  much  smaller.  In  Europe,  the  colors  are 
bright  scarlet  and  very  striking.  With  us  this  form  does  not  occur. 
Our  species  is  really  a  color-variety  of  the  European  plant,  much 
like  that  which  European  mycologists  name  var.  formoso, 
except  that  our  plant  has  white  scales  on  its  pileus.  A. 
flavoruhescens  has  soft  yellow  scales  but  is  otherwise 
much  different  from  var.  formosa  as  described,  with  which 
it  must  not  be  confused.  I  have  no  record  of  the  European 
var.  formosa^  and  am  not  sure  that  it  exists  in  this  country.  The 
color  of  A.  muscaria  varies  somewhat,  and  in  deep  shaded  places 
may  be  white;  this  is  var.  alba.  The  stately  var.  regalis  with  a  pale 
liver  colored  cap  has  not  been  found  in  the  State,  although  I  have 
seen  it  in  Sweden ;  it  is  very  large.  In  wet  situations  the  veil  may 
split  as  in  the  preceding  section  and  leave  the  cap  bare;  this  is 
var.  puellaris  and  is  usually  smaller. 

The  deadly  A.  muscaria  has  jeio  uses.  Its  poison  may  yet  be 
found  to  be  of  medicinal  value,  and  the  early  settlers  used  an  infu- 
sion of  it  to  make  "fly  paper,"  which  was  an  effective  remedy  for  the 
troublesome  house-fly — sometimes,  but  which  caused  disaster  if  small 
children  partook  of  it.  It  is  a  delightful  object  for  the  artistic  eye 
of  the  nature  lover  but  in  all  other  respects  a  menace. 


612  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

651.    Amanita  frostiana  Pk.     (Not  Poisonous) 

X.  Y.  Btate  Mns.  Tiep.  33,  1880. 

Illustration:     Atkinson,   ^lushrooms,  Frontispiece,  Fig.   2    (col- 
ored), 1900. 

PILEUS  3-0  (111.  broad,  convex  or  expanded,  bright  orange  or 
yellow,  only  sliglitly  viscid,  decorated  with  yellowish  scales  or  warty 
patches,  which  are  sometimes  lacking,  striate  on  margin.  GILLS 
free,  white  or  slightly  tinged  with  yellow,  close,  broadest  toward 
front.  STEM  .j-S  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  thick,  white  or  yellowish^ 
stuffed,  bearing  a  slight,  sometimes  evanescent  annnlus,  icith  a 
distinct  'bull)  which  is  margined  above  tcith  a  collar-like  ring.  AN- 
XULFS  sui)erior,  ihin,  fragile.  VOLVA  floccose-membranons,  ad- 
hering on  bnlb  in  concentric  scales  or  prominent  rings  as  in  A.  unis- 
caria,  but  less  marked.  SPORES  globose,  7.5-10  micr.,  smooth, 
white,  grannlar  Avithin. 

Solitary  or  few.  On  very  rotten  hemlock  logs  and  debris,  in 
hemlock  and  mixed  woods  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Huron 
Mountains,  Marquette.    August- September.    Infrequent, 

This  species  is  doubtless  most  often  confused  with  A.  flavoconia 
which  is  sometimes  of  similar  size  but  has  a  universal  veil  composed 
of  a  powdery  yelloAV  substance,  and  whose  bulb  has  therefore  a 
different  appearance.  A.  frostiana  appears  more  like  a  small  form 
of  A.  muscaria  and  prefers  shady  conifer  woods,  while  A.  jiavoconia 
is  more  common  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  in  f rondose  woods^ 
even  in  the  open.  Mcllvaine  says  it  becomes  reddish-orange  to  scar- 
let farther  south  and  imitates  A.  caesarca  in  color;  but  no  confusion 
should  be  possible  between  the  two  since  they  have  diiferent  volvas. 
A.  frostiana  has  globose  spores;  A.  muscaria  has  oval  spores;  be- 
sides the  spores,  the  size  seems  the  onl}'  important  difference.  Ford 
and  Sherrick  found  it  contained  no  deadly  poison. 

652.     Amanita  cothurnata  Atk.     (Suspected) 

Studies  of  Anicr.  Fungi,  Mushrooms,  etc.,  1 !)()(). 

Illustrations,  Ibid,  Figs.  08,  09,  70,  p)..  07-08. 
Hard.  Mushrooms,  Fig.  iMi.  ]>.  :',7. 
PI.  ("MIX  (.(■  this  KeiK.it. 

!'lLI]rS  :{-8  cm.   broad,   at   lirst  globose  to  hemispherical,   llien 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  013 

convex-expanded,  viscid,  especially  when  moist,  ivhite,  sometimes 
slightly  tinged  on  centre  with  yellow  oi'  tawny-olive,  covered  ivith 
numerous,  ichite  floccose  scales,  margin  finely  striate  when  mature. 
OILLS  free,  remote,  rounded  behind,  crowded,  wliite,  broader  in 
front,  edge  floccose.  STEM  0-12  cm.,  cylindrical,  even,  white,  holloic, 
minutely  floccose-scaly,  with  a  large  oval  bulb  below.  AXNULUS 
superior,  white,  ratlier  persistent.  ^'OLVA  forming  a  close-fitting 
covering  for  bulb  and  ending  above  the  bulb  by  a  circular  roll  which 
is  often  abrupt.  SPORES  globose,  8-9  micr.,  smooth,  white,  almost 
filled  b}^  a  large  oil  globule. 

Gregarious.  In  oak  and  maple  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit. 
July-August.    Infrequent. 

Have  seen  only  the  })ure  white  form  in  Michigan.  This  species 
approaches  A.  pantlierina,  common  in  Europe.  Tlie  latter  has  a 
brown  to  fawn-colored  pileus  which  is  long-striate  and  has  whitish 
warts;  its  annulus  is  median,  and  there  are  usually  several  oblique 
rings  of  the  volva  a  little  above  the  bulb.  Murrill's  figure  in  My- 
cologia.  Vol.  5,  PL  87,  is  not  of  a  typical  plant.  A.  cotliurmita  has 
the  bulb  abruptly  terminated  by  a  close-fitting  roll;  its  cap  may 
have  a  slight  tinge  of  umber  or  yellow  on  the  disk.  Quelet  and 
Battaile  give  the  spores  of  A.  pantlierina  as  oval-elongate,  lO-li' 
micr.  long ;  Karsten  and  Smith  give  them  8-9  x  4-5  micr. 

653.    Amanita  chrysoblema  Atk.  sp.  nov.     (Probably  Deadly 

Poisonous) 

■ 

Illustration :    Plate  CXX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  8-10  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  pure  white,  densely 
covered  with  white  floccose  patches  or  scales,  viscid,  margin  finely 
striate.  GILLS  free,  somewhat  remote,  narroic,  close,  irJiite,  })laue, 
heterophyllous.  STEM  stout,  10-11:  cm.  long,  1  cm.  thick  above, 
tapering  from  the  clavate-hulhous  hase,  2  cm.  thick,  stuffed  by  a  pith 
then  hollow,  very  torn-scaly  below  annulus,  floccose  above,  white, 
bulb  and  lower  part  of  stem  somewhat  adorned  by  narrow  thick 
rings,  the  remains  of  the  volva.  ANNULUS  superior,  rather  ample, 
thin,  pendant,  somewliat  distant,  tchite  except  a  sprinkling  of  yellow 
floccules  on  upper  side.  VOLVA  floccose,  rather  fragile,  white,  in 
broken  rings  on  bulb  and  lower  stem.  SPORES  broadly-elliptical, 
9-10  X  0-7  micr.,  smooth,  white,  granular  within. 

Solitary.  On  the  ground,  in  the  edge  of  a  sphagnum  swamp. 
September-October.    Ann  Arbor.    Rare. 


614  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

Difi'eis  Iroiii  .1.  cotJiiinKita  in  its  bulb  and  annulus  characters, 
and  in  its  elliptical  spores.  The  scales  of  the  stem  are  due  to  its 
torn  surface  and  point  upward.  The  floccose  structure  of  the  uni- 
versal veil  :iii(l  ils  manner  of  breaking  separates  it  from  A.  vei'na,  A. 
phaUoUJi!^  and  A.  virosa.  The  yellow  floccules  on  the  annulus  are 
a  character  peculiar  to  this  species.  A.  crennlata  differs  from  A. 
chrysohlema  in  its  very  evanescent  volva,  in  its  gills  which  reach 
the  stem  and  have  a  strongly  floccose  edge,  the  floccules  of  which 
are  sometimes  yellow,  and  in  its  nucleate  spores. 

654.    Amanita  solitaria  Fr.     (Edible,  but  use  caution) 
Svst.  Mvc,  1821.  - 

Illustrations :    Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.  21   and  22,  1900. 

(iillet.  Champignons  de  France,  No.  10  (as  A.  pellita),  No.  8 

(as  A.  echinocephalo). 
Gooke,  111.,  PI.  939. 
Var,  (A)   (A.  strobiliformis)  ? 

PILEl'S  10-15  cm.  broad,  globose-hemispherical  at  first,  finally 
expanded-plane,  at  an  early  stage  covered  hy  large,  firmly  adhering, 
pyramidal  irarts,  when  expanded  dotted  with  floccose,  rather  soft, 
brownish  warts,  not  striate,  whitish.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  free 
or  almost  so,  crowded,  narrow,  white  or  tinged  cream-color,  edge 
entire.  STEM  10-15  cm.  or  more  in  length,  solid,  rooting  napiform- 
hulbous  at  first,  then  elongated  and  1-2  cm.  thick,  the  thick  bulb  at 
the  first  concentrically  corrugated  by  thick,  pointed  warts,  when 
full  grown  oval  ending  below  in  a  large,  tapering  ''root'^ 
which  penetrates  the  soil  deeply,  the  bulb  then  covered  with 
smaller,  scattered  Avarts,  becoming  almost  glabrous  upward  to  the 
ring,  whitish.  ANNL'LUS  ]teiidaii1,  ajiical,  wliite  then  dingy  yellow- 
ish and  disappearing.  SPOliES  variable  in  sha])e,  9-12  x  0-7.5  micr., 
elliptical,  smootli,  white.     ODOR  none  at  any  stage. 

Solitary  on  the  ground  in  low  woods  of  majde,  oak,  etc.  Ann 
Arbor.     August.     Infrequent. 

The  spore-measurements  agree  with  the  spore-measurements 
by  Bresadola,  but  not  at  all  with  his  figure  (Fungh. 
Mang.  et.  vel.,  PI.  8),  which  shows  the  surface  of  the  stem  torn-scaly 
like  the  surface  of  an  open  pine  cone.  It  is  more  like  the  forms 
photographed  by  Atkinson  (Mushrooms,  PI.  21,  1900),  except  for 
the  more  napiform  bulb  and  larger  spores.    Authors  disagree  widely 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  615 

as  to  the  chai-acters  of  .1.  salitaria  and  A.  strobilifonnis.  Boudier 
(Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Bull.  18,  1902)  differentiates  .1.  solitaria  by  its 
larger  spores,  13-15  x  8-10  micr.,  by  its  floccose,  thinner  warts,  by 
the  thin,  fragile  and  the  cream-colored  aunulns ;  and  his  A.  strohili- 
formis  has  spores  10-13  x  6-8  micr.,  a  turbinate,  napiforin  bulb,  and 
grayisli  cap  covered  with  very  large,  thick,  adnate  angular  scales. 
Ricken  (Bliitterpilze)  reverses  the  spore  size  and  also  considers 
them  smaller:  0-10x5-(>  micr.  for  A.  soUtaria;  12-14x8-9  for  A. 
strohiliformis;  at  the  same  time  his  other  characters  agree  pretty 
well  with  those  of  Boudier's  description  of  the  two  species.  Both 
Bresadola  and  Atkinson  consider  the  tAvo  species  identical  under 
.-1.  solituria,  assuming  that  great  variations  occur  in  the  nature  of 
the  scales  on  the  cap  and  stem,  and  in  the  shape  of  bulb  and  stem. 
That  weather  conditions  cause  great  variation  in  these  plants, 
whether  a  single  or  composite  species,  is  quite  certain.  But  with 
such  data  as  those  given  above,  as  to  size  of  spores,  it  becomes  neces- 
sary to  explain  by  further  studies  the  discrepancies  reported  by  these 
eminent  mycologists. 

All  European  mycologists  agree  in  omitting  any  mention  of  an 
odor  of  chloride  of  lime.  Hard  and  Mcllvaine  report  both  A.  soU- 
taria and  A.  strohiJifonnis  with  such  an  odor.  I  infer  from  this  that 
American  plants  which  have  often  been  referred  here,  belong  to 
A.  chJorino.siiia  Pk.  or  one  of  its  varieties. 

655.    Amanita  chlorinosma  Pk.     (Edible,  but  use  caution) 

Torr.  Bot.  Club.  Bull.,  Vol.  6,  1878. 
Bot.  Gazette,  Vol.  IV,  1879. 

Illustration:    Hard,   Muslirooms,   PI.   3,   Fig.   22,   1908.    (As  A. 
strohiliformis.) 

PILEUS  8-15  cm.  or  more  broad,  subglobose  at  first  then  convex 
to  expanded,  tvJiite  or  tinged  dingy  cream-color,  surface  with  a 
very  variable  covering  of  dense  white  floccose  scales  or  warts,  some- 
times mealy-floccose,  sometimes  as  rounded  masses,  sometimes 
pyramidal  pointed  warts,  always  floccose  in  structure,  except  in 
age  they  may  become  hard  and  adherent,  sometimes  few  and  large 
then  again  smaller  and  numerous,  margin  appendiculate  with 
shreds  of  veil.  FLESH  thick,  compact,  pure  white,  thinner  on 
margin.  GILLS  free  or  adnexed  by  a  point,  relatively  narrow,  sub- 
ventricose,  broader  in  front,  white  tinged  cream-color,  edge  minutely 


616  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

flocculose.  STEM  G-15  cm.  lono-.  rooting-,  root  iij)  to  10  cm.  long, 
ventricose  varying  to  napiforni  and  tlien  very  tliick,  \ip  to  -*>  cm.  at 
bulb,  equal  ui>\vards,  firm  and  hard,  solid  below;  spongy-stuffed 
within  the  hard  outer  rind,  sometimes  becoming  cavernous,  floccose- 
ioni  li-om  bull*  lo  annulus,  often  concentrically  floccose  near  bulb, 
white.  ANNULUS  fragile,  lacerated,  sometimes  remaining  as  a 
ring  with  margin  quite  torn,  sometimes  adhering  to  gills  or  margin 
of  pileus.  VOLYA  densely  floccose,  white,  mostly  left  on  pileus, 
sometimes  attached  to  bulb  or  stem  as  floccose.  irregular  concentric, 
soft  scales.  SPOIiES  not  large,  8-12  x  5-7  micr.,  varying  in  both 
dimensions.  Young  imnuiture  spores  are  s})lierical  then  ovate, 
dlipticid  at  matiiriti/,  granular  within.  ODOIJ  stroiif/  of  chloriiir 
or  rhlorklc  of  lime,  disagreeable. 

{ Dried :     Dingy-white. ) 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  In  woods  on  the  ground,  often  on  hard, 
gravelly  soil.    Lansing,  Detroit.     Infrequent. 

The  original  description,  copied  by  Mcllvaine,  was  made  by  Peck 
from  a  single  specimen.  Austin  the  finder,  also  published  a  descrip- 
tion at  the  same  time.  Since  the  plant  is  very  variable,  in  the 
manner  so  fully  described  for  A.  solitaria  by  Atkinson  in  his  mush- 
room book,  the  original  description  must  naturally  have  many 
short-comings.  Hence  I  will  assume,  until  we  have  further  data, 
that  all  our  plants  with  the  strong  chlorine  odor  belong  under  tliis 
species. 

Like  A.  solitaria,  A.  ehlorinosma  is  a  large  and  "Striking  species, 
usually  pure  white,  becoming  dingy  cream  color ;  the  surface  of  the 
whole  plant  is  sometimes  thick  with  a  mass  of  cottony  scales.  The 
spores  have  been  found  variable  and  add  to  the  confusion  of  species. 
Under  the  microscope  the  young  and  matured  spores  are  shown 
detached.  The  young  spores  naturally  measure  much  less  than  the 
mature  spores.  A.  radicata  Pk.  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Yol.  27,  p. 
609)  is  described  as  having  large  and  firm  scales;  the  odor,  the 
spores  and  the  rooting  stem  are  the  same  as  in  A.  ehlorinosma.  It 
seems  to  bear  the  same  relation  to  A.  ehlorinosma  as  A.  strohili- 
f  or  mis  bears  to  A.  solitaria. 

656.     Amanita  russuloides  Pk.     (Suspected) 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  25,  1873. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  or  more  broad,  ovate  at  first,  then  convex-ex- 
panded, pale  yellotv  or  stran'-eolor,  paler  on  margin,  surface  viscid, 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  617 

covered  with  whitish,  floccose  warts  which  are  often  lacking  en- 
tirely or  in  part,  margin  markedly  tuherciilate-striate,  striae  1  to 
3  cm.  long.  GILLS  white,  free  or  at  first  reaching  the  stem,  crowd- 
ed, rather  narrow,  broadest  in  front  and  tapering  to  stem.  STEM 
8-15  cm.  long,  tapering  upward  from  bulb,  varying  in  thickness  5-10 
mm.  at  apex  to  8-20  mm.  above  bnlb,  bulb  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  tliick, 
stuffed  by  webby  pith  then  hollow  or  cavernous,  lohite,  glabrous 
or  librillose-Hoccose,  the  cortex  sometimes  squarrose-torn.  AN- 
NULL^S  superior,  thin,  moatJij  evanescent,  sometimes  loosened  and 
near  the  bulb,  edge  sometimes  floccose.  VOLVA  circumscissile, 
tliiii,  fragile,  often,  disappearing  or  forming  at  first  a  few  subcou- 
centric  delicate  rings  on  bulb.  SPORES  9-10  x  5-G  micr.,  elliptical, 
nucleate  when  mature,  smooth,  white,  apiculate. 

Gregarious,  rareh'  subcaespitose,  often  in  large  circular  patches. 
On  the  sand  plains  along  the  Kalamazoo  River,  originally  white 
pine  forest,  now  scrub  oak,  etc.  New  Richmond.  Abundant  locally. 
September. 

Known  by  its  peculiar  long  tuberculate-striae  on  the  margin  of 
the  pileus  and  its  thin  evanescent  volva.  The  annulus  separates 
and  breaks  early,  and  often  clings  to  the  apex  of  the  bulb,  simulat- 
ing the  species  with  close-fitting  inrolled  volva.  It  was  found  in 
great  abundance  all  over  the  oak-barrens  about  New  Richmond 
during  September,  1910,  and  is  partial  to  sandy  soil  which  clings 
to  its  caps. 

This  species  cannot  be  A.  junquillea  Quel.,  as  some  authors  in- 
timate. The  spores  are  larger,  the  colors  paler  and  the  long  stria- 
tions  are  markedly  tuberculate. 

Section  IT  I.  Universal  veil  friaMe  and  pulverulent-floccose,  cir- 
cumscissile, fugacious.  Pileus  with  soft  floccose  masses  or  warts, 
rarely  bare.  Bulb  of  stem  bare  or  with  flocculent  masses  which 
soon  vanish. 

657.    Amanita  rubescens  Fr.     (Edible,  but  use  caution) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Sverig.  iitlig.  u.  gift.  Svamp.,  PI.  74. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plate  1103. 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e  vel.,  PI.  9. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  Xo.  16. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  .303. 


618 


THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 


Rickeii,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  SO,  Fig.  1. 

Atkinson,  Muslirooms,  Plates  19,  20,  and  Fig.  73,  1900. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  27,  1908. 

Plate  CXXI  of  this  Keport. 


PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  oval  at  first,  then  broadly  convex  or 
campanulate,  sometimes  expanded,  oMuse,  subviscid  when  moist, 
pale  J)row7iish-1)ttff  to  soi'did  reddisli-hroicn,  covered  with  floccose 
masses  or  soft  warts  which  are  whitish,  grayish  or  reddish-stained, 
margin  even  or  obscurely  striatnlate.  FLESH  soft,  thin,  whitish, 
becoming  reddish-stained  when  bruised  or  in  age.  GILLS  narrowed 
toward  stem  and  free,  moderately  broad  in  front,  close,  ivhite  or 
whitish,  edge  pulverulent  under  lens.  STEM  10-20  cm.  long,  8-15 
mm.  thick,  subcylindrical  above,  clavate-bulbous  to  rounded-bulbous 
below,  stuffed,  subglabrous,  even  or  the  apex  slightly  striate  and 
mealy,  pink-tinged  within  and  without,  dull  red  where  bruised. 
AXXULUS  broad,  superior,  membranous,  fragile,  often  striate  on 
the  upper  side.  VOLVA  mostly  lacking,  evanescent,  grayish. 
SPOKES  elliptical,  7-9  x  G  micr.,  when  mature  (immature  plants 
shedding  smaller  spores),  smooth,  white. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  In  oak  and  maple  woods  of  southern 
Michigan,  mixed  woods  of  conifer  regions;  it  seems  to  prefer  clay 
soil.  Especially  common  in  open  or  pastured  woods.  Tliroughout 
the  State.    July  to  Sei)tember,  far  more  common  in  July.     Edible. 

The  color  is  quite  variable,  soon  tinged  with  the  reddish  stains 
which  separate  this  species  from  all  others  except  A.  flavornbescens. 
When  fresh  the  flesh  turns  red  rapidly  where  bruised.  The  stem  has 
a  rather  hard  cortex  in  dry  weather  which  cracks  across  and  peels 
in  part.  Sometimes  there  are  minute,  reddish  or  tawny  scales  on 
the  stem.  The  spores  are  1  to  2  micr.  shorter  than  in  the  European 
plant  as  shown  in  specimens  I  have  from  Sweden,  and  by  the 
measurements  given  by  Boudier.  Cooke  in  the  Illustrations  refers 
to  shorter  spores,  so  that  they  were  probably  immature.  It  is  easy 
to  find  expanded  specimens  whose  spores  are  not  fully  developed. 
The  annulus  is  usually  large  and  pendant.  It  is  edible,  but  one 
must  be  extremely  careful. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  619 

658.    Amanita  flavorubescens  Atk.     (Suspected) 

Jour,  of  Mycology,  Vol.  8,  1902. 

Illustrations:     ]Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  5,  PI.  87,  Figs.  4  and  7. 
Plate  CXXII  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  10  cm.  broad,  convex  to  expanded,  covered  toith  floc- 
cose  or  powdery  chroine-yellow  patches  or  masses,  which  are  easily 
rubbed  off,  beneath  whicli  the  surface  is  lemon-yellow  to  brownish 
on  disk,  margin  even  or  faintly  striatulate.  FLESH  thin,  yellow- 
ish. GILLS  ichite,  long-elliptical,  rather  narrow,  free  or  adnexed 
by  a  line,  close.  STEM  8-13  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  white,  cover- 
ed above  with  fine  floccose  yellow  scales,  below  with  reddish  scales, 
its  base  ending  in  an  oval  bulb,  stuffed  then  hollow ;  its  flesh  turn- 
ing slowly  reddish  when  bruised.  ANNULUS  superior,  distant, 
thin,  membranous,  fragile,  yellow  below,  white  above.  VOLVA 
yellow,  powdery,  evanescent.  SPORES  oboval,  8-10  x  6-8  micr., 
smooth,  granular  within;  basidia  4-spored. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  In  frondose  woods  mixed  with  Larix. 
Ann  Arbor.    Rare.    July. 

The  bright  yellow  volva,  annulus  and  margin  of  pileus,  and  the 
reddening  of  the  flesh  of  the  stem  are  its  chief  distinguishing  char- 
acters. The  pileus  may  be  entirely  yellow  at  first,  becoming  red- 
dish or  sordid  brown  in  age. 


^to'- 


659.    Amanita  flavoconia  Atk.  (Probably  Poisonous) 

Jour,  of  Mycology,  Vol.  8,  1902. 

Illustrations:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  15  (as  A.  frostiarm). 
Plate  CXXIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  obtuse,  viscid, 
chrome  yellow  to  orange  yellow,  covered  with  numerous,  yellow, 
flocculent  masses  of  the  universal  veil,  which  are  easily  rubbed  off, 
sometimes  bare,  margin  even.  FLESH  thin,  white.  GILLS  free, 
close,  medium  broad  to  narrow,  white,  edge  minutely  fimbriate, 
trama  with  divergent  hj^phae.  STEM  6-10  cm.  long,  5-10  mm. 
thick,  stuffed  then  hollow,  straight  or  flexuous,  subequal,  covered 
with  flocculent  scales  which  are  sometimes  tinged  snlpliur-yellow, 
yellow-pulverulent  above  annulus,  bulbous.  ANNULUS  superior, 
membranous,  sulphur-yellow  to  chrome-yellow.    VOLVA  evanescent, 


620  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

yell()w-i>iilveriileiit  at  first  adliei-iiig  to  bulb  as  small,  chrome  yellow, 
pnlvei'uleiit  masses.     SPOKES  oval,  G-9  x -1-5  micr.,  white,  smooth. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  In  low,  conifer  or  frondose  woods,  among 
decayed  debris,  on  mosses,  etc.  Throughont  the  State :  Ann  Arbor, 
Detroit,  Palmyra.  New  Richmond,  Bay  View,  Munising,  Marquette, 
Houghton.     July-September.     Common. 

In  the  even  margin  of  the  pileus  and  the  powdery  volva  it  ditfers 
from  A.  frostiana  wliich  it  resembles  most,  and  from  small  forms 
of  A.  muscaria.  It  is  about  the  same  size  as  A.  frostiana,  sometimes 
larger,  and  is  often  erroneously  referred  to  it.  With  us,  A.  frostiana. 
occurs  only  in  the  conifer  regions  of  the  State.  A.  fiavoconia  occurs 
annually  on  a  bed  of  Pohjtrichum  commune  bordering  a  small  lake 
north  of  Ann  Arbor.  It  is  our  commonest,  small  yellow  Amanita 
and  like  A.  muscaria,  is  Avidely  distributed.  The  bulb  does  not  be- 
come reddish  when  bruised  as  in  A.  fiavoruhescois. 

660.     Amanita  spissa  Fr.     (Deadly  Poisonous) 
Epicrisis,  2836-38. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  G9. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  3  (as  A.  ampla)  and  No. 

19. 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel..  PI.  7. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  80,  Fig.  2. 
Plate  CXXIV  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  G-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  campanulate-expanded, 
obtuse,  subviscid  when  moist,  shining  when  dry,  <jray  with  hrown 
or  sooty-l)rou:n  disk,  covered  by  small,  angular,  ffoccose  or  pulveru- 
lent, soft  grayish  scales  or  warts,  glabrescent,  margin  not  striate. 
FLESH  rather  thin,  white.  GILLS  free  but  reaching  the  stem  and 
decurrent  by  a  line,  medium  broad,  crowded,  shining  ivliite,  ob- 
scurely flocculose  on  edge.  STEM  8-12  cm.  long,  1  cm.  or  more 
thick,  stuffed  by  a  pith,  firm,  tapering  upward,  white  or  grayish, 
pruinose  above,  the  ring,  the  clavate  or  globose  bulb,  and  sometimes 
the  stem  above  tlie  bulb,  covered  at  first  by  loose,  gray  floccose 
masses.  ANNULUS  membranous,  apical,  pendant,  entire,  white  or 
tinged  gray  below.  VOLVA  pulverulent,  floccose,  evanescent,  gray. 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  obtuse,  7-9  xG  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  inflated-pyriform  or  globose  on 
a  slender  stalk.     ODOR  mihl. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  G21 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  gTouiul  in  frondose  woods  of 
oak,  maple,  etc.     Ann  Arbor.     Juh.     Infrequent. 

This  species  has  usually  been  considered  of  doubtful  occurrence 
in  this  country.  It  has  been  one  of  the  last  of  the  Amanitas  men- 
tioned in  this  report  that  I  have  collected.  It  is  certainly  distinct 
and  usually  agrees  thoroughly  with  tlie  descriptions,  but  seems  to 
be  rare.  Its  gray  to  smoky-brown  cap,  the  pulveruleut-tloccose, 
friable,  gray  universal  veil,  the  non-striate  pileus  and  spores  cliar- 
acterize  it  well.  Only  the  little  gray  masses  on  the  lower  i)art  of  the 
stem  and  on  the  surface  of  the  cap,  indicate  the  presence  of  an  outer 
veil.  The  annulus  is  distinct,  far  up  on  the  stem  and  sometimes 
with  gray  particles  on  the  lower  side.  After  rains  there  may  be  no 
remnants  of  the  veil  either  on  the  cap  or  stem. 

Amanitopsis  Roze 
(From  the  Greek,  opsis,  appearance  of,  and  Aiitaiiita.) 

White-spored.  Stem  inserted  at  base  into  a  volva  formed  as  in 
Amanita;  partial  veil  and  annulus  are  lacking;  otherwise  like 
Amanita. 

Soft,  fleshy,  terrestrial,  long  or  slender-stemmed,  non-caespitose 
mushrooms,  growing  mostly  in  forest  humus,  rarely  in  fields  or 
lawns. 

The  characters,  except  the  absence  of  an  annulus,  imitate  so 
closely  the  species  of  Amanita,  that  the  reader  is  referred  to  the 
discussion  of  that  genus.  None  are  definitely  known  to  be  poison- 
ous, but  the  ease  with  which  they  can  be  confused  with  Amanitas 
should  make  everybody  extremely  cautious.  The  poisonous  Amanita 
spreta  Pk.  imitates  some  of  the  species  of  Amanitopsis  closely,  be- 
cause of  its  thin,  close-appressed  annulus.  Other  Amanitas  some- 
times lose  their  annulus,  and  might  be  taken  for  Amanitopsis. 
Only  three  species  have  been  collected  in  the  State;  about  twelve 
species  have  been  reported  from  the  United  States.  The  following 
species,  not  yet  found,  but  included  in  the  key,  may  be  looked  for: 
A.  alhocreata  Atk.  (this  is  considered  the  same  as  the  one  <le- 
scribed  by  Peck  in  the  33d  N.  Y.  State  Rep.  under  A.  nicalis)  ;  A. 
farinosa  (Schw.)  Atk.  v>iiich  has,  liowever,  a  somewhat  soutliern 
and  eastern  distribution  and  is  one  of  the  smalh'st  Amanitoi»ses; 
A.  adnata  (Smith)  Sacc.  reported  from  the  Chicago  region,  departs 
from  the  demands  of  the  genus  in  having  adnate  gills.  A.  pusilht 
Pk.  is  another  small  species,  its  pileus  hardly  3  cm.  broad.    A.  par- 


622  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

civolvata  Pk.  has  a  brilliant  orange  pileiis  shading  to  whitish 
on  the  margin ;  it  has  been  fonnd  from  New  Jersey  to  North  Caro- 
lina. (See  colored  plate,  Marshall,  Mnshroom  Book,  Frontispiece, 
1905.) 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Volva  membranous,  cup-shaped  or  sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem, 
(a)     Pileus  small,   2-3  cm.  broad,  pale  brown;    stem  bulbous,   slender; 

spores  elliptical,  5-6  x  4  micr.     A.  pusilla  Pk. 
(aa)     Pileus  larger;  spores  8  micr.  or  more  in  the  longest  diameter, 
(b)     Gills  adnate;    pileus  even  on  the  margin,  yellowish-buff;   volva 

close-fitting,  white.     A.  adnata  Smith, 
(bb)     Gills  free;   pileus  more  or  less  striate  on  margin. 

(c)      Pileus  hairy-squammulose;   volva  large,  firm,  cup-shaped.     661. 

A.  volvata  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  glabrous  except  for  occasional  patches  of  the  univer- 
sal veil;  volva  sheathing,  flabby, 
(d)     White.     662.     A.  vaginata  Ft.  var.  alba  Sacc. 
(dd)     Tawny-yellowish.     662.     A.  vaginata  Ft.  var.  ftilva  Sacc. 
(ddd)     Gray  to  mouse-colored.     662.     A.  vaginata  Ft.  var.  livida 
Pk. 
(AA)     Volva  friable,  floccose,  etc.,  not  membranous, 
(a)     Pileus  orange  to  yellow,  plicate-striate  on  margin;   stem  and  gills 

pale  yellow;   volva  thin  and  evanescent.     A.  parcivolvata  Pk. 
(aa)     Pileus  some  other  color, 
(b)     Pileus    small,    2-3    cm.    broad,    pulverulent,   striate,   grayish   to 

mouse-colored.     A.  farinosa  Schw. 
(bb)     Pileus    larger,    with    floccose    patches    or    warts    on    its    sur- 
face. 
(c)     Pileus  white  to  pale  yellowish,  finely  striate  on  the  margin; 
volva  ocreate,  as  in  Amanita  pantlierina.     A.  albocreata  Atk. 
(cc)     Pileus    grayish-brown,    sulcata   striate,    covered    with    mouse- 
colored  warts;  volva  breaking  up  into  sub-annular  fragments 
on  stem.     663.    A.  stra7igulata  Ft. 

Section  I.  Universal  veil  membranous,  splitting  at  the  apex; 
the  volva  vaginate  or  cup-shaped  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  entire. 

661.    Amanitoposis  volvata  Pk.     (Poisonous) 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  '24.,  1872. 
Illustrations :     Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  5,  Pis.  86  and  87,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  5-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  even  or  slightly 
striate  on  margin,  covered  with  fihriUose  or  ffoccosc  scales,  whitish 
to  'brownish.  GILLS  free,  close,  white.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  5-10 
mm.  thick,  white  to  brownish-gray,  equal  or  tapering  slightly  up- 
ward, stuffed,  densely  pulverulent-floccose  or  shaggy  above  the 
volva,  with  a  very  large,  persistent,  ineinhrauous,  fir)n,  hroicn  volva 
sheathing:  the  base.  SPORES  elliptic-oblong,  9-11x0-7  micr., 
smooth,  white,  granular  within. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  623 

In  open  frondose  woods,  solitary.  August-September.  Detroit. 
Rare. 

This  is  easily  separated  from  A.  vaginata  by  its  oblong  spores 
and  floccose-scaly  pileus.  The  volva  is  also  more  firm  and  ample. 
It  is  said  to  be  identical  with  A.  agghit'mata  B.  &  C.  Our  speci- 
mens were  brownish  throughout  on  cap  and  stem.  The  gills  become 
dull-brown  on  drying.  According  to  Peck  the  volva  sometimes 
leaves  patches  on  the  pileus. 

662.    Amanitopsis  vaginata  Fr.     (Edible) 

Var.  alba  Sacc. 

Var.  fulva  Sacc. 

Var.  livida  Pk. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821.     (As  Amanita.) 

Illustrations:    N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  1896,  Bot.  ed. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Plate  23,  p.  75,  1900. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  op.  p.  54,  1905. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Figs.  30  and  31,  p.  44,  1908. 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  maug.  e.  vel.,  PI.  12. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  75,  Fig.  1. 
Minn,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  5,  p.  11,  1910. 
Plates  CXXY,  CXXVI  of  this  Report. 

* 

A  composite  species;  according  to  the  present  custom  including 
a  number  of  color  forms,  here  called  varieties.  The  constancy  of 
these  varieties  indicates  that  they  could,  with  entire  propriety,  be 
referred  to  under  species  names,  e.  g.,  Amamtopsis  alba,  Amanitop- 
sis fulva,  and  Amamtopsis  livida.  The  description,  however,  applies 
equally  well  to  all  forms  except  as  to  color. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  ovate  to  campanulate  at  first,  then  con- 
vex to  plane,  glabrous  or  rarely  with  fragments  of  the  universal 
veil,  slightly  viscid  when  young  or  moist,  sulcate-striate  on  the  thin 
margin,  white,  fulvous,  or  grayish-mouse  color  in  the  corresponding 
varieties.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  free,  white  or  whitish,  close, 
broad,  broadest  in  front,  narrowed  behind.  STEM  8-18  cm.  long, 
4-8  mm.  thick,  rather  slender,  fragile,  glabrous  or  mealy-squaniu- 
lose,  stuffed  then  hollow,  subcylindrical.  base  without  a  bulb  and 
inserted  deep  into  the  ground  with  the  elongated,  sheathing,  liabby, 


624  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

white  \C)L\'A.  Sl'OKHS  spliciical.  8-10  micr.  diaiu.,  nucleate  by 
a  large  oil-globule,  smooth,  white. 

Solitary  or  scattered,  lu  conifer  or  froiulose  forests;  in  open, 
low  woods;  in  copses,  sometimes  on  much  decayed  wood.  July, 
August  and  September,  rarely  earlier  or  later.  Throughowt  the 
State.     Very  commoi!.     I'dihlc 

In  some  localities  the  white  and  tawny  forms  prevail,  as  at  Ann 
Arbor;  in  others,  especially  in  conifer  regions,  the  tawny  and  livid 
forms  are  found  more  commonly.  The  pileus  and  stem  are  rather 
fragile,  and  the  volva  is  apt  to  break  and  adhere  to  the  soil  so 
that  the  extracted  stem  a])pears  to  be  without  a  volva.  The  varia- 
tion in  size  and  color  seems  to  be  greater  in  Europe  than  with 
us;  Secretan  differentiated  ten  forms  and  raised  them  to  the  rank 
of  species.  The  spores  of  our  })lants,  at  least  of  the  fulvous  form, 
are  always  spherical,  witli  an  obscure  angle  on  the  apiculus  side. 
Saccardo  gives  them  ovate  and  10-15  micr.  long,  and  Patouillard 
figures  them  ovoid.  Quelet  and  Battaile  agree  with  us,  calling  them 
spherical  and  10  micr.  diam.  The  gray  form  must  not  be  confused 
with  Amanita  spreta  Pk.  which  is  also  withotit  a  bulbous  stem.  The 
beauty  and  symmetry  of  the  different  forms  are  a  constant  delight 
to  the  field  botanist. 

Section  TI.  Universal  veil  breaking  'into  floccose  or  i)owdery 
scales  or  fragments,  wliicli  cover  the  pileus  and  base  of  stem. 

663.     Amanitopsis  strangulata  Fr.     (Edible) 
Epicrisis,  18:3G-:1S. 

Illustrations:     Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  p.  ."53,  IDO."). 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  .-i],  l»late  r)0,  1898. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  3Iom.  4,  Plate  U,  1000. 
Fries,  Icones,  PI.  11. 

Gillet.  Champignons  de  France,  No.  11.     (As  A.  inaurata.) 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  401. 
Cooke's  111.,  Plate  1^5. 

PILEUS  .>10  cm.  broad,  ovate  to  campanulate  at  first,  then  con- 
vex to  plane,  slightly  viscid  Avhen  young  or  moist,  sulcate-striatc 
on  margin,  pale  umber  colored,  decorated  with  floccose,  cinereous 
to  moiise-fjrai/  scales  or  irarts,  the  remnants  of  the  veil.  (ilLLS 
free,  close,  white  or  ashy-tinged,  broader  in  front.     STEM  8-15  cm. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  625 

long,  5-12  mm,  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
subglabrous,  or  furfuraceous,  white  above,  darker  to  pale  umber 
J)elow  where  it  is  somewhat  decorated  hy  the  fragments  of  the 
mouse-gray  volva.   SPORES  spherical,  9-12.5  micr,,  granular  within. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  In  mixed  forests  of  hemlock,  maple  and 
yellow  birch,  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Bay  View,  Mar- 
quette, Houghton.  July-September.  Not  infrequent  at  times. 
Edible. 

It  is  remarkable  that  this  species  does  not  occur  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State;  at  least  I  have  never  seen  it  there.  Peck  and 
Mcllvaine  say  it  occurs  "in  open  grassy  places,  in  wheat-stubble, 
etc."  as  well  as  in  the  woods,  in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  and 
West  Virginia.  So  far  I  have  seen  it  three  different  summers  in 
the  Northern  Peninsula,  always  in  hemlock  woods. 

The  SPOKES  are  not  in  entire  agreement  with  the  European 
measurements.  With  us  they  are  spherical  or  nearly  so.  Saccardo 
is  evidently  in  error  when  he  says  they  measure  9-15  micr.  and 
are  ovate ;  Stevenson  quotes  Smith's  measurements  as  16x8  micr., 
and  Boudier  gives  them  as  12-13  micr.  Peck  considers  it  clearly 
distinct  from  A.  vag'mata  and  in  the  51st  Report  has  given  an  ex- 
cellent account  of  the  plant. 

Lepiota  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek  lepis,  a  scale.) 

White-spored  (except  L.  morgani)  ;  stem  fleshy,  separa'ble  from 
the  pileus,  provided  with  a  persistent  or  evanescent  armulus;  gills 
free  (except  in  some  of  the  ''granulosi"  section). 

Fleshy,  firm  or  soft  mushrooms,  growing  on  the  ground,  on  debris, 
or  on  more  or  less  rotten  wood  in  forests ;  large  and  small. 

The  PILEUS  is  scaly  from  the  breaking  up  of  the  cuticle,  rarely 
smooth,  most  often  white,  but  also  tinged  yellow,  brown  or  red ; 
there  are  a  few  species  with  a  viscid  pileus.  The  STEM  is  stuffed 
or  hollow,  firm  or  soft,  fieshy  and  different  in  texture  from  the 
trama  of  the  pileus,  and  ieasily  separable  from  it.  The  GILLS 
are  white,  but  may  change  color  in  age  or  when  bruised;  (in  L. 
morgani  thej^  become  sordid-green  from  the  greenish  spores ) .  They 
are  usually  free,  but  a  small  group  has  adnate  or  adnexed  gills, 
although  otherwise  like  the  genus;  e.  g.,  L.  granosa,  L.  amianthina, 
etc. 

The  VEIL  is  theoretically  double,  as  in  Amanita,  but  the  outer 
79 


^26  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

or  "universal  veil"  is  concrete  with  the  pileiis  and  does  not  split 
or  break  to  form  a  volva  on  the  stem  or  to  form  superticial  patches 
ou  the  cap.  Sometimes  it  breaks  away  early  at  the  base  of  the 
stem  and  is  pulled  up  ou  the  stiem  as  the  latter  elongates,  like  a 
movable  ring,  as  in  L.  procera;  then  again  it  breaks  away  only 
from  the  margin  of  the  pileus,  leaving  a  sheath  on  the  stem  termi- 
nated above  by  a  flaring  nmrgin,  as  in  L.  rugosci.  The  inner  veil 
is  quite  variable  in  texture,  membranous  to  fibrillose,  floccose  or 
granulose;  sometimes  the  delicate  structure  soon  disappears  or  is 
washed  away  by  the  rain.  The  TASTE  is  mild,  and  all  the  large 
species  except  tlie  green-spored  L.  morgani  can  be  eaten  with  safety. 
Some  of  the  smaller  species,  like  L.  ch/peohiria  Fr.,  L.  helvola 
Bres.  and  L.  cliarcarias  are  suspected.  The  SPORES  are  white  in 
mass  (except  one  species)  and  varying  in  shape,  usually  longish, 
sometimes  subfusiform,  often  minute  and  then  elliptical  or  ovate, 
in  a  few  cases  somewhat  angled ;  they  often  mature  slowly,  so  that 
measurements  must  be  made  with  care. 

The  genus  can  be  divided  into  three  natural  groups  with  refer- 
ence to  the  character  of  the  cuticle  of  the  pileus  or  of  the  veil; 
these  groui^s  can  be  further  subdivided  into  sections,  as  follows: 

A.  Cuticle  of  pileus  glutinous  or  viscid ;  trama  of  gills  diver- 
went  (=  Limacella  Earle)  : 

I.     Lubricae 
II.     Viscidae 

B.  Cuticle  dry;  annulus  terminating  a  sheath  or  such  other 
remnants  of  the  veil  as  remain  on  the  stem : 

III.     Clypeolariae 
IV.     Asperae 
V.     Granulosae 

C.  Cuticle  dry;  annulus  independent,  often  movable;  stem  with- 
out any  other  remains  of  the  veil  : 

VI.     Subclypeolariae 
VII.     Procerae 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus  viscid. 

(a)     Pileus  small,  2-5  cm.  broad,  stem  slender, 
(b)     Stem  and  pileus  both,  very  viscid  or  glutinous,  white.     664.    L. 
;  illinita  Fr. 

<bb)     Stem  not  viscid;   pileus  with  a  subviscid,  thin  separable  pelli- 
cle, tinged  pink.     667.     L.  dclicata  Fr.  var. 
(aa)     Pileus  larger,  5-10  cm.,  and  stem  stout. 

(b)     Pileus   whitish   to   pinkish-tan,   slightly   viscid;    stem   fibrillose- 

glabrescent.      666.      L.   fischeri   sp.   nov. 
(bb)     Pileus     reddish-bay,    viscid;     stem     scalv.     665.     L.     glioderma 
I  Fr. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  627 

(AA)     Pileus  not  viscid. 

(a)     Growing  in  fields,  pastures,  gardens,  lawns,  and  on  decomposing 
vegetable  matter   (rarely  in  open  woods) ;   large  to  medium-sized, 
(b)     Annulus  movable;  plant  very  large. 

(c)     Plant  taller  than  broad;  spores  white,  14-18  x  9-11  micr.     686. 

L.  procera  Fr. 
(cc)     Plant  as  broad  or  broader  than  tall;   spores  greenish,   10-13 
X  7-8  micr.     687.     L.  viorgani  Pk. 
(bb)    Annulus  not  freely  movable  (except  sometimes  in  L.  americana). 
(c)     Plant  assumes  a  dull  reddish  color  when  bruised  or  on  drying; 
annulus  rather  large;  spores  8-10  x  5-8  micr.     688.    L.  ameri- 
cana Pk. 
(cc)     Plant  not  changing  as  above. 

(d)     Stem  thickened  toward  base  like  the  seed-stalks  of  onions, 

densely  caespitose.     680.     L.  cepaestipes  Fr. 
(dd)     Stem  not  of  the  above  shape. 

(e)     Gills  becoming  pink   in   age;    pileus   firm,   medium  large, 
white;    stem   with    persistent   annulus.     689.     L.    naucina 
Fr.    (syn.     L.  naiicinoides  Pk.). 
(ee)     Gills  remaining  whitish;    pileus    small,   rugulose,    widely 
striate,  whitish.     L.  rugulosa  Pk. 
(aa)     Growing  in  forests,  open  woods,  under  copses,  bushes,  etc.  (rarely 
on  lawns)  ;    medium  to  small. 
(b)     With  some  shade  of  blue  or  purple,  either  when  fresh  or  on  dry- 
ing; small, 
(c)     Gills,  stem,  flesh  etc.  changing  to  blue  when  drying;   annulus 
membranous,    persistent;    pileus    brownish-scaly.     L.    caerule- 
scens  Pk. 
(cc)     Gills,  etc.,  not  changing  to  blue  when  drying;   annulus  pow- 
dery, evanescent. 
(d)     Odor  foetid;    pileus  lavender;    stem  dark  brown  to  blackish 

below.     L.  ecitodora  Atk. 
(dd)     Odor  not  foetid;  plants  small. 

(e)     Pileus  whitish,  covered  with  a  heliotrope-purple,  powdery 

substance;    flesh  tinged  yellow.     L.  purpureoconia  Atk. 
(ee)     Pileus   whitish,   tinged   with   blue   around   margin;    flesh 
turning  brownish  where  bruised.     L.  cyanozonata  Long- 
year, 
(bb)     "Without  shades  of  blue  or  purple. 

(c)     Stem  clothed  with  a  fioccose,  squamose  or  filamentous  sheath; 
pileus  not  granular  nor  mealy, 
(d)      Spores  12  micr.  or  more  in  length. 

(e)     Pileus   and    lower   stem   brown;'  spores   truncate   at   base, 

with  oblique  apiculus.     L.  geniciilospora  Atk. 
(ee)     Pileus  ochraceous  or  yellowish-white,  sometimes  reddish- 
tinged;    spores    subfusiform,    13-18    x    4-6    micr.     668.     L. 
clypeolaria  Fr.     (L.  metulaespora  B.  &  Br.) 
(dd)     Spores  less  than  12  micr.  long. 

(e)     Growing  on  rotten    wood,    small;     pileus    pale    tawny    to 
subalutaceous,floccose-scaly;   spores  8-11  micr.  long.     673. 
L.  acerina  Pk. 
(ee)     Growing  on  the  ground,  or  among  debris;  spores  usually 
smaller, 
(f)     Pileus    medium    size,    with    erect,    tomentose    or    floe- 
cose  wart-like  scales;  veil  copious, 
(g)     Spores  7-9  micr.  long, 
(h)     Gills  crowded,  much  forked.     671.     L.  friesii  Lasch. 
(hh)     Gills     crowded,     not     forked.      670.       L.     aciitae- 
sqnamosa  Wein. 
(gg)     Spores  4-5  micr.  long.     672.     L.  asperuJa  Atk. 
(ff)     Pileus  with  oppressed,  tomentose,  spot-like  or  patch-like 
scales. 


628  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(g)     Annulus  persistent;  stem  slender,  about  1  mm.  thick, 

blackish-brown.     L.  graciUs  Pk. 
(gg)     Annulus  evanescent  or  obscure. 

(h)     Pileus    4-8    cm.    broad,    patches    tawny-olive;    stem 

stout;   spores  attached  at  basal  angle.     L.  caloceps 

Atk. 

(hh)     Pileus  dark-brown,  usually  less  than  4  cm.  broad. 

(i)     Spores  minute,  4x2  micr.;  veil  forming  a  dense, 

brown  tomentum  on  stem.     L.  eriopTiora  Pk. 
(ii)     Spores  larger,  6-8  x  4-5  micr.;   veil  of  more  deli- 
cate and  loose  floccose  filaments.     669.     L.  felina 
Fr. 
(cc)     Stem   without   evident   sheath,   but   provided   either   with   an 
evanescent  or  a  persistent  annulus.     (See  ccc.) 
(d)     Spores  9  micr.  or  more  in  length. 

(e)     Pileus  moderately  large,  with  red  appressed  scales;  annu- 
lus persistent.     681.     L.  ruhrotincta  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  small,  minutely  squamulose;    annulus  evanescent; 
base  of  stem  mycelioid,  forming  a  "sand-bulb."     L.  areni- 
cola  Pk. 
(dd)     Spores  less  than  9  micr.  long. 

(e)     Pileus   rather  small,   1.5-4   cm.   broad,   with   reddish-brown 
scales  on  a  white  surface;  spores  attached  at  basal  angle; 
with  a  marked  odor.     682.     L.  cristata  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  white,  small,  minutely  flbrillose-squamulose;  spores 
minute;    annulus   thin  and   fragile.     684.     L.   miamensis 
Morg. 
(eee)     Pileus    with    minute    pale-yellow   hairy    scales.     683.    L. 
alluviinus  Pk. 
(ccc)     Stem   clothed   or   peronate   with   squamulose,   granular,   fur- 
furaceous,    or    minutely    warty     scales;     pileus     granular, 
warty  or  furfuraceous. 
(d)     Gills  adnate. 

(e)     Pileus  distinctly  rugose  on  disk, 
(f)     Plant  growing  on   rotten  logs,  stumps,   etc.,   large;    the 
sheath  membranous-margined  above.      674.     L.  granosa 
Morg. 
(ff)     Plant  growing  on  the  ground  or  on  leaf-mould,  small; 
the  floccose-scaly  sheath  not  margined  above.     675.     L. 
rxigoso-reticulata  Lorin. 
(ee)     Pileus  not  rugose. 

(f)     Stem  long,   slender;    pileus   often   umbonate.     L.   amian- 

thin  a  Fr. 
(ff)     Stem  short,  stouter;  pileus  not  umbonate.     676.     L.  ad- 
natifoUa  Pk. 
(dd)     Gills  adnexed  or  emarginate. 

(e)     Growing   on   rotten   wood;    color   whitish   to   pale   tawny. 

678.     L.  Tpulveracea  Pk. 
(ee)     On  the  ground;  color  rusty-yellowish.     677.     L.  granulosa 

Fr. 
(eee)     Like  preceding  but  whitish  throughout.     677.     L.  granu- 
losa var.  alhida. 
(ddd)     Gills  free;   plants  quite  small;   soft,  fragile. 

(e)     Pileus    dingy-white,    or    brownish.     679.     L.    pusillomyces 

Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  white,  disk  pinkish.     685.     L.  cristatatellus  Pk. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  629 

Section  I.    Luhricae.     The  young  plant  enclosed  in  a  universal 
glutinous  veil.     The  trama  of  the  gills  divergent. 


664.     Lepiota  iilinita    Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icones,  PL  10,  Fig.  1. 

Patouillard  Tab.  Aualyt.,  fasc.  VII,  No.  009. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  425. 

PILEUS  2-0  cm.  broad,  thin,  soft,  ovate  then  campanulate-ex- 
panded,  subumbonate,  glutinous  (moist),  glabrous,  ivhite,  or  whit- 
ish, even  or  substriate  on  margin.  GILLS  free,  close,  moderately 
broad,  white,  soft,  trama  divergent.  STEM  5-8  cm.  x  3-0  mm., 
white,  glutinous,  equal,  stuffed  to  hollow,  not  scaly.  FLESH 
white,  soft,  thin.  SPORES^  4-0  x  3-4  micr.,  subglobose  to  ovoid, 
smooth,  white.  TASTE  and  ODOR  none.  ANNULUS  obsolete, 
glutinous. 

Singly  or  gregarious.  Ground,  white  birch  woods  near  Marquette. 
Elm  and  maple  woods,  southern  Michigan.     September. 

Known  by  its  glutinous  anH  slimy  cap  and  stem.  The  European 
plants  are  a  little  larger. 

Section  II.  Viscidae.  Surface  of  pileus  provided  with  a  con- 
tinuous gelatinous,  separable  pellicle;  stem  dry.  Trama  of  gills 
divergent  (except  in  L.  delicata). 

665.     Lepiota  glioderma  Fr. 
Monographia,  1857. 
Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  118  A. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  obtusely  convex,  viscid,  reddish-hay  fad- 
ing to  dull  ferruginous,  glabrous,  even,  cuticle  separable.  FLESH 
thin,  white  or  tinged  rufous.  GILLS  close,  hroad,  subventricose, 
white,  free  but  reaching  apex  of  stem  by  a  point,  edge  very  even, 
trama  divergent.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  4-0  mm.  thick,  drij,  covered 
with  rcddish-floccose  scales  up  to  the  slight  ANNULUS,  equal  or 
attenuated  downwards,  solid,  fibrous.     SPORES  globose,  4-5  micr. 


630  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

diam.,  smooth;  basidia  i-spored ;  no  cystidia.     TASTE  farinaceous. 
ODOK  uoue. 

(Dried:     Ca^)  and  gills  brownish-tan  to  fuscous.) 
Singly  or  few.     Debris  on  ground,  in  hemlock,  maple  or  birch 
woods.     Marquette,  Houghton,  Bay  View  and  New  Kichmond,  ap- 
parently limited  to  conifer  territory,    August  and  September.     In- 
freqlient. 

This  Lepiota  approaches  the  genus  Armillaria  in  appearance,  but 
the  gills  are  not  attached  to  the  stem.  The  annulus  is  sometimes 
well-developed  and  flaring. 

666.     Lepiota  fischeri  sp.  nov. 
Illustration :     Plate  CXXVII  in  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  4-9  cm.  broad,  convex-campanulate,  obtuse,  even,  siib- 
viscid,  cuticle  separable  and  continuous,  fleslij',  rather  soft,  ivhite 
to  pale  alutaceous.  FLESH  white,  thick,  rather  soft.  GILLS  crowd- 
ed, rather  narrow,  free  and  somewhat  remote,  plane,  white,  edge 
entire.  STEM  4-10  cm.  long,  4-10  mm,  thick,  subbulbous,  somewhat 
curved,  striate,  fibrillose,  solid,  firm,  fibrous-fleshy,  separable 
from  pileus.  ANNULUS  superior,  large,  membranous,  at  length 
pendulous,  white,  subpersistent,  fragile.  SPORES  minute,  3-4  x 
2-3  micr.,  smooth,  oval;  hasidia  small,  with  1  to  2  long  sterigmata, 
(5-7  micr.  long),  rarely  3  or  4,  rarely  also  a  forked  sterigma,  tramal 
hyphae  of  gills  divergent.  TASTE  slight ;  odor  becoming  strong  on 
drying,  like  that  of  Tricholoma  sulfureum. 

(Dried  plants:    Pale  alutaceous,  gills  brownish.) 

Gregarious.  On  ground  in  low  frondose  woods.  Near  Detroit. 
September  and  October.     Infrequent. 

Related  to  L.  lenticularis  {Amanita  lenticular  is  Fr.),  and  is  per- 
haps its  American  counterj)art.  Our  plants  difi'er  in  lacking  the 
dark  green  drops  oozing  from  apex  of  stem  and  annulus,  (see  Quelet 
and  Battaile,  Flora  Monographic  des  Amanites  et  des  Lepiotes, 
1902),  and  in  character  of  stem  which  is  said  to  be  stuffed  or  hol- 
low and  floccose-scaly  in  the  European  plant.  Quelet,  Ricken  and 
Battaile  give  the  spores  6  to  8  micr.  It  also  differs  from  L.  persoonii 
Fr.  in  stem  and  gill  characters.  I  have  dedicated  it  to  the  ener- 
getic student  of  mushrooms.  Dr.  O.  E.  Fischer  of  Detroit,  who 
found  it. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  631 

667.    Lepiota  delicata  Fr.  var. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustration:     Fries,  Icones,  PL  15,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  thin,  subumbonate,  campanulate-expand- 
ed,  with  a  continuous,  separable,  siihviscid  cuticle,  delicately  pink- 
colored,  sometimes  shading  to  white  on  margin,  even,  radiately 
innately'  silky.  FLESH  pure  white,  unchanged  when  bruised,  thin, 
fragile,  GILLS  narrow,  close,  free,  somewhat  remote,  pure  white. 
STEM  5-9  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  tapering  upwards  from  a  sub- 
clavate  bulb,  dry,  glahrous,  curved  or  straight,  soft,  stuffed.  AN- 
NULUS  membranous,  thin,  subpersistent,  white,  median,  at  length 
pendant.  SPOKES  5-6.5  x  3-4  micr.,  elliptical,  subacute  at  ends^ 
white,  smooth.  CYSTIDIA  on  edge  of  gills  subcylindrical,  cluster- 
ed, numerous,  7x4.5  micr.,  none  on  sides  of  gills;  basidia  4-spored. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

(Dried:  Annulus  snow-white,  stem  and  gills  pale  alutaceous,  cap 
pink  with  brownish  umbo.) 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  swampy  woods  of  elm,  etc.,  also 
under  hemlock  in  ravines.  New  Richmond.  September.  Infre- 
quent. 

L.  oilita  Vk.  differs  in  its  viscid  stem  and  more  tawny  pileus; 
the  spores  are  similar.  It  is  apparently  much  like  L.  incarnata 
Clem,  and  L.  rufcscens  Morg.  The  presence  of  a  separable  gelatin- 
ous cuticle,  the  unchangeable  flesh,  and  tlie  cystidia  distinguish  it 
from  these.    A  hot-house  variety  is  said  to  occur  in  Europe. 

Section  III.  Clypeolariae.  Stem  clothed  at  first  by  a  floccose 
or  filamentous  sheath.  Pileus  pruinose,  floccose  or  ai)pressed  scaly, 
the  cuticle  at  first  continuous. 

668.     Lepiota  clypeolaria  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Sys.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  14,  Fig.  2. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep't.  54,  PI.  7G,  1901. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  416. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  85,  Fig.  2. 
Plate  CXXVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex  to  expanded,  obtuse 


632  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

or  unil)oiiate,  floecose-scaly,  even  or  striate  beneath  the  scales  on 
mar<;in  when  ohl.  color  of  scales  variable:  white,  yellowisli,  rufons- 
ochraceous  or  ochre,  the  disk  often  darker,  brown  or  reddish-brown, 
white  beneath  scales,  margin  often  appendiculate  from  remnants 
of  the  veil.  FLESH  Avhite,  thin,  flaccid.  GILLS  free,  close,  white, 
narrower  in  front,  edge  minutely  flocculose.  STEM  slender,  3-10 
cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  sheathed  up 
to  the  evanescent,  floccose  annulus,  by  soft,  loose,  floccose,  white  or 
yellowish  scales  or  tomentum,  hollow,  fragile,  whitish  under  scales 
and  at  apex.  SPOKES  very  variable  in  size,  even  in  the  same 
specimen,  10-10  x  4-0  micr.,  subfusiform,  elongated-elliptical,  broader 
at  the  distal  end  or  symmetrical,  etc.,  smooth,  white. 

(Dried:  Pileus  pale  ochraceous  or  rufous-tan;  stem  covered  by 
a  ichite  floccose  sheath.) 

Scattered.  Ground  or  debris  in  woods.  Marquette,  Bay  View, 
Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond ;  throughout  the  State.  July  to  October. 
Frequent. 

There  is  much  uncertainty  among  all  mycologists  concerning  the 
limits  of  this  species.  L.  metidaespora  is  said  to  be  a  very  similar 
plant.  Studies  so  far  made,  both  of  the  European  and  American 
plant,  seem  to  have  increased  the  confusion.  Some  (Morgan, 
Mycol.,  Vol.  12)  give  the  spores  of  L.  clypeolaria  15-20  x  5-0  raicr., 
and  L.  metulaespora  9-12x4-4  micr.  Others  (Beardslee,  Jour. 
Mycol.,  Vol  13,  p.  20,  1907)  reverse  this.  Tlie  spore-sizes  of  the 
Michigan  specimens  overlap  both.  I  have  so  far  found  none  with 
spores  18-20  micr.  long,  but,  of  course,  shorter,  immature  spores 
are  always  present.  Most  European  authors  omit  the  spore-size 
of  L.  clypeolaria  Massee  (Massee,  European  Fungus  Flora  Agaric- 
acea^,  1902)  gives  15-10  micr.  for  L.  metulaespora,  which  is  close 
to  ours;  for  L.  clypeolaria,  he  gives  0  micr.  Peck  (Peck,  N.  Y. 
State  Mus.  Rep.  54,  1901,  p.  173)  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
there  is  no  essential  difference  except  the  striatious  on  the  cap  of 
L.  metulaespora ;  this  is  hardly  a  specific  distinction.  A  number 
of  varieties  have  been  split  from  these  species,  (Quelet  &  Battaille, 
Flore  des  Amanitos  et  des  Lepiotes,  1902,  p.  GO)  and  they  are 
evidently  very  variable  in  color,  and  this  may  be  true  of  the  spores 
within  certain  limits.  For  the  present  we  will  use  one  name  for 
all  tlie  forms. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  633 

669.     Lepiota  felina  Fr. 

Hj-m.  Europ.,  1874. 

Illustratious :     Pat.,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  505. 
Kicken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  86,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  campanulate-couvex,  siibumbonate.  whit- 
ish under  the  numerous  subtomentose  or  floccose  blackish  scales. 
FLESH  white,  thin.  GILLS  free,  close,  rather  narrow,  white. 
STEM  slender,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  base  with  slight  bulb, 
hollow,  whitish,  clothed  below  by  floccose,  brown  or  blackish  scales. 
ANNULUS  slight,  evanescent,  inferior  or  median,  sometimes  tinged 
black  on  edge.  SPORES  6-8.5x4-5  micr.,  elliptic-ovoid,  white; 
basidia  4-spored. 

On  the  ground,  hemlock  woods.  Bay  View.  August-September. 
Infrequent  or  rare. 

Distinguished  from  L.  clypeolaria  by  its  spores,  from  L.  cristata 
by  the  blackish  scales  and  floccose  stem.  SPORES  8-10  x  3-4  micr., 
as  given  by  Ricken.  The  Michigan  plant  may  be  L.  fiiscosquamea 
Pk. 

'Section  IV.  Asperae.  Pileus  fibrillose-scaly  at  first,  then  with 
pointed,  or  pyramidal  or  fasciculate,  erect  or  squarrose  scales  or 
warts;  stem  variously  sheathed  or  glabrescent. 

670.     Lepiota  acutaesquamosa  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:   Hard's  Mushrooms,  Fig.  38,  p.  55  (from  Michigan 
plants). 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  409. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  III,  No.  122. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  86,  Fig.  1  (as  L.  friesii). 

PILEUS  5-15  cm.  broad,  soft,  at  first  subhemispherical  then  con- 
vex-expanded, obtuse,  even,  at  first  covered  by  a  soft  tawny  or 
pale  umber  tomentum  which  usually  breaks  up  into  brown  or 
rufous-brown,  pointed,  pyramidal,  erect  scales  or  lowrts,  the  tips  of 
which  become  blackish,  are  crowded  and  darker  on  disk,  the  cracks 
showing  the  white  flesh  beneath,  margin  extending  beyond  gills. 
FLESH  white,  moderatelv  thick.     GILLS  crowded,    free,    rather 


634  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

iiaiTOAV,  thin,  not  forked,  white  becoming  dingy,  edge  serratulate. 
STEM  6-12  cm.  long,  G-12  mm.  thick  above,  tapering  upward  from 
a  bulbous  base,  sometimes  equal  and  subbulbous,  stuffed  to  hollow, 
soft,  whitish,  at  first  covered  by  the  fibrils  of  the  veil,  with  scat- 
tered brown  squamules,  terminating  in  a  floccose-fibrillose,  often 
oblique  and  broken,  rather  evanescent  AXNULUS.  SPOEES 
elongated  oblong,  smooth,  white,  7-9  x  2.5-3  micr.  ODOE  and 
TASTE  not  marked. 

(Dried:     Cap.  gills  and  stem  alutaceous  to  wood-brown.) 
Gregarious.     On  the  ground  or  on  very  rotten  wood    in    forests, 
on  flowerbeds,  conservatories,  etc.     Ann   Arbor,    Bay    View,    New 
Kichmond.     September.     Frequent. 

Much  the  appearance  of  the  next  two  species;  separable  with 
certainty  from  L.  fricsii  by  its  entire  gills,  from  L.  asperula  by  the 
spores.  The  veil  is  composed  of  silky  filaments  woven  into  a  mem- 
brane which  is  at  length  lacerated  vertically  so  as  to  appear  like  a 
*'cortina"  of  the  genus  Cortinarius. 

671.     Lepiota  friesii  Lasch. 

Epicrisis,  1836-1838. 

Illustrations:     See  Hard's  Fig.  of  L.  acutaesquamosa,  which  it 
imitates  in  appearance. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  1902,  op.  p.  65. 

The  description  of  the  preceding  species  is  suflficient  for  all  the 
characters  except  the  following:  GILLS  very  narrow,  ahumUintly 
jorked,  very  crowded.  SPOEES  6-9  x  2  micr.,  narrowed  at  one 
end,  smooth,  white,  elongated-oblong  to  subfusiform.  Sterile  cells 
on  edge  of  gills  as  in  the  preceding  species.  Habitat,  etc.,  same  as 
in  L.  aciUaesquamosa. 

Ann  Arbor,  Houghton,  Munising,  New  Eichmond. 

The  spores  in  our  plants  are  narrower  than  in  L.  acutaesquamosa, 
which  may  be  a  constant  character.  The  forking  of  the  crowded 
gills  is  very  marked.  The  pointed  warts  are  crowded  on  the  disk, 
or  may  be  scattered  over  tlie  entii-c  surface  of  the  pileus,  and  easily 
rubbed  off. 


^ 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  635 

672.     Lepiota  asperula  Atk. 

AtkiiisoD,  Mushrooms,  p.  82,  1900. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PL  20,  Fig.  84,  p.  82. 

PILEUS  1-4.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex  to  expanded,  ob- 
tuse, "hair-brown  to  olive-brown"  or  oohraceous-brown,  cuticle 
breaking  up  into  erect,  rather  pointed,  blackish-brown  warts,  more 
numerous  on  disk,  sometimes  suh concentrically  rimosQ,  not  striate. 
FLESH  white,  thickish,  scissile,  rather  fragile.  GILLS  free,  rather 
narrow  to  medium  width,  crowded,  white  becoming  dingy,  not 
forked,  edge  minutely  eroded.  STEM  2-6  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick, 
cylindrical  above  the  bulbous  base,  stuffed  by  fibrils,  then  hollow, 
covered  at  first  by  the  loose,  silky  or  librillose  veil  which  collapses 
at  the  pileus  and  terminates  on  the  stem  by  an  evanescent  AN- 
NULUS,  glabrous  or  fibrillose  above  annulus,  below  annulus  some- 
times minutely  brown-squamulose.  SPORES  minute,  4-5x2-3.5 
micr.,  oblong,  smooth,  white.  Basidia  4-spored;  steriginata  slender. 
No  cystidia.    ODOR  and  TASTE  not  marked. 

(Dried:   Like  L.  acutaesquamosa  and  L.  friesii.) 

Gregarious.  Hemlock  or  mixed  woods,  on  the  ground  among 
debris.  Bay  View,  New  Richmond.  August-September.  Infre- 
quent. 

Differs  from  L.  acutaesquamosa  in  minute  spores,  and  smaller 
size.  Probably  often  confused  with  that  species  and  diflScult  of 
separation  from  it.  The  veil  is  sometimes  quite  copious  and  cob- 
webby. 

673.     Lepiota  acerina  Pk. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Rep.  51,  p.  283,  1898. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  covered  with 
tawny  or  pale  rufous-brown,  appressed,  fibrillose  or  floccose  scales, 
darker  and  erect  and  pointed  on  the  disk,  margin  even.  FLESH 
thin,  white.  GILLS  free,  close,  thin,  rather  broad,  white  or  whitish, 
edge  minutely  fimbriate.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  1.5-4  mm.  thick, 
stuffed  to  hollow,  equal  or  slightly  bulbous,  covered  up  to  the  ob- 
solete ANNULUS  by  small,  dark,  fibrillose  scales  colored  like  those 
of  pileus.  SPORES  8-11  micr.  long,  3-4  micr.  wide,  obliquely 
apiculate  and  truncate  at  one  end,  narrowed  toward  other  end, 
smooth,  white;  sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  clavate. 


636  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

(Dried:     Pileiis  and  gills  umber  or  fuscous-brown.) 
Gregarious.    On  very  decayed  wood,  in  woods   of   maple,   bircli, 

hemlock,  etc.     Houghton,  Munising,  Bay  View,    New    Richmond. 

July,  August  and  September.     Infrequent. 

Shape  of  spores  like  those  of  L.  houdieri  Bres.  (see  Tab.  XLVI, 

Fungi  Trid.) ,  but  different  in  other  respects.    L.  cristata  has  similar 

spores. 

Section  V..  Graniilosae.  Pileus  and  stem  granular,  furfuraceous, 
pulverulent  or  minutely  warty. 

674.     Lepiota  granosa  ]\Iorg. 

Jour,  Cincinnati  Soc.  Xat.  Hist.,  1SS3. 

Illustrations:    Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  12,  op.  p.  63,  1905. 
Hards,  Mushrooms,  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  36,  p.  52. 
Plate  CXXIX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-9  cm.  diam.,  ovate  then  convex-expanded,  umbonate 
or  obtuse,  ochraceous  to  fulvous,  furfuraceous-graniilose,  rugose- 
wrinkled  to  almost  even,  margin  regular  or  undulate.  FLESH 
thick,  whitish  or  tinged  ochraceous.  GILLS  narrow,  crowded,  ad- 
nate,  sometimes  subarcuate,  whitish  to  ochraceous.  STEM  5-10  cm. 
long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upward  from  the  elavate 
base,  straight  or  curved,  fibrous-stuffed  to  hollow,  ijeronate  by  fur- 
furaceous or  floccose  scales,  colored  like  the  pileus  and  terminating 
above  in  a  rather  large,  faring  or  re  flexed,  membranous,  persistent 
ANXULUS,  yellowish  within,  pallid  or  brownish  above  the  annulus. 
SPORES  smooth,  white,  4-5  x  3  micr. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  rotten  wood;  maple,  birch  and 
beech  woods.    Marquette,  Bay  View.     September.     Infrequent. 

In  size,  it  stands  at  the  head  of  this  group.  It  is  easily  known 
by  its  large,  persistent  annulus.  It  differs  from  L.  amianthina  in 
size  and  the  character  of  sheath  and  annulus. 

675.     Lepiota  rugoso-reticulata  Lorin. 
Oest.  Bot.  Zeitschrift,  1879. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  convex,  rugose-reticulate,  covered  with 
dense,  glistening  granules,  pale    cinnamon-brown,    tinged   reddish, 


i 


CLASSIFICATION   OP  AGARICS  637 

mostly  unicolorous,  margin  appendiculate.  FLESH  thick,  ichite. 
GILLS  adnate,  sometimes  siibdecurrent,  croAvded,  rather  narrow, 
whitish,  edge  entire.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  equal  or 
tapering  upward,  solid,  peronate  with  cinnamon-  or  reddish-brown 
floccose  scales,  terminating  in  an  incomplete  or  obsolete  ANNULUS, 
pallid  above,  white-mj-celioid  at  base.  SPORES  4-5.5x3  micr., 
smooth,  ovoid,  apiculate.     ODOR  not  noticed. 

(Dried:  Pileus  pale  brick-red,  gills  alutaceous,  stem  white-my- 
celioid  at  base.) 

Gregarious.  On  mosses,  low  woods  of  white  birch  in  northern 
Michigan,  elm,  etc.,  in  south.  Ann  Arbor,  Marquette.  August- 
September.     Infrequent. 

This  species  resembles  L.  granulosa  in  color,  etc.,  but  differs  in 
its  slender  stem  and  rugose  jjileus ;  it  approaches  L.  granosa  in 
pileus  characters  but  is  small  and  the  annulus  is  rarely  persistent. 
It  differs  from  L.  amianthina  in  its  lack  of  an  umbo,  and  its  small 
spores. 

676.     Lepiota  adnatifolia  Pk. 
N.^Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  54,  p.  947,  1902. 

PILEUS  2.5  cm.  broad,  l)roadly  convex,  granulose  to  warty  or 
scaly  on  disk,  dark  ferruginous-red,  not  umbonate,  even,  margin  ap- 
pendiculate. FLESH  white.  GILLS  adnate,  close,  narrow,  thin, 
whitish,  edge  entire.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick  above, 
tapering  upward  from  a  clavate  base,  solid,  peronate  by  reddish  or 
whitish  squamules,  and  terminating  in  an  evanescent  annulus, 
apex  white  or  tinged  pink.  SPORES  minute,  5-5.5  x  2.5-3  micr., 
oval-oblong,  slightly  curved  in  one  view.  CYSTIDIA  very  slender, 
hyaline,  about  50  micr.  long,  3  micr.  thick,  subcylindrical,  apex 
capped  by  conical  covering,  sometimes  infrequent  or  entirely  lack- 
ing, on  edge  and  sides  of  gills.     ODOR  slight. 

On  debris  or  decayed  logs  in  woods  of  hemlock,  maple,  etc.  Xew 
Richmond,  Ann  Arbor.     September-October.     Rare. 

Differs  from  L.  amianthina  and  L.  granulosa  in  the  presence  of 
cystidia  and  lack  of  an  umbo,  and  by  its  color.  The  spores  are 
smaller  than  given  by  Peck.  The  main  part  of  the  cap  is  covered 
closely  with  appressed,  flat,  tomentose  warts. 


638  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

677.     Lepiota  granulosa  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  Oil. 
Kicken,  Blattei-pilze,  Tl.  81,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  ri.  18,  \'ol.  I. 

PILEUS  3-G  cm.  broad,  ovate  then  convex-expanded,  obtuse  or 
subumbonate,  furfuraccous-granular,  often  radiately  wrinkled, 
ochraceous  tinged  brick  red,  but  varying  to  buff  or  dark-rufous  with 
a  hoary  lustre.  FLESH  thin,  white,  rufescent.  GILLS  adnexed, 
9'ounded  behind,  close,  medium  width,  white.  STEM  short,  2-5  cm. 
long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  stutled  to  hollow,  equal  or  tapering  upward, 
granulose  to  fioccose-scalj'  and  pale  reddish  up  to  the  slight  evane- 
scent annulus,  whitish  at  apex.  SPORES  minute,  4-5x3-3.5  micr., 
ovate,  smooth ;  cystidia  none. 

(Dried:  Cap  and  scales  of  stem  rufous-ochraceous,  gills  ochra- 
ceous-alutaceous. ) 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.  On  leaf-mould,  mosses,  etc.,  in 
open  woods  of  maple,  oak,  hemlock,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Marquette, 
New  Richmond.     August-October.     Local  but  frequent. 

The  spores  are  smaller  than  given  by  Patouillard  (Tab.  Analyt.) 
and  Quelet  and  Battaille  (Flore  des  Am.  et  des.  Lep.).  Henuings 
in  Engler  &  Prantl,  however,  gives  the  size  as  found  in  American 
plants.  Also  our  plants  are  usually  shorter  and  thicker  stemmed 
than  the  figures  of  Patouillard  and  Cooke  would  indicate,  i.  e.,  the 
plant  is  more  squat,  except  possibly  when  it  grows  in  low,  wet 
situations.  It  approaches  other  species,  like  L.  charcharias  and  L. 
amianthina,  which  were  formerly  called  varieties  of  it.  There  is 
a  hoary  sheen  to  the  granularity  on  the  cap,  by  which  one  may 
know  it.  The  way  the  gills  are  attached  distinguishes  it  from  the 
three  preceding  species. 

678.     Lepiota  pulveracea  Pk. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Rep.  54,  p.  144,  1900. 

''PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  hemispheric  then  convex-expanded, 
pulverulent  or  minutely  granulose  and  squamulose,  even,  tawny  or 
paler.  GILLS  adnexed,  close,  thin,  narrow,  yellowish-white.  STEM 
equal,  hollow,  sheathed  with  delicate    brownish,    small    granulose 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  639 

scales  terminatiug  in  the  obsolete  ANNULUS,  pruiuose  and  wliit- 
ish  at  apex."  SPORES  minute,  oblong-elliptical,  obscurely  curved, 
smooth,  white,  4-5.5  x  3  micr. 

(Dried:  Cap  pale  fulvous,  stem  paler  with  scattered  floccose- 
squamules. ) 

Gregarious.  On  moss  growing  over  an  old  hemlock  log.  Mar- 
quette.    Sej)tember.    Rare. 

The  spores  are  not  ovate  as  in  L.  granulosa,  and  the  adnexed 
gills  and  color,  etc.,  separate  it  from  L.  rugoso  reticulata.  The  dried 
specimens  lack  the  rich  tints  of  the  others  of  this  group. 

679.     Lepiota  pusillomyces  Pk. 

N.  y.  Mus.  Rep.  28,  p.  48,  1876. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  Plate  I,  Figs.  1-3. 

PILEUS  4-8  mm.  broad,  thin,  convex,  obtuse,  furfuraceous  or 
covered  tcith  minute  granular  flocciiles,  white  or  nearly  so,  remains 
of  veil  clinging  in  granular  floes  to  edge  of  pileus.  TRAMA  of 
pileus  composed  of  vesicular  cells,  puherulence  on  surface  also  of 
thin-walled  globular  cells.  GILLS  hroad,  free,  ventricose,  moder- 
ately close,  white.  STEM  1-3  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  slender, 
equal,  stuffed  with  fibrils,  rufescent  beneath  the  white  mealiness 
which  terminates  at  the  obsolete  ANNULUS.  SPORES  elliptic- 
oblong,  4-5  X  2.5-3  micr.,  smooth,  white. 

Single  and  scattered.  On  rich  soil  in  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay 
View.     August.     Infrequent. 

This  is  close  to  L.  seminuda  of  Europe,  and  may  be  the  same,  un- 
less the  microscopic  characters  are  shown  to  be  different.  Patouil- 
lard  figures  the  spores  of  L.  seminuda  more  ovate  then  elliptical, 
but  other  authors  give  the  latter  shape.  This  is  a  delicate  Lepiota 
and  approaches  L.  cristatatellus  Pk.  which  is  distinguished  by  the 
pinkish  tinge  usually  present  on  the  pileus,  and  the  glabrous  stem. 


640  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Section  17.  HiibclypcoUiriae.  Pileiis  thin,  minutely  scaly,  prui- 
nose  or  pulvenileut.  Annulus  nienibranous,  persistent  or  evane- 
scent.    STEM  for  the  most  part  glabrous  or  denuded. 

680.    Lepiota  cepagstipes  Fr.     (Edible) 
Epicrisis,  1S3G-38. 

Illustrations :    X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  04,  PI.  87,  1905. 
Hard's  Mushrooms,  Fig.  37,  p.  54. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  414. 
Michael.  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  94. 
Plate  CXXX  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  2-8  cm.  broad,  thin,  oval  then  campanulate-expanded^ 
obtuse,  soft,  at  length  umbonate,  striate-plicate  and  splitting  on  the 
margin,  covered  with  minute,  numerous,  mealy  or  wart-like  scales, 
which  are  often  brown,  elsewhere  white.  FLESH  white.  GILLS 
narrow,  free,  dose,  white  then  dingy,  thin,  edge  pruinose.  STEM 
4-12  cm.  long.  4-6  mm.  thick  at  apex,  tapering  upward  or 
often  someichat  ventricosc,  flexuous,  glabrous  or  occasion- 
ally with  floccose  particles,  hollow,  white.  ANNULUS  thin,  mem- 
branaceous, subpersistent,  white.  SPORES  oval-elliptical,  smooth, 
white,  9-10x5-7  micr.,  nucleate.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Caespitose.  On  rich  soil  of  gardens,  conservatories,  etc.,  decay- 
ing straw-piles,  sawdust,  stumps,  or  decomposing  vegetable  matter 
of  any  kind.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View,  New  Richmond.  June-Septem- 
ber.    Not  common.     Edible. 

Often  in  dense  clusters.  Sometimes  the  pileus  is  yellow-tinged. 
The  name  refers  to  the  shape  of  the  stem  which  often  resembles  the 
.  enlargement  on  the  seed-stalk  of  the  onion.  The  plants  soon  droop 
and  collapse  in  the  wind.  Hennings  (in  Engier  and  Prantl)  says 
this  mushroom  was  introduced  into  Europe  from  Brazil  and  also 
states  that  at  first  there  is  a  small  sclerotium. 

681.     Lepiota  rubrotincta  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  35,  p.  155. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  ovoid  then  convex-expanded,  obtuse  or  sub- 
iimbonate,  the  unbroken  cuticle  at  first  even,  and  innatelv  fibrillose 
and  uniform   reddish-pink,  darker  or  reddish-brown    on    disk,    at 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  641 

length  breaking  up  into  oppressed  red  scales  and  rimose.  FLI'^^H 
white,  thin.  GILLS  free,  narrow,  tapering  toward  stem,  crowded 
at  first,  less  so  after  expansion,  white,  edge  minutely  flocculose. 
STEM  4-9  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  thick,  tapering  slightly  upward  or 
clavate  at  base,  stuffed  then  hollow,  even,  easily  splitting  length- 
wise, silky-fibrillose  or  glabrous.  ANNULUS  well-developed,  mem- 
branous, persistent,  edge  thickish  and  often  tinged  red.  SPORES 
9x5  micr.,  but  variable,  often  larger,  narrow-elliptical,  apiculate; 
CYSTIDIA  on  edge  of  gills  about  36  x  6  micr. 

(Dried:    Color  of  cap  red,  giils  dingy  white,  stem  pale  fuscous.) 
Scattered  or  singly.    On  the  ground  among  decaying  leaves,  mixed 
or  hardwood  forests.    Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  JS^ew  Richmond.    August- 
September.     Infrequent. 

682.     Lepiota  cristata  Fr.  (Edible) 
Svst.  Myc,  1S21. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Muslirooms,  Fig.  S3,  p.  81,  1900. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  417. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  504. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  84,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  29. 
Plate  CXXXI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1.5-4  cm.  broad,  thin,  ovate  then  campanulate-convex  or 
expanded,  obtuse  or  umbonate,  cuticle  at  first  continuous,  and  en- 
tirely dull  reddish  or  reddish-brown,  then  broken  into  small  con- 
centric reddish-hrown  scales  except  the  darker  umbo,  the  cracks 
white,  margin  often  denuded  of  cuticle.  FLESH  wliite,  thin. 
GILLS  free,  rather  close,  narroAV  to  subventricose,  white,  edge 
minutely  crenulate.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  slender, 
equal,  hollow  or  stuffed  with  loose  pith,  glabrous  or  silky-fibrillose 
below  ring,  whitish  or  tinged  dingy  lavender,  pinkish  within.  AN- 
NULUS  white,  small,  soon  broken  and  deciduous.  SPORES  some- 
what wedge-shaped,  or  angular,  sometimes  irregularly  fusiform  to 
oblong,  depending  on  the  view,  A\hite,  0-7x3-4  niici*.  ODOK 
rather  disagreeable. 

(Dried:     Stem  rufescent,  pileus  brownish  to  alutaceous.) 
Gregarious.    In  grassy  places  or  on  the  ground  in  low  woods,  etc., 
often  on  lawns.     Marquette,  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  Houghton,  Xew 
Richmond,  etc.    July-October.    Common. 
81 


642  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Au  effort  was  made  by  Morgan  (Jour,  of  Mycol.,  A'ol.  12,  p.  244, 
190G),  to  separate  this  into  two  species,  C.  cristata  Fr,  and 
C.  angustana  Britz.  The  separation  was  based  on  tlie  spores  and 
odor.  Our  plants  sometimes  have  anguhir  spores  and  no  odor,  and 
the  spores  vary,  even  in  the  same  plant.  Atkinson  (Mushrooms, 
1900,  p.  92)  has  already  pointed  out  that  they  are  identical.  The 
odor  seems  to  be  strong,  weak  or  absent  under  different  conditions. 
The  pileus  may  be  as  much  as  5  cm.  across. 

683.     Lepiota  alluviinus  Pk. 
^\  y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  35,  p.  157,  1884. 

^'PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex  or  plane,  sometimes  re- 
flexed  on  margin,  loMte,  adorned  with  minute  pale-yellow  hairy  or 
fihrillose  scales.  GILLS  free,  thin,  close,  white  or  yellowish. 
STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  slender,  fibrillose,  whit- 
ish or  pallid,  slightly  thickened  at  the  base.  ANNULUS  slight, 
subpersistent,  often  near  the  middle  of  the  stem.  SPOKES  ellipti- 
cal, 6-7.5  X  4-5  micr." 

Alluvial  soil  among  weeds  and  shrubs.  East  Lansing.  August. 
Keported  by  Lougyear. 

"In  drying  the  whole  plant  assumes  a  rich  yellow  hue." 

684.     Lepiota  miamensis  Morg. 
Jour.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist..  1883. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  soft,  convex-expanded,  subumbonate, 
even,  fihriUose-scaly  except  disk,  white,  disk  sometimes  brownish. 
FLESH  white,  very  thin,  fragile.  GILLS  free,  rather  broad,  round- 
ed behind,  ventricose,  ichite.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick, 
slender,  hollow,  subequal,  glabrous  or  pruinose  at  apex,  often  com- 
pressed, irhitc.  ANNULUS  thin,  fragile,  subpersistent,  median. 
SPORES  oblong-oval,  5-0  x  3-3.5  micr.,  white. 

(Dried:  Pileus  whitish,  with  brownish  center,  gills  dingy -white, 
stem  pallid.) 

Singly  or  few.  On  the  ground  in  rich  woods  among  leaves.  Ann 
Arbor.     September.     Rarely  found. 

Apparently  similar  to  L.  alluviinus,  differing  in  lack  of  yellow 
color,  especially  on  drying,  and  rather  broad  gills. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  643* 

685.    Lepiota  cristatatellus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  31,  p.  31,  1879. 

PILEUS  5-8  mm.  broad,  soft,  oval  then  convex,  covered  by  min- 
ute granular-mealiness,  at  first  tinged  pink  all  over,  then  white  with 
pinkish  disk,  margin  mealy.  GILLS  free,  white,  medium  broad, 
rounded  behind,  subventricose,  suhdistant.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long, 
1  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  hollow  or  stutfed  with  fibrils,  whitish, 
subglabrous  below  the  evanescent  ANNULUS,  pruiuose  above. 
SPORES  minute,  subelliiDtical,  4-5  x  3  micr.,  smooth,  white. 

Scattered.  In  low,  moist  woods,  on  mosses,  etc.  Ann  Arbor, 
Bay  View,  New  Richmond.     September.     Frequent. 

A  small  Lepiota,  near  L.  pusillomyces,  from  which  the  pink  of 
the  cap  and  the  white  stem  seem  to  distinguish  it  so  that  the  two 
are  quite  easily  recognized  in  the  field.  L.  cristatellus  is  also  said 
to  have  narrower  gills,  and  its  stem  is  usually  glabrous,  while  L. 
pusillomyces  has  broad  gills  and  a  mealy  stem  below  the  annulus. 

Section  VII.  Procerae.  Pileus  thick  and  fleshy,  the  cuticle  com- 
monly broken  into  large  scales  (continuous  in  L.  naucina  in  most 
cases)  ;  annulus  thick,  mostly  movable. 

686.     Lepiota  procera  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.  25,  Fig.  81,  p.  79. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PI.  18,  1896. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PI.  VI,  Fig.  32,  p.  46. 
Freeman,  Minn.  Plant  Diseases,  Fig.  18,  p.  39,  1905. 
Mcllvaine,  Amer.  Fungi,  PI.  XIII,  p.  34. 
Fries,  Sverig.  iitl.  u.  gift.  Svamp.,  PL  3. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  No.  53. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  429. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  83,  Fig.  1. 
Plate  CXXXII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  8-15  cm.  broad,  elliptic-ovate  before  opening,  then  cam- 
panulate-convex  to  subexpanded,  unihonatc,  at  first  covered  with  a 
reddish-brown  or  umber-brown  cuticle,  ivhich  breaks  up  into  large 
brown  scales  or  patches  during  expansion  of  pileus,  with  smaller 
fioccose  scales  between  and  exposing  the  white  flesh  beneath,  cuticle 


644  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

on  umbo  often  continnous.  FLESH  thick,  white.  GILLS  free, 
remote  from  stem,  droad  antcriorJi/,  narrowed  behind,  thin,  close, 
white  or  tinged  pink,  brownish  in  age,  edge  flocculose.  STEM  15- 
30  cm.  long,  cylindrical  or  tapering  npward  from  a  bulb,  G-12  mm. 
thick  above,  apex  sunk  deep  into  the  fiesli  of  the  pileus  as  into  a 
socket,  hollow  or  stuffed  with  delicate  long  fibrils,  surface  layer 
hrcakiuf/  up  into  sinall  hroirnisli  scales,  or  furfuraceous  so  as  to  ap- 
pear variegated,  wliite  beneath  and  within.  ANNULUS  movable^ 
thick,  formed  of  the  firm,  membranous  veil  which  breaks  away  early, 
its  outer  and  lower  surface  covered  with  small  brown  scales,  repre- 
senting a  continuation  of  the  cuticle  of  the  pileus  at  a  very  early 
state.  SPORES  14-18x9-12  micr.,  elliptical,  smooth,  Avliite;  no 
cystidia  found.  Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills,  numerous,  3545  x  10- 
15  micr.,  subcylindrical. 

(Dried:  Pileus  buff  with  fuscous  scales,  stem  pale  fuscous,  gills 
dingy-buff.) 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  On  the  ground,  in  meadows,  pastures, 
open  woods,  or  preferably  in  pastured  clearings.  August,  Septem- 
ber, October.     Throughout  the  State.     Edible. 

Its  long  stem,  inovahle  anmilus  and  shaggy,  spotted  cap,  distin- 
guish it  from  all  others.  Its  height  is  often  surprising,  sometimes 
reaching  a  foot  and  a  half,  with  a  cap  six  to  ten  inches  broard.  Its 
cap  is  delicious,  when  after  removing  the  scales,  it  is  fried  in  butter. 
Its  distribution  is  world-wide. 

687.     Lepiota  morgani  Pk.     (Poisonous) 
Botanical  Gazette.  Vol.  4,  1879. 

Illustrations :     Hard,  ^lushrooms,  1908,  PL  "VII,  Fig.  35,  p.  50. 
Mcllvaine,  Amer.  Mushrooms,  1900,  PI.  XIV,  p.  :\(). 
Plates  CXXXIII  and  CXXXIV  of  tliis  Report. 

PILEUS  10-20  cm.  broad,  at  first  globose  tlien  convex  and  ex- 
panded, cuticle  at  first  continuous,  buff  to  pale  umber,  soon  broken 
up  except  on  disk,  into  irregular  scales  or  patches,  whicli  are 
drawn  apart  and  disappear  in  part.  FLESH  thick,  firm,  white. 
GILLS  free,  remote  (4-5  mm.)  from  stem,  close,  rather  broad, 
ventricose,  at  first  white  then  changing  to  (lull  green.  STIOM  stout, 
10-20  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  tliick  above,  2-4  cm.  at  base,  tapering  u]»ward 
from  a  <  lavate  base,  stuffed  witli  fibrils,  Jiard  and  firm,  glabrous, 
wliitisli   or  grayish-white  to  pale  umber.     ANNULUS  thick,  mov- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  G4o 

able,  superior,  toughish  but  soft.  SPORES  bright  to  dull  (jrccn  in 
mass,  subelliptical,   obliquely  apiculate,  9-12  x  G-8  micr.,   nucleate. 

Gregarious,  often  in  large  fairy  rings.  lu  -meadows,  pastures 
and  open  woods.  In  southern  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor.  Frecpient 
but  local. 

Unsafe.  Eaten  with  impunity  by  some  persons,  but  others  suffer 
vomiting,  etc.  This  is  our  largest-capped  meadow  mushroom  known ; 
it  attains  a  diameter  of  14  inches.  Its  large  size,  movable  ring 
and  greenish  spores  and  gills  distinguish  it.  The  underside  of  the 
ring  next  to  the  stem  is  at  first  covered  by  the  remains  of  the  cuticle 
which  was  continuous  with  the  pileus.  All  the  cuticle  of  the  pileus 
except  the  center  may  disappear.  The  young  margin  of  the  cap  is 
beautifully  torn-serrate  and  floccose  at  first.  Reports  have  come 
in  that  the  whole  plant  is  sometimes  green  or  greenish. 

688.     Lepiota  americana  Pk.     (Edible) 
N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23.  p.  71,  1ST2. 

Illustrations :     X.  Y.  State  Rep.  19,  PL  11,  1896. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  82,  p.  80,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  31,  p.  19,  1908. 
Murrill,  Mycologia.  Vol.  3,  PI.  49,  Fig.  6. 
Mcllvaine,  Amer.  Mushrooms,  PL  XV,  p.  48,  1900. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  ovate  then  convex-expanded,  umbonate 
or  subumbonate,  cuticle  at  first  reddish-brown  and  continuous,  tJien 
broken  up  except  on  umbo  into  large,  scattered,  reddish  or  bay- 
brown  scales,  elsewhere  white  when  young  and  fresh  but  becoming 
dingy-red  in  age,  more  or  less  striate  on  margin.  FLESH  thin, 
white,  reddening  when  bruised  or  in  age.  GILLS  free,  close,  rather 
broad  in  front,  narrowed  behind,  white.  STEM  7-12  cm.  long,  4-6 
mm.  thick  at  apex,  tapering  upward  from  a  clavate  base,  sometimes 
fusiform,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glabrous,  white  becoming  reddish 
where  handled.  AXXULL^S  rather  large,  mendn-anous,  flaccid, 
sometimes  movable,  sometimes  evanescent.  SPORES  elliptic-ovate, 
8-10X.J-7  micr.,  nucleate,  white.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

(Dried:     Whole  plant  tinged  dull  red  or  smoky-red.) 

Solitary  to  caespitose.  On  rich  soil  in  grassy  places,  in  fields  or 
around  old  stumps.  Ann  Arbor  and  Ludingtou.  August.  Ap- 
parently rare  in  Michigan.     Edible. 

Bresadola  (Tab.  Analyt..  Vol.  2,  p.  83)  suggests  that  our  i>lant  is 


G46  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

the  same  as  the  European  L.  hacmatospenna  {Agaricus  haemato- 
sperma  of  Hvmen.  Europ.j,  as  well  as  L.  hadhami  Berk.  lu  these 
also  the  flesh  changes  to  reddish  in  age  or  on  drying.  The  French 
mycologists  (Quel,  and  Eattaile,  Anian.  et  Lep.,  1902,  p.  73)  have 
taken  exception  to  this  view,  claiming  that  L.  hacmatosperma  ac- 
tually has  reddish  or  puridisli  spores  when  mature,  while  L.  J)ad- 
hmiii  has  white  spores.  Hence  the  American  name  must  be  retain- 
ed. Our  plants  can  be  distinguished  from  our  other  Lepiotas  by 
this  character  of  the  flesh.  The  shape  of  the  stem  imitates  at  times 
that  of  L.  cepaestipcs,  being  enlarged  just  above  the  base,  sometimes, 
however,  it  merely  tapers  from  the  very  bottom ;  in  the  former  case 
the  base  is  sometimes  short-pointed.  The  pileus  is  sometimes 
almost  entirely  white  when  fresh.  The  gills  and  flesh  may  assume 
a  yellow  tinge  at  first. 

689.    Lepiota  naucina  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :    X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  Plate  19,  1896. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  428. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Figs.  79-80,  p.  76-78. 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  maug.  e.  vel.,  PI.  15. 
Mcllvaine,  Amer.  Mushrooms,  Plate  XV^  p.  44. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  84,  Fig.  2. 
Plates  CXXXV,  CXXXVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  at  first  subglobose  to  ovoid,  then  convex 
to  subexpanded,  obtuse,  soft,  glabrous,  rarely  broken  into  scales^on 
the  surface,  white  or  smoky-white.  FLESH  white,  thick,  rather 
firm,  abruptly  thin  on  margin.  GILLS  free,  not  remote,  close, 
moderately  broad,  narrowed  behind,  white  at  first,  slowly  changing 
to  pinkisli  then  dingy-hroicn,  edge  minutely  flocculose.  STEM  5-10 
cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick  above,  tapering  upward  from  a  thickened 
base,  sometimes  subequal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glabrous  or  silky 
below  the  ring,  pruinose  above,  white  icithin  and  without.  AN- 
NULUS  f onned  from  the  membranous  veil  and  outer  layer  of  stem ; 
the  latter  is  shown  peeled  off  up  to  the  ring  in  the  section  of  the 
young  plant  in  our  illustration.  It  is  white,  rolled  together  in  the 
form  of  a  collar,  persistent  and  superior,  in  age  it  often  becomes 
movable.  SPORES  elliptic-oval,  7-9  x  5-6  micr..  but  variable,  some 
longer,  occasionally  abnormal  and  then  spherical,  nucleate,  smooth, 
white.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  647 

Gregarious.  Grassy  ground,  in  pastures,  fields,  roadsides,  and 
parks.  Ann  Arbor.  Marquette.  New  Kithniond.  etc.  September- 
November.     Common  throughout  the  State.    Edible. 

(Dried:  Gills  pale  cinnamon-brown  to  umber,  pileus  smoky- 
buflf,  stem  buff  tinged  umber  or  fuscous-brown.) 

It  seems  to  be  agreed  that  there  is  an  European  plant  like  ours 
with  elliptical  spores.  (Beardslee,  Jour.  Mycs.,  Vol.  13,  p.  27,  1907.) 
Whether  there  is  also  one  in  Europe  with  uniformly  globular  spores 
is  as  yet  uncertain.  (Morgan.  Jour.  Mycs.,  Vol.  13,  p.  10.)  Our 
species  will  probably  be  known  henceforth  as  L.  naiicina  instead  of 
L.  naucinoides  Pk.,  a  name  it  has  held  so  long.  The  spores  varj''  re- 
markably in  some  individuals,  while  in  others  they  are  quite  con- 
stant. All  our  specimens  had  mostly  elliptical-oval  spores ;  in  some 
cases  a  few  spheroid  spores  were  present,  but  such  occur  in  other 
mushrooms,  and  must  be  considered  abnormal.  This  is  one  of  the 
best  mushrooms  for  the  table.  Its  white  gills  and  veil  when  young 
might  lead  the  novice  to  think  it  to  be  an  Amanita.  The  stem  is 
firmer  and  lacks  remnants  of  a  volva,  and  the  gills  turn  brown  when 
heated  or  toasted,  while  in  Amanita  they  remain  white"  (Mcllvaine). 
It  is  not  infested  by  larvae,  and  some  method  of  cultivation  is 
awaited  eagerly  by  mushroom  gardners.  Lepiota  excoriata  Fr., 
as  figured  by  Bresadola.  has  the  same  general  appearance,  but  differs 
in  the  torn  surface  of  the  cap  near  its  margin,  in  the  bulblet  at  the 
base  of  the  stem  and  in  the  much  larger  spores,  which  measure  15-17 
X  9  micr. 

Armillaria  Fr. 
(From  the  Latin,  armiJIa,  a  ring.) 

White-spored.  Stem  continuous  with  the  hymenophore.  provided 
with  an  annul ns.  Volva  none.  Gills  adnexed,  adnate  or  decurrent, 
partly  with  a  diverging  trama. 

Fleshy,  often  compact,  firm  mushrooms;  either  terrestrial  or  on 
Avood;  mostly  autumnal. 

The  PILEUS  is  either  viscid  or  dry,  glabrous  or  scaly,  often  pro- 
vided with  a  separable  pellicle;  the  surface  sometimes  cracked  in 
dry  weather.  Most  of  the  rarer  species  are  large  and  stout,  tlie 
pileus  of  dull  shades  of  color:  whitish,  yellowish,  brownish  or  red- 
dish. The  margin  is  often  incurved.  The  scales  on  the  \n\ei  of 
some  species  represent  the  broken  cuticle  which  is  continuous  with 
the  veil  but  concrete.     The  GILLS  are    variously    attached,    and 


648  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Fries  used  this  character  to  snlxlivide  the  genus  into  three  groups, 
e.  g.,  Tricholoniata,  with  sinnate-adnexed  gills;  Clitocybae,  with 
gills  attenuated  belund  and  snbdecnrrent;  Collybiae,  with  gills 
equal.  No  examples  of  the  Collybiae  are  known  from  the  State. 
The  stems  of  these  three  groups  are  normally  central.  With  Patouil- 
lard  (Les.  H^'uien.  Eur.,  p.  9.5)  it  seems  to  me  desirable  to  include 
here  a  fourth  group:  the  Pleiirotoidae,  witli  eccentric  or  lateral 
stem,  to  include  the  species  Armilluria  dryina  and  Armillaria  corti- 
cata.  The  gills  are  usually  white  but  juay  turn  yellowish  or  be- 
come stained  in  age,  depending  oiuthe  species.  Some  species  possess 
a  gill-trama  with  diverging  hyphae,  but  in  other  species  the  hyi)hae 
are  parallel.  The  relationships  shown  by  this  character  in  this 
genus  are  not  yet  very  clear.  The  STEM  is  usually  stout;  in  A. 
bulbiycra  it  is  marginate-bulbous  as  in  some  Cartinarii.  Usually 
it  is  solid,  and  often  peronate  by  a  more  or  less  persistent 
sheath  when  young,  later  scaly-spotted  by  the  breaking  up 
of  this  shieath.  The  VEIL  is  probably  double  in  such  species  as 
A.  caJUjata  and  A.  aurantia,  the  outer  veil  being  continuous  with 
the  cuticle  of  the  pileus,  the  inner  veil  closely  adherent  to  it  between 
the  margin  of  the  pileus  and  the  underside  of  the  young  gills.  It 
is  mostly  membranous,  but  inclines  to  a  cobwebby  or  fibrillose  text- 
ure in  A.  hulbigera  and  when  it  sheathes  the  stem  it  breaks  away 
from  the  margin  of  the  pileus  to  form  the  spreading  annulus.  Some- 
times it  is  lacerated  at  the  junction  of  cap  and  stem  and  parts  of 
it  may  remain  on  the  margin  of  the  pileus  so  that  the  pileus  be- 
comes appendiculate.  In  A.  mellea  the  veil  is  extremely  variable; 
it  is  usually  membranous,  but  sometimes  floccose-librillose  or  very 
thin  and  webb}^  so  that  no  annulus  is  formed  on  the  stem.  In  other 
characters  also  A.  mellea  is  quite  variable.  The  SPORES  are  white, 
varying  much  in  shape  and  size;  in  most  species  the}'  are  small 
and  almost  spherical;  in  some,  as  in  A.  tnacrospora  Pk.  from 
Colorado,  they  are  elliptical  and  measure  10-15  x  6-8  micr.  Several 
species  have  a  distinct  ODOR;  that  of  A.  nardosinia  Ell.  is  said  to 
resemble  oil  of  almonds ;  that  of  A.  viscidipes  Pk.  is  strong  and  pene- 
trating, somewhat  alkaline.  Nearly  all  the  species  are  said  to  have 
a  slight  odor  of  sOme  kind  by  which  they  can  be  distinguished. 
A.  mellea  Fr.  is  very  common  and  plentiful  in  its  season;  the  other 
species  of  Armillaria  are  infrefjuent  and  can  be  considered  rare 
during  any  series  of  years.  So  far  only  five  of  the  latter  class 
have  been  found  in  the  State,  although  doubtless  our  northern 
hemlock  and  pine  forests  hide  others.  It  has  seemed  best,  there- 
fore, to  include  in  the  key  such  species  as  may  occur  within  our 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  049 

area.  About  18  species  of  Ai'iuillai-ia  have  been  mentioned  in  the 
literature  as  having  been  observed  in  the  United  States ;  only  about 
half  of  these  were  reported  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Kicken, 
(Bliitterpilze),  refers  all  Armillarias  to  the  genus  Tricholoma. 
Some  species  of  Clitocybe,  Tricholoma,  and  Pleurotus  Avill  be  look- 
ed for  here. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)      Stem  lateral   or  eccentric;    pileus   white.     694.     A.   clryina  Fr.     695. 

{A.  corticata  Fr.) 
(AA)     Stem  usually  central, 
(a)     Pileus  or  stem  viscid. 

(b)     Lignicolous,   growing  on   tree-trunks,   etc.,   pileus   glutinous.     A. 

mucida  Fr. 
(bb)     Terrestrial. 

(c)     Only  the  stem  viscid;   pileus  large,  whitish,  or  yellow-tinged; 

odor  penetrating,  alkaline.     A.  visciclwes  Pk. 
(cc)     Stem  not  viscid;  pileus  with  a  slightly  viscid  pellicle. 

(d)     Pileus  and  stem  covered  with  tawny-orange  to  ochraceous- 

rufous  scales.     691.     A.  aurantia  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  glabrous,  pale-brick  red;  stem  covered  with  pink-red 
floccose  scales.     692.     A.  focalis  Fr.  var. 
(aa)     Pileus  and  stem  not  viscid. 

(b)     In  caespitose  clusters  about  stumps,  trunks,  etc.,  honey-yellow, 
becoming  rusty-stained;   gills  adnata  to  subdecurrent.     693.    A. 
mellea  Fr. 
(bb)     Not   caespitose;    gills   emarginate   or   rounded   behind,   not   de- 
current. 
(c)     Veil   cortina-like,    white,    fugaceous;    stem   marginate-bulbous; 
pileus  glabrous,   gray,  brownish   or  rufescent;    spores   7-10   x 
5  micr.     A.  huIMgera  Fr. 
(cc)     Veil  membranous;  stem  not  marginate-bulbous. 
(d)     Pileus  white  or  whitish. 

(e)     Stem    sheathed    by   the    subviscid,    persistent    veil;    pileus 
large,    10-15    cm.    broad,    white    or    yellowish,    glabrous. 
Spores   globose,    4    micr.    diameter.     A.    magnivelaris    Pk. 
A.  vonderosa  Pk. 
(ee)       Stem    not    sheathed;     veil    fibrillose — membranous,    not 
viscid;    pileus  5-10  cm.   broad,  whitish    to    rusty-tinged; 
spores  subelliptical,  7.5  x  5  micr.     A.  appendiculata  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus    or    scales    dark    brown,    reddish-brown    or    grayish 
brown, 
(e)     Pileus    glabrous,    hard    and    compact;    veil    ample,    gills 

broad;    spores  7  micr.,  ovoid-globose.     A.  robusta  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  with  brown  or  reddish-brown  scales;  gills  narrow, 
(f)     Odor  strong,  of  spikenard  or  oil  of  almonds;  pileus  whit- 
ish,  except  the  brown   scales;    spores   6   micr.,  globose. 
A.  nardosmia  Ell.      (See  A.  caligata.) 
(ff)     Odor    none,    scales    reddish-brown    to    chestnut-brown; 
spores     globose-ovate,     nucleate,     6-7.5  x  5      micr.       690. 
A.  caligata  Fr. 


650  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

A.  TRICHOLOMATA.     Gills  sinuate-adiiexed ;  stem  fleshy,  simi- 
lar in  substance  to  the  pileus. 

690.     Armillaria  caligata  Vitt.-Brcs. 

Hymen.  Enrop..  1874. 

Illustrations:    Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  17. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  33. 
Barla,  Champignons  de  Kice,  PI.  10,  Fig.  4-7. 
Patonillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  306. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  42,  p.  59  (as  A.  nardosmia  Ell). 
Van  Hook,  Ind.  Acad.  Sci.  Proc,  1911,  Fig.  1,  p.  348  (as  A. 

nardosmia) . 
Plate  CXXXVII  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  6-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex  then  expanded  and  de- 
pressed, spotted  hy  appressed,  rufoiis-hroicn  or  do.rk  brown,,  elon- 
gated -jihrUlose  scales,  elsewhere  silky,  white  between  scales  or 
brunescent,  margin  at  first  incurved  and  margined  by  remnants  of 
the  veil.  FLESH  white,  thick,  compact.  GILLS  sinuate-adnate, 
at  length  Avith  decurrent  tooth,  medium  'broad  (5-8  mm.),  hetero- 
phyllous, white,  crowded,  edge  entire,  trama  of  parallel  hyphae. 
STEM  stout,  4-7  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  thick,  subequal  or  tapering  down, 
solid,  sheathed  at  first  to  the  middle  or  above  it  by  the  veil  which 
terminates  ahove  by  an  ample,  -flaring,  thicMsh,  membranous  AN- 
NULUS,  later  breaking  below  into  subconcentric,  rufous-brown 
scales,  white  and  rough-scurfy  above  the  ring,  then  glabrous  and 
shining,  white  within.  SPOKES  spherical-ovoid  to  short  elliptical, 
6-7.5  X  5  micr.,  smooth,  white  in  mass.  BASIDIA  38-40  x  7-8  micr., 
4-spored.     ODOR  none.    TASTE  of  nuts  or  slightly  bitterish-acrid. 

Solitary  or  in  caespitose  pairs.  On  the  ground,  oak  hillside 
bordering  a  tamarack  bog.     Ann  Arbor.     October.     Rare. 

Our  plants  agree  so  well  with  Bresadola's  description  and  figure 
of  A.  calUjata  that  I  have  no  Iiesitancy  in  referring  them  there. 
There  is  a  sliglit  discrepancy  as  to  odor.  Bresadola  describes  the 
European  plant  with  an  agreeable,  fruit-like  odor.  On  this  point  our 
specimens  also  differ  from  the  description  of  A.  nardosmia  Ell. 
Several  correspondents  from  tlie  eastern  part  of  the  United  States 
inform  me  that  their  specimens  of  A.  nardosmia  often  or  always 
lack  the  odor  of  almonds  attributed  to  it.  Peck  (Rep.  33)  first 
referred  the  New  York  species  to  A.'  rhagadisma  Fr.,  but  in  the 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  651 

43d  Report  assigned  it  to  A.  nardosinia.  1  am  inclined  to  think 
the  New  York  species  all  belong  to  A.  caligata.  I  have  collected 
the  same  but  smaller  plant  in  New  York,  and  it  seems  usually  to 
be  smaller  farther  south  and  east.  Whether  any  microscopic  char- 
acters accompany  the  almond  odor  remains  to  be  seen.  As  in  A. 
aurantia,-the  parallel  hyphae  of  the  gill-trama  are  an  exception 
for  this  genus. 


&^ 


691.     Armillaria  aurantia  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821.     (As  Tricholoma  aurantia.) 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PL  27. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  31  (too  pale). 

Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  c.  vel.,  PI.  IS. 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  121. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  86,  p.  85,  1900. 

Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  87,  Fig.  2.     (As  Tricholoma.) 

PILEUS  5-7  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  subumbonate, 
viscid  in  wet  weather,  ochraceous-fulvous  to  taivny -orange-red,  with 
a  pellicle  which  soon  breaks  up  into  numerous,  crowded,  ajjpressed, 
concolorus  scales,  margin  at  first  inrolled  and  glutinous  floccose. 
FLESH  white,  thick,  abruptly  thin  on  margin.  GILLS  rounded 
behind,  slightly  adnexed,  rather  narrow,  close,  icliite,  rusty-brown- 
spotted  in  age,  a  few  forked,  edge  entire,  trama  of  parallel  hyphae. 
STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  equal  or  narrowed  downwards, 
covered  'by  concolorous  suhconcentric  scales  up  to  the  obscure 
annulus,  white  at  apex  and  between  scales,  solid.  SPORES  minute, 
globose-oval,  variable,  4-5  x  3-4  micr.,  smooth,  nucleate,  white.  CYS- 
TIDIA  and  sterile  cells  none.  BASIDIA  25-28x4-5  micr.,  4- 
spored.     ODOR  strongly  farinaceous,  somewhat  disagreeable. 

Scattered.  On  sandy  ground  under  hemlock  trees.  New  Rich- 
mond.    September.     Infrequent. 

This  is  Tricholoma  peckii  Howe.  The  quite  young  plant  has  an 
ovate  obtuse  pileus  with  an  inrolled  margin,  and  an  external,  color- 
ed layer  which  breaks  up  into  appressed  floccose  patches  or  scales, 
but  scarcely  ever  leaves  an  annulus.  That  it  is  a  better  Tricholoma, 
where  Fries  at  first  placed  it,  is  shown  by  the  structure  of  the  gill- 
trama  whose  hyphae  lie  in  a  parallel  position.  The  tawny-orange 
red  color  of  the  scales  is  a  distinguishing  character.  Cooke's  figure 
(111.,  PI.  33)   evidently  illustrates    a    different   species.     Bresadola 


652  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

says  it  has  the  odor  of  stale  olives,  while  Maire  (Soc.  Myc.  France, 
Bull.  27,  p.  404)   reports  a  slight  dextriue  odor. 

692.     Armillaria  focalis  Fr.  var. 

Epicrisis,  1830-38. 

Illustration:    Cooke.  111..  Tl.  245. 

PILEFS  3-6  cm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  soft-fleshy,  obtuse, 
even,  gluhrous,  provided  with  a  thin,  separable,  viscid  cuticle,  bright 
hrick-red.  FLESH  thin,  tinged  pink.  GILLS  sinuate-adnexcd, 
rather  broad,  about  5  mm.,  ventricose,  soft,  close,  white  or  tinged 
brick-red,  edge  thin.  STEM  4-11  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  thick,  rather 
slender,  subequal,  attenuated  below,  soft,  solid,  fragile,  covered  hij 
brick-red,  floccose  scales  up  to  the  evanescent,  median  annulus, 
whitish  and  silky-shining  above.  SPOKES  globose,  3-4.5  micr., 
white,  smooth ;  basidia  4-spored,  slender,  about  24  micr.  long. 
CELLS  of  the  gill-trama  large,  75-125  micr.  long,  about  12  micr. 
wide,  divergent.  Cells  of  the  cuticle  of  pileus  long,  narrow,  5-6 
micr.  wide,  gelatinous.     ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous. 

Gregarious  or  solitary,  on  the  ground,  in  mixed  hemlock  and 
maple  woods,  clay  ravines.    New  Richmond.    September.    Rare. 

This  plant  seems  to  be  intermediate  between  A.  focalis  and  A. 
aurantia.  Its  pileus  is  somewhat  viscid  and  in  this  respect  differs 
from  A.  focalis  and  is  related  to  A.  aurantia.  Its  spores  also  ap- 
proach those  of  A.  aurantia.  In  stature,  texture  of  the  flesh,  char- 
acter of  pileus,  etc.,  it  is,  however,  quite  different  from  A.  aurantia. 
The  soft  texture  is  given  as  an  important  character  of  A.  focalis, 
and  Cooke's  illustration  gives  a  good  idea  of  the  coloring  and  the 
appearance  of  the  stem  of  our  plants,  except  that  the  stem  is  much 
more  elongated  and  attenuated  downward.  No  critical  studies  of 
A.  focalis  Fr.  could  be  found,  and  it  is  possible  that  its  cap  may  be 
provided  witli  a  viscid  pellicle  in  wet  weather. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  653 

B.  CLITOCYBAE.  Gills  attenuated  behind,  more  or  less  decur- 
rent;  stem  solid. 

693.     Armillaria  mellea  Fr.  (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc.  1S21. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  Tl.  32. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  1900,  PI.  27,  p.  84, 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  1908,  Figs.  39,  40,  p.  5G,  57. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  p.  01. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  1,  PI.  1,  Fig.  2. 
Conn.  Xat.  Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  ^^o.  3,  PI.  IV. 
Plates  CXXXVIII,  CXXXIX,  CXL  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  and  more  broad,  oval  to  subliemispherical  at 
first,  then  convex  to  almost  plane,  obtuse,  normally  honey-colored, 
varying  to  yellowish-brown,  rusty-brown,  or  quite  pale,  adorned 
with  dark-brown  or  blackisli  pointed  tufts  or  scales,  sometimes 
glabrescent,  striate  on  margin  in  age.  FLESH  whitish.  GILLS 
adnate  or  decurrent,  subdistant,  whitish  or  dingy  yellowish,  becom- 
ing rusty-stained  in  age,  not  broad,  at  length  powdered  by  the 
white  spores.  STEM  variable  in  length,  5-1.5  cm.  long,  0-20  mm. 
thick,  equal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  often  spongy  within,  fibrous  with- 
out, elastic,  floccose-scaly,  glabrescent,  glabrous  or  striate  and 
mealy  at  ajfex.  whitish  above,  dingy  yellowish,  brownish  or  rusty- 
stained  below.  The  VEIL  is  usually  well-developed,  meuibranous, 
and  at  first  conceals  the  gills,  at  length  collapsing  to  form  a  su- 
perior annulus;  sometimes  both  veil  and  annulus  are  almost  or 
entirely  lacking;  they  are  white  or  whitish,  sometimes  stained  like 
cap  and  stem.  SPORES  elliptical-ovate,  8-9.5  x  5-0.5  micr.,  white, 
smooth,  nucleate;  basidia  4-spored ;  trama  of  gills  composed  of 
divergent  hyphae.    TASTE  somewhat  disagreeable  or  iicrid. 

Caespitose.  At  base  of  living  tree-trunks,  around  stumps,  decay- 
ins  roots,  etc.,  of  all  sorts  of  trees,  both  conifer  and  broaddeaved. 
Throughout  the  State.  July-lSfovember  (earliest  record  July  13, 
latest  November  2).    Very  common.     Parasitic  and  sajjrophytic. 

In  an  abundant  species  like  this,  the  variations  are  mucli  more 
easily  observed  than  in  a  rare  plant,  so  that  about  ten  varieties 
have  been  named  and  described.  Tlie  most  important  of  tliese  is 
var.  cxannuJata  Pk.  This  is  an  ecological  form,  doubtless,  whosfr 
dense,  caespitose  clusters,  stem  attenuated  below,  undeveloped  an- 


654  THE  AGARICACEAE  CF  MICHIGAN 

nulus  and  small  glabrous  pilei.  are  the  result  of  unfavorable  con- 
ditions. Other  varieties,  like  ohsciira,  fava,  glabra,  radicata,  hiilh- 
osa,  etc.,  differ  from  the  normal  condition  in  the  characters  indi- 
cated by  their  respective  names.  An  abortive  form  occurs,  doubt- 
less parasitized  like  CUtopUus  ahortivus,  by  some  other  fungus 
whose  identity  is  unknown.  This  form  consists  of  irregular  round- 
ish A^'hite  masses  composed  of  fungus  mycelium.  For  a  fuller  ac- 
count see  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  page  2G2. 

ArmiUarki  niellea  is  of  considerable  economic  importance.  At 
times  it  grows  from  living  roots  to  which  it  is  connected  by  black, 
twine-like  strands  called  Rhizomorphs.  These  are  often  found 
even  where  no  fruit-bodies  are  present,  and  before  their  connection 
with  this  species  was  known,  the  strands  were  referred  to  an  inde- 
pendent fungus  and  called  RhizomorjjJia  subcorticalis.  These 
strands  extend  under  the  bark  of  living  roots  and  eventually  injure 
or  kill  the  trees.  The  American  A.  mellea  is  safely  edible.  Large 
quantities  are  collected  by  the  foreign-born  population  of  some 
localities — Detroit  and  the  mining  regions  of  the  Northern  Penin- 
sula; they  are  dried,  and  used  for  the  table  during  the  winter.  The 
taste  is  somewhat  disagreeable,  and  many  people  do  not  think  them 
particularly  palatable. 

Clitocybe  monodclplia  Morg.  has  been  considered  by  some  as  a 
variety  of  this  species.  It  is,  however,  clearlj-  separated  by  the  char- 
acter of  the  hyphae  in  the  gills,  which  do  not  diverge  as  in  the 
genus  Armillaria,  but  lie  parallel  between  the  subhymenial  layers. 

C.  PLEUROTOIDAE.  Stem  eccentric  or  lateral;  gills  decur- 
rent. 

694.     Armillaria  dryina  Fr.-Pat. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  226.     (As  Pleurotus.) 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  517. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.  32,  Fig.  lOG,  1900.    (As  Pleurotus.) 

PILEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-plane,  floccose-tomentose  at 
first,  in  dry  situations  becoming  scaly  from  the  breaking  up  of  the 
floccose  covering,  white,  scales  darker  in  age.  margin  at  first  in- 
volute. GILLS  decurrent,  subdistant,  attenuated  at  ends,  broadish 
in  the  middle,  white,  not  anastomosing  behind.  STEM  eccentric  or 
lateral,  2-4  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  subequal,  sometimes  stouter 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  655 

at  first,  covered  by  a  more  or  less  dense  tomentum,  especially  toward 
base,  above  with  a  somewhat  temporally  annuliis  from  tiie  thin, 
membranous  veil,  which  is  quickly  lacerated  and  disappears  as 
pileus  expands.  SPORES  oblong,  9-10x4-4.5  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
ODOR  very  strongly  of  oil  of  bitter  almonds  (benzaldehyde). 

From  base  of  stumps,  on  trunks,  etc.  Marquette.  August.  In- 
frequent. 

The  plants  described  above  were  growing  near  the  ground  and 
in  a  moist  situation  and  this  may  account  for  the  unusual  tomen- 
tosity  on  the  stem.  The  size  of  the  spores,  which  appeared  to  be 
mature,  would  seem  to  be  one  basis  of  separation  from  the  next 
species.  When  the  stem  is  lateral  or  nearly  so,  the  pileus  is  usual- 
ly subrenifonn. 

695.     Armillaria   corticata  Fr.-Pat. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustration:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  PI.  33,    Fig.    107.     (Small 
forms  as  Pleurotus.) 

PILEUS  6-15  cm.  or  more  broad,  convex-expanded,  obtuse  or 
depressed,  firm,  dull  tvhite  or  becoming  hrotcnish  tinged,  finely 
floccose  at  first,  then  the  cuticle  breaks  up  into  scale-like  areas, 
margin  at  first  involute  and  appendiculate.  FLESH  thick,  Avhite. 
GILLS  decurrent,  moderately  close,  rather  broad,  narrowed  behind, 
white  becoming  yellowisli,  anastomosing  on  the  stem,  edge  entire. 
STEM  4-10  cm.  long,  eccentric  or  almost  lateral,  sometimes  stout 
and  short,  solid,  firm  to  rigid,  subtomentose  or  floccose,  reticulate 
in  large  specimens,  equal  or  tapering  down.  VEIL  attached  near 
apex,  leaving  a  thin,  white  floccose^nembranous  evanescent  ring, 
or  sometimes  remnants  on  the  margin  of  the  pileus.  SPORES 
cylindrical-elongated,  large,  13-17  x  4-5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  BA- 
SIDIA  4-spored.     ODOR  slightly  acid-aromatic  to  foetid. 

Solitary  or  caespitose,  on  wood,  especially  on  living  trunks  of 
hickory,  maple,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Marquette.  Sei)tember-November. 
Infrequent. 

This  is  considered  by  Atkinson  (Mushrooms,  p.  10(>,  11)00)  as 
merely  a  form  of  A.  dryina,  and  as  far  as  the  variation  of  stem- 
length  and  size  of  plant  are  concerned,  such  a  conclusion  is  well  sup- 
ported. The  difference  in  the  size  of  the  spores  in  our  collections 
has,  however,  opened  up  the  question    again,    and    further    study 


656  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

seems  necessary.  SdinK'ter  jiives  1:5-15  x  4:5  inici-.  as  the  size  of 
the  spores  oT  .1.  corlicatd,  a  nieasiiremeiit  nearly  equal  to  the  spore 
length  of  our  form.  The  size  of  the  spores  of  A.  drijina  is  not  men- 
tioned by  most  authors;  Massee  says  they  are  10x4  niicr.  Large 
specimens  of  this  species  w  lien  tlie  veil  lias  disappeared,  might  be 
mistaken  for  Pleurotus  iihiKiriiis  or  /'(iiiiis  .strigosus;  but  P.  iil- 
marius  has  sinuate-adnexed  gills  and  I',  strigosns  has  a  nap  of 
strigose-villose  hairs  on  cap  and  stem  and  is  mucli  larger. 

Pleurotus  Fr. 
(From  tlie  Greek,  plcurou,  a  side,  and  ohs,  an  ear.) 

AVhite-spor-ed,  (except  P.  sapidus  and  /*.  .sKhpalniatus).  Stem 
fleshy,  eccentric,  lateral  or  lacking,  continuous  with  the  pileus. 
Gills  adnate.  adnexed  or  decurrent.    Veil  none. 

Putrescent,  (except  P.  atrocaeruleus  P.  atropellitus,  P.  niger,  and 
P.  striatiilus) ,  lignicolous,  medium  to  large,  or  often  small  and 
then  resupinate.  Intergrading  with  the  genera- Clitocybe  and  Armil- 
laria.  They  correspond  to  the  genera  Claudopus  and  Crepidotus 
of  the  ]»iidv-spored  and  ochre-brown-spored  groups  respectively.  All 
are  believed  to  be  edible,  and  are  considered  by  many  people  the 
most  delicious  of  our  mushrooms  when  properly  prepared. 

The  PILEUS  varies  from  quite  large  in  those  attached  laterally 
or  with  a  stem,  to  quite  small  wlien  it  is  resupinate.  P.  nlmarius 
and  P.  ostreatus  and  their  near  relatives  have  a  thick,  fleshy  pileus 
and  ample  gills,  thus  providing  a  large  amount  of  food  for  the 
mushroom  enthusiast.  The  small  species  are  rather  thin,  often 
membranous;  four  of  tlie  species  revive  on  moistening.  Our  large 
species  are  nearly  all  white  ^^hen  fresh,  becoming  tan-colored  or 
darker  when  old.  and  are  always  firm  and  even  tough  in  age.  The 
medium-size<l  species  are  ashy,  greenish,  yellowisli  or  reddish  in 
color.  The  small  forms  ai-e  white,  gray  or  blackish.  Several  are 
hygrophanous.  Several  liave  a  gelatinous  or  viscid  upper  layer,  of 
which  tlie  thick-fleshed  P.  xrrofinus  is  the  most  note-Avorthy.  The 
(xILLS  are  fastened  to  the  stem,  but  their  mode  of  attachment  is 
so  different  in  The  various  s])ecies  as  to  have  given  some  authors 
gi(»nii(l  for  making  distinct  genera  out  of  the  sections.  In  some 
they  aic  dt'ci.ly  decurrent  as  in  Clitocybe,  in  others,  sinuate-ad- 
nexed as  in  Tricoloma.  and  in  the  resupinate  and  lateral  species 
they  radiate  from  the  jioint  of  attachment  of  the  pileus  as  in 
Crepidotus  of  the  ochre-brown-spored  grouj).     In  the  large  species 


1 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  657 

they  are  usually  very  broad.  Amoug  the  medium-sized  forms 
there  are  cases  where  the  gills  are  very  narrow  and  very  crowded^ 
reaching  the  base  almost  as  lines;  examples  of  this  class  are  P. 
petaloidcs,  P.  horealis,  and  P.  porrigens.  The  small,  resupinate 
forms  expose  the  gills  on  the  upper  side  while  the  pileu.s  is  closely 
applied  to  the  substratum ;  later  the  pileus  becomes  reflexed  so  that 
the  gills  x>i'oject  downward,  giving  the  older  a  different  appear- 
ance than  the  younger  plant.  This  genus  is  often  separated  from 
Clitocybe  with  difficulty,  especially  in  the  case>s  where  the  stems 
are  only  slightly  eccentric,  so  that  different  authors  have  placed 
the  same  plant  under  the  two  genera.  The  STEM  is  occasionally 
almost  central  in  the  large-stemmed  species,  which  may  then  be 
mistaken  for  Tricholomas;  the  latter,  however,  grow  practically  al- 
ways on  the  ground.  Otherwise,  the  stem  is  lateral,  eccentric  or 
entirely  wanting.  The  interior  of  the  stem  is  fleshy-fibrous  in  most 
species,  but  several  have  a  stuffed  to  hollow  axis,  with  a  tough 
exterior,  as  in  P.  lignatiUs. 

The  SPORES  are  white  except  in  the  aberrant  species  P.  sapidus, 
P.  euosmus  and  P.  suhpalmatus  in  which  the  spores  have  a  slight 
flesh  color  or  lilac  tint.  P.  sapidus  and  P.  euosmus  resemble  P. 
ostreatus  so  closely  in  other  respects,  that  placing  them  among 
the  pink-spored  agarics  would  not  improve  matters.  P.  suhpalma- 
tus seems  to  me  nearer  Entoloma  as  its  stem  is  sometimes  central; 
its  reticulate,  toughish,  gelatinous  pileus  is  rather  unique,  and  re- 
minds one  of  the  genus  Heliomyces.  The  spores  of  the  Pleuroti  are 
smooth,  mostly  spherical  and  then  minute,  or  oblong;  in  a  few 
species,  elliptical.  CYSTIDIA  are  known  to  be  present  in  P. 
serotinus,  P.  stratosus,  P.  petaloidcs  and  P.  mastrucatus.  P.  ostre- 
atus is  said  to  produce  scattered  conidia  on  top  of  its  pileus,  Avliich 
represent  another  kind  of  spore.  The  ODOR  is  often  fragrant  and 
agreeable,  and  the  flavor  of  most  of  the  species  makes  them  very 
desirable  for  the  table. 

The  genus  may  be  divided  into  three  sections : 

Section  I.     Eccentrici. 

Section  II.     Dimidiati. 

Section  III.     Resupinati. 

The  subdivision  which  was  used  by  Fries  and  others  lor  those 
forms  with  an  inner  veil  is  omitted  here,  since  our  two  species  P. 
corticatus  and  P.  drj/imis  have  been  transferred  to  the  genus  Ani-il- 
laria,  where  it  seems  to  me  they  more  properly  belong,  and  for  whicli 
they  have  often  been  mistaken.  A  few  species  not  yet  found  in  the 
State  have  been  included  in  the  key. 

83 


658  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Stem  eccentric;   pileus  entire  or  at  least  marginate  behind;    plants 
of  medium  size  to  very  large, 
(a)     Pileus  brown  or  blackish  brown,  umbonate.   2-7  cm.;    gills  subdis- 

tant,  broad;  spores  5-6  x  4-5  micr.     P.  umbonatus  Pk. 
(aa)     Pileus  yellow,  yellowish  or  reddish.     [See  also   (aaa).] 

(b)     Pileus  glabrous,  gelatinous  on  top,  coarsely-reticulate,  pinkish  or 
flesh  color;     spores    globose,    echinulate.     699.     P.  siibpalmatus 
Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  strigose  hairy,  scaly  or  fibrillose. 

(c)     Very  large;   pileus  lateral,  cream-color  then  yellowish,  strigose 
hairy;  gills  very  broad;  stem  short.     (See  12a.  Panus  strigo- 
sus  B.  &  C.) 
(cc)     Medium-size;  stem  medium  long  and  not  very  eccentric. 

(d)     Pileus    and    stem    densely    dotted    with    brown    or   blackish 
scales;  spores  globose,  minute.     (See  760.     Clitocybe  decora 
Fr.) 
(dd)     Pileus  unicolorous,  silky-fibrillose,  umbonate;  spores  ellipti- 
cal, 7-9  X  5-6  micr.     698.     P.  sulfuroides  Pk. 
(aaa)     Pileus  white  when  young  or  fresh, 
(b)     Plant  large,  on  standing  elms,  etc.,  stem  rather  long  and  stout; 
gills   emarginate   or   sinuate,   rounded   behind,    broad.     696.     P. 
uhnarius  Fr.     697.     P.  elongatipes  Pk. 
(bb)     Gills  adnate,  adnate-decurrent  or  long-decurrent. 
(c)     Spore  print  pale  dingy  lilac;   pileus  thinner  and  more  flaccid 

than  P.  ostreatus.     702.     P.  sapidus  Fr. 
(cc)     Spore  print  white. 

(d)     Stem  stout,  usually  quite  short, 
(e)     Gills  running  down  the  stem  in  lines  and  anastomosing; 

plant  rather  stout.     700.     P.  ostreatus  Fr. 
(ee)     Gills  not  anastomosing  on  stem,  but  strongly  decurrent. 
Spores  longer  than  in  the  preceding  two,  12-15  x  5  micr. 
701.     P.  sjibareolatus  Pk. 
(dd)     Stem  slender,  2-5  mm.  thick;  gills  narrow  and  crowded, 
(e)     Pileus  hj-grophanous,  hyaline-white,  thin;   stem  solid,  pru- 
inose-floccose.     705.     P.  fimbriatus  var.  regularis  var.  nov. 
(ee)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous,   tough,   medium  size  to   small, 
(f)     Dingy-white;    pileus   irregular;    stem   curved,   subvillose, 

odor   farinaceous-oily.     703.     P.    Ugnatilis   Fr. 
(ff)     Entirely  white;  pileus  regular,  orbicular;  stem  straight, 
glabrous;    odor  faint.     704.     P.   circinatus   Fr. 
(AA)     Stem  none  or  very  short;    pileus  sessile   or  continuous   with   the 
stem, 
(a)     Pileus  at  first  resupinate. 

(b)     Upper  layer  of  pileus  gelatinous,  forming  a  pellicle. 

(c)     Pileus  2-5  cm.  broad,  more  or  less  reniform  to  obovate. 

(d)     Pileus  gray  or  blackish-brown,  margin  paler,  villose,  gills  not 
very  broad,  whitish.     714.     P.  atrocaeruleus  Fr.  var.  griseus 
Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  rich  brown,  covered  with  squarrose  or  erect  scales; 
gills  broad,  grayish-white.     713.     P.  mastrucatus  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  minute,  in  the  shape  of  a  pendulous,  reversed  vase  or 
cup,  pale  gray;  on  herbaceous  stems.  P.  cyphellaeformis  Berk, 
(bb)     Pileus  without  a  gelatinous  pellicle. 

(c)     Pileus  pure  white,  rarely  varying  to  pale  tan. 

(d)     Pileus  3-7   cm.    long,   flabelliform,   obovate   or   cuneate;    gills 
narrow,  crowded,  forked, 
(e)     Pileus  tomentose;   spores  spherical;   gills  scarcely  forked. 

713.     P.  albolanatus  Pk. 
(ee)      Pileus   glabrous,   margin    involute;     spores    longer    than 
broad;    gills  forked.     710.     P.  porrigens  Fr. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  659 

(dd)     Pileus  minute,  3-10  mm.  broad,  plane;   gills  rather  broad, 
subdistant.     711.     P.  septicus  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  gray  to  blackish,  minute. 

(d)     Pileus  glabrous,  striate;  gills  few,  distant.     P.  striatulus  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  glabrous. 

(e)     Spores  elliptical;  pileus  7-16  mm.  broad;  gills  close,  black- 
ish.    716.     P.  atropellitus  Pk. 
(ee)     Spores  globose;  gills  broad,  thick, 
(f)     Pileus   dark   cinereous,   subpruinate,   margin  striatulate. 

715.     P.  applicaUis  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus   black,   plicate    on    margin,    pulveraceous;     gills 
close.     P.  niger  Schw. 
(aa)     Pileus  never  resupinate,  sessile  nor  attached  by  a  short  lateral 
stem,  but  pileus  not  marginate  behind, 
(b)     Upper  layer  of  pileus  gelatinous  or  viscid. 

(c)     Pileus  smoky  yellowish  green,   dimidiate;    flesh  thick;    spores 
oblong,  4.5x1.5  micr.     706.     P.  serotimis  Fr.      (Syn.  P.  sero- 
tinoides  Pk. ) 
(cc)     Pileus  whitish  or  tinged  alutaceous  coreaceous-fleshy,  cuneate, 
spathulate   or   fan-shaped,   spores   minute,   globose;     cystidia 
abundant.     (See  16.     Panus  angustatus  Berk.) 
(bb)     Without  a  gelatinous  surface  layer, 
(c)     Pileus  hygrophanous,  grayish-brown;  gills  rather  distant,  nar- 
row, stem  lateral.     P.  tremulus  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 
(d)     Pileus  sessile,  pure  white,  small,  flattened,  radiately  rugose; 

gills  subdistant,  broad.     709.     P.  candidissivius  B.  &  C. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  pure  white,  1-2  cm.  broad,  cuneate,  or  spathulate. 
(e)     Spores  elliptical,  7.5  x  4-5  micr.      708.     P.  spathulatus  Fr. 
(ee)     Spores   globose,   3-4   micr.   diam.     707.    P.   petaloides   Fr. 

(Morgan,  Cinu.  Soc.  Nat.  History,  Vol.  G,  p.  78)  reports  P. 
craspedius  Fr.  a  rather  large,  brown,  stipitate  species,  margin  of 
pileus  crenate  or  lobed,  gills  close,  narrow  and  white,  spores  glo- 
bose, 5-6  micr.) 

Section  /.     Eccentrici.     Pileus  entire  or  at  least  marginate  be- 


t>' 


hind;  stem  eccentric. 

*Gills  sinuate  emarginate,  or  obtusely  adnate. 
696.     Pleurotus  ulmarius  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  102-3,  p.  102,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  119,  p.  156,  1908. 
Clements,  Minnesota  Mushrooms,  Fig.  19,  p.  32,  1910. 
Chicago  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  VII,  Part  I,  Plate  V,  1909. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  48,  Plate  26,  Fig.  1-4,  1900,  Bot.  ed. 
Freeman,  Minnesota  Plant  Diseases,  Frontispiece.  1905. 
Plate  CXLI  of  this  Report. 


660  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

PILEUS  5-15  cm.  oi*  more  broad,  compact,  firm,  convex  then  ex- 
panded, obtuse,  moist,  (/lahroiis  or  somewhat  tomentose,  white  or 
ivhitish,  becoming;  dull  leather  color  in  age,  sometimes  with  yellow- 
ish or  brownisli  shades,  even  on  margin  but  often  cracked  in  age. 
FLESH  Avhite,  tliick.  GILLS  sinuate-adnexed  becoming  emarginate 
or  rounded  behind,  broad,  close  to  subdistant,  white  or  icJtitisli. 
STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  variable,  1-2  cm.  thick,  stout,  solid,  firm,  eccen- 
tric, straight  or  curved,  glabrous,  sometimes  slightly  or  densely 
tomentose.  w^hitish.  SPORES  spherical,  5-7  micr.  diam.,  smooth, 
white  in  mass.     ODOR  and  TASTE  pleasant. 

(Dried:    BroAvnish-tan  throughout.) 

Solitary  or  caespitose.  On  decayed  or  living  wood  of  elm,  hlck- 
orj,  maple  trunks,  etc. ;  often  from  a  crack  or  wound  of  the  living- 
tree.  Throughout  the  State.  September-November.  Rather  infre- 
quent except  locally. 

This  Pleurotus  apparently  occurs  only  on  frondose  trees,  especi- 
ally on  the  elm — whence  its  name.  It  is  not  knoAvn  w  hether  it  is  para- 
sitic on  the  living  trees  or  not.  Shade-trees  in  cities  are  frequently 
its  home.  It  is  one  of  our  best  edible  mushrooms  when  young,  but  in 
age  it  becomes  somewhat  leathery.  Once  located  on  a  tree,  it  may 
often  be  found  fruiting  in  successive  seasons.  It  often  appears  on 
the  pruned  ends  of  branches,  and  may  be  found  far  up  on  the 
tree.  This  species  is  largely  free  from  grubs,  especially  in  the  late 
fall,  and  often  persists  or  dries  in  place.  It  forms  a  good  article 
of  diet  in  winter,  if  it  is  collected  when  young  and  the  caps  are 
dried.  Some  of  its  characters  are  quite  variable.  It  may  appear 
in  dense  clusters,  or  only  as  a  single  individtial.  When  growing 
from  the  side  of  a  trunk,  the  stems  often  grow  downward  and  the 
cap  develops  horizontally.  Others  grow  erect,  especially  when  they 
appear  on  top  of  the  branch.  When  the  plant  grows  to  consider- 
able size,  it  is  usually  quite  tomentose  on  tlie  pileus  and  stem, 
which  normally  are  glabrous.  The  color  is  often  quite  deceptive. 
Early,  fast-growing  individuals  are  pure  white,  but  late,  slow 
growing  ones  become  brownisli  ov  tan-colored;  all  of  them  tend 
to  become  darker  in  age.  The  stems  are  mostly  eccentric,  but  erect 
plants  may  liave  central  stems.  The  mode  of  attachment  of  the 
gills  is  the  most  important  distinction  between  this  species  and 
/*.  ostrentus  and  P.  sapid  us;  for  altliough  the  latter  liave  short 
and  lateral  stems,  P.  ulinariti.s  also  mav  have  stunted  vstems  grow- 
ing  far  to  one  side.  As  all  of  them  are  equally  edible,  this  point 
is  only  of  diagnostic  importance.  Several  varieties  have  been  de- 
scribed, based  on  the  variations  mentioned  above. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  661 

697.     Pleurotus  elongatipes  Pk.     (Edible) 
Jour,  of  Mycology,  Vol.  U,  1908. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  couvex  or  iiearlj-  plane,  glabrous,  white, 
even  on  the  margin.  FLESH  ratlier  thin,  white.  GILLS  adnexed 
then  emarginate,  rounded  behind,  close,  moderately  broad,  thin, 
white.  STEM  very  long,  5-15  cm.,  6-10  mm.  thick,  stuffed  then  hol- 
low, variously  curved  or  flexuous,  usually  eccentric,  glabrous  above, 
more  or  less  tomentose  toward  base,  white.  SPORES  minute, 
sphoeroid,  4-5  micr.  in  diam.,  smooth. 

(Dried:    Pileus  and  gills  ochraceous-tan,  stem  dingy  buff.) 

Subcaespitose  or  solitary.  On  prostrate  trunks  or  decaying  logs. 
Whitmore  Lake,  Washtenaw  County  and  Stevens  Lake,  AVayne 
County.    October.    Rare  ? 

This  species  seems  most  closely  related  to  P.  ulmarius,  and  is 
no  doubt  often  confused  with  it.  Peck,  who  described  it  from  the 
Wayne  County  specimens  sent  him  by  Dr.  O.  E.  Fischer,  considers 
it  most  closely  related  to  P.  UgnatiUs.  It  differs  from  P.  lignatills 
in  its  much  stouter  habit,  and  adnexed-emarginate  gills.  From 
P.  ulmarius  it  seems  separable  bj'  its  stuffed  to  hollow  stem.  All 
of  the  cotype  specimens  in  my  possession  have  a  rather  large  hol- 
low stem  when  dried.  Those  in  another  collection  have  the  habit  and 
appearance  of  P.  ulmarius,  but  with  the  characteristic  hollow  stem 
in  the  dried  condition.  Dr.  Peck's  acuteness  has  thus,  I  believe, 
found  that  our  common  Pleurotus  ulmarius  is  composed,  at  least 
in  this  region,  of  two  distinct  species.  It  is  no  doubt  edible  and 
the  separation  is  only  of  scientific  interest.  The  stems  of  the  type 
specimens  were  very  long,  but  it  is  likely  that  those  were  plants 
of  an  extreme  form. 

698.     Pleurotus  sulfuroides  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

Illustration:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  108.  p.  107. 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  convex,  umbonate,  subexpauded,  silky- 
fib  rillose  or  minutely  scaly,  glabresceut,  pale  yellow,  variegated 
when  moist.  FLESH  thin,  soft.  GILLS  slightly  decnrrent  at 
first,  soon  emarginate  and  rounded  behind,  close,  rather  broad, 
sulfur-yellow   to  yeUowish,  white-floccose    on    edge    when    young. 


002.  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

STEM  3-8  cm.  loiiy,  ."i-T  imii.  thick,  eccentric,  rigid-elastic,  variously 
curved,  e(iual.  lihi-illose,  pule  yeUon:,  stuffed  then  hollow,  apex  floc- 
cose,  eveu.  iSl'OKES  oval  to  short  elliptical,  6-9  x  5-6  micr.,  gran- 
ular within,  smooth,  white.     CYSTIDIA  none. 

(Dried:    Bay-brown  throughout.) 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  decaying  logs,  hemlock  or  mixed 
woods.     Bay  View,  New  Kichmond.     September.     Bare. 

This  species  is  usually  rather  long-stemmed,  but  it  also  occurs 
with  a  short,  firm  stem.  Sometimes  it  is  rather  soft  in  texture  but 
in  dry  weather  it  becomes  firm.  It  is  easily  distinguished  bj^  the 
pale  yellow  color  of  the  whole  plant.  In  one  collection  the  color 
was  more  truly  sulfur-yellow.  When  it  is  dried,  it  assumes  a  bay- 
brown  or  dingj'  chestnut  color. 

699.     Pleurotus  subpalmatus  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Lloyd,  Mycological  Notes,  Vol.  I,  Fig.  23,  p.  51. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  255.     (This  has  not  the  appearance   of    our 
plant.) 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  flesliy,  convex-plane,  obtuse,  the  cuticle 
gelatinous,  coarsely  reticulated  and  separable,  hrick-red  to  flesh 
color,  glabrous.  FLESH  rufescent,  thick  except  at  margin.  GILLS 
adnate,  moderately  broad,  subventricose,  close,  thin,  a  few  forked  at 
times  or  interspaces  venose,  hecoming  salmon  color.  STEM  corica- 
ceous-fleshy,  confluent  with  pileus,  2-3  cm.  long,  5-6  mm.  thick^ 
equal,  someichat  eccentric,  curved,  fibrillose,  fibrous-stuffed,  red- 
dish within  and  without.  SPORES  globose,  echinulate,  whitish, 
flesh  color  in  mass. 

On  prostrate  maple  trunk,  cut  timber,  etc.  Houghton,  Detroit 
(Grosse  Isle).     August-September.     Rare. 

Tliis  rare  species  has  been  collected  in  this  country  in  a  small 
mnuber  of  Avidely  separated  localities.  Morgan  and  Lloyd  both  re- 
port it  from  Ohio.  It  seems  to  have  been  collected  in  Kansas  and 
Minnesota.  We  have  it  from  the  northern  and  southern  sections 
of  our  State.  It  departs  so  widely  from  the  genus  Pleurotus  in  its 
echinulate  spores,  which  are  flesh-colored,  and  the  peculiar  raised 
net-work  of  reticulations  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  pileus,  that 
it  might  be  considered  well  marked  as  an  independent  genus.  It 
is  just  as  properly  an  Entoloma  as  a  Pleurotus;  and  why  not  a 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  663 

Heliomyces?  Its  flesh  becomes  tough  at  maturity,  at  least  in  dry 
weather.  Lloyd's  figure  is  au  excellent  illustration  of  the  plant  as 
I  found  it  at  Houghton. 

**GiUs  adnate-decurrent  or  deeply  decurrent,  narrowed  to  a  point 
or  line  on  the  stem. 

700.    Pleurotus  ostreatus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1S21. 

Illustrations :    Atkinson.  Mushrooms.  PI.  30,  Fig.  104,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms.  PI.  18,  Fig.  117,  1908. 
Mcllvaine,  Amer.  Mushrooms,  Plates  35  and  35a,  1900. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PL  9,  58,  1905. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  79  (dark  form). 
Plate  CXLII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-20  cm.  or  more  broad,  firm,  ascending  or  shelving, 
concliate,  subdimidiate  to  elongated,  convex  or  depressed,  white  or 
whitish  becoming  darker  or  brownish-ashy,  moist,  glabrous,  margin 
thin  and  even,  sometimes  subrimose.  FLESH  thick,  somewhat 
soft.  GILLS,  close  to  subdistant,  decurrent  and  running  doivii  the 
stem  in  raised  lines  ichich  anastomose,  broad  in  the  middle,  nar- 
rowed at  ends,  white  or  whitish.  STEM  lateral,  short  or  almost 
lacking,  stout,  solid,  firm,  often  tomentose  or  strigose-hairy  at 
base,  whitish.  SPORES  oblong,  7-10x4  micr..  smooth,  white  in 
mass.     ODOR  and  TASTE  agreeable. 

Caespitosely  imbricated,  often  in  large  shelving  clusters  on 
standing  dead  trunks  of  poplar,  maple,  elm,  birch,  willow,  etc.; 
rarely  on  hemlock  or  pine;  often  on  sawed  logs  scarcely  decayed. 
Throughout  the  State.    May  to  November.    Common. 

Distinguished  from  P.  sajridiis  and  P.  ulmarius  by  the  peculiar 
cross-connections  of  the  decurrent  gills  on  the  stem.  It  has  usual- 
ly stouter  and  thicker  pilei  than  P.  sapidus  and  has  white  spores. 
P.  ostreatus  is  apparently  more  common  in  southern  Michigan, 
while  P.  sapidus  is  the  usual  form  in  the  north,  although  both  are 
found  in  the  same  region.  It  varies  in  color  from  dirty-white  to 
smoky-white,  becoming  brownish-tan  in  age  like  the  two  related 
species.  In  luxuriant  specimens  the  gills  are  very  broad,  but  taper 
at  the  ends.  It  is  called  the  "Oyster  Mushroom"  because  of  its 
conchate  pileus.     Authors  differ  as  to  whether    it    is    of    first   or 


664  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

second  iiiiality  for  the  table — the  ditlerence  in  quality  is  probably 
dne  to  the  manner  of  cooking.  Dr.  Cooke  says  it  may  be  spoiled 
by  improper  preparation.  Hard  says  they  mnst  be  carefully  and 
thoroughly  cooked,  and  this  is  an  important  fact.  My  own  prefer- 
ence is  the  method  used  in  frying  oysters,  only  it  is  better  to  cut 
the  cap  into  .-miaU  pieces  since  they  do  not  cook  as  quickly  as  an 
oyster.  The  caps  should  be  collected  within  a  few  days  of  their 
appearance,  as  they  become  infested  with  small  beetles ;  these,  how- 
ever, usually  hide  only  between  the  gills,  and  can  be  shaken  out, 
leaving  the  plants  still  fit  to  eat.  At  the  first  signs  of  decay  they 
are  no  longer  desirable. 

701.    Pleurotus  subareolatus  Pk.  var. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  30,  1878. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  almost  as  long,  firm,  convex,  spatulate, 
cuneate  or  flahelUfor))),  lateral  but  marginate  ijehind,  ivhite  then 
cling}/,  tomentose  behind,  silky  tomentose  in  front,  obscurely  areo- 
late,  margin  at  first  involute.  FLESH  thick,  surpassing  width  of 
gills,  rather  soft.  GILLS  decurrent,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  anas- 
tomosing on  stem,  rather  hroad,  attenuate  at  ends,  suhdistant, 
white,  at  length  brownish,  edge  entire.  STEM  short,  almost  lateral, 
ascending,  2-3  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  thick,  firm,  solid,  sometimes 
spongy  within,  equal,  even,  white  then  dingy  or  subrufescent,  tomen- 
tose. SPORES  long,  suhcj/lindrical,  12-15  x  4-5  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
CYSTIDL^  none.  BASIDIA  about  15  x  7  micr.,  attenuated  down- 
ward, 4-spored.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild  or  slightly  nauseous. 

Solitary  or  few  in  cluster.  On  living  trunks  of  maple,  basswood, 
etc.    Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

This  species  is  referred  here  with  some  hesitancy.  Peck  describ- 
ed his  plants  from  a  single  collection,  and  emphasizes  the  areolate 
character  of  the  surface  of  the  cap.  He  does  not  give  the  shape 
of  the  pileus,  but  the  stem  is  said  to  be  eccentric,  so  that  the  pileus 
was  probably  much  more  regular  than  in  our  plants.  The  spores, 
gills  and  most  of  the  other  essential  characters  agree.  It  is  prob- 
able that  if  we  had  accounts  of  the  spore-size  of  some  of  the  Euro- 
pean species,  our  plant  could  be  easily  placed.  The  margin  re- 
mains involute  a  long  time,  and  Peck,  in  a  note  (Rep.  54,  p.  164) 
states  that  his  species  had  a  small,  white  membranous  veil  in  the 
young  condition,  showing  its  relation  to  Armillaria.  No  such  veil 
was  observed  in  my  plants. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  665 

702.     Pleurotus  sapidus  Kalch.     (Edible) 
Hymen.  Hiingariae,  1873. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Plate  31,  Fig.  105,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PL  20,  Fig-.  123,  1908. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  18,  PL  27,  1896,  Bot.  ed. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  951. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  or  more  broad,  firm,  ascending  or  shelving, 
subdimidiate  or  elongated,  convex  to  subexpauded,  depressed  be- 
hind, glabrous,  often  irregular  and  with  wavy  margin,  white  or 
whitish,  often  tinged  tan,  yellowish,  gray  or  brownish,  margin  thin 
and  even.  FLESH  white,  moderately  thick.  GILLS  close  to  sub- 
distant,  decurreut,  rarely  anastomosing,  broad,  white  or  whitish. 
STEM  short  or  almost  lacking,  strongly  eccentric  or  lateral,  solid, 
firm,  glabrous  or  slightly  tomentose  at  base.  SPORES  narrowly 
oblong,  7-11x3-4.5  micr.,  smooth,  tinged  lilac  in  mass  on  white 
paper.    ODOR  and  TASTE  agreeable. 

Caespitosely  imbricated,  habit  variable,  as  in  P.  ostreatus.  On 
dead  tree-trunks  and  firm  logs,  of  maple,  elm,  beech,  oak,  birch, 
willow,  etc.  Throughout  the  State,  May  to  November.  Very  com- 
mon. 

Like  P.  ostreatus  in  general  appearance  and  in  practically  all  of 
its  characters  except  the  lilac  tinged  spores.  The  gills  anastomose 
only  at  times,  and  the  flesh  is  on  an  average  thinner  in  Michigan 
plants.  Our  p>laut  is  mostly  shelving  and  lateral-stemmed  as 
shown  in  Atkinson's  figure.  Only  occasionally  does  one  find  sub- 
erect,  eccentric  or  almost  central-stemmed  plants  like  those  figured 
by  Peck  and  Cooke.  The  lilac  tinge  of  the  spores  is  aberrant  with- 
in the  white-spored  group,  and  yet  the  plant  is  so  close  to  P.  ostre- 
atus in  other  respects  that  it  would  be  a  stranger  in  the  pink- 
spored  group;  this  species  illustrates  again  that  no  grouping 
can  be  made  perfect.  Its  edible  qualities  are  just  like  those  of  the 
oyster  mushroom,  and  the  remarks  made  under  that  species  apply 
equally  here.  Both  of  these  species  are  much  sought  in  Europe,  and 
the  peasants  there  often  water  the  trunks  of  the  trees  where  they 
occur,  and  in  this  way  obtain  a  new  crop  of  the  mushrooms.  Both 
are  apt  to  appear,  after  the  spriiig  or  autumn  rains,  in  the  same 
logs  and  trunks,  so  that  one  may  visit  the  same  place  year  after 
year  and  obtain  a  supply. 


666  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

703.     Pleurotus  lignatilis  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Mvc,  1S21. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  -57. 

Hard,  Miishroouis,  Fig.  126,  p.  163  (as  P.  abscondens). 
Gillet,  Cliainpiguons  de  France,  No.  538. 
Plate  CXLIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  tougli,  irregular,  convex,  sometimes  de- 
pressed or  umbilicate,  floccnlose-pminose,  then  glabrous,  ichitish. 
GILLS  adnato-decurrent,  crowded,  narrow,  white.  STEM  2-4  cm. 
long.  2-4  mm.  thick,  slender,  stuffed  then  liollow,  equal,  irregular- 
curved,  eccentric,  somewhat  villose.  SPORES  minute,  oval,  3-5  x 
2-3  micr.,  smooth,  white.     ODOR  markedly  farinaceous. 

Gregarious  on  logs,  etc.  Bay  View.  August-September.  Infre- 
quent. 

Var.  abscondens  Pk.  has  gills  truly  adnate  becoming  emarginate; 
spores  elliptical,  4-5  micr.  long. 

The  plants  referred  here  agree  with  the  figures  of  European  au- 
thors in  having  the  gills  acuminate-adnate  on  the  stem,  so  that  as 
the  pileus  expands  they  appear  subdecurrent.  This  is  also  true 
of  the  following  two  species.  On  account  of  this  characteristic, 
it  seems  to  me  these  three  species  had  better  be  grouped  under  our 
second  .section  than  with  P.  ulmarius,  where  Fries  and  all  others 
have  placed  them.  P.  lignatilis  and  P.  circinatus  and  P.  fimbriatus 
var.  are  very  much  alike  in  general  appearance.  To  distinguish 
the  species  one  has  to  rely  on  the  farinaceous  odor  of  P.  lignatilis, 
on  the  subsolid  stem  and  peculiarly  hygrophanous  pileus  of  P. 
fimbriatus  var.,  and  on  the  very  regular  cap  of  P.  circinatus.  The 
spores  in  all  three  are  minute  and  somewhat  alike.  The  pileus  of 
P.  lignatilis  often  tends  to  be  subinfundibuliform. 

704.     Pleurotus  circinatus  Fr.     (Edible) 
Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illu.strations :    Fries,  Icones,  Plate  88. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  257. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  or  less,  regular,  tough,  convex,  then  plane 
and  slightly  depressed,  white  or  whitish,  silky  j^ruinate.     FLESH 


\ 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  667 

thickish,  white.  GILLS  adnato-decnrrent,  crowded,  narrow,  white. 
STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  stuped  then  liollow,  equal,  eccentric,  slightly 
curved  or  straight,  glabrous,  mycelioid  at  base.  SPORES  minute, 
elliptical,  4-5  x  2.3  micr.,  smooth,  white.  ODOR  slight,  not  farin- 
aceous. 

(Dried:  Gills  yellowish-ochraceous ;  pileus  and  stem  ochraceous- 
tan.) 

Gregarious.  On  logs  in  hemlock  woods  of  northern  Michigan; 
frondose  woods  in  the  south.  Bay  View,  Detroit  (Grosse  Isle). 
August-September.     Infrequent. 

The  plant  is  white  at  first  but  becomes  dingy-tan  when  old.  It 
is  toughish  and  the  flesh  is  rather  thick  as  in  P.  lignatUis.  Both 
lack  the  thin,  hygrophanous  appearance  of  the  next  species.  The 
stem  is  usually  longer  than  the  width  of  the  pileus.  It  lacks  the 
distinct  farinaceous  odor  of  P.  lignatUis. 

705.     Pleurotus  fimbriatus  Fr.  var.    regularis  var.  nov. 
Sys.  Myc,  1821.     (As  CUtocyhe  fimhriatus.) 

Illustration :    Plate  CXLIV  of  this  Report. 

■  PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex,  then  plane,  obtuse,  de- 
pressed or  subinfundibuliform,.  pseudohygrophanous,  JiyaUne-ichite, 
then  opaque-pruinose,  wavy,  irregularly  lobed  or  almost  regular, 
glabrous,  even  on  margin.  FLESH  thin,  slightly  tough,  white. 
GILLS  acuminately  adnato-decurrent,  narrow,  crowded,  thin, 
whitish  becoming  yellowish  in  age.  STEM  1-3  cm.  long,  2-5  mm. 
thick,  slender,  curved,  toughish,  equal,  solid  except  a  narrow 
tubule,  floccose  at  apex,  pruinose  or  silky  fibrillose,  pallid.  SPORES 
minute,  ovate,  4x3  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none;  sterile 
cells  on  edge  of  gills,  slender.  ODOR  somewhat  farinaceous  to 
oily.    TASTE  slightly  bitterish-astringent. 

On  hemlock,  elm,  etc.,  logs  in  woods.  Bay  View,  Ann  Arbor. 
June- September.     Infrequent. 

The  pileus  when  moist  has  the  appearance  of  a  delicate,  trans- 
lucent, immature  egg-shell;  its  margin  is  sometimes  concentrically 
rivulose.  The  stem  is  at  first  firmly  stuffed  then  tubular.  Foe 
comparisons  see  notes  on  the  preceding  two  species. 


668  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Section  11.  Dimidiati.  Pileus  lateral,  not  margiuate  behind, 
not  at  lirst  resiipinate,  sessile  or  continuous  with  the  stem-like  base. 

706.     Pleurotus  serotinus  Fr.     (Edible) 

Svst.  Mvc,  18-21. 

Illustrations:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  24,  p.  161,  1908    (as  P. 
s ero tin o ides  Pk . ) . 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  258.     (Without  the  olive  tints,  etc.) 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  G29. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  campact,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  lateral, 
orbicular,  dimidiate  or  reniform,  with  a  gelatinous  pellicle  which 
becomes  viscid  when  moist,  olivaceous-umher  but  varying  to  yellow- 
ish greenisli  or  brown,  surface  often  covered  with  a  short,  dense 
tomentum.  FLESH  white,  thick,  firm.  GILLS  abruptly  subde- 
current,  thin,  broad,  narrow  in  front,  close,  whitish  or  tinged  ochra- 
ceous  or  tan.  STEM  very  short,  lateral,  continued  above  witi;  the 
pileus,  stout,  5-20  mm.  long,  8-10  mm.  thick,  yellowish  heneath,  sub- 
tomentose  or  dotted  with  brown  or  blackish-  scales,  solid.  SPORES 
minute,  linear-oblong,  slightly  curved,  4-6  x  1-1.5  micr.,  smooth, 
white  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  fusiform,  yellowish,  about  25  micr. 
long.    BASIDIA  4-spored.    ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

(Dried:     Colors  similar  to  those  of  fresh  condition.) 

Caespitose,  imbricated,  often  laterally  connate,  .sometimes  soli- 
tary. On  fallen  elm  trunks,  or  dead  branches  of  various  frondose 
trees.  Southern  Michigan;  probably  throughout  the  State.  August- 
Kovember.     Frequent  locally. 

The  mode  of  growth  is  similar  to  that  of  Claudopus  nidulans,  but 
lacks  the  odor  of  the  latter  and  is  usually  more  compact  and  the 
colors  are  dingy.  The  spores  usually  found  deposited  on  the  lower 
pilei  from  those  above  are  white.  The  tomentum  on  the  pileus 
often  breaks  up  into  punctate  scales.  The  short  stem,  seen  only 
below,  has  a  j'ellow-tomentose  covering.  It  may  appear  in  consider- 
able quantity  on  a  single  tree  trunk. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  669 

707.    Pleurotus  petaloides  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  109-10,  p.  108,  1900. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  259. 

PILEUS  1-5  cm.  broad,  elongated  in  a  it'edge-sliaped  to  spathu- 
late  manner,  2-10  cm.  long,  tapering  to  a  stem-like  base,  glahrous 
except  sometimes  tomentose  toward  base,  whitish  to  hrown,  tan  or 
reddish-hrown,  margin  at  first  inrolled  and  fineh'  striate  when 
moist.  FLESH  rather  thin,  white,  homogeneous.  GILLS  decur- 
rent,  very  narrow,  crowded,  whitish  or  yellowish,  edge  fimbriate. 
STEM  not  apparent  from  above,  on  the  underside  it  is  somewhat 
distinguishable  as  a  compressed,  short,  somewhat  villose  portion 
on  which  the  gills  descend.  SPORES  globose,  minute,  3-4  micr.  in 
diameter,  white  in  mass.     CYSTIDIA  abundant. 

Caespitose  on  decaying  wood,  logs,  stumps,  from  underground 
portions  of  wood,  etc.    July  to  September.    Marquette.    Infrequent. 

Close  to  P.  spatliulatus,  which  has  oval-elliptical  spores.  The 
European  authors  as  a  rule  give  the  spores  under  the  description 
of  this  species  as  oval-ellii^tical,  so  that  if  Peck's  conception  is 
correct  their  measurements  were  taken  from  a  form  like  Peck's  P. 
spatliuJatus.  Fries  and  apparently  most  others  have  considered  P. 
spathulatus  as  a  variety  with  a  more  broadly  expanded  and  lobed 
pileus.  Our  species  is  distinguished  from  P.  porrigcns  and  P.  albo- 
lantus  by  the  presence  of  cystidia,  as  well  as  by  the  nou-resupinate 
pileus  in  the  young  stage. 

708.     Pleurotus  spathulatus  (Fr.)  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  39,  1886. 

Illustration:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  120,  p.  108,  1908.     (As  P. 
petaloides.) 

''PILEUS  1-5  cm.  broad,  ascending,  spathulate,"  petaloid,  sub- 
flabelliform,  ''tapering  behind  into  the  stem,  glabrous,  convex  or 
depressed  on  the  disk  and  there  sometimes  pubescent,  alutaceous  or 
brownish  tinged  with  gray,  red  or  yellow.  FLESH  rather 
thin.  GILLS  decurrent,  crowded,  linear,  whitish  or  yellowish. 
STEM  compressed,  sometimes  channeled  above,  grayish-tomentose. 
SPORES  elliptical,  7.5  x  4-5  micr.    ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous.'' 


670  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

This  description  was  taken  from  Peck's  Eeport.  It  is  submitted, 
so  that  more  data  may  be  obtained  on  the  relation  of  this  and  the 
l>receding  si)ecies.  Tatouillard's  figure  of  P.  petaloides  var.  loiatus 
(Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  421)  may  be  this  species,  as  he  figures  the  spores 
elliptical-ovate.  Hard  gives  the  spore  measurements  elliptical,  al- 
though he  says  "globose."  His  figure  could  be  either  species, 
Galtfelter  (Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  of  Sci.,  Vol.  XVI,  No.  4,  p.  44) 
gives  the  spores  of  P.  petaloides  as  3-4  micr.,  and  globose.  There  is 
thus  considerable  discrepancy  between  European  and  American 
notices  of  P.  petaloides,  so  that  Peck  appears  justified  in  separat- 
ing the  one  with  globose  spores  from  the  one  with  elliptical  sf)ores. 
It  is  more  than  likely,  however,  that  American  authors  have  con- 
fused Panus  angustatus  Berk,  with  P.  petaloides  in  which  case  P. 
spatliulatus  would  revert  to  P.  petaloides  as  a  variety,  just  as  Fries 
placed  it,  and  the  elliptical  spores  would  belong  to  P.  petaloides  as 
in  Europe.  All  these  species  are  doubtless  edible  so  that  the  my- 
cophagist  is  unaffected  by  the  situation.  Both  Panus  angustatus 
and  Pleurotus  petaloides  have  abundant  cystidia,  and  both  have 
been  found  in  northern  Michigan. 

709.     Pleurotus  candidissimus  B.  &  C. 
Ann.  Nat.  History,  1859. 

PILEUS  2-18  mm.  broad,  flaccid,  reniform  or  dimidiate,  soft-mem- 
branous, ascending,  convex  then  plane,  attached  laterally,  never 
resupinate,  subsessile  i.  e.  stem  very  short,  sometimes  sessile,  pure 
ichite,  pulveruJent,  with  a  chalky  lustre,  villose  at  point  of  attach- 
ment, margin  sulcate,  varying  to  rugose-striate.  GILLS  radiating, 
decurrent,  suhdistant  to  distant,  broader  in  front,  narrowed  to  the 
villose  base,  thin,  white.    SPORES  glot)ose,  4-6  micr.  diam.,  smooth. 

Gregarious,  on  rotten  wood.  Mixed  hemlock,  maple  and  beech 
woods.  Houghton,  Bay  View,  New  Richmond.  July  to  September. 
Infrequent. 

This  little  species  is  easily  mistaken  for  P.  septicus  from  Avhich 
it  differs  in  its  globose  spores  and  its  sulcate  and  non-resupinate 
pileus.  The  pileus  may  become  resupinate  on  drying  or  when  old. 
It  varies  from  sulcate  to  obscurely  striate  or  lacunose-rugose,  but 
vigorous  specimens  show  this  character  well.  Other  Friesian  species 
differ  as  follows :  P.  mitis  has  an  even  pileus ;  P.  Umpidus  is  hygroph- 
anous  and  the  gills  are  crowded  and  linear;  and  P.  acerosus  has 


J 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  671 

crowded  gills.     Our  plant  seems  to  be  overlooked  usually,  as  it  is 
delicate  and  soon  shrivels. 

Section  III.  Resupmati.  Pileus  at  first  resupinate,  then  reflex- 
ed,  sessile. 

*Pileus  fleshy,  rather  thick;  trama   homogeneous. 

710.     Pleurotus  porrigens  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  100. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  259. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  elongated  ear-shaped,  obovate  or  fan-shap- 
ed, 3-8  cm.  long,  at  first  resupinate  and  suborbicular  loith  persist- 
ently inrolled  margin,  then  reflexed  and  prolonged,  ascending  or 
horizontal,  pwre  tvhite,  sessile,  glabrous  except  the  base  which  is 
villose-tomentose,  margin  regular  or  lobed.  FLESH  thin,  rather 
brittle.  GILLS  radiating,  narroiv,  crowded,  linear,  thin,  much 
forked  or  even  anastomosing  at  base,  at  length  creamy-yellowish. 
SPORES  slightly  longer  than  wide,  oval,  or  subglobose,  6-7  x  5-6 
micr.,  smooth.    CYSTIDIA  none. 

Caespitosely  imbricated.  On  decayed  wood  of  conifers.  In  the 
hemlock  and  pine  regions  of  the  State.    August-September. 

Easily  confused  with  Panus  angustatus  and  Pleurotus  alhoto- 
mentosus.  It  differs  from  these  in  the  absence  of  a  gelatinous  layer 
in  the  pileus.  From  P.  petaloides  it  is  distinguished  by  its  white 
color  and  absence  of  cystidia  on  the  gills.  Its  home  is  usually  on 
very  rotten  wood  of  hemlock  or  pine.  P.  nephretus  Ell.  is  said  to 
be  the  same  thing.    . 

711.    Pleurotus  septicus  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  627. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  259. 

PILEUS  5-20  mm.  broad,  resupinate  at  first,  then  reflexed,  con- 
vex then  plane,  short-stijiitate,  white,  pubescent,  even  on  margin. 
FLESH  thin,  not  truly  membranous.     GILLS  siibdistant,  rather 


672  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Iroad,  radiating,  white.  STEM  slender,  short,  incurved,  pulcscent, 
disapiieaving.  snn-onnded  at  the  base  by  a  webby  zone  of  filaments, 
wliite.  SPOKES  elliptic-ovate,  pointed-apiculate,  8-10  oe  6  micr., 
white  in  mass.     CYST II )I A  none. 

On  decaying  wood,  etc.,  in  woods.  Probably  tliroughont  the 
State.     July-September.     Infrequently  found. 

Often  confused  with  Claudopiis  variahilis  when  the  latter  is 
young  and  white-gilled.  It  has  no  doubt  also  been  mistaken  for 
P.  ((Dididissinius  which  however  is  not  resupinate  at  first  and  has 
globose  spores.  Probably  several  other  small  white  species  occur, 
but  have  not  been  distinguished. 

**Pilens  fleshy,  witli  a  fjelatinous  layer  on  or  just  hcncath  the 
surface. 

712.     Pleurotus  albolanatus  Pk.,  sp.  nov. 
Illustration:    Plate  CXLV  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  or  more  broad,  resupinate  at  first,  fleshy, 
lateral,  sessile,  becoming  obovate,  reniform  or  flabelliform,  convex 
to  subexpanded,  trama  slightly  dift'erentiated  into  several  layers, 
upper  part  siihgelatinous,  surface  pulverulent-tomentose,  margin 
involute  at  first.  FLESH  rather  thin,  white,  scissile,  hecoming 
hrittle.  GILLS  decurrent  on  stem-like  base,  very  croicdcd,  narrow, 
Avhite  to  yellowisli,  somewhat  forked,  thin.  SPORES  spherical, 
4-6  micr,  diam.,  smooth,  wliite  in  mass.     CYSTIDIA  none. 

Caespitosely  imbricated.  On  decaying  logs  of  beech,  hemlock, 
etc.,  of  northern  Michigan.  Bay  View,  Marquette,  Houghton. 
August-October.    Frequent. 

This  species  approaches  Panus  angustatns,  but  dift'ers  consistent- 
ly in  the  lack  of  cystidia,  in  its  larger  spores,  and  perhaps  in  its 
resupinate  pileus.  No  record  seems  to  be  on  hand  that  P.  angus- 
tatus  is  at  first  resupinate.  The  pileus  has  a  gelatinous  feel  and  is 
comx)Osed  of  several  layers,  but  in  some  specimens  these  are  hard 
to  distinguish.  Specimens  referred  to  Peck,  were  labelled  by  him  P. 
porrigens  var.  albolanatus.  The  spherical  spores,  which  are  con- 
stant, and  tlie  subgelatinous  layer  in  the  upper  part  of  the  pileus 
warrant  me  in  using  Peck's  varietal  name  for  a  distinct  species. 
Luxuriant  specimens  become  lobed  as  in  the  related  species,  and 
measure  up  to  14  cm.  in  widtli.  The  flesh  becomes  brittle  on  dry- 
ing and  is  rather  thin  throughout.    The  tomentosity  extends  usual- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  673 

ly  over  the  whole  pileus  but  sometimes  the  margin  is  glabrous. 
There  are  no  striations.  Sometimes  the  base  arises  from  a  white, 
mycelioid  subiculum. 

713.    Pleurotus  mastrucatuS  Fr.     • 

Syst.  Mycol.,  1S21. 

Illustration :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  213. 

"PILEUS  2. .5-10  cm.  broad,  at  first  resupinate  then  reflexed  and 
expanded,  sessile,  subdimidiate,  obovate,  sometimes  lobed,  flaccid, 
trama  with  an  tipper  gelatinous  layer,  mouse-gray,  rough-squamu- 
lose  ivith  hlackish  hairs  and  rigid  points  intermixed,  margin  in- 
volute at  first.  GILLS  converging  to  the  base  of  pileus,  (without 
a  rudimentary  stem),  broad,  subdistant,  whitish-gray.  SPORES 
oblong,  oblique,  8-9  x  I-.o  micr.,  white. 

« 

"Caespitosely  imbricated.  On  logs  or  decaying  wood.  September- 
November." 

This  species  has  been  found  in  surrounding  States  and  no  doubt 
occurs  with  us,  though  I  have  not  found  it.  Reported  in  the  Chicago 
Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Report,  and  in  Morgan's  Flora  of  the  Miami  Valley, 
Ohio.     It  is  rare. 

714.     Pleurotus  atrocaeruleus  Fr.  var.  griseus  Pk. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1891.     (Syst.  Myc,  1821.) 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  at  first  resupinate,  then  reflexed  and 
horizontal,  obovate  or"  reniform,  upper  layer  of  trama  gelatinous 
and  tough,  dark  grayish-brown  shaded  with  bluish  or  blackish  tints,^ 
coarsely  villose  toward  the  base,  glabrous  on  margin,  even  or 
slightly  wrinkled,  margin  often  lobed.  FLESH  stratose,  gelatin- 
ous above,  composed  of  floccose-hyphae  below,  the  lower  layer  vary- 
ing in  thickness,  thinner  in  front.  GILLS  radiating,  decurrent  to 
the  region  of  the  attachment  of  pileus  or  to  the  haiiw  stem-like 
base,  moderately  broad,  somewhat  close,  whitish  or  yellowish,  edge 
minutely  fimbriate.  SPORES  elliptic-oblong,  narrower  toward  one 
end,  6-7.5  x  3-4  micr.,  smooth,  white  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  slender, 
acuminate  and  scattered  on  the  sides  of  gills  and  then  about  45 
micr.  long;  more  numerous  but  shorter,  about  30  micr.,  on  the  edge 
of  the  gills,  often  capped  with  coarse  granules. 

85 


674  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(Dried:     rileiis  blackish,  gills  ocliraceous-tau.) 

Caespitose,  siibinibricate,  on  the  bark  of  various  trees,  in  woods, 
lawns,  etc.  On  mountain  ash  on  a  lawn  at  Marquette.  July- 
September.     Throughout  the  State.     Infrequent. 

The  plants,  li4ve  the  plants  of  the  genus  Marasmius,  revive  when 
moistened.  Mounted  in  water  under  the  microscope,  a  section 
througli  the  jfileus  shows  a  gelatinous  upper  layer  of  uniform  thick- 
ness, bounded  by  dark  hyphae  on  both  sides  of  this  layer,  the  upper 
hyphae  forming  the  villosity  on  the  pileus,  the  lower  forming  an 
opaque  line  next  to  the  white  flesh  beneath.  In  front  the  flesh  is 
thinner  than  the  pellicle,  behind  it  is  several  times  thicker.  Whether 
the  variety  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  European  species,  cannot 
be  decided  from  data  at  hand.  The  cystidia  are  thick-walled, 
slender,  penetrate  deep  into  the  subhymenium,  and  do  not  project 
far  above  the  hymenium. 

715.     Pleurotus  applicatus  Fr.  • 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  Ill,  p.  109,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  125,  p.  102,  1908. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  244. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  519. 

PILEUS  3-G  mm.  broad,  viinute,  arising  from  an  orbicular  re- 
supinate  tubercle,  soon  horizontal  but  cupulate,  convex,  submem- 
branous,  irama  mainly  gelatinous,  surface  pruinate  to  villose  be- 
hind, obscurely  striatulate,  dark  gray  to  blackish,  tinged  blue,  ses- 
sile or  with  a  villose,  base-like  tubercle.  GILLS  suhdistant,  rela- 
tively broad,  radiating,  whitish  at  first,  soon  gv^j  or  even  darker 
than  the  pileus.  SPORES  s])herical.  minute,  4-5  micr.  diam., 
smooth,  Avhite  in  mass.     CYSTIDIA  none.  - 

Gregarious,  on  rotten  wood,  often  on  old  stems  of  grape  vines, 
in  moist  woods.  Probably  througliout  the  State;  Ann  Arbor,  etc. 
June-September.     Infrequently  collected. 

The  dark  color  of  this  little  l*leurotus  causes  it  ordinarily  to 
(escape  detection,  but  persistent  examination  of  the  lower  side  of 
moist  logs  or  brush-heaps  is  likely  to  disclose  it.  It  revives  on 
moistening,  aixl  so  simulates  a  Panus.  It  dift'ers  from  P.  atro- 
pellitus  in  its  globose  spores  and  gelatinous  trama.  A  large  portion 
of  the  thin  pileus  is  composed  of  gelatinizing  hyphae,  on  the  top  of 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  675 

which  are  dark  floccose  threads  which  form  the  villose  surface  of 
a  part  of  the  pileiis.  The  gills  are  subdistaiit  with  alternating 
shorter  gills,  which  often  develop  poorly  so  that  the  main  gills 
appear  quite  distant.  When  growing  from  the  underside  of  wood 
the  pileus  is  attached  at  its  center. 

***Pileus  memhranous,  trama  homogenous,  not  gelatinous. 

716.     Pleurotus  atropellitus  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  39,  1886. 

PILEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  small,  resupinate  at  -first,  very  thin, 
membranous,  toughish,  suborbicular,  then  obovate  or  reniform,  con- 
vex to  nearly  plane,  villose-tomentulose,  glabrescent  in  front,  ses- 
sile by  a  villose  tubercle,  ashy-gray  to  blackish,  luidcJy- striate  to 
suhsulcate  on  margin  when  moist.  FLESH  homogeneous,  with  dark 
hyphae  on  the  surface  of  pileus.  GILLS  close  to  subdistant,  rela- 
tively broad,  short  ones  often  narrow,  concolpr,  radiating  from  the 
stem-like  villose  base.  SPORES  elliptical-oval,  7-9  x  4-5  micr., 
smooth,  white  in  mass.     CYSTIDIA  none. 

On  decayed  wood,  low  woods.  New  Richmond,  Ann  Arbor. 
March  (21,  1909),  September,  etc.     Infrequent. 

This  is  similar  to  P.  appUcatus,  but  more  flaccid,  more  definitely 
striate  on  the  pileus,  and  with  broadly  elliptical  spores.  Our  plants 
were  paler  than  those  described  by  Peck.  The  closeness  of  the  gills 
varies  in  these  small  plants  and  makes  a  poor  character  to  em- 
phasize. It  revives  poorly  when  moistened  as  compared  with  P. 
appUcatus.  Another  small  species,  related  to  these  two,  is  P.  niger 
Schw.  This  has  subglobose  spores  and  is  plicate  on  the  margin  of 
the  pileus.  P.  striatulus  Fr.  has  very  distant  gills,  subglobose  spores 
and  a  pendulous,  obconic,  striate  brown  or  ashy  pileus.  I  have  not 
found  these  two  in  the  state. 

Tricholoma  Fr. 

(From  the  Greek  thriir,  genitive  trichos,  a  hair;  and  loma,  a 
fringe,  referring  to  the  remnants  of  the  cortina  in  some  species.) 

White-spored.  Stem  continuous  with  the  pileus,  loithout  an  an- 
nulus,  spongy-fleshy  to  fihi-ous,  central;  partial  veil  in  the  form  of 
a  slight  fibrillose  or  floccose  cortina,  or  lacking.    Volva  none.   Gills 


,376  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

aduate  or  truiicate-aduexed,  becoming  emarginate.     Pileus  viscid 

or  dry. 

Putrescent,  terrestrial,  fleshy,  firm  and  rather  large  mushrooms. 
A  large  genus,  approaching  Clitocybe  and  Pleurotus,  being  sepa- 
rated from  tlie  former  by  the  non-decurrent  gills,  from  the  latter 
by  the  central  stem.  Collybia  is  distinguished  by  its  cartilaginous 
stem,  and  by  the  absence  of  a  cortina,  and  more  often  grows  on 
wood  or  decayed  leaves,  etc.  The  trama  of  the  gills  is  composed 
of  parallel  hyphae  which  distinguishes  them  from  those  Hygrophori 
which  are  similar  in  appearance.  The  genus  corresponds  to  Hebe- 
loma,  Entoloma  and  Hypholoma  of  the  ochre,  pink  and  purple- 
spored  groups.  Many  of  them  are  edible,  and  their  thick  flesh  fur- 
nishes considerable  substance;  on  the  other  hand  several  species 
are  known  to  be  poisonous  and  must  be  avoided. 
•  The  PILEUS  may  be  glabrous,  silky  or  in  some  species  scaly; 
viscid,  dry  or  hygrophanous.  Accordingly  they  are  placed  under 
corresponding  sections  of  the  genus.  The  colors  are  seldom  bright, 
although  several  are  sulfur-yellow  and  others  purplish  or  lavender. 
Many  of  them  are  dull  whitish  to  gray  or  tan,  sometimes  umber  or 
blackish.  The  character  of  the  margin  of  the  pileus  is  used  exten- 
sively to  determine  to  which  snb-genus  they  belong.  It  is,  there- 
fore, important  to  observe  carefully  the  presence  or  absence  of 
silky  fibrils  or  flocci  on  the  margin,  as  their  presence  indicates  a 
slight  cortina  in  the  very  young  stage  and  suggests  the  sub-genus 
Cortinellus.  The  viscidity  indicates  the  subgenus  Limacina,  al- 
though species  of  other  sections  sometimes  become  slightly  viscid 
or  gelatinous  in  very  wet  weatlier.  The  GILLS  are  used  to  separate 
this  genus  from  Clitocybe.  Theoretically,  they  are  always  emargi- 
nate behind,  but  this  condition  varies  considerably.  It  is  true,  that 
in  the  mature  plant,  Avhen  the  pileus  is  fully  expanded,  they  become 
either  sinuate  or  emarginate  in  most  cases,  although  a  single  speci- 
men may  not  always  be  normal  in  this  respect.  When  young,  how- 
ever, they  often  do  not  shoAv  this  character  clearly,  but  are  then 
adnexed,  rounded-adnate,  or  aduate  in  such  a  way  that  they  are 
merely  a  little  less  broad  at  the  attached  portion  than  they  are 
a  few  millimeters  away  from  the  stem,  and  this  short  distance  is 
often  marked  by  a  straight  edge  rather  tlian  by  a  rounded  edge. 
Such  a  condition  may  be  referred  to  as  truneately-adnatc,  rather 
than  as  adnexed.  In  old  stages  the  gills  may  even  become  spuri- 
ously (lecnncut,  and  tlieii-  Tricholoma  nature  is  then  evident  only 
by  a  slight  sinuate  portion  near  the  stem,  since    in    Clitocybe   the 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  677 

edge  is  uniformly  contiiiiioiis  or  straight.  Fayod  (Anu.  d.  Sci. 
Nat.,  7  Ser.,  Vol.  9,  p.  346),  says  that  in  the  very  young  button 
stage  they  are  truly  decurrent  but  his  obseryations  were  limited 
to  few  species.  The  color  of  the  gills  changes  at  maturity  or 
in  age  in  some  species,  and  this  character  is  used  to  separate 
the  species  under  each  section  into  two  .  groups.  The  color 
changes  to  reddish-spotted,  flesh-color,  ashy  or  eyen  black  in  age  or 
when  bruised,  and  hence  it  is  often  impossible  to  locate  a  species 
properly  until  it  has  been  kept  seyeral  hours  after  picking.  In 
some  species  the  gills  are  yery  narrow;  in  others,  yery  broad,  and 
this  is  a  reliable  character  when  well-deyeloped  plants  are  at  hand ; 
poorly-dey eloped  or  stunted  specimens  often  produce  narrow  gills 
in  broad-gilled  species.  The  gills  of  some  species  are  easily  separa- 
ble from  the  trama  of  the  pileus,  and  such  species  have  been  re- 
ferred by  some  authors  to  a  separate  genus :  Lepista.  There  is, 
however,  not  sufficient  data  at  hand  to  know  with  certainty  what 
species  have  this  character  and  whj^  and  hence  in  this  report  they 
are  included  under  Tricholoma.  The  STEM  varies  from  fibrous- 
fleshy  to  fibrous-spongy;  more  often  quite  firm,  compact  and  stout. 
It  lacks  the  cartilaginous  rind  of  the  stem  of  Collybia,  although 
in  dry  weather  forms  a  rind  is  sometimes  simulated.  T.  albiflavi- 
dum  Pk.  often  has  a  distinct  cartilaginous  stem  and  is  grouped  un- 
der Collybia.  There  is  no  annulus,  the  cortina  being  evanescent 
when  present  at  all,  or  in  a  few  extreme  cases  leaving  only  slight 
fibrillose  remnants  on  its  surface,  as  in  T.  vaccimim  Fr.  and  T.  im- 
hricatum  Fr.  It  is  nearly  always  dry,  and  scarcely  ever  sharply 
bulbous.  The  SPORES  are  white  except  in  a  small  aberrant  group 
including  T.  personatum,  T.  nudum  and  T.  panoeolum,  where  they 
are  tinged  pale  dingy-flesh  color  in  mass.  They  vary  from  elliptical 
to  oval  or  spherical,  and  are  usually  medium  to  small  or  minute  in 
size.  The  epispore  is  rarely  rough,  e.  g-.,  in  some  of  the  species  un- 
der the  subgenus  Melanoleuca.  CYSTIDIA  are  lacking  in  this 
genus;  sterile  cells  are  seldom  present  on  the  edge  of  the  gills; 
they  have  been  noted  in  T.  rutUans  and  T.  acre.  The  ODOR  is 
quite  characteristic  of  many  species ;  many  have  a  farinaceous  odor, 
while  some  are  distinguishable  by  a  heavy  disagreeable  odor.  When 
it  is  not  otherwise  noticeable,  the  odor  may  often  be  obtained  by 
crushing  a  piece  of  the  cap  between  the  fingers.  The  TASTE 
varies  also.  In  those  species  with  the  farinaceous  odor,  there  is  a 
corresponding  taste.  Some  species  have  an  acrid  taste.  The 
Tricholomas   usually   have   a   terrestrial   habitat.    They   are   most 


678  THE  AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

common  in  open  woods,  mossy  places  and  thick  forests.  Some  grow 
in  meadows  or  orassy  places,  bnt  these  are  rare  in  the  vicinity  of 
Ann  Arbor.  T.  ruiilans  grows  on  wood,  and  T.  nstale  is  partial  to 
the  remains  of  very  rotten  logs,  etc.  Their  EDIBILITY  varies. 
Some  of  them,  like  T.  rcsploidrtis  and  T.  personatiim  are  among 
oni'  very  best  mnshrooms  for  tlie  table.  Others  like  T.  equestre, 
T.  trdnsmutans,  T.  i^ejunctum  and  T.  terreum  are  fairly  good  when 
])roperly  cooked.  Some,  snch  as  T.  laterariiim,  are  very  bitter,  or 
have  varions  kinds  of  disagreeable  flavors  which,  however,  almost 
disappear  in  cooking.  In  serving  those  mnshrooms  of  disagreeable 
flavor  it  is  safer  to  discard  the  liqnid  in  whicli  tliey  were  prepared, 
as  this  contains  the  objectionable  constitnents.  In  several  species, 
of  which  T.  suljiireum  is  an  example,  the  disagreeable  flavor  can- 
not be  removed,  and  snch  shonld  not  be  eaten.  In  all  cases,  except 
those  si)ecies  which  are  well-known,  it  is  necessary  to  exercise  ex- 
treme cantion,  since  the  genus  includes  several  poisonous  species. 
T.  vcncnatum  for  exami^le,  has  a  mild  taste  and  odor,  and  is  yet 
known  to  cause  severe  sickness.  Many  of  those  with  a  farinaceous 
taste  and  odor,  on  the  other  hand,  are  known  to  be  edible.  One 
must  therefore  be  able  to  discriminate  in  order  to  be  on  the  safe 
side. 

The  grouping  of  this  large  genus  is  fraught  with  considerable 
difficulties.  The  separate  species  are  often  closely  related,  and 
some  of  them  approach  other  genera  in  such  a  way  as  to  cause  dis- 
agreement among  authors  as  to  their  generic  position.  I  have  at- 
tempted an  arrangement  along  conservative  lines  until  our  data 
are  more  complete.  The  species  included  in  this  report  do  not,  I 
am  sure,  represent  more  tlian  half  the  species  occurring  within  the 
State.  It  has  been  impossible  to  make  a  search  for  Tricholomas 
in  the  nortliern  part  of  the  State  in  the  late  fall,  so  that  doubtless 
that  region  is  poorly  represented.  Hence,  also,  it  was  impossible 
to  study  the  genus  in  such  a  way  as  to  form  a  definite  opinion  as 
to  the  value  of  various  arrangements  which  have  been  proposed. 
Some  have  segregated  it  into  four  or  more  genera.  Others  have 
separated  those  species  with  rough  spores  under  the  genus  Mela- 
noleuca.  Avhile  still  others  have  placed  those  species  in  which  the 
gills  separate  easily  from  the  trama  of  the  pileus  under  Lepista  Fr. 
The  most  natural  arrangement  with  the  data  at  hand,  seems  to 
be  a  division  into  subgenera,  based  on  (1)  the  viscid  pileus: 
Limacina;  (2)  the  dry  pileus,  with  a  fibrillose  cortina  when  young: 
Cortinellus;  and   (?>)   the  moist  or  hj^grophanous  pileus:     Melano- 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  679 

leuca.  I  am  iuclined  also  to  consider  those  with  separable  gills 
as  a  distinct  subgenus,  but  have  avoided  that  arrangement  in  this 
report  for  lack  of  data. 

The  key  to  the  species  includes  a  number  which  have  not  yet 
been  found  in  Michigan  but  which  occur  in  neighboring  States. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus  viscid,  medium  to  large.     [See  also  (AA)  and   (AAA).] 
^  (a)     Pileus  pure  white.     721.     T.  resplendens  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  pure  white. 

(b)     Gills  sulfur-yellow;    pileus  not  virgate.     717.     T.   equestre  Fr. 
(bb)     Gills  not  sulfur-yellow. 

(c)     Gills  becoming  discolored  in  age,  often  spotted  with  brownish- 
red, 
(d)     Flesh  and  gills  yellowish;  stem  at  first  viscid;  pileus  brown. 

T.  flavobrunneum  Fr. 
(dd)     Flesh  and  gills  white  at  first. 

(e)     Pileus    pale    pink    to    rosy-red,    margin    at    first    involute. 

(See  163.     Hygrophorus  russiila  Fr.) 
(ee)     Pileus  reddish-brown  to  bay-brown. 

(f)     Odor  distinctly  farinaceous  when  flesh  is  crushed;  taste 

of  surface  of  pileus  bitter.     722.     T.  transmutans  Pk. 
(ff)     Odor   not    farinaceous;    stem    mostly    rooting.     723.     T. 
ustale  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  not  discolored,  not  rufescent. 

(d)     Pileus  streaked  with  innate  blackish  fibrils.. 

(e)     Taste  bitterish  or  nauseous;   pileus  whitish  to  yellowish. 

718.     T.  sejuncUitn  Fr. 
(ee)     Taste  mild;   pileus  gray,  smoky,  lurid.     719.     T.  porten- 
tosum  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  streaked. 

(e)     Stem    fioccose-fibrillose;    pileus    alutaceous.     720.     T.    ter- 

ri'feruvi  Pk. 
(ee)     Stem  glabrous. 

(f)     Pileus   slightly  viscid,   greenish-yellow;    stem  white.     T. 

intermedium  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  glutinous,  yellow-tawny,  disk  reddish-brown;  base 
of  stem  brown.     T.  viscosum  Pk. 
(AA)     Pileus   hygrophanous    (water-soaked   plants   of   the    (AAA)     group 
sometimes  have  an  hygrophanous  appearance), 
(a)      Stem  sulcate  or  coarsely  striate;    pileus  reddish    or    reddish-fawn 

color  (moist),  5-10  cm.  broad.     T.  grammopodiuvi  Fr. 
(aa)      Stem  not  sulcate;   pileus  usually  less  than  6  cm.  broad, 
(b)     Gills  violaceous  (young),  then  smoky;  often  in  greenhouses,  gar- 
dens, etc.     754.     T.  sordidum  Fr. 
(bb)     Gills  not  at  first  violaceous. 

(c)     Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  stem  hollow. 

(d)     Pileus  olive-gray  (moist) ;  odor  of  rancid  meal.     T.  putidum 

Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  watery-brown    (moist);    odor  farinaceous.     T.  rimo- 
snvi  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  3-7  cm.  broad. 
'(d)     Odor  strongly  farinaceous;    pileus   grayish-brown   or  brown 

(moist)  ;    gills  whitish.     753.     T.   leticocephaloides  Pk. 
(dd)     Odor  not  farinaceous. 

(e)      Stem  brown  within  and  without,  short;  pileus  ashy,  gray- 
ish-brown, darker  on  disk.     T.  hrevipes  Fr. 
(ee)      Stem  whitish  within;  in  fields,  gardens,  open  ground,  etc. 


680  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(f)     Stem  streaked  with  blackish  fibrils,  elastic;  pileus  smoky- 
brown.     752.     T.  melaleuciim  Fr. 
(ff)     Stem  covered  with  a  cinereous  pulverulence,  soft;  pileus 
gray.     T.  humile  Fr. 
(AAA)     Pileus  neither  viscid  nor  hygrophanous. 
(a)     Pileus  white  or  whitish  at  first,   disk   often   with  tints   of  other 
colors, 
(b)     Taste  acrid,  bitter  or  unpleasant  (often  tardily), 
(c)     Gills  becoming  dingy  flesh  color.     751.     T.  panoeolum  var.  cae- 

spitosuni  Bres. 
(cc)     Gills  white  or  whitish,  not  becoming  dingy  incarnate  in  age. 
(d)     Stem   stuffed    or   hollow;    pileus    with    grayish-brown    disk; 

taste  and  odor  strong,  unpleasant.     T.  terreolens  Pk. 
(dd)     Stem  solid, 
(e)     Gills  broad;   pileus  minutely  scaly;   taste  slowly  acrid  or 
unpleasant, 
(f)     Pileus  with  ochraceous,  drop-like  scales  on  disk. 

726.     T.  noUle  Pk.     (T.  serratifolium  Pk.)      (See  also 
T.   venenatum   Atk.) 
(ee)     Gills  not  broad;  pileus  glabrous, 
(f)     Taste  very  bitter;    gills  narrow  and   crowded.     743.     T. 

acerhum  Fr. 
(ff)     Taste  tardily  acrid;  gills  medium  broad  and  close.     742. 
T.  album  Fr. 
(bb)     Taste  mild  or  farinaceous, 
(c)     Stems   connately   joined   at  base   or   several   growing   from   a 
thick  fleshy  mass, 
(d)     Pileus  mottled  with  reddish  scaly  spots.     T.  albellum  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus    mottled    with    watery    spots.     741.     T.    unif  actum 
Pk.  var. 
(cc)      Stems  simple  or  subcaespitose. 

(d)     Pileus  small;  gills  broad;  stem  solid;  taste  farinaceous.     T. 

silvaticum  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  usually  more  than  2-3  cm.  broad, 
(e)     Odor  and  taste  farinaceous, 
(f)     Pileus  large,  8-12  cm.,  scaly  with  brownish  scales;  spores 

9-11  X  6  micr.     T.  grande  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  3-6  cm.,  glabrous;  spores  6-8  x  3-4  micr.     745.     T. 
Jeiicocephalum  Fr. 
(ee)     Odor  and  taste  mild. 

(f)     Stem  rooting  and  tomentose  at  base.     T.  lascivum  Fr. 
(ff)     Stem    not    rooting.     (Clitocybe    Candida   Bres.    may    be 
sought  here.) 
(g)     Margin   of  pileus   with   short,   radiating  ridges;    gills 

narrow  and  crowded.     744.     T.  laterarium  Pk. 
(gg)     Margin  even, 
(h)     Gills  rather  broad. 

(i)     Plant  pure  shining  white,  but  without  a  separate 

pellicle.     727.     T.   cohimbetta  Fr. 
(11)     Plant   dingy  whitish,   pileus   fibrillose-scaly.     725. 

T.  venenata  Atk. 
(ill)     Plant   whitish,    caespitose.     (See    774.     Clitocybe 
mnlticeps. ) 
(hh)     Gills  narrow  and  crowded,  pileus  not  pure  white; 
stem  striate.    (See  813.    Collijbia  albiflavidmn  Pk.) 
(aa)     Pileus  yellow,  yellowish   or  smoky-yellowish.     [See  also    (aaa).] 
(b)     Growing  on  wood;  edge  of  gills  flocculose. 
(c)     Pileus  yellow  beneath  the  dark  reddish  scales.     724.     T.  ruti- 

lans  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  pale  yellow,  slightly  silky.     T.  flavescens  Pk. 
(bb)     Growing  on  the  ground, 
(c)     Odor  strong  of  coal  tar,  etc.,  disagreeable  or  farinaceous. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  681 

(d)     Plant  sulfur-yellow  to  olivaceous-yellow;   odor  disagreeable, 

strong.     737.     T.  sul^ureum  Fr. 
(dd)     Plant  pale  yellow  or  smoky-yellow. 

(e)     Stem   solid;    gills   yellowish,   taste   farinaceous.      738.      T. 

chrysenteroides  Pk. 
(ee)     Stem  stuffed  or  hollow;  gills  rather  broad. 

(f)     Pileus    smoky-yellowish;    taste    and    odor    farinaceous; 

gills  white.     746.     T.  funiosiluteuvi  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus    pale    yellow;    gills    whitish    tinged    pink;    odor 
rather  strong.     739.     T.  odorum  Pk. 
(cc)     Odor  none  or  slight. 
(d)     Pileus  large,  4-10  cm. 

(e)     Pileus  very  fragile,   bright   yellow,   variegated  with   other 

hues;  gills  broad,  white.     T.  davisiae  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus  firm,   yellow,   umbonate;    gills   white;    stem   solid, 
white  within;   spores  globose.     T.  sublutemn  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  small,  1-3  cm.,  dull  saffron;   gills  yellow.     T.  fallax 
Pk.     (See  also  T.  cerinum  Fr.) 
<aaa)     Pileus  neither  white,  whitish,  yellow  nor  yellowish. 
(b)     Pileus  violet,  lilac  or  purplish, 
(c)     Pileus  6-12  cm.  broad;   stem  stout,  lavender  or  lilac;   common. 

747.     T.  pcrsonatum   Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  smaller;   stem  more  slender. 

(d)     Pileus  at  first  conic-campanulate  and  flocculose  on  the  mar- 
gin; gills  whitish.     T.  ionides  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  at  first  convex  and  naked  on  margin,   gills   bluish 
to  lavender. .   748.     T.  nudum  Fr. 
(bb)     Pileus  not  violet,  lilac  or  purplish, 
(c)     On  wood  or  rotten  logs. 

(d)     Pileus    covered    with    dense,    minute,    blackish    or   brownish 

scales;   flesh  yellow.     (See  760.     CUtocybe  decora  Fr.) 
(dd)     Pileus  covered  with  reddish  tomentum  or  scales,  flesh  yel- 
low.    724.     T.  rutilans  Fr. 
(cc)     On  the  ground. 

(d)     Pileus    cinereous,   grayish-brown,    smoky   or   blackish.     [See 
(dd).] 
(e)     Gills    becoming    blackish    or    bluish-black    when    bruised. 
Pileus  2-7  cm.  broad, 
(f)     Gills  narrow,  crowded.     733.     T.  fumescens  Pk. 
(ff)     Gills    moderately    broad,    close    to    subdistant.     734.     T. 
fuligineum  Pk. 
(ee)     Gills  not  becoming  black  when  bruised;   some  changing 
to  ashy,  yellowish  or  flesh  color  in  age. 
(f)     Taste  acrid,  peppery  or  disagreeable. 

(g)     Stem  rooting;  gills  white;  pileus  grayish-brown,  taste 

disagreeable.     T.  radicatuvi  Pk. 
(gg)      Stem  not  markedly  rooting, 
(h)     Pileus  virgate  with  gray  or  blackish  fibrils. 

(i)     Pileus    acutely    and    prominently    umbonate;    gills 
and  stem  white.     T.  subacutum  Pk.  (cf.  T.  virga- 
Uim  Fr.) 
(ii)     Pileus   obtuse;    gills   at   length   pale    cinerascent. 
731.     T.  acre  Pk. 
(hh)     Pileus  not  virgate. 
(i)     Pileus    buff,    grayish-brown     or     dingy-tan,     large, 
caespitose;  gills  crowded,  narrow,  soon  flesh  color. 
571.     T.  panoeolum  var.  caespitosum  Bres. 
(ii)     Not  caespitose;    pileus  livid-brown;   flesh  of  stem 
becoming  reddish.     735.     T.  saponaceum  Fr. 
(ff)     Taste  mild  or  farinaceous. 
(g)     Very   large;    pileus    10-20    cm.    broad,    grayish-tawny; 
stem  rooting.     T.  grave  Pk. 


682  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(gg)     Moderate  size. 

(h)     Pileus  2-6  cm.  broad,  innately  fibrillose  or  fibrillose- 

scaly.     732.     T.  terreum  Fr. 
(hh)     Pileus  5-10  cm.  broad. 

(i)     Pileus  smoky-umber  to  blackish;    gills  broad,  cin- 

erascent.     736.     T.   laticcps  sp.  nov. 
(ii)     Pileus  grayish  or   grayish-brown, 
(k)     Gills  broad,  subdistant. 

(I)  Streaked  with  darker  fibrils;  gills  white.    (See 

816.     CoUijhia   platyphylla   Fr.) 

(II)  Pileus  usually  water-spotted  not  streaked; 
gills  slightly  cinerascent;  autumnal.  749.  T. 
tumiduni  Fr. 

(kk)     Gills  close  or  crowded. 

(I)  Gills    easily    separable    from    flesh    of    pileus, 

becoming     dingy-yellowish      in      age;      stem 
stuffed.     751.     T.  cinerascens  Fr. 

(II)  Gills  not  separable,  veined  on  the  sides.  T, 
patulum   Fr. 

(dd)     Pileus  reddish,  tawny,  tan,  fuscous-livid,  etc. 

(e)     Growing  on  wood;   pileus  and  stem  covered  with  tawny, 

tomentose  scales.     T.  clecorosum  Pk. 
(ee)     Not  on  wood. 

(f)     Flesh  of  pileus  or  stem  changing  to  reddish  when  bruised 
or  in  age;  pileus  red-brown, 
(g)     Stem  hollow.     729.     T.  vaccimim  Fr. 
(gg)      Stem  solid.     728.     T.  imhricatum  Fr. 
(ff)     Flesh  not  turning  reddish, 
(g)     Becoming  ferruginous-stained   when    handled;     pileus 

whitish  to  brownish.     T.  submaculatum  Pk. 
(gg)     Not  becoming  rusty-stained. 

(h)     In    pastures,    etc.,    in    the   spring;    pileus   pale   tan, 
waterv-spotted;     odor     farinaceous.      T.    gambosum 
Fr. 
(hh)     In  the  woods, 
(i)     Pileus  pale  alutaceous  to  russet;  gills  pale  yellow; 

stem  white.     730.     T.  tricolor  Pk. 
(ii)     Pileus  flesh  color,  1-2  cm.  broad.    740.    T.  carneum 
Fr. 

SUBGENUS  I.    LZ3/AC/2\'A.    Pileus  provided  with  a  gelatinous- 
pellicle,  viscid,  not  liygroplianous.     Cortina  none. 

*GU]s  not  at  length  hrown  or  rujescent-spottcd. 
717.    Tricholoma  equestre  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisiii.  1S:}0. 

Illustrations :     Cooke.  Til..  PI.  72. 
Berkeley.  Outlines.  PL  4,  Fig.  2. 
Oillet.  Chnnipignons  de  France,  PI.  072. 
Kicken.  Bliitt(M-]nlze.  PL  90,  Fig.  0. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  l)r()a(L  compact,  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  pale 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  C83 

yellow,  variegated  with  reddish  or  smoky-reddish  especially  on  disk, 
viscid,  somewhat  scaly  on  broad  disk,  not  virgate,  margin  even  and 
naked.  FLESH  white  or  tinged  yellow  under  cuticle,  thin  on 
margin.  GILLS  slightly  adnexed  or  nearly  free,  ronnded-truncate 
behind,  suljur-yeUoir,  close,  ratlier  broad,  ventricose,  edge  entire  or 
suberdded.  STEM  stout,  3-6  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  equal  or  sub- 
bulbous,  solid  rarely  cavernous,  pale  yellow  or  white,  ivhite  within, 
even,  minutely  scaly  or  glabrescent.  SPORES  elliptical-oval,  6-7 
X  4  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  and  sterile  cells  none.  ODOR 
slight  or  none;  TASTE  subfarinaceous,  tardily  disagreeable. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  among  or  under 
leaves  in  conifer  and  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  Jack- 
son, Houghton,  Marquette.  August-October.  (Earliest  record 
July  28.)     Infrequent. 

This  is  usually  a  large  and  noble  species,  but  late  in  the  fall  it 
is  often  found  with  smaller  dimensions.  The  color  of  the  stem  is 
pale  yellow  or  even  white,  but  in  Europe  it  is  said  to  be  sulfur- 
yellow,  as  is  also  the  flesh.  The  scales  on  the  pileus  are  not  always 
developed.  The  margin  of  the  cap  is  at  first  incurved  and  irregu- 
larly wavy.  It  differs  from  T.  scjunctum  by  lacking  the  radiating 
sooty  lines  which  characterize  the  pileus  of  that  species,  and  by  its 
yellow  gills.  It  is  found  sparingly,  and  rather  late  in  the  fall. 
When  covered  with  leaves  the  yellow  color  of  the  cap  is  more  high- 
ly developed. 

718.     Tricholoma  sejunctum  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  89,  p.  88,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  60,  p.  82,  1908. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  53. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  700. 
Fries,  Icones,  PI.  23   (luxuriant  form). 
Ricken,  Bliittetpilze,  PI.  89,  Fig.  2. 

PILELTS  4-8  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  obtuse  or  umbonate, 
suhviscid,  whitish  to  vellowish,  streaked  with  innate  hlackish 
fibrils,  often  gibbous  or  irregular.  FLESH  white  or  slightly  yel- 
lowish, fragile.  GILLS  emarginate,  white,  usually  broad,  subdis- 
tant  to  close,  edge  entire.  STEM  elongated,  5-8  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm. 
thick,  subequal  or  variously  thickened  and  fic.ruous,    solid,    some- 


684  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

times  cavernous,  subglabrous,  even,  white  or  tinged  yellowish. 
SPORES  oval  to  subspherical,  G-7  x  4-5.5  micr.,  white.  CYSTIDIA 
none.    ODOR  slight;  TASTE  bitterish  to  nauseous. 

Gregarious  or  subeaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  oak  and  maple 
woods.    Ann  Arbor,  Xew  Richmond.     September-November. 

Frequent  around  Ann  Arbor  in  the  late  fall.  Usually  this  species 
is  more  slender  than  T.  equestre.  Its  virgate  pileus  and  white  gills 
distinguish  it  from  that  species.  The  color  is  quite  variable ;  some- 
times the  pileus  is  a  dull  white  with  a  few  yellow  stains,  while  the 
other  extreme,  with  the  pileus  almost  entireh'  smoky-brown  or 
blackish  on  disk,  is  equally  common.  The  disk  of  the  pileus  some- 
times develops  blackish  fibrillose  scales  while  normally  it  is  gla- 
brous. In  any  case  there  is  usually  some  sign  of  the  streaked  con- 
dition. Specimens  have  been  found  in  which  slight  yellowish  stains 
appeared  on  the  edge  of  the  gills  in  the  older  specimens,  but  these 
could  not  be  referred  to  T.  coryphaeum  Fr.  which  species 
is  said  to  have  yellow-edged  gills.  Peck  remarks  that  the  taste 
is  scarcely  bitter.  In  our  plants  a  bitterish-nauseous  taste  was 
nearly  always  present,  Tricholoma  intermedium  Pk.  is  said  to  be 
halfway  between  T.  equestre  and  T.  sejunctum,  and  is  distinguish- 
ed by  its  crowded  gills.  It  should  be  considered  as  a  variety,  since 
it  is  doubtless  an  example  of  the  extreme  variation  of  T.  sejunctum. 

719.     Tricholoma  portentosum  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  63,  p.  87,  1908. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  93. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  45,  Figs.  1-5,  1900 

(var.  cent  rale  Pk.) 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  54. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  PI.  G92. 
Fries,  Icones,  PL  24. 
Ricken,  Bliltterpilze,  PL  89,  Fig.  3.       ' 

'TILEUS  6-12  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  subumbouate,  some- 
times irregular  and  repand,  viscid,  even,  glabrous,  generally  fuli- 
ginous, sometimes  violet-tinged,  lurid,  virgate  with  innate  black 
fibrils,  margin  always  naked  and  thin.  FLESH  white,  obsoletely 
lutescent,  fragile.  GILLS  rounded  behind,  slightly  adnexed,  Iroad 
(up  to  2  cm.),  distant  when  mature,  whitish  at  first,  finally  yelloio- 


i 

I 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  685 

ish  or  grayish-tinged.  STEM  6-8  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  stout, 
firm,  solid,  siibequal,  innately  fihrillose-striate,  lohitish.  SPORES 
6-7x3-4  micr.,  elliptical.    ODOR  none;  TASTE  mikU' 

Said  to  occur  in  conifer  woods.  Perhaps  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  State. 

It  has  not  been  found  with  certainty  in  America,  but  is  reported 
by  some  American  authors.  The  figures  of  European  authors  vary 
considerably  as  to  color  of  cap.  Schroeter  says  it  is  gray  or  rusty- 
brown;  Gillet  figures  it  pale  gray  with  black  lines  radiating  from 
center.  In  Michael  and  Fries'  Icones,  the  gray  color  is  mixed  with 
a  dark  lurid  hue.  It  is  in  the  sense  of  the  last  author  that  the 
description  taken  from  the  Icones  applies.  The  spore  measure- 
ment is  Schroeter's ;  the  English  authors  give  smaller  measure- 
ments. According  to  Fries'  Icones,  and  others  (see  Louis  Maire, 
Bull.  d.  1.  Soc.  Myc.  France,  Vol.  26,  p.-251j  the  lack  of  odor  and 
taste  separate  it  from  T.  sejunctum. 

Var.  centrale  Pk.  is  said  to  have  the  sooty-brown  color  on  disk 
only ;  elsewhere  it  is  yellow  or  greenish-yellow.  The  gills  are  moder- 
ately broad  and  close,  white  or  yellowish.  The  flesh  is  white  and 
the  taste  is  mild.  Spores  7.5  x  5  micr.  It  has  not  been  identified 
within  our  territory. 

720.     Tricholoma  terriferum  Pk. 
N,  Y.  State  Rep.  41,  1888. 

PILEUS  6-12  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  irregular  or  wavy  ou 
margin,  glabrous,  viscid,  alutaceous,  even,  margin  at  first  incurved. 
FLESH  white,  thick  on  disk,  thin  on  margin.  GILLS  adnexed, 
emarginate,  crowded,  thin,  narrow,  whitish,  not  'becoming  rufescent. 
STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  solid,  floccose- 
scaly  at  apex,  floccose-fibrillose  elsewhere,  Avhite.  SPORES  minute, 
subglobose,  3x2  micr.,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none.  BASIDIA  20-24 
X  4-5  micr.,  2  to  3-spored.    TASTE  and  ODOR  not  marked. 

Solitarv  or  gregarious.  Frondose  woods.  Detroit.  October. 
Apparently  rare. 

Our  specimens  had  a  subhygrophanous  character  and  the  flesh 
was  scissile.  The  minute  spores  separate  it  from  related  species. 
More  data  are  needed  to  place  this  species  on  a  firm  footing. 


686  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

721.     Tricholoma  resplendens  Fr.     (Edible) 

Hymen.  Europ.,  1874. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  29. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  504,  p.  GOO,  1908. 

Cooke,  111.,  PI.  55. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  695. 

« 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  viscid,  glabrous,  luhite, 
shininf/  when  dry,  even,  margin  naked  and  at  first  straight.  FLESH 
white,  rather  soft,  thin  on  margin.  GILLS  narrowly  adnexed, 
emarginate,  close,  medium  broad,  ventricose,  scarcely  thickish, 
white,  sometimes  intervenose,  edge  entire.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  7-15 
mm.  thick,  subequal  or  tapering  downward,  often  subbulbous  at 
base,  solid,  rarely  with  tubule  or  cavernous,  glabrous,  dry,  even, 
white.  SPORES  G-7.5  x  4  micr.,  short  elliptical,  smooth,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  and  sterile  cells  none.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground,  in  conifer  or  frondose 
woods.  September-November  (earliest  record  August  9).  Mar- 
quette, Bay  View,  New  Richmond,  Detroit.  Common  in  the  vicinity 
of  Ann  Arbor. 

The  viscid  pileus  distinguishes  this  from  other  w'hite  Tricholomas 
of  this  size  which  have  a  mild  taste  and  odor.  Slender  forms  imi- 
tate HyfjrophorKs  cherneus,  but  that  has  a  glutinous  or  viscid  stem. 
Stout  forms  approach  Hygropliorus  sordidus  Pk.  which,  however, 
has  more  distant  gills,  a  stoiTter  stem  and  waxy  decurrent  gills. 
When  dry,  it  imitates  Tricholoma  columl)etta,  but  the  pileus  of  the 
latter  is  said  to  become  silky-fibrillose  and  the  margin  is  at  first 
involute  and  subsquamulose.  The  pileus  is  sometimes  A'ellowish  or 
hyaline-spotted  on  the  disk.  The  stem  tends  to  be  variously  curved 
toward  base.  The  plant  varies  considerably  and  several  forms  have 
been  found.  (A)  Pileus  conical-ovate  Avhen  young,  then  expanded 
and  subacutely  umbonate;  stem  fibrillose  striate.  Entirely  white. 
In  woods  of  white  pine,  beech,  etc.,  at  New  Richmond.  (B)  Stem 
blue-spotted  toward  base,  with  a  narrow  tubule.  Entirely  white 
elsewhere,  stature  smaller  than  type.  After  frosts  in  the  late  fall. 
In  oak,  etc.,  woods,  at  Ann  Arbor.  This  would  seem  to  correspond 
to  the  blue-spotted  form  of  T.  columhetta  mentioned  by  various 
authors;  in  our  plant  the  pileus  was  distinctly  viscid,  and  the  stem 
dry.  Tliey  grew  under  the  fallen  leaves  during  November.  The 
spores  of  both  these  forms  were  typical. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  687 

^^Gills  hecoming  rujesceiit  or  reddish-spotted  in  age. 
722.     Tricholoma  transmutans  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  1878. 

Illustrations:     Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PI.  21,  Fig.  1-5, 
1896. 

PILEUS  4-10  cm.  broad,  convex-expauded,  obtuse,  surface  of 
pellicle  hitter,  brownish,  reddisli-hrown  or  tawny-red,  viscid,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so.  FLESH  white,  rufescent  in  age,  thin  on  mar- 
gin. GILLS  adnexed,  emarginate,  narrow,  close,  whitish  or  pale- 
yellowish,  at  length  rufescent  or  reddish-spotted,  finally  sordid- 
blackish.  STEM  .0-8  cm.  long,  G-12  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal, 
dry,  glabrous  or  subfibrillose,  whitish  or  rufescent,  solid,  sometimes 
cavernous  above.  SPORES  oval-globose,  5x4  micr.,  sometimes 
nucleate.  CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR  and  TASTE  of  flesh  distinctly 
farinaceous,  pellicle  of  cap  bitter. 

Gregarious,  scattered  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  fron- 
dose  woods,  sometimes  forming  mycorhiza  on  the  roots  of  the  hlack 
oak.  Ann  Arbor,  Jackson,  Detroit,  New  Richmond.  September- 
October  (earliest  record  August  9).  Common  in  southern  Michi- 
gan. 

It  is  related  to  the  European  species  T.  flavohrunneum  Fr.  and 
T.  frumentaceum  Fr.  Avhich  possess  a  farinaceous  odor.  The  former 
has  a  viscid  stem  at  first  and  the  flesh  is  usually  yellow.  As  to 
T.  frumentaceum,  there  seems  to  be  some  uncertainty.  The  English 
authors  say  the  spores  are  elliptical,  and  Cooke  figures  it  as  an 
Entoloma  (111.,  Plate  470).  That  cannot  be  our  plant.  On  the 
other  hand,  continental  authors  are  silent  as  to  the  size  of  spores, 
although  Barla  mentions  a  variety  with  spheVical  spores.  The  stem 
of  T.  transmutans  is  usually  solid,  but  often  tunnelled  by  grubs  in 
warm  weather.  When  growing  in  the  open,  in  pastures,  etc.,  it  is 
usually  tufted  and  the  pileus  is  irregular.  It  is  said  to  be  excel- 
lent eating. 


(iSS  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

723.     Tricholoma  ustale  Fr. 

Svst.  Mvc,  1S21. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PL  26. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  88. 

Michael,  Fiihrer  L  Pilzfrennde,  Vol.  III.  No.  115. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze.  PI.  88,  Fig.  3  (represents  form  B.). 
Plate  CXLVI  of  this  Report. 

PILE  I' 8  4-10  cm.,  broadly  convex,  obtuse  or  subumbonate,  sub- 
gibbous,  rcddish-lxnj  to  dark  chestnut,  sometimevS  paler,  viscid, 
naked,  even,  not  virgate  nor  scaly,  margin  persistently  incurved. 
FLESH  white,  thickish,  firm,  rufescent.  GILLS  adnate-seceding 
or  emarginate,  moderately  broad,  croioded,  pure  rvhite  at  first  then 
rufescent  or  reddish-hi'own  when  druised,  edge  eroded.  STEM  5-8 
cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  subequal  or  irregularly  compressed,  often 
rooting,  stuffed,  sometimes  hollow,  white,  becoming  reddish  down- 
wards, floecose-prninose,  sometimes  twisted.  SPORES  elliptical- 
ovate,  6-8  X  4-5  micr..  white.  CYSTIDIA  and  sterile  cells  none, 
ODOR  none;  TASTE  hitter. 

Solitan-  or  subcaespitose.  On  very  decayed  wood  or  leaf-debris 
in  conifer  or  froudose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.  Septem- 
ber-October.    Rare. 

This  is  allied  to  the  European  species  T.  flavobrunneum  and  T. 
pcssundatuni  which  are  said  to  possess  a  distinct  farinaceous  odor^ 
while  in  T.  ustale  this  odor  is  lacking.  From  T,  transmutans  it  is 
separable  by  the  spores  and  the  rooting  stem.  Two  forms — already 
mentioned  by  Fries  (Icones) — have  been  found  in  the  State.  (A) 
Large,  with  the  base  of  the  stem  ending  in  a  root-like  prolongation 
which  is  2-5  cm.  long,  and  occurs  in  conifer  woods  (white  pine). 
(B)  Smaller,  with  a  narrowed,  short  subrooting  base,  growing  in 
frondose  woods.  Form  (A)  is  illustrated  by  Plate  CXLVI,  and  is 
rather  well  represented  by  Cooke's  figure  of  T.  flavohrunnetim  (111., 
Plate  58),  which  may  be  the  same  plant.  There  was  no  yellow 
present  in  our  specimens. 

SLBGEMS  JI.  CORTJXELLIS.  Pileus  drij,  not  absorbing 
water,  nor  hygrophanous;  silky,  fibrillose  or  somewhat  scaly,  some- 
Times  subglabrous.  Margin  of  pileus  slightly  fibrillose  or  floccose 
with  remains  of  an  evanescent  cortina,  except  in  species  of  "Rigida.'* 

Cortinellus  has  been  raised  to  the  rank  of  an  independent  genus 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  680 

by  some  authors,  e.  g.  Roze,  (Bull,  de  la  Soc.  bot.  de  France,  1876)^ 
Schroeter,  (Die  Pilze  Schlesians,  Vol.  1,  1885),  and  Earle,  (Bull. 
N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  Vol.  V.,  1908).  The  first  two  authors  include- 
only  species  whose  cortina  is  sufficiently  developed  to  leave  a  slight 
ring  on  the  stem.  Earle  extended  it  as  above.  It  seems  better  to- 
keep  the  species  which  belong  here  subordinate  on  account  of  their 
close  relation  to  the  genus  Tricholoma  as  a  whole.  Some  of  its 
species  need  further  study  to  determine  their  exact  position.  The 
following  sections  are  taken  in  the  sense  of  Fries. 

Section  I.  Genuina.  Pellicle  of  pileus  torn  into  fibrillose  or 
floccose  scales,  its  margin  at  first  involute. 

^Gills  not  'becoming  rujescent,  cinereous  nor  'blackish. 

IIA.    Tricholoma  rutilans  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  89. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  697. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  I,  No.  51. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PI.  91,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  campanulate-expanded,  dry,  at  first 
covered  with  a  purplish-red  tomentum,  soon  tomentose-scaly  with 
dark  reddish  scales  on  the  yellowish  surface  beneath,  margin  at 
first  involute.  FLESH  yellow,  moderately  thick.  GILLS  rounded- 
adnate  then  emarginate,  croivded,  rather  narrow,  yellow  or  golden- 
yelloiD,  thickish,  edge  flocculose.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  curved, 
equal,  stuft'ed  then  hollow,  yelloAV  or  yellowish  within  and  without 
or  variegated  with  minute  reddish  tomentose  scales,  even.  SPORES 
oblong,  G-7  X  3-4  micr.,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none;  sterile  cells  on 
edge  of  gills  numerous,  large,  clavate-inflated,  narrowed  toward 
base,  65-100  micr.  long,  15-20  micr.  thick  above.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
mild. 

Solitary  or  caespitose  on  decaying  wood  of  pine,  balsam  and 
hemlock.  Isle  Royale,  Bay  View,  Houghton,  New  Richmond.  July- 
October.     Infrequent. 

This  is  one  of  the  few  species  of  Tricholoma  inhabiting  wood 
It  also  departs  from  the  other  Tricholomas  in  having  well-developed 
sterile  cells  on  the  edge  of  the  gills,  a  modification  which 
87 


690  THE  AGARICACEAE   CF  MICHIGAN 

causes  the  flue  floccosit}'  aud  is  sometimes  abnormally  de- 
veloped. The  tine  tomeutum  of  the  pileus  is  seen  under 
the  microscope  to  be  composed  of  long,  intertwined  fibrils 
lilled  with  reddish  yellow  substance.  This  covering  of  pileus 
aud  stem  in  well-developed  specimens  is  quite  marked  aud  repre- 
sents a  sort  of  universal  veil.  This  species  must  not  be  confused 
with  Clitocybe  decora  Fr.,  in  which  the  gills  do  not  become  emargi- 
nate,  and  the  scales  are  blackish-brown  and  fibrillose. 

Vdv.  varicgatus  {T.  variegatus  Fr.).  Differs  in  smaller  size,  gills 
white  or  whitish,  scarcely  tinged  yellowish,  and  without  sterile 
cells.  Flesh  white  or  yellowish-white.  New  Kichmond.  Infre- 
quent. In  both  the  color  varies  somewhat,  and  the  reddish  scales 
are  sometimes  practically  lacking  on  the  stem. 

725.     Tricholoma  venenata  Atk.  (Poisonous) 
Botanical  Gazette,  Vol.  4G,  1908. 

"PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  subumbonate,  center 
fleshy,  moist,  not  viscid,  pale  hujf  to  clay-color,  minuteh'  scaly  with 
fibrous  scales,  with  a  subtomentose  area  over  the  center,  the  scales 
possessing  the  darker  color,  under  the  lens  some  of  them  appear 
nearly  black.  FLESH  white  with  a  dull  clay-colored  tinge  and 
stain.  GILLS  adnexed,  broadly  sinuate,  subdistaut,  whitish,  thin, 
dull  clay  color  where  hruiscd.  STEM  subbulbous,  with  a  bulb  like 
that  of  Lepiota  lenticularis  (see  L.  fisheri),  tibrous-striate,  solid, 
sordid  white,  becoming  dull-clay  color  in  age  or  when  handled. 
SPORES  oval  to  broadly  elliptical,  smooth,  5-7  x  3.5-5  micr.,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild.'" 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods.  Rochester,  Oak- 
land County.     September. 

This  poisonous  Tricholoma  caused  severe  illness  of  a  family  at 
Rochester,  ]\Iicliigan,  who  were  advised  that  it  was  harmless 
because  of  its  mild  taste  and  odor.  The  species  was  not 
known  to  the  persons  to  whom  it  was  referred  but  it 
was  thouglit  to  be  a  Tricholoma  an<l  hence,  since  mushroom 
amateurs  iisually  think  that  the  species  of  that  genus  when 
mild  are  perfectly  safe,  they  felt  safe  in  its  use.  It  is  only  another 
•case  in  favor  of  the  argument  that  it  is  necessary  to  know  mush- 
rooms \)\  their  specific  distinctions,  and  to  use  only  those  whose 
identity  is  known  to  the  user.  Better  learn  a  few  species  well  than 
take  cliances.     The  description  is  adapted  from  that  of  Atkinson, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  691 

and  was  made  from  some  of  the  specimens  gi-owiug  in  the  same 
place  as  those  which  caused  the  sickness.  It  does  not  have  very 
striking  characteristics,  but  can  be  distinguished  by  the  tendency 
of  the  plant  to  assume  an  ochraceous  or  dull  clay  color  in  age  or 
when  bruised.  Sijecimens  which  were  doubtless  the  same  species 
were  collected  at  Ann  Arbor,  September,  1907,  and  August,  1909, 
and  were  at  first  thought  to  be  T.  nobilis;  the  spores,  however,  were 
found  to  be  elliptical  and  the  plants  could  not  be  placed  until  after 
the  publication  of  Atkinson's  species.  The  spores  of  our  plants 
were  up  to  8.5  micr.  long,  the  gills  rather  broad,  and  the  pileus 
covered  with  delicate  ochraceous,  flbrillose  scales  except  toward 
the  margin  which  was  silky-fibrillose  to  silky-tomentose.  There 
was  no  odor  at  first,  but  a  slight,  disagreeable  odor  developed. 
The  species  seems  closely  related  to  the  following,  and  apparently 
imitates  it  in  its  general  appearance.  Hence  both  species  should 
be  let  alone. 

726.     Tricholoma  nobile  Pk.     (Suspected) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  12,  1889. 
Illustration:     Plate  CXX*VII  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  subplane,  obtuse,  dry, 
whitish,  dotted  dy  minute,  drop-Jike  grayish-ochraceous  scales,  at 
least  on  disk,  even,  margin  irregularly-wavy  at  maturity.  FLESH 
pure  white,  thick  on  disk,  brittle,  thin  on  margin.  GILLS  truncate- 
adnate,  varying  emarginate-adnexed  to  spuriously  decurrent,  broad, 
close  to  subdistant,  white  becoming  dingy  yellowish  in  age,  edge 
entire.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  8-lG  mm.  thick,  stout,  equal,  sometimes 
slightly  tapering  downward,  solid,  subglabrous,  innately  fibrillose- 
striate,  white  becoming  dingy  in  age.  SPORES  minute,  spherical, 
smooth,  subnucleate,  5-G  micr.,  white.  CYSTIDIA  and  sterile  cells 
none.  BASIDIA  35x5-0  micr.  ODOR  slight  or  lacking;  TASTE 
at  first  slight,  slowly  unpleasant  or  burning. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  on  a  lawn  which  was  recently  a 
grove.     Ann  Arbor.     October.     Infrequent. 

This  species  has  superficial  resemblances  to  T.  alhu))i,  both  in 
stature  and  color,  but  difl'ers  in  its  slightly  scaly  cap  and  in  spores. 
In  moist  weather  the  pileus  appears  watery-stained  and  this  indi- 
cates an  affinity  to  the  section  Guttata,  but  the  presence  of  scales 
on  the  pileus  and  its  rather  dry  flesli  point  to  the    position    here 


692 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OP  MICHIGAN 


& 


given  it.  It  is  easily  confused  with  T.  venenata  when  the  spores  are 
not  examined,  and  hence  should  not  be  eaten.  It  is  also  likely  that 
both  T.  noJjilc  and  T.  venenata  have  been  referred  to  T.  colnmhetta, 
in  the  absence  of  available  information  on  these  plants,  as  both 
these  species  when  young  and  fresh  are  rather  white.  The  descrip- 
tion of  T.  scrrati folium  Pk.  very  closely  approximates  this  of  T. 
nohile.    It  is  entirely  distinct  from  Clitocyhe  jnceina. 

727.     Tricholoma  columbetta  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  29. 

Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  23. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  PL  671. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  48. 

'TILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  obtuse,  dry,  rigid,  pure 
ichite,  satiny  ■shining,  at  first  glabrous,  then  silky-fibrillose  or  min- 
utely scaly,  often  v:itli  stain-like,  carmine,  yellotv,  or  hlue  spots, 
margin  at  first  incurved  and  minutely  tomentose.  FLESH  white. 
GILLS  emargiuate,  almost  free,  close,  rather  broad,  white,  not 
changing  color,  edge  uneven.  STEM  5-9  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick, 
equal  or  unequal,  not  bullous,  solid,  white,  shining,  fibrillose-striate. 
SPORES  G-7  X  4-5  micr.     ODOR  none.     TASTE  mild." 

In  beech  and  birch  woods,  on  the  ground.  The  silky-shining  and 
dry,  white  cap  and  stem,  mild  taste  and  elliptical  spores  distinguish 
this  species  from  our  other  Avhite  plants  of  the  genus.  It  must  not 
be  confused  with  T.  alhum  Fr.  which  has  a  bitter  taste,  nor  with 
T.  nohile  which  has  a  slight  burning  "taste;  both  of  these  lack  the 
pure  white  color  of  T.  columhetta.  The  name  refers  to  the  satiny 
sheen  of  white  pigeons.  Several  varieties,  based  on  the  different 
habit  and  various  color-stains,  have  been  described.  It  has  not 
been  found  witli  certainty  in  the  State;  see  remarks  under  T. 
resplendens. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  693 

"^Gills  hecoming  7'ufescent,  cinereous  or  blackish. 

728.     Tricholoma  imbricatum  Fr.     (Edible) 

Sys.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  53,  p.  73,  1908. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PL  21,  Fig.  6-11,  1896. 
Fries,  leones,  PI.  30. 
Cooke,  111..  Plates  60  and  199. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  676. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  90,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  5-8  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  obtuse  or  subumbonate, 
dry,  brownish-red  to  pale  reddish-umber,  innately  fibrillose-scaly, 
disk  lacerate-scaly,  margin  thin,  at  first  incurved  and  pubescent. 
FLESH  compact,  firm,  white,  changing  to  light  red  when  bruised. 
GILLS  slightly  adnexed,  sinuate,  close,  moderately  broad,  altogether 
white  at  first,  changing  to  reddish  in  age  or  rufescent-spotted. 
STEM  5-9  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  solid,  firm,  equal  or  subequal, 
white,  reddish-brown  at  base,  apex  lohite-mealy,  elsewhere  fibrillose. 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  5-6.5  x  4  niicr.  CYSTIDIA  and  sterile 
cells  none.  BASIDIA  24-28x5  micr.,  2-4-spored.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild  or  slightly  farinaceous. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  coniferous  and 
mixed  woods. 

Frequent  in  the  north.  Rare  in  southern  Michigan.  Detroit. 
October. 

It  must  not  be  confused  with  T.  transmutans,  which  has  a  viscid 
cap,  whose  surface  is  bitter  to  the  tongue.  The  stem  is  solid  or 
hollowed  by  grubs.  T.  vaccinum  Fr.  difi'ers  mainly  from  this  in 
the  stuffed  to  hollow  stem  and  the  more  scaly  cap;  it  occurs  also 
in  conifer  woods. 

729.     Tricholoma  vaccinum  Fr.     (Suspected) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  707. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  90,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  4-7  cm.  broad,  subhemispherical  to  campanulate,  then 
expanded,  obtuse  or  subumbonate,  dry,   cinnamon-rufous  to  dark 


614  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

rcddish-hrotcn,  not  striate,  rimose  in  wet  weather,  at  first  densely 
scaly,  becoming  fibrillose-scalj;,  margin  at  first  involute  and  tomen- 
tose.  FLESH  rather  thin  except  disk,  white  at  first,  becoming 
tinted  with  rut'ons  hnes.  GILLS  siibadnate  then  sinuate,  moder- 
ately broad,  broader  than  the  thickness  of  the  flesh,  close,  pallid 
then  rufescent  in  age  or  when  bruised.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  10-15 
mm.  thick,  snbeqnal,  somewhat  irregular,  hoUow,  fibrillose  or  lacer- 
ated-fibrillose,  fibrils  reddish-brown,  pallid  elsewhere  but  rufescent. 
SPOKES  sphoeroid,  5x4  micr.,  smooth,  Avhite.  TASTE  somewhat 
disagreeable,  suba stringent.     ODOR  similar. 

Gregarious-subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  under  conifers.  In 
the  northern  portion  of  the  State.    August-September. 

The  stuffed  then  holloAv  stem  and  the  dense  fibrillose  scales  of 
the  reddish-brown  cap  distinguish  it.  The  color  of  the  cap  in  large 
specimens  approaches  umber,  but  the  rufous  shades  are  always  pres- 
ent.   The  margin  of  the  pileus  is  distinctly  tomentose. 

730.     Tricholoma  tricolor  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  11,  1888. 

"PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  or  nearly  plane,  some- 
times slightly  depressed  in  the  center,  firm,  dry,  obscurely  striate 
on  the  margin,  pale  alutaceous,  mclining  to  russet.  FLESH  white. 
GILLS  adnexed,  thin,  narrow,  close,  pale  yelloir,  becoming  brown 
or  purplish-brown  in  drying.  STEM  stout,  5-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm. 
thick,  short,  firm,  tapering  upward  from  the  thickened  or  subbulb- 
ous  base,  icliitc.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical  or  subglobose,  7  micr. 
long." 

Reported  by  Longyear  from  Chatham  in  the  north,  and  from  Lan- 
sing. I  have  not  found  it.  The  peculiar  hue  of  the  dried  gills  is 
said  to  characterize  it. 

731.    Tricholoma  acre  Pk.     (Suspected) 

Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  21,  1807. 
Illustration :     Plate  CXLVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  4-9  cm.  broad,  campanulate  at  first,  then  subexpanded, 
plane  to  obtuse,  virgate,  dry,  pale  silvery-gray  or  mouse-gray  with 
innate  silky  fibrils,  or  fibrillose-scaly  on  disk,  sometimes  whitish, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  695 

even.  FLESH  rather  thin,  fint),  white,  at  length  tinged  ashy. 
GILLS  adnexed,  eniarginate,  rather  broad,  ventricose,  close,  white, 
at  length  pale  cinereous,  edge  minutely  fimbriate.  STEM  3-6  cm. 
long,  7-15  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  sometimes  subbulbous  or 
tapering  downward,  short,  stuffed  then  hollo ir,  ichite  or  slightly 
cinereous,  innately  silky-fibrillose,  shining,  apex  flocculose. 
SPOEES  broadly  elliptical,  0-7x4-5  micr.,  smooth,  with  a  clear 
cavity  on  one  side.  CYSTIDIA  none;  sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills, 
30-35  X  9  micr.,  subclavate.  ODOR  none.  TASTE  acrid,  sometimes 
tardily  so. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods, 
especially  oak  and  maple.  Detroit,  Ann  Arbor,  Jackson.  Septem- 
ber-November.    Rather  frequent. 

The  acrid  Tricholoma  is  probably  the  American  form  of  T.  murl- 
naccum  Bull.,  in  the  sense  of  Berkelej^  and  Gillet,  but  digers  in  the 
closer  gills  and  glabrous,  not  scaly,  stem.  The  figures  of  Cooke  (111., 
Plate  49)  and  Gillet,  (Champignons  de  France,  No.  G83),  are  very 
suggestive  of  our  plant,  except  in  the  character  of  the 
stem.  T.  murinaceuiii  in  the  sense  of  Fries  has  a  disagreeable, 
strong  odor,  and  was  originally  referred  by  him  to  Hygrophorus, 
now  H.  nitratus  Fr.  Gillet's  figure  of  T.  portentosum  is  a  fairly 
good  picture  of  some  of  our  plants  when  the  gills  and  stem  are 
white.  T.  acre  is  quite  variable  in  size  and  in  the  shade  of  gray 
of  the  cap.  Normally  the  radiating  fibrils  of  the  pileus  are  pale 
gray  or  silvery-gray,  but  in  luxuriant  individuals  are  much  darker 
gray  or  blackish,  and  in  such  examples  the  stem  may  be  streaked 
with  dark  fibrils.  Sometimes  the  cap  is  almost  entirely  white  or 
buff  and  then  silky  or  obscurely  virgate,  sometimes  somewhat  fibril- 
lose-scaly  on  disk.  The  plant  is  closely  related  to  T.  terreum,  from 
which  it  differs  in  its  acrid  taste,  its  firmer  flesh,  larger  size,  pres- 
ence of  cystidia  and  flocculose,  edge  of  gills  and  broader  spores. 


0<jt;  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

732.     Tricholoma  terreum  Fr.     (Edible) 

Kpici-isis,  1S:JC. 

Illustrations:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  55,  p.  76,  1908. 
Swauton,  Fungi,  PI.  8,  Fig.  9. 
Midiael,  Fiilirer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  92. 
Bresadola,  Fungli.  nian^.  e.  vel.,  PI.  24. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  307. 
Kicken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  92,  Fig.  4. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  704. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  50. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  45,  1900  (as  var.  fragrans). 
Plate  CXLIX  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  2.5-6  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex-campanulate  or  nearly 
plane,  dry,  subumbonate,  gray,  grayish-brown  or  mouse-color,  in- 
fuitely  fihrillose  to  fihrillose-floccose  and  at  length  scaly,  not  striate. 
FLESH  white,  cinerascent  or  gray  near  surface  of  pileus,  thin. 
GILLS  adnate,  then  emarginate  and  uncinate,  close  but  distinct, 
white,  pale  ashy  or  cinerascent,  sometimes  yellowish-staiued,  medi- 
um broad,  edge  entire.  STEM  2.5-4  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  equal, 
straight  or  slightly  curved,  solid  or  persistently  fihrous-stuffed, 
readily  splitting  lengthwise,  white,  whitish  or  cinerascent,  subrigid, 
fragile.  SPORES  minute,  nucleate,  narrowly  oblong-ovate,  5-6  x  .3, 
smooth.  CYSTIDIA  none,  sterile  cells  short  or  lacking.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  farinaceous,  especially  when  plant  is  crushed. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  grassy  places  in 
frondose  woods,  thickets,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  New  Richmond. 
August-November.     Rather  frequent  about  Ann  Arbor. 

After  reading  the  descriptions  and  remarks  of  a  dozen  writers 
concerning  this  species  and  related  ones  such  as  T.  scalpturatum 
Fr.  and  T.  sqnarrulosum  Bres.,  and  adding  one's  own  observations, 
it  becomes  clear  that  we  have  here  a  series  of  many  forms  which 
run  so  close  into  each  other  that  the  amateur  will  hardly  be  able 
to  diagnose  them  satisfactorily  in  most  cases.  This  fact  is  already 
recognized  by  the  number  of  varieties  which  luive  been  described 
both  under  T.  terreum  and  T.  scalpturatum.  The  above  descrip- 
tion applies  to  the  plants  which  have  been  found  in  frondose  w^oods 
of  southern  Michigan.  Variations  will  be  found  in  which  the  pileus 
is  more  densely  scaly  with  almost  blackish  scales  on  center,  and 
others  where  the  color  is  pale  silvery-gray.    The  color  of  flesh  and 


.  CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  697 

gills  may  remaiu  almost  white,  or  there  may  be  au  ashy  tinge  in 
all  parts  of  the  plant.  Several  characters  seem  to  be  constant  in 
our  plants,  viz.  the  fragility,  the  nucleated  narrow  spores,  and  the 
fibrous  nature  of  the  interior  of  the  stem.  By  these  characters  and 
the  taste  it  is  separable  from  T.  acre.  Authors  give  various  shapes 
and  sizes  for  the  spores,  which  fact  indicates  that  there  are  several 
independent  species  at  present  not  separated.  Bresadola  has  segre- 
gated a  dark,  scaly  species  whose  spores  measure  7-9  x  4-5  micr.,  as 
T.  squarrulosum.  T.  scalpturatum  (Fr.)  Bres.  has  a  well-developed 
but  evanescent  cortiua  at  first;  this  approaches  our  form,  and  has 
the  same  spores,  but  lacks  the  distinct  farinaceous  odor.  Our 
typical  plants  had  no  sterile  cells  on  the  edge  of  the  gills.  A  form 
found  at  New  Richmond  had  short  cystidia  and  gills  whose  edges 
were  minutely  flocculose  and  spotted  with  drab-color,  darker  than 
the  rest  of  the  gills.  Peck  has  named  our  form  with  the  farinaceous 
odor  var.  fragans.  The  farinaceous  odor  seems  to  be  the  most  com- 
mon character  of  the  American  form  of  T.  terreum. 

733.    Tricholoma  fumescens  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Rep.  31,  1879. 

Illustration:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  51,  p.  75. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  regular  at  first,  then  un- 
dulate, obtuse,  dry,  covered  irith  a  minute,  appressed  tomentum, 
whitish  to  pale  grayish-brown,  darker  where  handled,  even,  margin 
at  first  incurved.  FLESH  rather  thin.  GILLS  rounded  behind 
at  first,  then  acuminate  adnexed,  narrow,  very  crowded,  whitish, 
changing  to  hluish-Uack  in  age  or  when  hruised,  easily  separable 
from  trama  of  pileus.  STEM  2-G  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  short, 
rather  stout,  whitish  then  Irownish,  solid,  becoming  cavernous  and 
splitting,  pruinose  at  apex.  SPORES  narrow,  subfusiform-ellipti- 
cal,  5-6.5x3  micr.;  sterigmata  prominent,  3-4  micr.  long.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  slightly  farinaceous. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground,  in  low,  frondose 
woods.     Jackson,  Ann  Arbor.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

Recognizable  by  the  narrow,  crowded  gills,  which  become  bluish- 
black  in  fresh  specimens  if  bruised ;  in  age  or  when  dried  they  are 
almost  as  black  as  old  gills  of  Agaricus  campestris.  The  pileus 
and  stem  do  not  change  as  much,  inclining  to  brownish,  and  in  this 
ditfer    markedly    from    T.    fuligineion.     The  latter    also    possesses 


6JS  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

subdistaiit  and  broader  gills.  Oiir  plant  is  not  frequent,  hav- 
ing been  collecte<l  only  thrice.  The  separable  gills  ally  it  to  those 
species  which  W.  (I.  Smith  placed  under  the  genus  Lepista. 


734.     Tricholoma  fuligineum  Pk. 

N.  V.  State  Kep.  41.  1888. 

Illustration:    Plate  CXLIX  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  o-T  cm.  broad,  convex,  then  expanded-subdepressed,  or 
obtuse,  often  irregular,  sometimes  with  sinus  on  one  side,  sooty- 
broirn  to  dark  grayish-hroicn,  becoming  blackish  on  handling,  dry, 
minutelv  innatelv  scalv  or  fibrillose,  even.  FLESH  white  at  first, 
cinerascent,  scissile.  GILLS  adnate  or  adnexed,  then  emarginate, 
siibarkl,  very  tough  when  dry,  close  to  siibdistant,  moderately 
broad,  whitish  or  cinereous,  hecommg  black  when  bruised.  STEM 
3-6  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick,  short,  rarely  elongated,  solid  or  spongy- 
stuffed,  equal  or  subequal,  innately  fibrillose,  pruinose  at  apex, 
whitish  or  cinereous,  blackish  when  handled.  SPORES  narrow, 
elliptical-fusiform,  7-9  x  4-5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  and 
sterile  cells  lacking.  BASIDIA  about  30x6-7  micr.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  more  or  less  farinaceous. 

Gregarious  or  caespitose.  On  the  ground  among  mosses,  leaves, 
etc.,  frondose  woods  of  oak  and  maple.  Jackson,  Detroit,  Ann 
Arbor.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

Somewhat  variable  in  size  and  shape,  etc.,  under  different  condi- 
tions of  weather  and  situation.  It  differs  from  T.  fumescens  in 
that  the  entire  plant  becomes  sooty  when  dried,  and  it  has  larger 
spores  and  gills.  The  gills  often  assume  a  reddish  hue  when  bruised, 
then  become  black,  as  in  Russula  nigricans.  The  stem  is  sometimes 
slightly  floccose  at  first,  as  if  frosted,  and  occasionally  becomes 
cavernous.  Small  forms  of  T.  cinerascens  have  a  more  watery  pileus 
and  the  gills  do  not  turn  sooty-black.  Dr.  O.  E.  Fisher  reports 
that  it  has  ajypeared  abundantly  in  his  back  yard  on  discarded  mush- 
room lieds. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  699 

Section  II.  Rigida.  Pellicle  of  the  pileus  rigid,  with  a  tendency 
to  crack  into  small  smooth  scales,  sometimes  punctate-granulose; 
neither  viscid,  lloccose-scaly  nor  fibrillose.  Flesh  of  pileus  rigid, 
somewhat  cartilaginous. 

"Gills'not  becoming  reddish  nor  cinereous,  nor  yellow-stained. 

735.     Tricholoma  saponaceum  Fr.     (Unpalatable) 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  56,  p.  77,  1908. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II.  No.  90. 
Eicken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  93,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  Plates  91  and  216. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  698. 
Fries,  Icones,  PI.  32. 

PILEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  firm,  glabrous  or  be- 
coming cracked  to  form  small  scales,  not  virgate,  pale  livid-hroivn 
to  lead-gray  but  variable  in  color,  often  olive  tinged,  margin  at  first 
naked  and  incurved.  FLESH  white,  hecoming  pinkish,  thick,  firm. 
GILLS  adnato-emarginate  then  uncinate,  subdistant,  distinct, 
rather  broad,  irhitish,  not  cinerascent,  edge  entire.  STEM  5-8  cm. 
long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick,  rather  stout,  ventricose,  attenuuted  or  suh- 
radicating  helow,  solid,  fibrons-flesliT,  apex  flocculose,  hecoming 
pink  tcithin,  white  without,  glabrous  varying  to  floccose  or  minute- 
ly dark-scaly.  SPORES  minute,  elliptical-ovate,  smooth,  5x3-3.5 
micr,  ODOR  and  TASTE  strongly  oily-farinaceous  (soapy),  dis- 
tasteful. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  In  frondose  w^oods,  on  the  ground.  Sep- 
tember-October.   Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond,  Detroit.     Infrequent. 

The  colors  of  the  pileus  vary  and  are  diflicult  to  describe,  some- 
times varying  from  whitish  to  grayish-brown  or  smoky-brown.  The 
gills  are  said  to  become  greenish  or  rufescent  at  times.  The  odor, 
color  of  the  flesh  and  minute  spores  distinguish  it.  Where  bruised 
the  flesh  of  the  stem  retains  the  pink  tinge  in  a  persistent  manner, 
and  this  character  is  quite  marked.  It  is  unfit  for  food  on  account 
of  its  taste.  The  odor  and  taste  are  sometimes  very  slight.  T.  pal- 
lidum Pk.  is  probably  a  variation  of  this  species. 


700  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

**Gins  becoming  stained  or  duniging  to  ashy  or  reddish  in  age. 

736.     Tricholoma  laticeps  sp.  nov. 

Illnstratiou:     Plate  CL  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  rigid,  broadlj'  convex,  obtuse,  smoky- 
iinihcr  to  hhicJiish,  moist,  even,  glabrous,  or  punctate-granulose  on 
disk,  marjjin  at  first  strongly  decurved,  tlieu  spreading  naked. 
FL'ESn  liiiii.  brittle,  thick,  thinner  at  margin,  cinerascent,  scissile. 
GILLS  broadly  adnexed,  emarginate,  close  to  subdistant,  broad, 
wliite,  at  last  cinereous,  edge  sometimes  eroded.  STEM  short,  rigid, 
spongy-solid,  1-3  cm.  long,  7-lC  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  white 
or  pallid,  cinerascent  within,  innately  silky.  SPORES  short  and 
broadly  elliptical  to  subglobose,  smooth,  6-7  x  5-6  micr.,  white. 
BASIDIA  30  X  6-7  micr.  CYSTIDLl  and  sterile  cells  none.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  to  caespitose.  On  the  bare  ground  or  among  mosses 
or  in  grass}'  places,  in  conifer  or  frondose  woods  or  groves.  Ann 
Arbor,  Detroit,  New  Richmond.  September-November.  Infrequent. 
'Distinguished  by  its  very  short  stem  and  relativel}^  broad  pileus 
which  hugs  the  ground  so  as  to  hide  the  stem.  The  pileus  is  often 
broader  in  one  diameter.  It  seems  to  be  related  to  Tricholoma  car- 
tilagineum,  but  the  gills  are  broad  and  subdistant  in  well-developed 
specimens,  and  the  pellicle  is  rarely  granular-punctate  and  then 
only  on  the  disk.  The  pellicle  is  rather  adnate  and  composed  of 
long,  narrow,  horizontal  cells.  It  cannot  be  referred  to  T.  lugubre 
Pk.  since  that  species  is  described  as  having  narrow  and  close  gills ; 
nor  to  T.  tumid uni  Fr.  whose  stem  is  longer,  and  whose  gills  have 
a  rufescent  tinge.  The  scissile  flesh  indicates  a  hygrophanous  condi- 
tion, but  this  is  not  marked.    Its  edibility  was  not  tested. 

Section  III.  Sericella.  Pileus  without  a  distinct  pellicle,  silky 
or  glabrous,  very  dry ;  neither  moist,  viscid,  hygrophanous,  nor  dis- 
tinctly scaly.     Pileus  opaque,  rather  thin. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  *  701 

737.     Tricholoma  sulphureum  Fr.     (Unpalatable) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821.     (As  Clitocybe.) 

Illustratious : '  Cooke,  111.,  PL  G2. 

Gillet,  Champignons  xle  France,  No.  703. 
Bresadola,  Fnngli.  niaug.  e.  vel.,  PL  27. 
Patouillard.  Tab.  Anaht.,  No.  507. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PL  4,  Fig.  4. 
Swanton,  Fungi,  PL  11,  Fig.  1. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  40,  p.  G5. 

PILEUS  2-8  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  mostly  umhonate,  at 
first  silky,  soon  glabrous,  sulphur-yeUoio  to  oUvaceous-yelloir,  usual- 
ly tanged  broAvn  on  disk,  subgibbous,  even,  margin  decurved.  FLESH 
yellow  or  vellowish,  thick  on  disk.  GILLS  adnexed  with  tooth, 
emarginate  at  length,  siihdist(nit,  yelloif,  moderately  broad,  thick^ 
firm.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or  variousl}^  en- 
larged, sometimes  curved,  fleshy-fibrous,  innately  fibrillose,  stuffed, 
sometimes  compressed,  yellow  to  olivaceous-yellow,  yellowish  with- 
in. SPORES  elliptical-oval,  8-10  x  5-6  micr.,  smooth.  ODOR  strong, 
foetid  or  of  coal-tar;  TASTE  disagreeable. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods  of  maple,  birch,  oak, 
etc.     Houghton,  Ann  Arbor.     July-September.     Infrequent. 

Our  plant  is  well  illustrated  by  Cooke,  but  it  is  usually  a  less 
deep  yellow,  and  often  tinged  Avith  olive  or  reddish-brown  on  the 
cap.  It  is  well  marked  by  the  disagreeable,  coal-tar  odor  and  taste, 
by  the  subdistant  gills  and  by  the  spores.  Bresadola  (Funghi  mang. 
et.  vel.)  gives  the  spores  as  warty;  this  cannot  be  our  plant.  In 
Stevenson  the  spores  are  given  too  small,  being  nearer  those  of  T. 
sulphurescens  Bres.,  which  also  has  the  odor  and  color  of  T.  sulpJiKr- 
eum  but  whose  gills  are  said  to  be  crowded  and  whitish.  L'nler  a  lens 
the  dry  pileus  is  often  seen  with  micaceous-shining  spots.  It  differs 
from  T.  chrysenteroides  Pk.  in  its  disagreeable  odor,  subdistant  gills 
and  stuffed  to  hollow  stem. 

738.     Tricholoma  chrysenteroides  Pk. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Rep.  24.  1872. 

''PILEUS  2.5-5  cm.  broad,  convex  or  plane,  not  umhonate,  firm, 
dry,  slightly  silky  or  glabrous,  pale  yellow  or  huff,  becoming  dingy 


702  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

with  age.  FLESH  pale  yellow.  GILLS  close,  emargiuate,  yellowish, 
dingy  or  pallid  in  age,  marked  with  transverse  veinlets  along  the 
njtpi'i-  edge,  intervenose.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  0-8  mm.  thick,  firm, 
eipuil,  .so//(/.  ghd)rous,  fibrillose-striate,  yellowish  within  and  with- 
out. SPOKES  elliptical,  7-10  x  5-G  micr.  ODOR  and  TASTE  fari- 
imceous." 

Gregarious.     On  the  ground  in  woods. 

This  species  has  not  with  certainty  been  collected  within  the 
State.  The  description  is  adopted  from  Peck,  and  included  for  the 
sake  of  comparison. 

739.  Tricholoma  odorum  Pk. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club.  Bull.,  Vol.  25,  1898. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  obtuse,  glabrous,  "soft 
like  kid,"  shining  when  j'oung,  icaxy  yeUoic  to  pale  tan,  even. 
FLESH  thick,  concolor.  GILLS  adnexed,  emargiuate,  rather  hroad, 
subdistant,  thick,  whitish,  tinged  -flesh-pink,  edge  entire.  STEM  3-7 
cm.  long,  1:-10  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subbulbous,  stuffed  then  hollow, 
subflexuous,  silky-fibrillose,  yellowish  white,  darker  yellow  at  base 
and  within,  pruinose  at  apex.  SPORES  broadly  elliptic-ovate, 
smooth,  7-9  x  5-G  micr.,  variable,  white.  CYSTIDIA  and  sterile 
cells  none.  ODOR  rather  strong,  reminding  one  of  that  of  T.  sul- 
fur eum ;  TASTE  farinaceous. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  beech  and  pine  woods.  New  Rich- 
mond.    September.     Rare. 

This  seems  to  approach  T.  sulfurciim  and  is  probably  a  varia- 
tion of  it.  Further  data  are  necessary'  to  establish  it  fullv.  The 
incarnate  tinge  to  the  whitish  gills,  and  the  peculiar  odor  are 
characters  which  distinguish  it. 

740.  Tricholoma  carneum  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc.  1821. 

* 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  10,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  9(). 
Patouillard.  Tab.  Analvt.,  No.  614. 

PILEL^S  1.5-2  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  obtuse,  sometimes  um- 
bonate,  even,  glabrous  or  suhpruinose,  testaceous  when  voung,  then 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  703 

Jlesh  color  to  whitish  tan,  margin  thin  and  at  length  spreading  or 
recurved.  FLESH  thickish  on  disk,  white,  soft,  rather  fragile. 
GILLS  sinnate-adnexed,  uncinate,  at  length  subdecurrent,  cro tided, 
rather  narrow,  2^ure  loliite,  edge  mostly  even.  STEM  1.5-2.5  cm. 
long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  equal,  fibrous,  hollow,  sometimes  compressed, 
tinged  flesh  color,  pruinose  above,  subtomentose  below.  SPORES 
minute,  oblong,  4-5  x  2.5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
none  or  subfarinaceous. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  tlie  ground  among  leaves  and 
debris  in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  August-September,  Infre- 
quent. 

This  small  species  of  Tricholoma  is  well-marked  by  the  incarnate 
color  of  cap  and  stem  which  contrasts  with  the  pure  white  of  the 
gills.  Fries  has  described  a  species  near  it,  T.  paeonium,  which 
is  said  to  diifer  in  the  "ruber"-red  color  of  cap  which  does  not 
fade  as  in  our  plants;  the  latter  species  also  has  a  softer  stem  than 
ours. 

SUBGENUS  III.  MELANOLEUCA.  Pileus  glabrous,  either 
watery-spotted,  moist  or  hygrophanous ;  not  viscid  (except  when 
very  water-soaked),  nor  silky,  scaly  nor  granular.  FLESH  soft, 
spongy,  or  very  thin,  moist,  watery  or  hygrophanous. 

Section  I.  Guttata.  Pileus  fleshy,  fragile,  watery-spotted  or 
rivulose.     Usually  caespitose. 

741.     Tricholoma  unif actum  Pk.  var. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.,  Bull.  105,  1906. 
Illustration :    Ibid. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  convex,  dull  white  mottled  with  ivatery 
S2)ots,  subpruinose,  even,  creamy-buff  in  age.  FLESH  thick  on  disk, 
thin  elsewhere,  white,  fragile.  GILLS  adnexed,  becoming  emargi- 
nate,  narrow,  narrowed  anteriorly,  crowded,  whitish,  edge  entire. 
STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  prolonged  by  insertion  into  a  crack  in  the  log, 
8-15  mm.  broad,  equal  or  tapering  upward,  curved,  solid,  even, 
floccose-pruinose,  tomentose  at  base.  SPORES  subglobose,  minute, 
3-4.5  x  8.5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  and  sterile  cells  none. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  slight. 


704  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

Caespitose.  On  decayed  cliaired  log',  probabh'  hemlock,  iu  mixed 
Avoods  of  ravines.     New  Richmond.     September.     Kare. 

The  phints  from  which  l*eck  derived  his  description  grew  on  the 
yronnd  nnder  hemlock  trees  and  in  that  situation  formed  a  thick 
fleshy  mass  from  which  tlie  stems  arose.  Althongh  our  plants  were 
caespitosely  united  only  at  the  base,  and  grew  from  a  woodj^  sub- 
stratum, 1  have  scarcely  any  doubt  tliat  they  are  the  same.  When 
dried,  the  cap,  gills  and  base  of  stem  are  ochraceous.  In  some  ways 
it  approaches  Pleurotus  elongatlpes  Pk.  but  the  stem  is  solid  and 
scarcely  eccentric,  and  the  pileus  is  spotted  with  watery  marks.  T. 
comjlohaius  Fr.  (Eddelbuttel,  Ann.  M^'col.,  Vol.  9,  p.  512)  differs  in 
its  brownish-gray  pileus  and  spores  6-7  x  5  micr.,  although  Schroe- 
ter  (Die  Pilze  Schlesiens,  p.  OGO)  says  the  cap  of  that  species  is 
often  whitish.  Our  plants  are  very  close  to  T.  horeale  Fr.,  whose 
spores,  according  to  Massee  (European  fungus  Flora)  are  the 
same,  but  whose  pileus  is  at  first  bright  flesh  color,  then  fades  to 
whitish. 

Section  II.  Sponyiosa.  Pileus  fleshy,  compact,  becoming  spongy^ 
obtuse,  even,  glabrous,  moist.  Neither  hygrophanous  nor  viscid. 
(Water  soaked  specimens  sometimes  become  subgelatinous ;  the 
}iileus  in  all  cases  absorbs  water  in  wet  weather.) 

742.     Tricholoma  album  Fr.     (Sense  of  Fries)     (Unpalatable) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  43. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  65. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PL  4,  Fig.  6. 
Patouillai-d,  Tab.  Aualyt.,  No.  615. 

'•PILEUS  ()-l()  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane  and  depressed,  not 
mnbonate,  f/lahrous,  dry,  even,  margin  at  first  involute  at  length 
repand,  sometimes  entirely  white,  sometimes  yellowish  especially 
on  the  disk.  FLESH  tough,  moderately  thick,  but  not  compact. 
CtTLLS  more  or  less  emarginate,  close,  up  to  8  mm.  broad,  white,. 
uiKlianging.  STEM  6-10  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  thick,  attenuated  up- 
\\ai(ls,  solid,  clastic,  externally  fibrous,  glabrous,  obsoletely  prui- 
no.se  at  apex  under  lens,  concolor.  ODOR  none;  TASTE  acrid,  un- 
pleasant." SPORES  (Massee,  Stevenson,  Winter)  ellii)tical,  5-6  x 
2.5-3;    (Romell)    6-7x4-41/2;    (Ricken)    lanceolate,   7-8  x  3-3.5  micr. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  705 

This  species  has  uot  yet  been  found  with  certainty  in  the  State. 
The  description  is  adopted  from  that  of  Fries  in  Icones  T.  venen- 
ata Atk.  and  T.  nohile  Pk.  approach  it  by  their  external  characters^ 
but  if  the  spore-measurements  given  by  the  English  authors  actually 
belong  to  this  species,  then  T.  nohile  is  quite  distinct  by  its  spher- 
ical spores,  and  T.  venenata  by  its  larger  spores.  It  is  easy  to 
confuse  T.  allnim  with  T.  panoeolum  in  some  of  its  forms  when 
young  and  white,  but  later  the  changing  gills  of  the  latter  species 
mark  it  sufficiently.  The  pileus  is  said  to  be  entirely  glabrous,  and 
this  also  separates  T.  alhuni  from  T.  venenata  and  T.  nohile.  The 
taste  is  given  by  Fries  as  "acrid"'  in  Icones,  and  "bitter"  in  Hymen. 
Europ.  In  Lin dbl ad's  Svampbok  the  pileus  is  said  to  become  sordid- 
stained  an  hour  after  being  bruised,  the  odor  is  said  to  be  strongly 
radishy;  and  the  plant  is  said  to  have  a  sharp  burning  taste  after 
being  chewed  awhile.  Some  authors  consider  it  'poisonous,  and 
it  is  evidently  not  edible,  and  must  be  regarded  close  to  T.  venenata 
in  this  respect.  It  appears  that  this  species  needs  further  study, 
and  it  is  desirable  that  continental  authors  give  us  exact  data  con- 
cerning the  spores  of  their  plants. 

743.    Tricholoma  acerbum  Fr.     (Unpalatable) 
Syst.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  Xo.  G62. 
Plate  CLI  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  7-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-expanded,  oMuse,  dry,  sub- 
pruinose,  soft  to  the  touch,  dull  huff  to  yellowish-ivhitc,  or  ichitish 
with  a  flesh  color  tinge,  margin  at  first  inroUed  and  ohscurely 
ridged.  FLESH  Avhite,  thick  on  disk,  thin  on  margin.  GILLS 
emarginate  with  decurrent  tooth,  narrow,  crowded,  whitish  becom- 
ing creamy-white  or  slightly  rufescent,  edge  entire.  STEM  4-6  cm. 
long,  1-2  cm.  at  apex,  2-2.5  cm.  below,  sometimes  abrupth^  short- 
rooting,  solid,  firm,  at  first  bulbous  then  tapering  upward,  at  first 
covered  by  a  thin  satiny  tomentum  or  pruinosity,  becoming  fibril- 
lose,  whitish  becoming  dingy  where  handled.  SPORES  minute, 
spherical,  nucleate,  4-5  micr.,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none.  BASIDIA 
about  30  x  5-6  micr.  TASTE  very  hitter;  ODOR  scarcely  agreeable, 
somewhat  aromatic-farinaceous. 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.     On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods. 
Ann  Arbor,   Detroit,  New  Richmond,    Bay    View.      June-October- 
(earliest  record,  June  11).    Frequent. 
89 


706  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

The  bitter  taste  and  cliaii.uiii^'  j^ills  and  stem  distinsiiiisli  T. 
uccrhuin  from  T.  J(ii<r<iriuin  l*k.  with  wliicli  it  is  easily  confused, 
lioth  species  aic  marked  by  tlie  narrow,  crowded  gills,  spherical 
sjjores.  the  whitish  to  pale  yellowish-tan  cap,  and  the  sliglit  ridges 
Aviiicli  are  found  on  the  margiu  of  the  cap.  The  gills  are  sometimes 
."Spuriously  decurrent,  when  it  might  be  confused  with  small  forms 
of  Clitoci/bc  cundida,  but  the  latter  has  a  mild  taste  and  its  pileus 
becomes  concave.  Superficially  it  approaches  T.  imnoeolum  var. 
cacspitosuni  also.  Bresadola  (Fungh.  mang.  i  assigns  to  it  obovate 
si)ores,  measuring  0-7  x  3-3.5  micr.,  while  others  give  them  globose. 

744.     Tricholoma  laterarium  Pk.     (Edible) 

.\.  V.  State  Mus.  Eep.  20,  1874  (Butialo  Soc.  :Xat.  Hist.,  1873). 
Illustration:    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  17,  p.  (30.  1908. 

''PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  sometimes  slightly 
depressed  in  center,  pruinose,  whitish,  disk  often  tinged  ivith  hrick- 
rcd  or  brotcn,  the  thin  margin  marked  with  slight,  subdistant,  short, 
radiating  ridges.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  emarginate,  decurrent  in 
slight  lines,  narrow,  croKded,  white.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  nearly 
equal,  solid,  M'hite.     SPORES  globose,  4-5  micr.  diameter." 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  conifer  woods.  Probably  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State. 

I  have  no  notes  on  this  species,  hence  have  given  Peck's  descrip- 
tion. No  data  are  at  hand  as  to  its  taste  and  odor.  It  is  close  to 
T.  acerhnni,  apparently  only  distinguishable  by  its  mild  taste  and 
white  gills,  and  may  prove  to  be  identical  with  that  species. 

745.     Tricholoma  leucocephalum  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1830. 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  43. 
Cooke,  111..  PI.  78. 

PILEUS  .">-0  cm.  broad,  tJiin,  convex  then  plane,  obtuse,  even, 
moist,  glabrou.s,  tlie  .slight  silkiness  disappearing,  white.  FLESH 
compact,  irhifr,  \rater\)  in  wet  ireather.  GILLS  rounded  behind, 
jree,  thin,  crowded,  pure  white,  edge  very  entire.  STEM  5-7  cm. 
long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  subcartilaginous  to  fibrous,  hollow,  solid  at  the 
narrowed,  rooting  base,  f/labrous,  white.     SPORES  6-8x3-4  micr. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  707 

(perhaps  longer  when  fully  mature),  elliptic-ovate,  apiculate. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  distinctly  farinaceous. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  conifer  woods.  Marquette.  Sep- 
tember.   Rare. 

The  description  is  adapted  from  the  Icones  of  Fries.  The  figures 
cited  represent  a  plant  like  that  of  form  (B)  of  T.  resplendens 
(which  see),  whose  stem  was  minutely  hollow,  but  whose  cap  was 
distinctly  viscid.  T.  leucocephalum  has  been  found  but  once,  and  is 
apparently  rare.  It  has  been  confused,  according  to  Fries,  with 
T.  colwnhetta  and  T.  album;  "the  former  is  mild  and  edible,  the 
latter  bitter  and  very  poisonous,  while  T.  leucocephalum  has  a 
strong  odor  of  fresh  meal." 

746.     Tricholoma  fumosiluteum  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  27,  1875. 

"PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  moist,  glabrous,  smoky- 
yclloic.  FLESH  Avhite  or  yellowish  under  the  subseparable  cuticle. 
GILLS  rounded  behind,  deeply  emarginate  at  length,  broad,  close, 
white.  STEM  6-10  cm.  long,  rather  elongated,  6-10  mm.  thick,  gla- 
brous, 7io//o(r/  white.  SPORES  globose,  4.5-6  micr.  diameter. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous  when  flesh  is  crushed." 

Gregarious  to  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods. 
Ann  Arbor.     October.     Rare. 

The  description  is  adapted  from  that  of  Peck.  "The  disk  of  the 
pileus  is  often  darker,  and  sometimes  spotted."  My  specimens 
show  a  tendency  for  the  stem  to  become  elongated  relative  to  the 
width  of  the  pileus. 

747.     Tricholoma  personatum  Fr.     (Edpble) 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  87  and  88,  1900. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  2,  PI.  19,  Fig.  1. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  61  and  62,  p.  84,  1908. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  21,  p.  72.  1905. 
Ricken,  Blatterpilze,  PL  95,  Fig.  3. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.   Pilzfreunde,  Vol.   II,  No.  89    (as   T.   bi- 

color),  and  Vol.  Ill,  No.  113. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PI.  22,  1896. 
See  also  Cooke,  Gillet,  Berkeley,  etc. 


708  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  broad,  couvex-expamled  to  plane,  obtuse,  gla- 
brous, moist  or  water-soaked,  variahle  in  color,  grayish  to  brownish, 
tinged  icith  lilac,  lavender  or  jnirjJlish  hues,  fading  in  age  to  pale 
livid  or  sordid-white,  even,  margin  at  first  involute  and  villose- 
pruinose,  at  length  spreading,  naked  and  undulate.  FLESH  laven- 
der-tinged when  fresh,  fading  to  whitish,  often  water-soaked  in  wet 
weather.  GILLS  slightly  truncate-adnate  to  almost  free,  rather 
broad,  crowded,  at  first  Hue,  then  lavender,  grai/ish-rufescent,  etc., 
separable  from  pileus,  edge  entire.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm, 
thick,  rather  short,  stout,  at  first  bulbous,  becoming  clavate  or 
tapering  upwards  or  sometimes  equal,  solid,  at  first  blue  then  per- 
sistently lavender  or  lilac,  sometimes  fading  to  pale  livid,  etc., 
frosted  hy  minute,  furfuraceous-squamules,  glabrescent,  jDale  gray- 
ish within.  SPOKES  narrowly  elliptical,  smooth,  non-nucleate,  7-8 
x4-5  micr.  (rarely  longer),  /)a?e  fiesh  color  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA 
and  sterile  cells  none.  BASIDIA  28-30  x  6-7  micr..  2-4-spored. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  among  decajing 
leaves  or  brush  piles,  in  mixed  or  frondose,  open  or  thin  woods. 
Throughout  the  State.  September-November.  (Earliest  record 
August  25.)     Common. 

This  is  a  favorite  for  the  table.  It  is  easily  known  among  the 
large  Tricholomas  by  its  bluish  or  lavender  colors  when  fresh,  and 
in  this  respect  imitates  some  of  the  Cortinarii,  but  such  confusion 
will  not  lead  to  trouble,  as  the  latter  are  equally  safe.  Cortinarius 
michiganensis  and  Cortinarius  alhatus  have  similar  colors,  but  are 
distinguished  by  the  cortina  when  young,  and  the  darker  gills  when 
old.  It  is  not  easily  confused  with  Cortinarius  violaceous,  as  some 
have  stated,  since  that  species  is  long-stemmed,  has  a  much  darker 
color  and  the  cap  is  minutely  scaly.  T.  nudum  is  a  more  slender 
plant,  and  difiers  mainly  in  its  deeper  blue  or  i)urplish  colors  on 
cap  and  stem,  and  the  naked  margin  when  young.  All  are  edible. 
Our  plant  loves  to  grow  among  heavy  masses  of  fallen  or  decaying 
leaves  which  often  completely  hide  it  in  the  late  autumn.  It  varies 
in  color,  so  that  several  varieties  liave  been  named;  these  varieties 
are  mostly  tlie  result  of  weather  conditions,  of  habitat  or  of  late 
growth.  After  having  been  soaked  by  rains  it  is  less  palatable.  The 
color  of  the  spores  shows  it  to  be  intermediate  between  Tricholoma 
and  Entoloma,  and  induced  W.  G.  Smith  and  others  to  call  it 
Lepista  pcrsonatu. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  709 

748.     Tricholoma  nudum  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustratious :    N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  116,  PI.  101,  Fig.  1-9,  1907. 
.  Cooke,  111.,  PL  67  (too  faded). 
Glllet.  Champiguous  de  France,  No.  685. 
Bresadola,  I.  Fnughi  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  30. 
Eicken,  BliUterpilze,  PL  9-5,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  hroad,  tliin,  convex-expanded  to  plane,  obtuse, 
sometimes  depressed,  glabrous,  even,  soft  to  the  touch,  moist,  pur- 
plish-violaceous  to  lavender,  fading  to  pale  violaceous-brown  or 
dingy  rose-color,  margin  at  first  incurued  and  naked.  FLESH 
tinged  violet,  at  length  whitish,  thin,  rather  firm.  GILLS  truncate- 
adnate  then  subdecurrent  and  slightly  sinuate,  crowded,  narrow, 
violaceous  at  first.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  thick,  slender  or 
moderately  stout,  solid,  equal  or  slightly  enlarged  at  base,  silky- 
pruinose,  glabrescent,  purplish-violaceous  then  grayish-brown. 
SPORES  6-7  X  4-5  micr.,  elliptical,  sordid  flesh  color  in  mass.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  mild  or  slightly  acid. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  woods.  Ann 
Arbor.     September. 

This  is  intermediate  in  size  between  T.  personatum  and  T.  ionides, 
and  all  three  have  similar  colors.  T.  ionides,  which  has  been  re- 
ported from  the  state  by  Longyear,  is  known  by  its  conic-campan- 
ulate  pileus,  which  is  at  first  flocculose  on  the  margin,  its  stuffed 
to  hollow  stem,  and  whitish  gills  and  spores;  its  cap  is  2-5  cm. 
broad.  Huyot  (Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  16,  p.  95)  states  that 
it  can  always  be  distinguished,  since  the  flesh  of  the  stem  is  uni- 
formly T)lue,  while  that  of  T.  personatum  is  pallid  or  grayish.  Peck 
says  the  stem  of  his  plants  was  stuffed  or  hollow,  while  European 
authors  describe  it  as  solid.  The  spores,  as  in  T.  personatum,  are 
pale  flesh  color,  and  show  the  relation  of  these  plants  to  the  rosy- 
spored  group ;  but  as  it  is  now  pretty  well  admitted  that  the  sum  of 
the  other  characters  of  a  plant  are  of  more  generic  importance  than 
the  spore-color,  especially  where  it  is  not  very  marked,  it  w^ould 
seem  best  to  keep  them  in  this  genus. 


710  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

749.     Tricholoma  tumidum  Fr. 

Svst.  MvcoL,  1S21. 

Illustrations :    Cooke.  TIL.  PI.  93. 

Micliael.  Fiihrer  f.  PilzfreiiiKle,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  111. 
Plate  CLII  of  tliis  Keport. 

I'lLEUS  6-10  cm.  broad,  firm,  convex-expauded,  then  plane  or 
broadly  depressed,  moist,  regular  at  length  wavy,  glabrous,  some- 
times watery-spotted,  clouded  with  fjray  to  hroivnish-graij  especially 
on  disk,  whitish  on  margin,  even,  margin  thin  and  at  first  tomentu- 
lose.  FLESH  white,  slightly  and  slowly  cinerascent,  thin  on  mar- 
gin, rather  brittle.  GILLS  adnexed,  then  deeply  sinuate,  hroad,  suh- 
distant,  ventricose,  at  first  shining  white  then  slightly  cinerascent. 
brittle,  scarcely  intervenose,  edge  entire.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  1.5- 
2  cnu  tliick,  stout,  solid,  compact  spongy  within,  subequal  or  sub- 
bulbous,  sometimes  abruptly  subradicating,  glahrous,  slightly 
scurfy  at  apex,  white  then  slightly  cinerascent.  SPORES  minute, 
subfusiform-elliptic,  smooth,  5-6  x  3  micr.,  white.  CYSTIDIA  and 
st&rile  cells  none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Scattered  or  singly.  On  the  ground  among  fallen  leaves,  etc.,  in 
frondose  woods.    October.    Ann  Arbor.     Infrequent. 

A  rather  noble  plant  when  fresh,  rather  firm  at  first,  becoming 
brittle.  It  was  placed  by  Fries  in  section  Rigida,  but  is  placed  here 
because  of  its  similarity  to  T.  cinerasccns.  The  pileus  has  a  slight- 
ly raised  circular  ridge  a  short  distance  from  the  margin  as  indi- 
cated in  Cooke's  figure.  In  some  individuals  the  pileus  was  marked 
by  waterj^  spots  toAvard  the  margin  (like  those  on  the  stem  of 
Lactarius  scrohiculatus)  and  sometimes  it  was  slightly  ochraceous- 
stained.  The  thin  margin  at  length  becomes  subplicate-creuate. 
The  stems  are  not  ventricose  nor  is  the  cap  as  dark,  but  other- 
wise it  seems  to  have  all  the  marks  of  the  species  figured  by  Cooke 
and  Michael.  It  differs  from  T.  ci^ierascens  ^'hich  it  approaches 
closely  in  color,  bv  its  more  rigid  habit  and  bv  its  subdistant  gills 
which  do  not  separate  easily  from  the  trama  of  the  pileus. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  711 

750.     Tricholoma  cinerascens  Fr.     (Edible) 

Moiiographia,  1803. 

Illustration:     Ibid,  PI.  1.53. 

Eicken,  BlJitterpilze,  PL  97,  Fig.  2. 
.     Plate  CLIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-10  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  obtuse,  obscurely 
floccose-toimentose  or  glabrous,  ichite  or  l)uff,  then  gray,  sub-unicolor- 
ous,  moist,  even,  margin  thin,  naked.  FLESH  Avhite,  thick  on  disk. 
GILLS  adnexed,  slightly  emarginate,  close,  medium  'broad,  dingy 
white,  becoming  yellowish,  easily  separahJe  from  piJeus,  edge  entire. 
STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  equal,  except  spongy-thickened 
base,  which  is  often  mycelioid-tomentose,  spougy-stujfed  to  lioUow, 
sometimes  curved,  white,  then  cinex'ascent,  subglabrous,  pniiuose  at 
apex.  SPORES  minute,  elliptical,  5x3  micr.  (rarely  longer). 
TASTE  when  crushed,  farinaceous.     ODOR  subfarinaceous. 

Gregarious  to  caespitose.  On  the  ground  among  decaying  leaves 
in  frondose  woods.     October.     Ann  Arbor.     Infrequent. 

The  pileus  is  more  spongy  and  less  firm  than  in  T.  tumidum.,  the 
gills  are  close  and  become  more  or  less  dingy  yellowish.  The  pileus 
feels  glabrous,  although  there  is  an  innate  floccosity  to  it.  The 
gills  separate  from  the  trama  of  the  pileus  as  in  the  genera  Lepista, 
Paxillus  and  Gomphidius,  etc.  It  belies  its  name,  since  the  fresh 
plant  may  become  only  slightly  cinereous. 

751.     Tricholoma  panoeolum  var.  caespitosum  Bres. 

Fungi  Trid.,  Vol.  2,  1892. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PI.  153. 

PILEUS  5-12  cm.  (sometimes  up  to  20  cm.)  broad,  convex-ex- 
panded, then  irregular  or  siuuate-lobed,  sometimes  eccentric,  whit- 
ish, huff,  grayish-broicn  or  dingy  tan,  sometimes  shining  white,  gla- 
brous or  obscurely  flocculose  on  disk,  cuticle  sub  cartilaginous,  mar- 
gin persistently  incurved.  FLESH  rather  firm,  very  moist  in  wet 
weather  or  water-soaked  and  then  fragile.  GILLS  very  crowded, 
narrow,  easily  separal)le  from  the  pileus,  varying  subdecurrent  or 
truncate  adnate  or  slightly  sinuate,  Avhite  at  first,  soon  dingy-flesh 
color.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  thick,  subequal,  solid  or 
spongy  within,  at  first  covered  with  white  frostiness,  then  fibrillose, 


712  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

apex  scurfy,  pallid-whitish.  SPORES  elliptic-ovate,  minute,  smooth, 
5-6  X  3-3.5  micr.,  whitish  or  pale  clingy  flesh  color  in  mass.  ODOR 
slight  or  of  rancid  meal.  TASTE  slowly  peppery  or  disagreeable, 
remaining  in  the  mouth  a  long  time. 

Caespitose,  rarely  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  or  conifer 
woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  Bay  View,  Marquette  and  New  Rich- 
mond.    September-November.     Frequent. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  species  of  Agarics  to  place  proper- 
ly. Its  gills  which  are  often  subdecurrent  fend  to  throw  it  into 
the  genus  Clitocybe;  and  the  ease  with  which  they  separate  from 
the  trama  of  the  pileus  is  characteristic  of  the  genus  Paxillus.  The 
attachment  of  the  gills  varies  furthermore,  sometimes  becoming 
sinuate,  sometimes  not  at  all  decurrent.  In  other  respects  the 
gills  form  the  very  best  means  of  recognizing  this  species, 
as  indicated  in  the  description.  The  plants  also  vary  in 
size  and  color;  clusters  composed  of  several  very  large  specimens 
are  sometimes  found,  which  simulate  CJitocyhe  gigantea  and 
Clitocyhe  Candida,  but  differ  from  both  in  that  the  gills  become 
flesh  color,  and  in  the  tardily  peppery  taste.  After  being  exposed 
to  rains,  the  plants  become  water-soaked,  take  on  a  flesh-tint 
throughout  and  are  quite  fragile.  It  is  probable  that  T.  rancidiilum 
Banning  is  the  same  plant. 

Section  III.  Hygrophmia.  Pileus  thin,  hygrophanous.  Flesh 
at  first  compact,  then  soft,  moist  and  hygrophanous. 

The  color  of  the  pileus  changes  as  the  moisture  escapes,  usually 
becoming  much  paler.  Patouillard  (Les  Hymenomycetes  d'Europe, 
p.  3G,  1887)  has  separated  certain  species,  e.  g.,  T.  melaleuca,  from 
this  section  on  the  basis  of  their  echinulate  spores,  spongj^  consist- 
ency and  grayish  or  blackish  tinge,  and  erected  the  genus  Melaleuca 
for  them.  Fayod  (Ann.  d.  Sci.  Nat.,  7  ser.,  vol.  9,  p.  348)  did  the 
same,  including  T.  hrcvipes,  T.  nudum,  T.  grammopodium,  T.  per- 
sonatum  and  T.  sordidum  in  that  genus,  and  using  mainly  the  irre- 
gular hyphae  of  the  gill-trama  as  the  separation  character.  It  has 
seemed  best  however,  to  keep  the  Friesian  arrangement  of  this  sec- 
tion until  the  data  are  more  complete.  Only  a  few  species  of  this 
section  have  so  far  been  identified. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  713 

752.     Tricholoma  melaleucum  Fr. 

Syst.  MycoL,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  41. 

Eicken,  Blatterpilze,  PI.  96,  Fig.  5. 

Gillet,  Champignous  de  France,  No.  682. 

Cooke,  111.,  PI.  119. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  50,  p.  69,  1908. 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfrennde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  112. 

Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  3,  PI.  49,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex-plane,  regular  or  wavy, 
obscurely  umbonate,  glabrous,  moist,  hygrophanous  with  a  some- 
what separable  cuticle,  smoky-hroivn  or  fiiUginous  (moist),  ochra- 
ceous-tan,  buff  or  paler  (dry),  umbo  darker.  FLESH  scissile, 
grayish,  or  grayish-white.  GILLS  adnexed,  emarginate,  narrow  to 
moderately  broad,  subventricose,  rather  close,  thickish,  pure  white 
at  first  becoming  dingy.  STEM  3-8  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick,  strict, 
elastic,  equal  or  thickened  at  base,  whitish,  streaked  with  smoky 
fihrils,  persistently  stuffed.  SPORE vS  6-8  x  4-5  micr.,  minutely 
rough,  elliptical-oval,  white. 

Scattered  or  growing  singly.  On  the  ground  or  among  grass  in 
cultivated  fields,  gardens,  lawns,  etc.,  rarely  in  woods.  Spring  and 
autumn,  June,  September-October.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond, 
Marquette.     Frequent. 

This  is  usually  an  open  ground  Tricholoma.  The  somewhat  rigid, 
subcartilaginous  stem  reminds  one  more  of  Collybia  than  of  Tricho- 
loma. The  pileus  is  sometimes  quite  blackish  and  the  stem  streaked 
with  black  fibrils.  It  was  formerly  (Mich.  Acad.  Sci.)  referred  to 
Collyhia  stridula  because  of  the  spores.  The  measurements  given 
by  Massee  for  T.  melaleucum  are  10  x  4-5  micr.  Schroeter  and 
Ricken,  however,  find  spore  measurements  the  same  as  in  our 
plants,  and  hence,  as  it  agrees  well  otherwise,  it  is  referred  to  T. 
melaleuca.  The  gills  vary  from  linear  to  subventricose.  The  stem 
is  sometimes  smoky,  covered  with  white  fibrils. 

753.     Tricholoma  leucocephaloides  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  49,  1896. 

PILEUS  3-6  cm.  broad,  convex,  obtuse,  undulate    or    irregular, 


714  ■      THE  AGARICACEAS  OF  MICHIGAN 

hygrophanous,  brown  or  gTayish-browii  (moist),  whitish  or  whitish- 
tan  (dry),  subviscid  in  wet  weather,  even.  FLESH  becoming  white, 
thin,  GILLS  adnate  to  subdecnrrent,  slightly  emarginate,  close  to 
subdistant,  moderately  broad,  whitish.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  5-8 
mm.  thick,  eqnal,  curved,  spongy-stuffed,  apex    floccose,    elsewhere  | 

glabrescent,  whitish  (dry).  SPOKES  minute,  elliptical,  smooth, 
5-6  X  3-4  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  strongly  farmaccons. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  Octo- 
ber.   Rare. 

754.     Tricholoma  sordidum  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  45. 
Cooke,  111..  PI.  100. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  44,  p.  63,  1908. 
Ricken,  Bliitterpilze,  PL  95,  Fig.  5. 

PILEUS  2-6  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded  and  depressed, 
with  or  without  an  obscure  umbo,  hygrophanous,  flesh  color  to 
avcllunus  (Ridg.)  when  young,  wood-brown  in  age,  fading,  gla- 
brous, even  or  substriatulate  on  the  naked  and  incurved  margin. 
FLESH  thin,  except  disk,  toughish,  drab  color  when  young  or  moist, 
pallid  in  age.  GILLS  adnate,  at  length  emarginate-sinuate,  vin- 
aceous-drab  to  subviolaceous,  close,  thin,  moderately  broad,  edge 
entire.  STEM  short ,  2-4  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick,  equal,  solid,  tough- 
ish-fibrous,  flhrillosc,  naked  at  apex,  whitish  or  sordid,  curved,  base 
mycelioid  or  subrooting.  SPORES  elliptic-obloug,  6-7.5x3-4  micr., 
smooth,  white.  Trama  of  gills  parallel.  CYSTIDIA  none.  BA- 
SIDIA  clavate,  30-32  x  4-5  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Caespitose  or  gregarious-subcaespitose.  On  decaying  vegetable 
matter,  straw-heaps,  etc.,  in  fields  and  gardens.  August-October. 
Ann  Arbor.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  the  caespitose  habit,  by  the  dingy  flesh-colored  or  sub- 
violaceous  pileus  and  gills  and  by  the  place  of  growth.  Usually 
it  appears  only  after  abundant  rains.  The  stem  is  said  to  be  some- 
times eccentric.    It  must  not  be  confused  with  T.  nudum. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  715 

Clitocybe  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  clitos,  sloping,  and  cyhe,  head.) 

White-,spored ;  stem  spongy-fleshy  to  fibrous,  elastic,  its  fibers 
continnons  vrith  the  trama  of  pilens,  hence  not  separable.  Gills 
decurrent  or  acutely  adnate,  often  separable  from  the  pileus,  not 
emarginate  nor  sinuate,  margin  of  pilens  at  first  involute.  No 
annulus. 

Fleshy,  firm  or  soft  mushrooms,  growing  mostly  on  the  ground 
or  decaying  leaves,  sometimes  on  wood,  in  fields,  road-sides  or  for- 
est.    Mostly  medium  to  large  size. 

The  PILEUS  is  mostly  glabrous  or  silky  fibrillose,  scaly  in  a  few 
species,  sometimes  with  rather  thick  flesh,  often  quite  thin  and 
flexible.  Many  are  hygro])hanous  and  change  color  during  dry 
weather  and  have  scissile  thin  flesh,  othei's  are  merely  moist  and 
have  thiofecr  unchanging  flesh.  The  surface  is  never  viscid.  The 
shape  of  the  pileus  varies  greatly,  convex  to  plane,  obtuse,  de- 
pressed in  the  center,  umbilicate  or  infundibuliform ;  very  regular, 
irregular  or  compressed  when  clustered,  or  often  merely  wavy  in 
outline.  The  color  of  the  pileus  is  genei^ally  white  to  tan,  gray, 
dull  reddish  or  brownish,  although  a  few  bright-colored  species  like 
C.  Uludens  and  0.  anisearia  are  quite  common.  The  STEM  lacks 
the  true  cartilaginous  rind  of  the  genus  Collybia ;  its  outer  layer 
being  fibrous  or  sometimes  soft-fleshy,  (thoug'h  it  may  become  hard 
and  cartilaginous-like  in  dry  weather).  Within  it  may  be  fibrous 
throughout,  i.  e.,  solid,  or  spongy-stuff'ed  and  becoming  more  or 
less  hollow.  The  fibrous  structure  is  length-wise  and  is  continued 
into  the  trama  of  tlie  pileus  and  gives  the  stem  considerable  elastic- 
ity. The  color  of  the  stem  is  usually  like  that  of  the  pileus. 
The  GILLS  are  mostly  white,  some  are  ashy-brown,  or  become 
ashy-colored  in  age;  in  the  subgenus  Laccaria,  they  are  colored 
reddish,  violet  or  yellow.  They  are  always  attached  to  the  stem, 
sometimes  deeply  decurrent,  sometimes  adnate  at  first  and  later 
pseudo-decurrent  when  the  expanding  y)ileus  is  elevated  anteriorly; 
whatever  the  mode  of  attachment,  the  gills  are  narrowed  to  a  point 
where  they  terminate  on  the  stem.  In  one  species,  C.  laccata,  the 
gills  are  aberrant,  being  emarginate-adnate  as  in  Tricholoma.  The 
gills,  when  decurrent,  are  often  unequally  so,  some  extending  farther 
down  the  stem  than  others,  especially  when  the  pileus  is  irregular. 
In  many  species  the  gills  are  of  different  texture  from  the  trama  of 
the  pileus  and  can  be  peeled  oft'  from  it,  in  this  character  approach- 


710  THE  AGARIC ACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

ing  the  geuus  Paxillus  as  set  up  by  Fries.  It  has  seemed  best,  how- 
ever, to  follow  Peck,  by  referring  white-spored  species  with  de- 
curreut  and  separable  gills,  even  if  they  anastomose  on  the  stem, 
to  the  genus  Clitocybe  instead  of  Paxillus.  The  VEIL  is  poorly 
developed  or  entirely  lacking  in  this  genus.  Where  it  becomes  evi- 
dent, as  in  C.  praecox  sp.  nov.  we  have  a  transition  to  the  genus 
Armillaria.  But  no  species  in  which  the  veil  forms  an  annulus 
can  be  included  here.  The  SPORES  are  white,  mostly  small,  ellip- 
tical and  smooth  in  the  larger  number  of  species,  globose  and  echiuu- 
late  in  others.  As  seen  below,  this  character  Avith  others  will  be  used 
to  separate- the  two  subgenera.  The  spores  of  Clitopilus  caespitosa 
are  only  slightly  tinged  Avith  flesh  color,  so  that  it  is  easily  mistaken 
for  a  Clitocybe.  The  TASTE  is  mild  in  nearly  all  the  species;  some- 
times it  is  farinaceous;  in  C.  piccina  and  a  few  others  it  is  disagree- 
able. Two  species  are  known  to  be  poisonous,  viz.  C.  illudens  and 
C.  morMjera;  as  far  as  known,  the  others  are  safe,  and  become 
tender  and  palatable  when  properly  cooked.  C.  sudorifiGa  Pk.  (N. 
Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  157 1  causes  profuse  perspiration  and  should  be 
avoided. 

The  genus  is  large,  and  may  be  divided  into  two  subgenera : 
Clitocybe   (propria),  and  Laccaria. 

The  former  is  again  divided  into  sections  and  groups  as  follows : 

SUBGENUS  CLITOCYBE. 

Section       I.  Paxillokleae. 

Section     II.  Squamulosae. 

Section  III.  Siccae. 

Section    IT.  Ilijf/ropJianae. 


SUBGENUS  LACCARIA. 

Key  to  the  Species 

(A)     Pileus  hygrophanous,  changing  color  from  wet  to  dry  weather;  flesh 
usually  scissile. 
(a)     Pileus  becoming  furfuraceous-squamulose;    spores  spherical,  mark- 
edly echinulate;   gills  adnate. 
(b)     Plant  large;   stem  8  mm.    or    more    thick;    gills    purplish.     796. 
C.  ochropu7-purea  Berk. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  717 

(bb)     Plants  rather  small;  gills  flesh  color,  pallid  or  violaceous, 
(c))      Stem  3-7  cm.  long;  spores  8-9  micr.  diam.,  very  common.     794. 

C.  laccata  Fr. 
(cc)      Stem  1-2  cm.  long;    spores  12-14  micr.   diam.,  rare.     795.     G. 
tortilis  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileiis  glabrous  or  dotted  with  dark  points, 
(b)     Pileus    thin,    funnel-form,    cup-shaped    or    deeply    umbilicate    at 
maturity, 
(c)     Gills  distant  or  subdistant. 

(d)     Growing   on   lichens;     pileus    grayish-brown     (moist),    very 

small.     790.     C.  pelUgerina  Pk. 
(dd)     Growing  on  wood,   sometimes  on  the  debris  of  forests, 
(e)     Pileus   virgate,   with   black   scaly   points;    gills   yellowish. 

783.     C.  ectypoides  Pk. 
(ee)     Pileus,  stem  and  gills  smoky  to  ashy-brown  (moist),  pileus 
glabrous.     782.     C.  cyathiforme  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  crowded  or  close. 

(d)     Pileus   grayish-brown    when   moist   at   least   in   the   center; 
gills  close, 
(e)     Caespitose;    pileus    infundibuliform;    gills    long-decurrent. 

787.     C.  cacspitosa  Pk. 
(ee)     Not  truly  caespitose;    pileus   umbilicate;    gills   subdecur- 
rent.     786.     C.  alHcliila  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  white  or  whitish-tan,  gills  very  crowded. 

(e)     Stem  attached  by  long  white  strands  to  decayed  wood  or 
.  .  debris,   often   eccentric;    gills   decurrent.     785.     C.    eccen- 

trica  Pk. 
(ee)     Stem   without   such   strands;    gills   long   decurrent.     784. 
C.  adirondackensis  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  obtuse  to  convex-depressed;  plants  rather  small, 
(c)     Gills,  pileus  and  stem  ashy-colored  or  brownish-gray, 
(d)     Taste  farinaceous.     789.     C.  ditopoda  Fr. 
(dd)     Taste  mild.     788.     C.  metachroa  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills,  pileus  and  stem  white  or  tinged  tan  color, 
(d)     Pileus    shining-white    when    dry.     793.     C.    angustissima  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  shining-white. 

(e)     On  lawns,  etc.,  among  grass.     791.     C  morUfe7'a  Pk. 
(ee)     In  woods,  among  leaves.     792.     C.  compressives  Pk. 
(AA)     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 

(a)     Stem  2-6  cm.  thick;  pileus  very  large,  ochraceous  tan,  obtuse;  gills 

soon  dingy  yellowish.     758.     C.  ma-xima  Ft. 
(aa)     Stem  not  as  stout, 
(b)     Caespitose,  often  in  large  clusters;   plants  large. 

(c)     Gills  extending  down  the  stem  in  lines  or  ridges;   pileus  dull- 
white  or  pale  tan.     757.     C.  piceina  Pk. 
(cc)     Gills  rarely  decurrent  in  lines. 

(d)     Pileus   becoming   deep    funnel-shaped   or   depressed-concave; 
very  large, 
(e)     Margin  of  pileus  sulcate;  gills  anastomosing  on  stem.     755. 

C.  gigantea  Fr. 
(ee)     Margin  of  pileus  even;  gills  rounded  behind  at  first.     756. 
C.  Candida  Bres. 
(dd)     Pileus  obtuse,  umbonate  or  only  slightly  depressed. 

(e)     Pileus    becoming    scaly,    reddish-tawny    to    honey-colored. 

759.     C.  vwuodelpha  Morg. 
(ee)     Pileus  glabrous. 

(f)     Whole    plant    saffron    or    dingy    golden-yellow.     773.     C. 

illudens  Schw. 
(ff)     Plants  not  at  all  yellow. 

(g)     Pileus    with    a    cartilaginous    cuticle,    smoky-tan    or 
paler.     775.     C.  cartilagineus  Bres. 


IS  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

(gg)     Pileus    without    cartilaginous    cuticle;     whole    plant 
whitish.     774.     C.  multiceps  Pk. 
(bb)     Singly,   gregarious   or   subcaespitose;    plants   small   to   medium 
size;   stems  seldom  over  8  mm.  thick. 
(c)     Pileus    yellow,    covered    with    dark    brown    scales;    on    wood. 

760.     C.  decora  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  like  the  preceding. 

(d)     Pileus  greenish,  bluish  or  yellowish,  not  scaly, 
(e)     Whole    plant    yellowish,    soft;     spores    globose,    minutely 

echinulate.     781.     C.  pulcherrima  Pk. 
(ee)     Tinged  green  or  blue, 
(f)     Stem  solid, 
(g)     Pileus  green   or  tinged   green.      767.      C.    odora    var. 

viridis   Fr. 
(gg)     Pileus  tinged  blue.     771.     C.  connexa  Pk. 
(ff)     Stem  stuffed  then  hollow;  pileus  greenish, 
(g)     Gills  narrow,  crowded.     767.     C.  odora   var.    anisearia 

Pk. 
(gg)     Gills  rather  broad,  close.     767.     C.  odora  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  green,  blue  nor  yellow, 
(e)     Pileus  funnel-form  or  deeply  concave  at  maturity, 
(f)     Pileus  buff-white.     776.     C.  cati?ia  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus   reddish-tan   fading  to   dingy  white.     777.     C.   in- 
fundibuUformis  Fr. 
(ee)     Pileus  obtuse,  umbilicate  or  slightly  depressed. 

(f)     Pileus  smoky-brown,  ashy  brown  or  clouded  with  gray, 
(g)     Gills  deeply  decurrent. 

(h)     Pileus  obtuse,   3-7  cm.  broad;   gills  white  or  tinged 
yellowish,    subdistant;     stem    clavate,     stout.      763. 
C.  clavipes  Fr. 
(hh)     Pileus  more  or  less  depressed,  1-3  cm.  broad;  gills 
dingy  white,  close;    stem  equal,  slender.     779.     C. 
parilis  Fr. 
(gg)     Gills  short-decurrent. 
(h)     Stem  slender,  1-3  mm.  thick;  pileus  depressed;  gills 

tinged  ashy.     766.     C.  vilescens  Pk. 
(hh)      Stem  stout,  8-16  mm.   thick;    pileus  obtuse  to  um- 
bonate. 
(i)     Gills  rather  crowded.     762.     C.  nebularis  Fr. 
(ii)     Gills  subdistant;   stem  subequal. 

(k)     Gills  entire.     764.     C.  media  Pk. 
(kk)     Gills  forked.     765.     C.  carnosior  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  rufous-brown  to  brick  red;  2-5  cm.  broad. 

(g)     Gills  very  crowded;  flesh  thin;  pileus  umbilicate.     780. 

C.  sinopica  Fr. 
(gg)     Gills  hardly  close;  flesh  thick  on  disk;  pileus  obtuse. 
761.     C.  praecox  Kauff. 
(fff)     Pileus  whitish  to  shining  white. 

(g)     Growing   on   wood;    gills   narrow   and    crowded.     772. 

C.  truncicola  Pk. 
(gg)     On  the  ground  among  leaves,  or  in  grassy  places, 
(h)     Pileus  dingy-white  to  pale  tan,  umbilicate;   on  pine 

needles  on  the  ground.     778.     C.  pinophila  Pk. 
(hh)     Pileus  shining-white  when  dry. 

(i)     Pileus  3-8  cm.  broad;   stem  solid;   spores  minutely 

echinulate.     770.     C.  alhissima  Pk. 
(ii)     Pileus   smaller,    1-4   cm.    broad;    stem   stuffed    to 
hollow;   spores  smooth, 
(k)     Stem  cartilaginous;  pileus  regular;  in  woods. 

768.     C.  candicans  Fr. 
(kk)      Stem  fibrous-tough;   pileus  wavy  on  margin; 
usually    in    fields    and     pastures.       769.       C. 
dealbata  Fr. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  719 

SUBGENUS  CLITOCYBE  (propria).  Spores  elliptical  to  ovate, 
when  spherical  not  spinnlose  (see  C.  pulcherrium) . 

Section  I.  Paxilloideae.  Pileus  firm;  flesh  thickish,  not  hygro- 
phauous.  Gills  separable  from  trama  of  pileus,  more  or  less  anas- 
tomosing on  the  stem.     Plants  medium  to  very  large. 

755.     Clitocybe  gigantea  Fr.     (Edible) 

Sys.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  PI.  100. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  106. 

PILEUS  large,  15-25  cm.  broad,  relatively  thin,  soon  expanded, 
plane  then  infundihiiUform,  soft,  glabrous,  ivhite  or  tinged  tan, 
slightly  flocculose  when  dry,  margin  involute,  then  spreading,  at 
length  coarsely  sulcate.  Flesh  thin,  white.  GILLS  subdecurrent, 
very  crowded,  rather  hroad,  (2-3  times  thickness  of  pileus),  some 
forked,  anastomosing  on  the  stem.  STEM  short  and  stout,  2-6  cm. 
long,  2-3  cm.  thick,  solid,  glabrous,  even,  whitish.  SPORES  5x3 
micr.,    elliptical,    apiculate,    white.      ODOR    and    TASTE    mild. 

(Dried :  Pileus  rufous-brown  in  patches,  dingy  whitish  elsewhere. 
Gills  cinnamon  brown.) 

Caespitose.  Ground,  in  rich  woods  of  maple,  oak,  basswood,  etc. 
Ann  Arbor.     September-October.     Infrequent.     Edible. 

Certain  remarks  found  in  fungi  books  indicate  that  this  species 
needs  further  study  in  its  relation  to  C.  maxima  and  C.  Candida. 
Massee  says  the  gills  are  not  separable  from  the  hymenophore,  al- 
though Fries  does  not  mention  the  matter  in  Hymen.  Europ.,  Epi- 
crisis  and  Systema.  The  lengthy  quotations  of  Mcllvaine  do  not 
meet  the  difficulties  in  deciding  between  the  three  mentioned.  This 
is  one  of  our  largest  fungi,  often  a  foot  across  the  cap,  and  a  caespi- 
tose cluster  of  them  is  a  marked  feature  of  the  forest.  It  differs, 
according  to  our  diagnosis,  from  C.  maxima  by  the  anastomosing 
gills,  the  sulcate-ridged  margin  of  the  pileus,  lack  of  any  umbo 
and  smooth  stem;  and  from  C.  Candida  in  the  character  of  the  gills 
and  the  sulcate  margin  of  the  pileus.  Large  fresh  clusters  of 
Tricholoma  panoeolum  var.  caespitosum  have  all  the  appearance 
of  this  plant,  but  in  that  species  the  gills  turn  slowly  flesh  color 
and  the  spores  are  smaller.  The  illustrations  of  C.  gigantea  fail  to 
show  its  size  and  caespitose  character. 


720  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

756.     Clitocybe  Candida  Bres. 

Fungi  Tridentini,  ISSl. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  VI.  XVUI,  Vol.  I. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  p.  89,  00,  I'lates  28,  29,  Figs.  90,  91. 

riLEUS  10-20  cm.  broad,  convexo-plane,  then  depressed  and 
mfundihnlifoDn,  relatively  tliiu,  glabrous  to  obscurely  scaly  on 
disk,  ichite,  somewhat  shining,  even  or  obscurely  striate  on  margin, 
not  umbouate.  FLESH  white,  unchanging,  very  scissile.  GILLS 
subdecurrent,  rounded  at  point  of  attachment,  not  emarginate,  very 
croioded,  narrowly  linear,  few  forked,  many  shorter,  edge  entire. 
STEM  5-9  cm.  long,  stout,  about  2  cm.  thick,  subequal,  spongy- 
stutfed,  white,  fibrillose,  mycelioid-tomentose  at  base.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild.     SPORES  6-7  x  3-4  micr.,  elliptical,  apiculate,  white. 

(Dried:     Pileus  Avhitish-tan,  gills  pale  fuscous-cinnamon.) 

Caespitose.  On  the  ground,  under  balsam-fir,  in  conifer  forest. 
Marquette.     August.     Infrequent. 

Differs  from  preceding  in  even  j)ileus,  in  narrow  gills  which  do 
not  anastomose;  from  C.  maxima  in  lack  of  umbo,  gills  not  long  de- 
current  and  pileus  not  squamulose.  Atkinson  says  gills  are  broad; 
in  our  plants  they  are  narrow  as  shown  in  Bresadola's  figure.  It 
is  made  a  variety  of  C.  gigantea  by  Quelet,  and  present  information 
seems  to  show  that  the  two  forms  run  into  each  other. 

757.     Clitocybe  piceina  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club.  Bull.,  Vol.  31,  p.  178,  1904. 


Illustrations :    Chicago  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  VII,  Part  I,  PI.  2, 
Fig.  2. 
Plate  CLIV  of  this  Report. 


PILEUS  5-20  cm.  broad,  rarely  more,  firm,  convex-expanded  tO' 
plane,  dull  white  or  tinged  ochraceous  to  tan,  dry,  obscurely  silky,, 
tomentose,  margin  even,  involute.  FLESH  white,  rather  thick, 
not  scissile.  (JILLS  close,  rather  narrow,  thin,  whitish  or  tinged 
yellowish,  decnrrent  especially  hy  lines  or  ridges  running  down  the 
stem  and  anastomosing,  separable  from  liymenophore,  transversely 
sjilit  ill  age,  edge  entire.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  thick,  short 
and  stout,  solid,  firm,  sometimes  spongy,  subequal  to  subbulbous, 
whitisli,  minutely  tomentose,  often  curved  at  base,  rigid  at  apea^^ 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  721 

SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  6-7x4-5  micr.,  apiculate,  with  a  large 
oil-drop  nearly  filling  the  interior,  white.  ODOR  strong,  somewhat, 
aromatic  to  disagreeable.  TASTE  unpleasant,  bitter. 
(Dried:  Cap  and  gills  dingy  ochre  to  ochraceous-buff.) 
Single  or  snbcaespitose.  On  very  rotten  wood,  or  on  debris  under 
hemlock  trees  in  northern  Michigan;  under  maple,  etc.,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond,  Detroit, 
Houghton,  Huron  Mountains,  Marquette.  Infrequent.  Edibility 
not  tested. 

This  is  one  of  the  large  Clitocybes,  one  of  my  specimens  measur- 
ing 25  cm.  across  the  cap.  It  is  easily  known  by  the  peculiar  gills 
and  the  narrow  ridges  at  the  apex  of  the  stem.  The  changie  to 
yellow  on  drying  is  very  marked,  and  distinguishes  this  species^ 
from  C.  gigantea  and  C.  Candida.  Small  to  medium  plants  are  ai>- 
parently  more  common  than  those  of  full  size.  The  oil-drop  in 
the  spores  is  large  and  simulates  a  globular  spore.  The  white 
mycelium  gives  a  white,  mouldy  ai)pearance  to  the  neighboring^ 
leaves,  etc.  It  appears  to  be  the  same  as  Paxillus  extemiatus  Fr.,. 
in  the  sense  of  Ricken. 

758.     Clitocybe  maxima  Fr.     (Edible) 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations:     Barla,  Champignons  des  Alpes-maritimes,  PI.  5(T. 
Plate  CLV  of  this  Report.     (Much  reduced.) 

PILEUS  10-30  cm.  or  more  broad,  thick-fleshy,  firm,  at  first 
hroadly  convex  with  broad  umho,  then  plane,  scarcely  subinfundi- 
buliform  in  age  but  obtuse  or  broadly  umbonate,  always  dry,  with 
a  thin,  interwoven,  silkv-toraentositv  on  surface,  slightlv  floccose- 
scaly  in  age,  at  first  pallid,  soon  ochraceous-tan  to  rusty  alutaceous, 
margin  at  first  involute  and  pubescent-tomentulose,  then  spreading 
and  eve7i  or  only  obscurely  short-striate.  FLESH  thick  and  com- 
pact on  disk,  abruptly  thin  toward  margin,  later  attenuated,  whit- 
ish becoming  dingy.  GILLS  at  first  subemarginate  becoming  de- 
current  to  long-decurrent  in  fully  expanded  plants,  relatively  nar- 
row (4-10  mm.),  acuminate  at  both  ends,  close,  not  ventricose, 
whitish  at  first,  soon  dingy  yelloicish,  pale  tan  in  age,  separable 
from  pileus,  edge  entire.  STEM  stout  and  usually  short,  6-12  cm. 
long,  inflated-bulbous  to  clavate-bulbous,  2-5  cm.  thick  above,  3-8 
cm.  at  bulb,  spongy-solid,  covered  by  a  thin,  continuous,  appressed 
91 


722  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

white  tomcntum,  often  ferruginous-stained,  white  or  whitish,  bulb 
at  length  color  of  pileus.  SPORES  elliptic-oval,  7-7.5  x  5-5.5  micr., 
obscurely  echinulate,  nucleate,  white.  CYSTIDIA.  none;  sterile 
cells  on  edge  of  gills  acicular.  ODOR  rather  strong,  oily-farinace- 
ous.    TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  woods. 
Ann  Arbor,  Detroit.     August-September.     Infrequent. 

In  America  this  huge  and  massive  mushroom  is  distinguished 
by  its  exceedingly  stout  stem,  by  the  compact  flesh  of  the  half -grown 
plant,  by  the  gills  which  soon  become  deep  straw-yellow  and  by 
the  odor.  When  developing  slowly  the  pileus  remains  compact 
and  thick  on  the  central  portion,  but  under  favorable  growth-con- 
ditions it  expands  more  fully,  the  flesh  becomes  thinner  through- 
out and  it  tends  to  become  infundibuliform.  The  majority  of 
plants  found,  although  many  of  them  very  large,  had  a  plane  or 
obtuse  pileus,  sometimes  with  a  very  broad  umbo.  Solitary,  rela- 
tively small  specimens  approach  the  appearance  of  the  figures  given 
for  C.  geotropa  Fr.  and  such  specimens  being  the  only  ones  seen  the 
first  time  the  species  was- found,  I  referred  them  to  C.  geotropa  Fr. ; 
later  collections  showed  me  the  error.  The  gills  in  the  young  plants 
are  merely  sinuate-emarginate,  but  when  the  pileus  expands  they 
become  decurrent.  The  decurrent  character  of  the  gills  is  not  as 
strongly  marked  as  the  European  descriptions  indicate,  and  our 
plant  departs  from  European  forms  in  several  particulars.  Fries 
(Monographia)  says  the  gills  are  wliitish,  not  changing,  whereas 
the  vello\Nish  to  tan  color  which  the  gills  soon  assume 
in  our  plants  is  one  of  the  most  marked  characteristics, 
becoming  more  noticeable  after  the  specimens  are  picked. 
The  thin  tomentose  coating  on  the  stem,  its  bulbous 
tendency  and  the  rusty-tan  color  of  the  old  plants  is 
also  not  mentioned.  Clearly  we  have  a  distinct  American  form. 
The  relation  between  C.  maxima  and  C.  gigantea  does  not  seem  to 
be  clear  to  most  European  authors.  The  two  are  very  distinct  as 
Fries  has  pointed  out.  The  American  C.  gigantea  has  a  wliitish, 
thinner,  nuicli  more  infundibuliform  pileus  and  its  gills  are  more 
crowded  and  anastomose  on  the  stem,  and  the  margin  of  the  pileus 
is  strongly  marked  by  sulcate-ridges.  The  attachment  of  the  gills 
relates  tliis  to  the  genus  Tricholoma.  But  in  all  other  respects  it 
is  a  Clitocybe  of  the  Paxilloideae  group. 


.  f 


P 


I « 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  723 

Section  II.  Squamulosae.  Surface  of  pileus  broken  up  into 
scales,  dry;  flesh  rather  thick,  stem  scaly  or  fibrillose. 

759.     Clitocybe  monadelpha  Morg.     (Edible) 

Jour.  Cinn.  Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  VI,  1883. 

Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  4. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Memoir,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  4,  PI.  46,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  p.  103,  PI.  XXI,  Fig.  75,  1908. 
Mcllvaine,  Amer.  Mushrooms,  p.  88,  PL  XXVII. 

PILEUS  3-10  cm.  broad,  size  very  variable  in  a  cluster,  convex 
then  plane,  obtuse,  depressed  in  age,  entire  surface  dry,  'becoming 
innately  fihrillose-scalij,  scales  floccose  and  more  dense  on  disk, 
rufous-tainuj  to  chestnut  on  disk,  honey-colored  beneath  scales, 
margin  recurved  and  splitting  in  age.  FLESH  white  or  tinged  ochra- 
ceous-brown,  very  thick  on  disk.  GILLS  subdecurrent,  subdistant, 
rather  broad  in  the  middle,  tapering  to  both  ends,  intervenose, 
'pallid  then  dull  flesh  color  and  often  stained  v,dth  brown  spots, 
edge  entire.  STEM  elongated,  7-20  cm.  long,  tapering  downward 
and  attenuated  at  the  caespitose  and  croivded  bases,  fibrous-stuffed, 
at  length  hollow,  densely  fibrillose  or  fibrillose-scurfy,  glabrescent, 
twisted,  pallid  then  fuscous-brown,  darker  to  blackish-brown  at 
base,  brownish  within.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  6-7.5  x  5-5.5 
micr.,  smooth,  white.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild,  or  slighth*  bitter. 

(Dried:     Umber-brown.) 

Very  caespitose.  On  the  ground  in  woods,  usually  attached  to 
old  roots  or  rotten  wood.     New  Richmond.     September.     Rare. 

This  is  apparently  the  American  form  of  C.  tabescens  Bres.  of 
Europe.  In  the  few  collections  examined,  the  spores  of  the  native 
plant  rarely  measured  over  7  micr.  long,  while  Bresadola  gives  8-10 
X  5-7  micr.  for  his  species.  WTien  young  this  species  simulates 
Armillaria  mellea,  but  without  a  veil,  later  it  is  not  easily  con- 
fused with  it.    The  scales  on  the  cap  are  often  well-developed. 


724  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

760.     Clitocybe  decora  Fr. 
(=  Tricholoma  multipunctum  Pk.) 

Syst.  Mycol.,  1821.     (X.  Y.  State  Miis.  Kep.  25,  1873.) 
Illustration :    Fries,  Icones  Select,  Vol.  I,  PI.  60. 

PILEUS  3-G  cm.  broad,  convex,  rather  thin,  depressed  in  center 
or  plane,  yellow  (luteous)  or  tinged  brown  or  olivaceous,  covered 
with  dense,  innate,  fibrillose,  minute,  blackish  or  brownish  scales, 
disk  darker.  FLESH  yellowish.  GILLS  oMusely  adnate,  crowded, 
seceding,  yellow,  rather  narrow.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  thick, 
subequal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  yellow,  dotted  with  minute  scales^ 
central  or  eccentric.  SPOKES  variable,  broadly-ovate  to  subellip- 
tical,  6-7x4.5-5.5  micr.,  mixed  with  a  large  per  cent  of  young  glo- 
bose spores  4-5  micr.  diameter. 

Single  or  subcaespitose.  On  rotten  logs,  in  hemlock  and  spruce 
swamp.     Sault  Ste.  Marie.    July- September. 

The  generic  position  of  this  species  is  unsettled.  Fries  first 
placed  it  under  Clitocybe,  then  Pleurotus.  Gillet  referred  it  to 
Clitocybe;  Quelet  to  Tricholoma;  Saccardo  to  Pleurotus.  Peck 
name  it  anew  Tricholoma  multipinictiim,  then  referred  it  back  to 
Clitocybe  decora,  where  it  is  to  be  hoped  it  will  remain.  It  is  an 
aberrant  Clitocybe,  like  C.  laccata,  in  departing  from  the  manner 
in  which  in  this  genus  the  gills  are  attached. 

761.     Clitocybe  praecox  sp.  nov. 
Illustration:     Plate  CLYI  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  fleshy,  dry,  convex,  then  plane  or  obtuse, 
somewhat  irregular,  or  deformed,  sometimes  lobed,  flocculosc  or 
covered  icitli  minute  rufous-hrown  scales,  umber-brown  or  paler 
when  young;  margin  incurved  at  first,  obscurely  fibrillose,  even. 
FLESH  whitish,  thick  on  disk.  GILLS  acutely  subdecurrent,  close 
to  subdistant,  not  broad,  narrowed  toward  both  ends,  whitish  or 
ward,  obscurely  bulbous,  curved,  soUd,  fibrous,  dotted  below  with 
venose.  STEM  3-4  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  down- 
Avard,  obscurely  Inilhons,  curved,  solid;  fibrous,  dotted  below  with 
delicate  floccose  scales  from  the  veil,  mealy  at  apex,  at  length  silky- 
fibrillose  throughout,  pallid  to  brownisli.  wliite  within,  outer  rind 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  725 

subcartilaginoiis.  VEIL  thin,  fibrillose,  whitish,  evanescent. 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  7-9.5x5-6  micr.,  smooth,  obtuse,  white; 
basidia  4-spored.  CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR  and  TASTE  strong, 
farinaceous. 

Singly  or  subcaespitose.  On  lawns,  parks,  etc.  Ann  Arbor. 
April  20-June'  1.     Edibility  not  tested. 

First  found  on  the  Campus  of  the  University  of  Michigan  among 
moss  and  grass  through  which  it  pushed  and  which  probably  caused 
its  deformed  appearance.  The  earliest  specimens  mature  slowly. 
The  collapsing  veil  at  first  leaves  remnants  on  the  stems  in  the 
form  of  obscure,  transverse,  delicate  rings  or  scales,  which  soon 
disappear.  Its  scaly  cap  and  veil  indicate  that  it  is  related  to  the 
Friesian  section  ''Yersiformis"  but  the  flesh  is  not  hygrophanous. 
It  has  some  affinities  with  C.  incilis  Fr. 

Sectio})  III.  Siccae.  Pileus  not  scaly  nor  hygrophanous;  flesh 
not  watery  nor  scissile. 

Subsection  I.  Disciformis .  Pileus  convex,  then  plane  or  depress- 
ed, obtuse,  regular;  gills  equally  decurrent.  Stem  simple  or  some- 
what subcaespitose. 

*Pileus  cinereous  or  fuscous. 

762.     Clitocybe  nebularis  Fr.     (Edible) 

Svst.  Mvcol.,  1821. 

Illustrations:     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PI.  23,  1896. 
Fries,  Sverig.  jitl.  u.  gift.  Svamp.,  PI.  45. 
Gillet,  Champignons  d.  France,  PI.  115. 
Bresadola,  Fungh.  mang.  e.  vel.,  PI.  33. 
Cooke,  III.,  PI.  79. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  84. 

PILEUS  5-9  cm.  broad,  convex,  then  plane,  obtuse,  rarely  de- 
pressed, margin  often  wavy,  even,  subpruinose,  glabrescent,  smoky- 
brou'n  to  fjrayisli-buff,  margin  pliant  and  soft.  FLESH  pure  white, 
thick  on  disk,  thin  on  margin.  OILLS  subdecurrent  finally  decur- 
rent, crowded,  attenuate  at  both  ends,  narrow,  white  then  dingy 
or  tinged  gray,  edge  entire.  STEM  stout,  5-7  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm. 
thick,  sub-clavate  at  base,    or    subventricose,    fibrous-spongy    and 


720  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP   MICHIGAN 

solid,  pruinose,  smoky-huff,  concolor,  even.  SPORES  minute,  5-G  x 
3-4  micr,,  elliptical-ovate,  smooth,  white.  ODOR  and  TASTE  mild 
or  very  slightly  acrid. 

(Dried:    Cap  grayish-brown  to  smoky-isabelline;  gills  ochraceous- 

buff.) 

Siihcacspltose.  Ground  in  woods  of  oak,  maple,  etc.  Ludington, 
Ann  Arbor.     September.     Infrequent. 

This  is  called  the  "'Clouded  Clitocj'be,"  because  of  the  smoky  hue 
of  cap  and  stem.  The  spores  of  the  American  plant  seem  to  be 
smaller  than  those  of  the  European  species,  since  Bresadola  gives 
them  9  x  G-7  micr.  Some  specimens  have  a  bit  of  acridity  to  tlie 
taste,  a  fact  also  recorded  by  Barla  in  Europe.  Mcllvaine,  Bres- 
adola, Cooke,  Badham,  Quelet  and  Michael  report  it  as  edible. 
Older  authors  in  Europe  have  reported  it  as  unsafe,  e.  g. 
Cordier,  Paulet  and  Barla.  The  American  plant  has  no  evidence 
against  it.  It  is  sometimes  attacked  by  another  mushroom,  Vol- 
raria  loveianus,  which  forms  fruit-bodies  on  its  cap.  (See  Fig.  7, 
PI.  XI,  Swanson,  Fungi.) 

763.     Clitocybe  clavipes  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Mycol.,  1821. 

Illustrations:     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  4,  PI.  46, 
1900. 
Fries,  Icon.,  Vol.  I,  PL  47. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  PI.  117. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  80. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  p.  94,  Fig.  69. 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  soft,  convex  then  plane,  almost  obconic, 
rarely  umbonate,  obtuse,  even,  glahrous,  sooty-hroicn,  fuscous- 
cinereous  to  brown,  sometimes  paler.  "FLESH  white,  thick  on 
disk.  GILLS  deeply  decurrent,  siibdistant,  rather  broad  in  middle, 
narrowed  toward  both  ends,  flaccid,  white  or  tinged  j^ellowish,  edge 
entire.  STEjM  2-6  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick  at  apex,  clavate  at  base, 
tapering  upwards,  sometimes  bulbous,  concolor.  spongy-solid,  white 
within,  fibrillose.-  SPORES  6-7.5x4-5  micr.-,  subelliptical,  smooth, 
white.    ODOR  and  TASTE  agreeable. 

(Dried:     Pileus  fuscous-cinnamon;  gills  sordid  gilvous.) 
Scattered  or  tufted.     On  the  ground,  mostly  reported  in  conifer 
woods,  but  also  in  southern  Michigan,  under  maple,  oak,  etc.    Sep- 
tember-October.    Infrequent.     Edible. 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  727 

Water-soaked  in  wet  weather.  Differs  from  C.  nel)ularis  in  its 
siibdistant.  decnrrent  gills,  and  slightly  larger  spores. 

764.     Clitocybe  media  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  42,  1899. 

Illustrations:     Ibid.  PL  1,  Figs.  9-12. 

X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  1-7,  1896. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  p.  88,  Fig.  64,  1908. 

This  is  a  variety  of  the  preceding,  recognizable  by  the  subequal, 
not  bulbous  stem,  broader  and  more  distant  gills,  varying  decur- 
resit.    The  spores  are  7.5-8  x  5  micr.    TASTE  mild.    Edible. 

On  the  ground,  in  oak,  maple  or  birch  woods.  Marquette,  Ann 
Arbor. 

765.  Clitocybe  carnosior  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  p.  76,  1872. 

This  may  be  considered  as  another  variety  of  C.  clavipes,  distin- 
guished by  tlie  forked  gills.  The  pileus  is  brown  to  grayish-brown. 
TASTE  pleasant.    Habit,  etc.,  of  the  type.    Marquette.    August. 

766.  Clitocybe  vilescens  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  33,  1880.       • 

PILEUS  small,  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane  and  obtuse  or 
slightly  umbilicato-depressed,  fragile,  glabrous,  even,  pale-ashy  to 
brownish-ashy,  sometimes  subpapillate,  slightly  pruinose  at  first  on 
the  involute  margin.  FLESH  whitish,  soft,  thickish.  GILLS  sub- 
decurrent,  whitish  tinged  ashy,  close,  moderately  narrow,  occasion- 
ally veined.  STEM  slender,  2-5  cm.  long,  1.5-4  mm.  thick,  concolor 
or  paler,  solid,  glabrous,  equal,  straight  or  curved,  white-mycelioid 
at  base.  SPORES  short  and  subgiobose  or  broadly  elliptical,  5-6 
X  3-5  micr.,  smooth,  white.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

(Dried:     Cap  grayish,  gills  ding}^  pale  tan.) 

In  frondose  or  mixed  woods.  July-August.  Marquette,  Ann 
Arbor.     Infrequent. 


728  THE  AGARICACEAE   OP  MICHIGAN 

"^Pilcus  greenish. 
767.     Clitocybe  odora  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustratious :     Michnel,  Fiilirer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  No.  86. 
Fries,  Sverig.  iitlig.  u.  gift  Svamp.,  PI.  85. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  113. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  p.  71,  PI.    XV.      (As    Clitocyhs 

or  virens.) 
Conn.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  3,  PL  XVTI. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  rather  thin,  convex  then  expanded-plane, 
subrepand,  even,  glabrous,  margin  incurved  and  pliant,  sometimes 
substriate,  pale  dingy-green  to  hluish-grecn  varying  to  whitish. 
FLESH  white,  rather  tough.  GILLS  rather  'broad,  close,  adnate- 
decurrent,  white  then  yellowish  or  tinged  green.  STEM  3  to  8  cm. 
long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  equal  or  thickened  below,  pruinose  at  apex, 
stuffed  then  hollow,  white  mycelioid  or  often  soft-spongy  at  base, 
white  or  tinged  green.  SPORES  6-8  x  4-5  micr.,  broadly  elliptical, 
smooth,  white.  ODOR  jragant,  sometimes  evanescent.  "Flavor, 
when  cooked,  rather  strong,  but  not  unpleasant."     (Mcllvaine.) 

(Dried:  Green  color  disappears;  pileus  grayish-tan  to  dark 
fuscous;  the  deep  green  colored  pileus  darkest  when  dried,  those 
merely  tinged  green,  paler;  gills  alutaceous.) 

Subcaespitose,  base  of  stem  often  deeply  sunk  in  leaves  and  for- 
est-mould. In  conifer  and  broad-leaved  forest.  Marquette,  Hough- 
ton, Ann  Arbor.     August-September.     This  typical  form  is  rare. 

This  species  runs  into  two  varieties,  C.  anisearia  Pk.  and  C. 
viridis  Fr.,  of  which  the  first  variety  is  by  far  the  commonest  of 
the  three  in  Michigan.  The  odor  is  usually  strongly  fragrant,  but 
is  variable,  so  that  a  normal  green  plant  may  be  almost  in- 
odorous in  age,  further,  the  color  varies  to  white  with  no  sign 
of  green,  in  which  case  the  odor  may  be  very  marked.  The  color 
may  therefore  be  white,  or  tinged  a  delicate  green,  dull  uni- 
formly green,  grayish-green  to  bluish-green.  The  variability  of  the 
plant  has  caused  some  uncertainty  as  to  whether  our  form  is  the 
same  as  the  European  plant.  Our  commonest  form  or  variety  has 
narroir,  crowded  gills,  and  is  given  below  as  C.  anisearia  Pk. 
Fries  and  others  describe  C.  odora  with  hroad  gills,  not  crowded; 
and  C.  viridis  with  eroirded,  ivhite  gills  and  solid  stem.     I  believe 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  729 

that  all  these  characters  are  variants  of  one  species,  and  have  been 
unduly  emphasized.  The  European  plants  as  well  as  ours  are 
edible,  though  strong-flavored  when  alone. 

Var.  anisearia  {CUtocyhe  anhcaria  Pk.)      (Edible.) 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  32,  1879. 

Like  the  preceding,  of  which  it  may  be  considered  a  variet\'.  It 
differs  in  the  narrow,  croivcled  gills,  and  perhaps  in  the  stronger  de- 
velopment of  the  fibrillose  cuticle  of  the  cap.  The  gills  are  white 
then  cream-color.     SPORES,  etc.,  the  same.     Habitat  the  same. 

Houghton,  Marquette,  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  New  Richmond,  etc. 
Common  throughout  the  State.     August-October.     Edible, 

TV//-,  viridis  (Clitoci/he  virdis  Fv.) 
Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

t.  t 

This  variety,  witli  the  solid  stem,  has  not  been  found  in  Michigan. 
Fries  separated  it  because  of  information  he  obtained  from  others. 
He  never  saw  it.  Cooke  and  others  consider  it  identical  with  C. 
odora.  Under  certain  conditions  of  growth,  the  interior  "stuffed" 
center  of  stems  of  mushrooms  often  appears  as  if  composed  of  the 
same  substance  and  texture  as  the  rest  of  the  stem,  i,  e,,  as  if 
"solid,-'  and  care  must  be  taken  to  distinguish  between  such  appear- 
ances. 


'""'"Pileus  white  or  whitish. 

768.     Clitocybe  candicans  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc.  Fr.,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  51,  Fig.  .3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  82. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  PI.  110. 

"PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  thin,  dry.  convex  then  plane  or  depress- 
ed, shinincf  vliite  in  dry  weather,  with  a  superficial  micaceous  silki- 
ness,  dull  white  when  moist,  even,  margin  decurved,  regular. 
FLESH  white,  thin.  GILLS  adnate  then  decurrent,  crowded,  vers'- 
thin,  narrow,  white,  edge  entire.  STEM  2-.5  cm.  long,  24  ram. 
thick,  even,  equal,  iraoni/shining,  cartilaginous,  glabrous,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  curved  and  villose  at  base,  somewhat  rooting  among 


730  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

the  leaves,  etc..  to  wliieli  it  is  attached.  SPORES  liroadly-ellipUcal 
to  siibglobose,  5.5-6x4  micr.,  smooth,  white.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
mihl." 

Siibcaespitose.  Amoug  leaves,  etc.,  in  woods.  Reported  hj  Long- 
vear. 

The  cartilaginous  stem  and  broader  spores  separate  it  from  G. 
dealhata  and  the  other  Clitocybes.  In  the  character  of  the  stem 
it  approaches  the  genns  Omphalia. 

769.     Clitocybe  dealbata  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illnstrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PL  104. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  PI.  111. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  depressed  in 
center,  or  nmbilicate,  glabrous,  even,  dry,  shining -ivhite,  margin 
undulate  and  heconiing  recurved  or  ascending,  very  thin.  FLESH 
white,  thin.  GILLS  adnate  then  subdecurrent,  persistently  white, 
rather  u arrow,  crowded,  thin,  edge  entire  or  minutely  erose.  STEM 
2-3  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  rather  slender,  stuffed  then  hollow 
and  often  compressed,  white  to  pallid,  tough  and  fibrous,  straight, 
glabrous,  even,  equal,  base  oblique  and  villose,  apex  subpruinose. 
SPORES  narrowly  elliptical-oval,  4-5.5x2.5-3  micr.,  apiculate, 
nucleate,  smooth,  white;  basidia  4-spored.  ODOR  and  TASTE 
mild. 

(Dried:    Cap  buff -white,  gills  whitish,  stem  sordid.) 

Subcaespitose,  usually  in  twos  as  figured  by  Cooke.  Attached  to 
decaying  leaves  in  pastured  woods  of  deciduous  trees;  also  on 
lawns  and  pastures.  Ann  Arbor,  etc.  September-November.  Fre- 
quent. 

This  species  is  known  by  its  persistently  white  cap  and  gills, 
small  size,  etc.  The  tendencv  of  mvcologists  to  describe  neT\^  varie- 
ties  of  it,  shows  that  it  varies  considerably.  Peck  has  named  a 
variet}^  growing  in  mushroom  beds  var.  deformata.  Tlie  above  de- 
scription a])plies  to  the  Ann  Arbor  form.  It  is  very  probable  that 
there  are  intermediate  grades  between  this  species  and  C.  candiQans. 
Our  plants  were  thin,  and  hence  more  like  G.  candicans.  The  two 
differ  from  such  species  as  G.  alhissima  Pk.  and  G.  phyllophila  Fr. 
in  the  entire  absence  of  a  yellowisli  color  in  cap  or  gills  when  old  or 
dried.  The  stem  is  toughish-fibrous  instead  of  cartilaginous  as  in 
G.  candicans;  the  other  points  of  difference  are  italicised,  but  may 


I 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  731 

all  vary.  Some  say  the  caps  of  both  species  are  sometimes  mamil- 
late.  Our  plants  grow  in  the  woods  among  leaves,  in  twos  or  singly, 
and  might  be  taken  for  C.  candlcans  if  one  failed  to  examine  the 
stem  structure  and  the  spores.  The  minute  spores  are  only  slightly 
different  in  the  two  species,  but  can  be  used  as  a  good  diagnostic 
character,  since  those  of  C.  candicans  are  broader  and  shorter. 

770.     Clitocybe  albissima  Pk. 
y.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  26.  1874. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  medium  large,  convex  to  expanded,  dry, 
tliin  and  -flexible,  pure  shining  white ;  not  changed  by  weather, 
very  regular,  margin  subzonate.  FLESH  white.  GILLS  close, 
short  decurrent,  narrow,  whitish.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  5-10  mm. 
thick,  subequal  or  tapering  upward,  solid  or  sometimes  with  cavity 
at  one  place,  glabrous  above,  subtomentose  towards  spongy  base. 
SPORES  6-8x4-5  micr.,  broadly  elliptical,  thin-walled,  minutely 
spinulose.  ODOR  sometimes  slightly  of  radish.  TASTE  slightly 
bitter  or  mild. 

(Dried:     Cap  soft  and  white;  gills  yellowish.) 

Gregarious,  sometimes  in  fairy-rings. 

In  conifer  woods  of  northern  Michigan,  Marquette,  Greenville. 
August-September.     Infrequent. 

The  snowy-white  cap  and  size  distinguish  C.  alhissima  from  C. 
candieans  and  C.  dealhata.  In  our  specimens,  which  were  identified 
by  Peck,  the  gills  become  yellowish  in  dried  specimens,  while  the  cap, 
as  in  C.  dealhata,  retains  its  whiteness.  The  spores  are  unique  in 
being  very  minutely  echinulate,  like  those  of  C.  pulcJierrima.  It  is 
said  to  be  close  to  C.  ccrussata  Fr.  of  Europe,  which  has  globose 
spores.  Our  specimens  reported  as  C  cerussata  in  12th  Report, 
Michigan  Academy  of  Science,  were  found  to  belong  here. 

77 L     Clitocybe  connexa  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  26,  1874. 

"PILEUS  5-7  cm.  broad,  convex,  then  expanded,  subumbonate, 
minutely  silky,  irhite,  sometimes  faintly  tinged  Mae,  especially  on 
margin.  GILLS  crowded,  narrow,  decurrent,  whitish.  STEM  5-7 
cm.  long.  4  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  upwards,  solid,  whitish. 
SPORES  ovoid,  7x5  micr." 


732  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

Eeported  by  Longyear,  Jackson  County.     Apparently  rare. 

]\Ioi'gan  says  the  pileus  is  sometimes  quite  bluish.  The  gills  are 
said  to  be  rounded  behind  and  to  imitate  the  genus  Tricholoma. 
The  odor  is  weak  but  aromatic. 

772.     Clitocybe  truncicola  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  26,  1874. 

"PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  thin,  firm,  expanded  and  slightly  de- 
pressed, glabrous,  dry,  white.  GILLS  narrow,  thin,  crowded,  ad- 
nato-decurrent,  white.  STEM  equal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glabrous, 
often  eccentric  and  curved.     SPORES  oval,  4-5  x  3-4  micr." 

On  logs  and  branches  of  maple.  Our  specimens  were  found 
on  old  roots  of  maple.     September.     Detroit. 

A  few  other  species  of  Clitocj'be  are  partial  to  wood,  e.  g.,  C. 
cyatMjorme  Fr.,  C.  leptoloma  Pk.,  C.  ectypoides  Pk.,  and  C.  decora 
Fr. 

Subsection  II.  Difformis.  Pileus  thick  on  disk,  convex  to  plane, 
obtuse  or  umbonate,  irregular.  Gills  unequally  decurrent  or  varia- 
ble in  this  respect,  some  rounded  behind  as  in  Tricholoma.  Stem 
caespitose,  stout  in  our  species. 

773.     Clitocybe  illudens  Schw.     (Poisonous) 

Synopsis  Fung.  Carolina,  1822. 

Illustrations :     Mcllvaine,  Amer.  Fungi,  PI.  29  a.  p.  90,  1900. 
Marshall,  Mushroom  Book,  p.  70,  1904. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  PL  10,  Fig.  07,  p.  92,  1908. 
Conn.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  3,  PL  18,  1905. 
Rep.  32,  Geol.  and  Nat.  Resources  Ind.,  p.  1231,  Fig.  8,  1907. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PL  68,  1900. 

PILEUS  8-20  cm.  broad,  thick,  convex  to  expanded,  plane  or  de- 
pressed, glabrous,  often  umbonate,  bright  golden  or  saffron  yelloio, 
irregular,  or  lobed,  margin  elevated  in  age  but  often  decurved. 
FLESH  white  to  yellowish.  GILLS  unequally  long  decurrent,  close, 
yellow,  becoming  discolored,  narrowed  to  both  ends,  sometimes 
forked.  STEM  long,  7-20  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  prm,  solid,  gla- 
brous, irregularly  and  variously  curved  or  twisted,  narroived  at 
base,  concolor,  becoming  darker  at  base.     SPORES    globose,    4-5 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  733 

micr.  diameter,  white,  copious.  ODOR  and  TASTE  strong  and 
disagreeable. 

Caespitose.  On  and  around  old  stumps  or  decaying  roots,  form- 
ing large  clusters  often  of  25-50  individuals.  August-October.  Fre- 
quent.    Unsafe. 

An  attractive-looking  mushroom,  forming  large  golden-yellow 
masses,  which  catch  the  eye  from  a  distance.  It  has  poisonous 
properties,  however,  which  affect  most  people  with  nausea  and  vomit- 
ing. When  fresh  clusters  are  brought  into  a  dark  room,  it  is  shown 
to  be  strongly  phosphorescent.  This  phenomenon  is  accompanied 
by  a  liberation  of  heat.  The  species  is  not  found  in  Europe,  and 
was  first  discovered  by  Louis  de  Schweinitz  in  North  Carolina.  Most 
of  the  photographs  mentioned  above  look  like  ArmilJaria  nieJIea 
without  rings.  I  have  seen  it  but  occasionally  about  Ann  Arbor^ 
though  Longyear  marks  it  ^'common.-' 

774,     Clitocybe  multiceps  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  43,  1890. 

Illustrations :    N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  139,  PI.  117,  1910. 
Clark  &  Kantor,  Mycologia,  Vol.  3,  PI.  52. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  2d  ed. 

Mcllvaine,  Amer.  Mushrooms,  PL  27  a,  p.  94,  1900. 
Plate  CLVII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-8  cm.  broad,  thick  on  disk,  firm,  convex,  tvhite  or 
irhitisJi,  sometimes  tinged  gray  or  yellowish-gray,  even,  moist, 
glabrous,  regular  or  irregular.  FLESH  pure  white.  GILLS  close, 
(uJiiate  to  slif/htly  decurroit,  sometimes  sinuate,  whitish,  medium 
broad.  STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  stout,  solid,  equal  or 
slightly  tliickened  at  base,  glabrous  or  pruinose  at  apex,  white  or 
whitish.  SPORES  globose,  5-8  micr.  in  diameter,  smooth,  white. 
TASTE  slightly  unpleasant. 

(Dried:    Caps  grayish-fawn  color,  gills  pale  cinnamon.) 

Very  caespitose.  Pastures,  fields,  grassy  roadsides,  open  woods 
usually  of  broad  leaved  trees.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View,  Marquette, 
New  Richmond,  etc.  June  to  October.  Frequent.  Edible  but 
not  of  the  best  variety  for  culinary  purposes. 

Except  in  color  and  in  the  nature  of  the  cuticle  of  the  cap,  this 
species   approaches   C.   cartUaginea  Bres.      The   variations   in   the 


734  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

attachment  of  the  gills  shade  into  the  genus  Tricholoma.  C.  multi- 
ceps  appears  after  prolonged  rainy  Aveather,  and  when  developed 
rapidly  it  is  quite  tender  and  sweet.  The  clusters  are  often  densely 
crowded  and  may  usually  be  recognized  by  their  firmness  and  dull 
white  color. 

775.     Clitocybe  cartilaginea  Bres. 

Fungi  Tridentini,  1892. 
Illustration:     Ibid,  PL  111. 

PILEUS  4-8  cm.  broad,  convex,  obtuse,  dry,  lyrovided  with  a 
cartilaginous  cuticle,  smoky-tan  or  icMtish-tan,  tinged  with  gray 
or  brown,  glabrous,  even,  margin  splitting.  FLESH  white,  thick. 
GILLS  croicded,  attenuate  subdecurrent,  sometimes  adnate  and 
becoming  sinuate  or  almost  free  when  old,  narrow,  tough,  sub- 
cartilaginous,  attenuate  at  both  ends,  sordid  white  to  pale  straw 
color.  STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  tapering  upwards  or  subequal,  1-2  cm. 
thick  at  apex,  stout,  paler  than  pileus,  somewhat  spongy-clavate 
at  base,  cuticle  toughish,  solid,  pruinose  above,  subfibrillose,  bases 
somewhat  connate.  SPOEES  globose,  5-7  micr.,  nucleate,  smooth, 
white.  CYSTIDIA  none;  basidia  30-32  x  G-7  micr.  ODOK  and 
taste  mild. 

Caespitose.     In  woods.     June,  etc. 

Sent  in  from  outside  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State,  and 
apt  to  occur  within  the  State.  The  darker  colors  of  the  cap,  and  the 
straw-colored,  truly  crowded  gills  seem  to  be  the  only  characters 
besides  the  cartilaginous  cuticle  of  the  pileus,  by  which  to  separate 
pale  forms  of  C.  cartilaginea  from  C.  multiceps.  Superficially,  the 
habit,  etc.,  of  the  two  species  are  much  the  same.  It  was  placed 
among  the  Tricholomas  by  Fries  as  T.  loricatum.  When  quite  young 
the  color  of  the  pileus  is  smoky-black. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  735 

Subsection  III.  Infundihuliformis.  Pileus  at  length  infundi- 
buliform  or  deeply  umbilicately  depressed.  Gills  deeply  and  equally 
decurrent  from  the  first.  Color  of  pileiis  often  fading  but  not 
hygrophanous. 

776.     Clitocybe  catina  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustration:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  51,  Fig.  4. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  pliant,  convex-infundibuliform,  regular, 
glahrous,  with  a  gelatinous  feel  when  moist,  not  striate  on  margin 
(moist  or  dry),  buff -white,  after  repeated  rains  pale  dingy  brownish, 
moist,  not  hygrophanous,  never  becoming  shining-white,  margin  de- 
curved.  FLESH  thin,  white,  toughish.  GILLS  decurrent,  crowd- 
ed, narrow,  dull  ichitish,  never  yellowish  nor  cinereous,  simple,  edge 
entire.  STEM  3-4.5  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  equal,  terete,  straight, 
stuffed  then  hollow,  tough,  white  becoming  sordid,  pruinose  above, 
tomentose  toward  base.  SPORES  ovate,  4-5.5x3  micr.,  smooth, 
white.     CYSTIDIA  none.    ODOR  farinaceous. 

Gregarious  or  scattered,  on  the  ground  among  leaves  and  pine 
needles  in  woods  of  beach  and  white  pine.  New  Richmond.  Sep- 
tember-October.    Abundant  locally. 

This  seems  to  be  merely  a  form  of  C  catina,  from  which  it  varies 
slightly.  The  gills  are  more  crowded  and  after  rains  no  incarnate 
tint  is  noticeable.  It  agrees  very  w^ell  in  other  respects  with  the 
figures  and  descriptions  of  Fries.  The  plants  have  the  size  and 
much  the  shape  of  G.  infundihulijormis,  but  the  latter  has  a  reddish- 
tan  colored  cap  when  young,  fading  in  age.  0.  catina  is  watery- 
whitish  when  fresh  and  the  surface  of  the  pileus  becomes  perfectly 
smooth  and  almost  slippery,  but  is  not  truly  hygrophanous.  The 
shape  of  the  cap  is  that  of  a  regular  vase  or  deep  bowl  and  this 
character  gives  it  the  name.  The  pileus  is  more  regular  and  smaller 
than  C.  phyllopliila  although  the  two  species  may  apparently  be 
easily  confused. 


i 


736  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

777.     Clitocybe  infundibuliformis  Fr.     (Edible) 

Eleuchus  Fungoniiii,  1828. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  107. 

Bresadoln,  Fuiigh.  maiig.  e.  vel.,  PI.  38. 

(rillet.  Champignons  de  France,  PI.  107. 

Hard,  Mnshrooms.  p.  80,  PI.  9,  1908. 

Conn.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  3,  PL  19,  1905. 

Plate  CLVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  5-7  cm.  broad,  at  first  convex  and  suhumhonatc  then 
depressed  and  finally  entirely  infnndi'buliform,  dry,  flaccid,  coated 
with  a  delicate  silkiness,  reddish  to  pale  tan  color,  fading  with  age, 
margin  even  and  thin.  FLESH  white,  thickisli  on  disk.  GILLS 
deeph'  decurrent,  close,  thin,  white  or  whitish,  narrow,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  edge  rather  serratulate.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  5-10 
mm.  thick,  tapering  slightly  upward,  glabrous,  spongy  within,  ex- 
ternally firm,  rather  elastic,  pale  reddish  or  pallid,  white-mycelioid 
at  base  where  attached  to  leaves,  etc.  SPORES  ovate  to  sub- 
pyriform,  obliquely  sharp-pointed  and  apiculate,  5-8  x  3-4  micr. 
when  mature,  smaller  when  immature;  basidia  4-spored.  ODOR 
pleasant,  TASTE  mild. 

(Dried:    Cap  reddish-tan,  gills  alutaceous  to  tan.) 

Single  or  somewhat  caespitose.  Attached  to  decaying  leaves  and 
debris  in  both  conifer  and  non-coniferous  woods.  Throughout  the 
State  as  far  as  Isle  Royale.  July-October.  My  first  record  is  July 
8,  the  last  October  20.    Very  common. 

This  is  one  of  the  first  species  to  appear  after  the  July  rains  set  in. 
It  becomes  very  robust  at  times,  simulating  C.  geotropa,  but  the  I 

spores  are  longer  than  in  that  species.  (See  Patouillard,  Tab. 
AnaM.)  The  color  of  the  cap  changes  in  a  definite  direction; 
when  young  and  fresh  the  red  color  is  predominant,  when  old  the 
whitish  hues  appear.  C.  fJaccida  Fr.  is  said  to  dift'er  in  the  tawny 
to  rust-colored  pileus  which  does  not  fade  in  age;  I  have  been  un- 
able to  recognize  it  in  this  State.  The  gills  become  yellowish.  Its 
sliape  and  habit  are  like  C.  mfundihuliformis,  and  are  therefore 
well  shown  in  the  illustrations  of  the  latter.  Both  are  edible  and 
not  likely  to  be  confused  with  any  injurious  mushrooms. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  737 

778.     Clitocybe  pinophila  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Miis.  Rep.  31,  1879. 

PILEUS  2-:]  cm.  broad,  convex,  then  plane  and  slightly  umbili- 
cate.  snbinfnndibnliforni  in  age,  moist,  glabrons  to  minutely  sqnamn- 
lose,  tan-color  to  dingy-white,  even  on  margin.  FLESH  whitish. 
(tILLS  snbdecurrent,  close,  narroir,  interveiiose,  whitish.  STEM 
short,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  equal,  even,  solid,  fibrillose  to 
pruinose,  concolor.  SPORES  elliptical-ovate,  narrowed  to  the 
apiculus,  5-0x1  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none;  basidia 
1-spored.  ODOR  farinaceous.  TASTE  farinaceous  slowly  becom- 
ing biting  to  the  tongue. 

Gregarious.  On  beds  of  pine  needles,  under  white  pine.  New 
Riclimond.     September.     Infrequent. 

The  plants  do  not  agree  in  every  respect  with  Peck's  description. 
The  stem  is  solid  when  fresh  and  young.  It  seems  to  approach  two 
other  species,  C.  gallinacea  Fr.  and  C.  pithjjophUa  Fr.  From  C. 
(jaUinacea,  C.  pinopliUu  differs  in  color  and  habitat  and  in  the 
tendency  to  become  infundibuliform ;  from  C.  pithyophila,  G.  pino- 
phila  differs  in  its  small  size,  color  and  solid  stem,  etc.  The  acrid- 
ity is  slight.    We  need  more  microscopic  data  on  these  three  species. 

779.     Clitocybe  parilis  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icones,  Vol.  I,  PI.  48. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  281. 

PILEUS  2-0  cm.  broad,  convexo-plane,  obtuse,  <lepressed  or  cup- 
shaped,  dry,  iiiiiiufclij  ffocciilosc-scaly,  broicnish-asJiij,  uiargin  even, 
decurved  and  flexible,  splitting  when  old.  FLESH  thin,  white,  soft. 
CtILLS  close  to  subdistant,  long  decurrent,  arcuate,  narrow,  be- 
coming dingy-white,  at  first  slightly  cinereous,  few  forked.  STEM 
o  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  equal  or  subequal,  even,  pruinose,  gla- 
brescent.  terete,  toughish,  stuffed,  ])a]e  ashy  to  pallid,  base  white 
mycelioid.  SPORES  6  x  .3.5  micr.,  elliptic-ovate,  smooth,  white, 
TASTE  slightly  but  tardily  disagreeable.  ODOR  somewhat  fari- 
naceous. 

Singly  or  gregarious.     On  the  ground    in    frondose    and    mixed 
woods.     Ann  Arbor.     New  Riclimond.     October.     Infrequent. 
93 


738  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Oui*  specimens  had  close  gills,  whereas  the  European  plant  is 
said  to  have  crowded  gills.  Otherwise  it  seems  to  belong  here. 
Barla  says  the  odor  is  like  that  of  Armillaria  caligata,  or  of  jasmine, 
at  first  agreeable  then  nauseous. 

780.     Clitocybe  sinopica  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  617. 
Fries,  Icones,  PI.  55,  Fig.  2. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  105. 

"PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad,  thin,  soon  plane  and  depressed,  umhili- 
cate,  dry,  at  first  glabrous  then  flocculose,  brick-red  then  becoming 
pale.  FLESH  white,  elastic.  GILLS  decurrent,  very  crowded, 
rather  broad,  white  becoming  yellowish.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  3-8 
mm.  thick,  stutfed,  equal,  subfibrillose,  coucolor  or  yellowish. 
SPORES  G-8  X  4-5  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  strong,  farinaceous." 

Woods.  Spring  and  summer.  Infrequent.  Reported  by  Long- 
year.  C.  praecox  might  be  mistaken  for  it,  but  that  species  has  a 
stouter  habit,  is  quite  fleshy  on  the  disk,  and  the  gills  are  not  at  all 
crowded. 

78L     Clitocybe  pulcherrima  Pk. 
Jour,  of  Mycology,  Vol.  14,  1908. 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad.  con\  ex,  then  umbilicate-depressed,  citron- 
yellow  to  cream-color  (Sacc),  fading,  opaque,  moist,  not  hygroph- 
anous,  sop,  slightly  silky-tomeutose  on  disk,  margin  even.  FLESH 
white  or  sometimes  tinged  cream  color,  thin  on  margin.  GILLS 
equally  decurrent,  narrow,  subdistant,  ochraceoiis-yellow,  few  fork- 
ed, edge  entire.  STEM  4-8  in.  long,  equal  or  subequal,  spongy  at 
base,  stuffed  then  hollow,  at  first  silkv-tomentose  then  fibrillose 
with  loose  longitudinal  fibrils,  even.  SPORES  globose,  4-5.5  micr. 
diameter,  minutely  echinulate,  white.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

On  decaying  leaves  or  wood.  Detroit,  New  Richmond.  Septem- 
ber-October.    Infrequent. 

The  above  description  was  made  from  fresh  co-type  material,  at 
the  time  the  type  was  sent  to  Peck.  The  spores  have  an  obscure 
angulai'ity,  and  are  very  minutely  spinulose.     In    this    character 


J 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  739 

they  approach  C.  spinulosa  Smith,  a  British  species,  whose  spinu- 
lose  spores  are  said  to  be  larger,  as  much  as  8-9  micr.  The  type  was 
found  near  Detroit  by  members  of  the  Detroit  Mycological  Society. 
I  found  it  again  in  the  western  part  of  the  State.  It  seems  to  be 
rather  rare.  Its  yellow  color  is  unusual  in  this  genus.  G.  sulphurea 
Pk.  has  a  streaked  yellow  pileus  and  stem,  adnate  gills  and  larger 
spores. 

Section  IV.  Hygrophanae.  Pileus  thin,  hygrophanous,  not  scaly. 
Flesh  soft,  watery,  scissile. 

Subsection  T.  Cyathiformis.  Pileus  depressed  then  cup-shaped: 
flesh  scissile,  thin. 

^Gills  cinereous. 

782.     Clitocybe  cyathiforme  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Cooke,  111.,  PL  113. 
Plate  CLIX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2-7  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex,  soon  plane  and  umbilicate- 
depressed,  or  cup-shaped,  hygrophanous,  fuliginous-brown  when 
young  and  moist,  becoming  brownish-gray,  glabrous  or  innately 
flbrillose,  opaque,  margin  involute  and  even.  FLESH  watery,  con- 
color,  scissile.  GILLS  becoming  acuminate-decurrent,  narrow, 
subdistant,  intervenose,  varj'ing  to  close  or  distant,  grayish-brown, 
edge  entire.  STEM  4-7  cm.  long,  3-G  mm.  thick,  tapering  upwards, 
spongy-stuffed,  elastic,  hrownish  to  cinereous,  flbrillose  when  fresh, 
the  flbrils  forming  reticulations,  tomentose  at  base.  SPORES  7-9.5 
X  5-6  micr.,  occasionally  some  larger,  elliptical-ovate,  with  an  oblique 
apiculus,  smooth,  white ;  sterigmata  stout ;  basidia  I:-spored.  ODOR 
slightly  aromatic  or  none,  TASTE  mild. 

(Dried:  Pileus  smoky-fuscous  to  smoky  cinnamon;  gills  brown- 
ish-gray.) 

Scattered,  on  rotten  ivood,  logs,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View,  Mar- 
quette, New  Richmond.  In  coniferous,  mixed  or  frondose  woods. 
September-October.     Infrequent. 

This  is  an  autumnal  species,  and  with  us  always  occurs  on  rotten 
wood.     The  gills  are  said  to  be  distant  in  the    European    plants. 


740  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

The  gills  of  our  plants  are  never  separated  to  such  extent;  they  are 
either  truly  subdistant  or  rather  close.  C  exiKillens  Fr.  is  a  species 
with  close  gills,  but  European  mycologists  seem  to  consider 
tliat  this  is  an  ecological  variant  of  C.  cyatliifonue.  Ex- 
cepting the  gills  all  the  characters  of  our  specimens  are  those  of  the 
European  C  cyathifonne,  and  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  varia- 
tions with  close  gills  will  also  have  to  be  included  under  C.  cyuthi- 
jorme.  The  spores  of  our  collections  are  all  alike,  although  quite 
variable  in  single  plants.  Barla  says  the  odor  is  that  of  hay.  Al- 
though the  gills  are  ashy-))rown,  the  spores  are  white.  Peck  has  de- 
scribed two  related  species,  C.  subcyathifornic  and  C.  subconcaca. 
C.  subcyathifornic  is  watery-white  on  the  cap  when  moist, 
and  the  gills  are  white,  but  the  stem  is  fibrillose-reticulate  as  in  C. 
cyathifonne,  the  spores  slightly  smaller ;('.  s</6concat;a  has  a  brown- 
ish to  reddish-brown  cap,  its  gills  are  close  and  subcinereous,  but 
the  spores  are  only  5-G  x  3-4  micr.     I  have  not  seen  them. 

^^GiJIs  yellowish. 

783.     Clitocybe  ectypoides  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Eep.  24,  1872. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  thin,  broadly  umbilicate  to  infundibuli- 
form,  finely  virgate  with  close-pressed  blackish  fibrils,  squannilose- 
punctate,  the  black  points  seated  on  the  radiations,  hj'grophanous, 
watery-gray  to  dull  watery-yellow,  margin  spreading  and  even. 
FLESH  with  an  aqueous  juice,  concolor.  GILLS  long  decurrent, 
narrow,  sometimes  forked,  subdistant  or  nearly  so,  yellowish. 
STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal,  firm,  solid,  concolor  or 
paler,  white-mycelioid  at  base.  SPOKES  elliptical,  8-9  x  4-5  micr., 
smooth,  white. 

Scattered,  on  rotten  logs  in  conifer  or  mixed  woods  of  northern 
Michigan.  Bay  View.  Marquette,  Huron  Mountains.  August-Sep- 
tendjer.     Frecpient  locally. 

The  pileus  is  sometimes  irregular,  and  the  stem  may  be  eccentric. 
!n  our  plants  tlie  gills  are  always  more  nearly  subdistant  than 
close. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  741 

***GilIs  tcJiitisJi. 

784.     Clitocybe  adirondackensis  Pk.     (Edible) 

y.  Y.   State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1S72. 

Illustrations :     N.  Y.  State  Mns.  Rep.  54,  PL  G9,  11)01. 
Hard,  Mnslii'ooms,  Fig.  71,  p.  97,  1908. 

PILP]US  2-5  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex  tlien  plane  and  umhilicato- 
depressed  to  infundibnliform,  glabrous,  liygrophanous,  ichite  or 
tinged  tan-color,  margin  at  first  decurved,  then  elevated,  even, 
with  a  narrow  zone  near  the  edge  when-  moist.  FLESH  wl'iite,  thin. 
(tILLS  long  decurrent,  croirded,  very  narrow,  thin,  white.  STEM 
;>-7  cm.  long,  24  mm.  thick,  cylindrical,  glabrous,  stuffed  then  hol- 
low, even,  white  or  wliitish.  mycelioid-tliickened  at  tlie  base. 
SPORES  minute,  elliptical-ovate,  smooth,  -1-5.5  x  3-3.5  micr.  TASTE 
"like  that  of  the  common  mushroom,"  Peck. 

(Dried:     Cap  and  gills  ochraceous-tan,  stem  paler.) 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose  among  leaves,  etc.,  in  frondose  and 
mixed  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Marquette,  Detroit.  Frequent.  August- 
October. 

The  characters  are  well  shown  in  Dr.  Fischer's  photograpli  in 
Hard's  book.  The  crow<led  narrow  gills,  the  dingy  white  color 
of  the  cap  varying  into  a  circular  zone  near  the  edge,  and  the 
stuffed  stem  distiuguisli  the  plant.  It  seems  to  be  quite  common  on 
wooded  hillsides  of  southern  Michigan.    It  appi^oaches  C.  eccentrica. 

785.     Clitocybe  eccentrica  Pk. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Clnb,  Vol.  25,  p.  321,  1898. 

IMLEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convexo-plane,  umbilicate  then  infnndi- 
buliform  and  turbinate,  glabrous,  subhygrophanous,  watery-white 
emd  shining  when  moist,  sometimes  tinged  ochraceons,  buff  whitish 
when  dry,  the  thin  surface  layer  slightly  differentiated  into  long 
subgelatinous  cells,  the  thin  margin  even,  often  lobed,  split  and 
finally  recurved.  FLESH  thin,  wliitish.  GILLS  short  decurrent 
from  begiuning,  very  crowded,  narrow,  somewhat  forked,  dingy- 
u'hite.  STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  stuffed, 
fibrous,  elastic,  whitish,  prninose  above,  base  inserted  by  a  tuft  of 
strigose  hairs  and   continued   into   the  substratum    by  long   white 


742  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

strings  or  rhi::o)norphs,  often  eccentric.  SPORES  very  minute^ 
4-5  x2-3  micr.,  elliptical-ovate,  smooth,  Avhite.  ODOR  mild,  TASTE 
sometimes  slightly  bitter. 

(Dried:     Cap  and  gills  pale  rnfons-tan.) 

Caesi)itose  or  scattered.  On  very  rotten  wood  in  mixed  and 
frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View,  Honghion,  etc.  Jnly-Sep- 
tomber.     Freqnent  thronghont  the  State. 

This  species  api>roaches  (*.  adiroiiddckcnsis,  from  which  the  short 
decurrent  gills,  the  dift'erent  lustre  of  the  cap  and  the  rhizomorphs 
at  the  hairy  base  of  the  stem  separate  it;  the  spores  too,  average 
half  a  micron  smaller.  These  differences  may  be  merely  an  expres- 
sion of  habitat,  since  the  one  grows  mainly  on  rotten  wood,  the 
other  among  leaves  and  hnmus.  Another  species  of  Peck,  said  to 
grow  on  rotten  wood,  is  C.  leptoloma.  Here  also,  the  strigose  base 
of  the  stem  and  the  rhizomorphs  are  about  the  only  characters  of 
C.  eccentrica  which  separate  it.  It  is  likely  that  these  three  species 
are  variations  of  one  of  them. 

786.     Clitocybe  albidula  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  46,  1893. 

Illustrations;     X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  53,  PI.  C.  Figs.  16-20. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex-plane,  umbilicate,  subhygro- 
phanous,  jmle  grayish-hroicn  to  whitish,  the  umhiJicus  always 
darker  and  broirn,  glabrous,  margin  faintly  striatulate.  GILLS 
subdecurrent,  crowded,  narrow,  thin,  sometimes  forked,  intervenose, 
whitish.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed  then  hol- 
low, concolor,  fibrous-toughish,  even,  white-mycelioid  at  base. 
SPORES  5-6x3-4  micr.,  elliptic,  smooth,  white.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  farinaceous. 

Gregarious,  in  woods  of  hemlock  and  cedar.  Bay  View.  Septem- 
ber.    Infrequent. 

A  form  occurs  with  creamy-white  pileus  and  brown  umbilicus 
with  spores  the  same.  This  form  has  only  a  faint  odor,  but  no  doubt 
belongs  here.  The  brown  umbilicus  and  slightly  larger  spores, 
along  witli  the  grayish  tinge  in  the  color,  separate  this  species  from 
the  i)receding  two.  It  never  becomes  trulv  cvathiform  nor  infundi- 
buliform. 


I 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  743 

787.     Clitocybe   caespitosa  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Miis.  Bull.  41,  1888. 

'TILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  convex-plane  then  infimdibiiliform, 
often  irregular,  slightly  silky,  hygrophanous,  grayish-hrown  lohen 
moist,  subciuereous  or  argillaceous  when  dry.  GILLS  decurrent, 
narrow,  close,  somewhat  forked,  white.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  4-6 
mm.  thick,  equal,  stuffed  then  hollow,  silky,  white.  SPORES 
minute,  subelliptical,  3-4  micr.  long." 

In  woods.  Caespitose,  the  caps  deformed  and  made  irregular  by 
mutual  pressure.    Reported  by  Longyear. 

Suhsection  II.  Orhiformis.  Pileus  convex  then  plane  or  slightly 
depressed,  often  obtuse,  polished,  not  squamulose  nor  mealy. 

*^**Gills  grayish. 

•  788.     Clitocybe  metachroa  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke.  111.,  PI.  115. 

Patouillard.  Tab.  Analyt..  No.  308. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex  then  plane  and  depressed, 
at  first  dark  fuscous  then  brownish-gray  or  livid  (moist),  dull 
grayish-white  (dry),  hygrophanous,  glabrous,  margin  even,  sub- 
striate  (drj).  FLESH  thin,  concolor.  GILLS  adnate  to  slightly 
subdecurrent,  sometimes  by  lines,  croivded,  narrow,  dark  fuscous 
when  young,  then  whi fish -ashy,  thin,  at  length  flaccid,  edge  entire. 
STEM  3-4  cm.  long.  2-4  mm.  thick,  subequal^,.  even,  at  first  dark 
fuscous  and  pruinose-sUky,  then  grayish  and  glabrescent,  stuffed 
then  hollow,  often  compressed,  toughish.  SPORES  minute,  ovate, 
5x2.5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR  none  or 
faintly  farinaceous  after  crushing  the  flesh.    TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  frondose  and  conifer 
woods.    Ann  Arbor,  Marquette.     September-November.    Infrequent. 

The  color  of  the  whole  plant  changes  remarkably  from  the  young 
stage  to  maturity  and  in  age.  C.  ditopoda  Fr.  is  similarly  colored, 
differing  mainly  in  its  strong  farinaceous  odor  and  probably  in  the 
spore  characters.  It  should  not  be  confused  Avith  C  cyathiforme, 
which  is  larger,  has  larger  spores  and  usually  grows  on  wood. 


741  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

789.     Clitocybe  ditopoda  Fr. 

Svst.  :\rvc.,  18l'1. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  Tl.  llC. 

PILEl^S  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  snbexpanded  and  umhllicate- 
depressed,  pliant,  glabrous,  even,  hygrophanous,  cinereous  or  gray- 
ish-hroirn  (moist),  dull  white  (dr}-),  margin  somewhat  irregular. 
FLESH  thin.  GILLS  adnate  or  scarcely  subdecurrent,  crowded, 
rather  narrow,  ])allid  at  first,  soon  cinerascent  and  smoky-gray, 
edge  entire.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  3  mm.  thick,  terete  or  more  often 
compressed,  irregular,  j)ale  cinereous,  stuffed  soon  hollow,  pruinose 
downwards.  SPOKES  elliptic-ovate,  5-6  x  3-4  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground,  among  needles  and 
debris  of  tamarack  trees  in  wet  swamp. 

Ann  Arbor.     October-November.     Infrequent. 

This  species  was  abundant  in  this  one  locality.  It  has  much  in 
common  with  C.  metachroa,  but  differs  from  it  in  the  farinaceous 
odor  and  in  the  different  color  changes  in  passing  from  the  young 
to  the  old  stage.  The  plants  also  do  not  have  the  stiff  appearance 
of  C.  metachroa. 

790.     Clitocybe  peltigerina  Pk. 
X.  Y.  Mus.  Rep.  30,  1878. 

PILEUS  4-10  mm.  broad,  small,  subexjjanded,  umbilicate.  hygro- 
phanous, <irayish-t)roirn  and  striatiflate  when  moist,  whitish  to  pale 
gray  when  dry,  glabrous.  GILLS  decurrent,  distant,  narrow,  some- 
what forked  and  ihtervenose,  grayish-hroirn,  thickish,  pruinose. 
STEM  1-2  cm.  long,  1.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  solid,  elastic,  pallid  or 
tinged  grayish-brown,  pruinose  below,  base  minutely  tomentose. 
SPORES  elliptical-ovate,  pointed-apiculate.  8-10x4-5.5  micr., 
smooth,  white;  basidia  4-spored ;  cystidia  none.  ODOR  and  taste 
none. 

Singly  or  subcaespitose.  On  Peltigera,  one  of  the  lichens.  Ann 
Arbor.    May  5.    Rarely  found. 

Remarkable  for  its  habitat.  It  is  small  and  imitates  the  color 
of  its  substratum  and  is  easilv  overlooked. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS    '  745 

*'"G///.S'   ivliitish. 

791.     Clitocybe  morbifera  Pk.     (Poisonous) 

Bull.  Ton-.  Bot.  Chib,  Vol.  25.  p.  821,  189:^. 
Illustratiou :     Plate  CLIX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1.5-4  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  sometimes  slightly 
depressed  or  obtuse,  hygrophanous,  or  at  least  moist,  glabrous, 
grayish-brown  to  grayish-buff  when  moist,  irhitc  to  uJntaceons  when 
drij,  somewhat  reviving,  margin  even  and  incurved.  FLESH  thin, 
whitish.  GILLS  adnate-decurrent,  moderately  close,  slightly  broad 
in  middle,  narrowed  to  a  point  at  both  ends,  whitish,  becoming 
pale  tan  in  age,  thin,  edge  entire.  STEM  2-:>.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
thick,  subequal,  solid  and  f<po)i(fij-fihrous  iritliin,  pruinose,  slightly 
fibrillose,  tough,  colored  like  pileus  or  paler,  straight  or  curved,  not 
slender. 

Microscopic:  SPORES  oval,  minute,  about  5  x  o  micr..  white, 
smooth,  usually  poorly  developed;  basidia  about  20  micr.  long; 
trama  of  gills  of  parallel  liyj)hae,  4  micr.  in  diameter;  trama  of 
pileus  only  slightly  wider,  all  of  the  trama  being  composed  of  com- 
pact, narrow,  long  hyphae;  the  cuticle  is  not  noticeably  differ- 
entiated. Cystidia  none.  ODOR  none.  TASTE  varies,  sometimes 
slight,  when  fresh  it  is  slightly  astringent. 

(Dried:     P]ntirely  dirty  white  or  grayish-white.) 

Singly  or  subcaesi)itose  among  grass  on  laicns,  roadsides,  etc. 
Specimens  from  Adrian  found  under  a  syringa  bush  and  elsewhere. 
October.  Adrian,  Ann  Arbor,  and  Detroit.  Frequency  not  yet 
certain,  as  it  is  probably  often  overlooked.     Poisonous. 

This  is  apparently  a  dangerous  plant.  In  the  case  of  C.  illudens, 
there  is  no  uncertainty  in  its  recognition,  as  it  is  more  brightly 
and  differently  colored  than  any  related  mushrooms ;  but  C.  morhi- 
fera  has  many  near  relatives  wliicli,  like  C.  dealhata,  are  sometimes 
difficult  of  separation.  Fortunately,  no  one  except  beginners,  or 
extreme  mycophagists,  collect  these  small  species.  Still  the  fact  that 
it  grows  on  lawns  where  only  edible  species  are  normally  found, 
makes  this  a  troublesome  intruder.  Several  families  in  different 
parts  of  the  country  are  now  known  to  have  been  made  sick  from 
eating  it.  Peck  reports  a  case  from  Washington,  I).  C,  from  which 
source  came  the  material  for  his  description.  Our  specimens  Avere 
sent  by  E.  D.  Smith  from  Adrian,  Michigan.     Several  persons  in 


740  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Adriau  ate  C.  niorbifera  witli  ;i  mess  of  L.  naucina.  The  victims 
suffered  blindness,  swollen  throat,  etc.  Our  specimens  did  not 
have  the  marked  taste  described  by  Peck,  nor  a  truly  ''hollow"  stem. 
It  is  doubtless  the  same  species  however. 

792.  Clitocybe  compressipes  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus,  Rep.  33,  1880. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex  then  plane  and  depressed  or  sub- 
umbilicate,  hygrophanous,  thin,  glabrous,  pale  watery-hrown  and 
even  tohen  moist,  whitish  or  tinged  tan  when  dry,  edge  of  margin 
persistently  incurved.  FLESH  rather  thin,  concolor,  upper  layer 
of  trama  dift'erentiated  and  composed  of  delicate,  long,  subgelatin- 
ous  cells.  GILLS  subdecurrent,  close,  rather  narrow,  pale  watery- 
ochraccous  or  broicuish  tohen  moist,  whitish  when  dry,  intervenose. 
STEM  short,  2-3  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  soon  hollow  and  com- 
pressed, equal,  even,  glabrous  or  subvillose,  grayish-brown  to  pallid, 
attached  by  tomemtum  to  leaves,  etc.  SPORES  4-5.5  x  2.5-3.5  micr., 
elliptical-ovate,  smooth,  white.    ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

(Dried:     Cap  pale  tan  to  diugj'  white,  gills  sordid  white.) 

Scattered  or  subcaespitose.  Among  leaves  in  frondose  woods. 
Ann  Arbor.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

These  plants  do  not  have  the  farinaceous  odor  which  is  X)resent 
in  C.  alhidula  of  conifer  woods. 

793.  Clitocybe  angustissima  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PL  59,  Fig.  2. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  111. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  ]25. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  oMuse  or  suhdepressed, 
subhygrophanous,  glabrous,  ivatery-ichite,  candicans,  even  (moist), 
slightly  striatulate  (dry),  nuirgin  spreading,  at  length  recurved. 
FLESH  thin,  whitish.  GILLS  slightly  subdecurrent,  very  narrow, 
very  croicded,  thin,  whitish,  edge  entire.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long, 
slender,  2-5  mm.  thick,  Avhitish,  flexuous  or  curved  at  base,  equal 
or  tapering  dowuAvard,  apcw  naked,  pubescent  at  base.  SPORES 
short  elliptical,  5-7x3-4  micr.,  smooth.  CYSTIDIA  none.  BA- 
SIDIA  about  27  x  G  micr.,  4-spored.     ODOR  none  or  faint. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  747 

Scattered,  ou  the  groniid  among  leaves  in  low  frondose  woods. 
September.     New  Richmond.     Infrequent. 

This  is  one  of  a  number  of  similar  species,  in  this  case  well- 
marked  by  the  very  crowded  and  narrow  whitish  gills,  the  w^atery- 
white  color  and  the  lack  of  odor.  C.  alhidula  Pk.  differs  mainly  in 
its  farinaceous  odor.  C.  comjyrcssipes  Pk.  can  probably  be  differ- 
entiated by  its  close  rather  than  very  crowded  gills  and  by  the 
compressed  stem;  both  of  Peck's  species  are  said  to  have  the  caps 
tinged  brownish  when  moist,  and  not  shining- white  (candicans) 
as  in  C  angustissima. 

SUBGENU8  LACCARIA.  Spores  globose,  echinulate;  pileus 
usuallv  minutely  scalv  or  floccose. 

794.     Clitocybe  laccata  Fr.     (Edible) 
{Laccaria  laccata) 

Syst.  Myc,   1821. 

Illustrations :    N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  PI.  25,  1896. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  3,  PI.  40,  Fig.  4. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  76,  77,  p.  105,  1908. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  139. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  104. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  99. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  thin,  convex  then  plane,  subumbilicate, 
variable  in  shape,  hygrophanous,  glabrous  at  first,  then  scurfy- 
scaly,  pale  red  to  flesh-red  when  moist,  pale  ochraceous-whitish 
when  dry.  FLESH  thin,  moist.  GILLS  broad,  distant,  broadly 
emarginate,  tinged  flesh  color,  white-pruinose.  STEM  2-7  cm.  long, 
2-6  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  fibrous  and  tough,  stuffed,  jmie  fiesJi- 
red,  sometimes  striate.  SPORES  globose,  8-10  micr.,  echinulate, 
spines  1  mm.  long,  white.     ODOR  agreeable.     TASTE  fungoid. 

Scattered  everywhere  in  woods,  groves,  swamps  or  grassy  places, 
on  naked  soil,  mosses,  or  leaves,  etc.  Throughout  the  season;  my 
earliest  record  is  May  5,  the  last  November  8.  Everywhere  in  the 
State,  in  coniferous  or  frondose  woods.  Very  abundant  in  wet 
weather.     It  is  edible,  but  not  particularly  well-flavored. 

Varieties  occur,  and  the  common  form  shades  gradually  into  var. 
striatula  Pk.,  var.  amcthi/stina  Bolt    and    var.    pallidifolius.    Var. 


748  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

atr'tdl  1(1(1  Pk.  has  a  very  thin  cai*  which  is  radially  striate  from  near 

»  1  t- 

the  nnihilicate  center;  spores  lJ-11  micr.  diam.,  globose,  echi- 
nnlate,  the  spines  about  1  micron  long.  Var.  amethystina  Bolt, 
lias  a  darker  cap,  and  beautiful  deep-yiolaceous  gills,  which  are 
broadly  adnate-decurrent.  The  spores  of  our  specimens  of  yar. 
(iiiKfJij/stiiia  are  like  those  of  the  normal  form.  Var.  palUdifoUa 
Vk.  is  like  the  common  form  except  that  the  gills  are  pallid.  This 
species  and  its  yarieties  are  sometimes  confused  with  Lactarins 
suhdiilcis. 

795.     Clitocybe  tortilis  Fr. 
{Lucca ria  tortilis) 

Hymen.  Europ.,  1874. 

Illustration:     Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  Xo.  105. 

PILEUS  ~)-V2  mm.  broad,  submembranaceous,  conyex  then  ex- 
panded and  depressed  on  disk,  distantly  radiatcly  striatulate  from 
the  colter  \yhen  moist,  hygrophanous,  pale  reddish  or  salmon  color, 
pruinose,  disk  whitish-scurfy,  margin  sometimes  plicate  or  split- 
ting, often  deformed  or  irregular.  GILLS  distant,  rather  narrow, 
adnate-subdecurrent ,  thick,  not  forked  nor  yeined,  salmon-colored, 
edge  concolor.  STEM  1-2  cm.  long,  1  mm.  thick,  slender,  equal, 
fibrous-touj/hisJi,  stuffed  irith  u  (chitc  pith,  pellucid  flesh  color,  gla- 
brous, base  white-mycelioid.  SPORES  large,  glohose,  long-echinu- 
late.  white,  12-U  micr.  diam.;  basidia  2-spored. 

On  the  ground,  in  ^yet  places,  sometimes  on  moss.  Marquette. 
August-Septend)er. 

This  is  a  distinct  species  and  must  not  be  confounded  Ayith  C. 
laccutu  nor  its  yarieties.  The  si)ores  are  nearly  t^yice  as  large  as 
in  that  species.  It  is  easily  mistaken  for  a  species  of  the  rosy- 
spored  genus  Eccila.  It  has  sometimes  been  referred  to  as  a 
yariety  of  (\  luecata. 

796.     Clitocybe  ochropurpurea  Berk.     (Edible)  . 
(Laccarif(  ocliro/no-pKi-ca) 

Illustrations:     X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  110,  PI.  100,  1007. 
Hard,  Muslirooms,  p.  98,  PI.  XI,  Fig.  72,  1908. 
Chicago  Xat.  Hist.  Sury.,  Bull.  VIT.  Fig.  2,  1909. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  749 

PILEUS  5-20  cm.  broad,  sometimes  large,  suhhemispherical,  then 
convex  with  a  decurved  margin  or  nearly  plane  or  depressed,  com- 
pact, rather  thick,  liygrophanons,  purplish-brown  when  moist,  pale 
grayish-alutaceons  when  dry,  nnpolished,  margin  regular  or  wavy, 
upturned  in  age.  FLESH  tough,  concolor  or  pallid.  GILLS  (Us- 
tout,  thick,  broad,  adnato-decurrent,  purple.  STEM  5-20  cm.  long, 
1-2  cm.  thickf  varying  mncli  in  length  and  shape,  subequal  to  fusi- 
form or  cylindrical,  fibrous,  often  rigid  and  liard,  solid,  concolor  or 
paler,  sometimes  curved  or  twisted.  SPORES  globose,  short- 
echinulate,  8-9.5  micr.,  wliite,  oi-  tinged  in  mass  with  a  lilac  hue. 
TASTE  rather  disagreeable. 

(Dried:  Cap  and  stem  grayish-white  to  sordid-white,  gills 
smoky-fuscous.) 

Scattered  or  subcaespitose.  On  bare  ground  or  open  grassy 
places,  preferring  a  liard  soil,  often  in  woods,  conifer,  mixed  or 
frondose.  From  Isle  Royale  to  the  southern  limit  of  the  State, 
everv  where.    Julv-October. 

Not  as  common  as  C.  laccata.  In  its  colors  and  shape  it  appears 
somewhat  like  a  purple-gilled  Cortinarius,  but  its  texture  is  differ- 
ent and  it  lacks  a  veil.  It  becomes  tender  and  of  agreeable  flavor 
when  cooked. 

CoUybia  Fr. 

(From  the  Greek,  koUyhos,  a  small  coin;  probably  because  of  the 
regularity  of  the  disk-like  pileus.) 

White-spored.  Stem  cartilaginous  or  with  a  cartilaginous  cuticle. 
Pileus  soon  expanded,  not  very  fleshy,  its  margin  at  first  involute. 
Gills  adnate,  adnexed  or  almost  free,  not  decurrent.  Spores  mostly 
snmll  or  minute,  smooth.     Volva  and  annulus  lacking. 

Putrescent,  thin  cap])ed,  mostly  lignicolous  mushrooms,  of  slow 
growth,  not  reviving  when  moistened  except  in  tlie  section  Maras- 
mioideae,  and,  with  few  exceptions,  of  medium  or  small  size.  They 
are  mostly  attached  to  decayed  wood,  like  stumps,  logs,  old  buried 
roots,  twigs,  leaves,  etc. ;  a  few  si)ecies  even  occur  on  decayed  mush- 
rooms, while  others  seem  to  grow  on  naked  soil.  The  genus  is  most 
closely  allied  to  ^Marasmins,  but  the  plants  differ  in  not  reviving 
after  drying  uj);  from  Mycena,  the  involute  margin  of  the  pileus, 
with  its  resultant  expansion  at  maturity,  is  the  main  distinction. 
As  this  is  onlv  clearlv  seen  in  the  verv  voung  stage,  it  is  often 
diflicult  in  mature  plants  to  decide  whether  one  has  a  Collybia  or 


750  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Mycena.  In  the  majority  of  Collybias,  however,  the  pileiis  is  ex- 
panded at  matni-ity,  bnt  in  Mycena  the  pileiis  usually  remains 
campanulate. 

The  I'lLEUS  is  rarely  brightly  colored.  The  color  may  be  brown, 
ashy,  blackish,  tan.  yellowish,  white,  or  shades  of  these  colors.  A 
few  have  a  viscid  cap,  and  in  one  section  the  cap  is  hygrophanous ; 
it  is  glabrous  except  in  ('.  lomj'ipes,  and  some  of  the  Marasmioideae. 
In  several  of  the  hjgrophanous  species  the  margin  is  striatulate 
when  moist.  The  GILLS  are  submembranous  and  soft,  and  continu- 
ous with  the  trama  of  the  pileus.  They  are  usually  w^hite,  yellowish, 
rufescent  or  ashy.  In  one  species  they  are  lilac.  Some  mycologists 
have  divided  the  sections  by  the  difference  in  the  wadth  of  the  gills, 
some  sjiecies  have  quite  broad  gills,  others  narrow  gills.  The  mode 
of  attachment  separates  the  genus  from  Omphalia  and  Clitocybe, 
since  they  are  never  decurrent.  The  STEM  is  primarily  cartilagin- 
ous, as  in  Mycena,  Omphalia  and  many  Marasmii.  This  character 
is  not  always  easily  recognized,  and  in  some  large  species  like  (7. 
pJuiijphyUa,  the  otherwise  soft  stem  may  mislead  one.  Further- 
more, the  stems  of  plants  belonging  to  the  fleshy-stemmed  genera 
may,  on  drying  in  the  wdnd,  become  somewhat  cartilaginous  in 
texture,  so  as  to  be  mistaken  for  true  cartilaginous  forms.  The 
base  of  the  stem  is  usually  rooting,  sometimes  remarkably  so,  as 
in  G.  radicata,  and  C.  longipes.  Some  species  have  glabrous  stems, 
while  one  section  is  composed  of  species  with  hairy,  floccose,  or 
pruinose  stems.  The  presence  of  deep  or  at  least  evident  striatious 
running  up  and  down  the  stem  is  used  to  set  off  another  section. 
A  few  small  species  form  a  small  sclerotium  from  which  the  fruit- 
body  develops. 

No  poisonous  species  of  Collybia  are  known,  although  the  smaller 
species  have  probably  never  been  tested.  Many  of  the  large  species 
are  of  good  flavor  and  much  sought. 

It  is  probable  that  some  forty-flve  species  occur  within  the  State, 
but  so  far  only  thirty-four  have  been  identified.  The  species  have 
been  grouped  in  various  w^ays  by  different  authors.  In  the  main, 
the  Friesian  arrangement  is  retained,  although  somewhat  modified. 
It  seemed  that  relationships  could  be  better  shown  by  using  the 
color  of  the  gills  to  divide  the  main  sections,  rather  than  divide  the 
whole  genus  into  two  main  groups  having  white  and  cinereous 
gills  respectively  as  Fries  had  done.  A  new  section  has  been  estab- 
lished to  contain  those  species  which  approach  the  genus  Maras- 
mius.  This  is  called  the  Marasmioideae  and  serves  as  a  bridge  to 
that  genus.    The  genus  is  therefore  composed  of  the  five  sections: 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  751 


I.  Tephrophauae. 

II.  Laevipedes. 

III.  Striaepedes. 

IV.  Vestipedes. 

V.  Marasmioidae. 


Key  to  the  Species 


(A)      Not   reviving   when    moistened.      [See   also    (AA).] 

(a)     Stem    velvety,    tomentose,    floccose    or    pruinose.     [For  C  myria- 
dophylla  with  lilac  gills,  see   (aa).] 
(b)     Stem  with  a  dense,  tawny-brown  to  blackish,  velvety  covering, 
(c)     Pileus  with  a  viscid,  even,   separable  pellicle;    mostly  caespi- 

tose.     818.     C.  velutipes  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  viscid,   striatulate;    growing  scattered.     C   amabi- 
lipes  Pk. 
(bb)     Stem  not  densely  velvety. 

(c)     Flesh  changing  to  purplish-black  where  cut  or  bruised;   stem 

fuliginous,  pubescent.     820.     C.  succosa  Pk. 
(cc)     Flesh  not  changing  black;  gills  white  or  whitish, 
(d)     Pileus  2.5-5   cm.   broad. 

(e)     Stem  very  long,  deeply  rooted;  pileus  velvety,  brown.     819. 

C.  longipes  Fr. 
(ee)     Stem  3-4  cm.  long  covered  with  a  close  white  tomentum, 
not  rooting;   pileus  glabrous,  whitish  to  pale  reddish  on 
disk.     825.     C.  hariolorum  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus  less  than    2    cm.    broad;    stems    slender.      (Mycena- 
like  plants.) 
(e)     Stem  arising  from  a  small  tuber,  on  decaying  mushrooms 
or  rich  mold;   pileus  small,  1  cm.  or  less,  whitish.     823. 
C.  tuber osa  Fr. 
(ee)     Stem  not  arising  from  tuber-like  sclerotia. 
(f)     Growing  on  pine  cones,  needles,  etc. 

(g)     Pileus   1-3   cm.   broad,   fuscous;    stem   elongated  by   a 

tomentose  "root."     C.  conigena  Fr. 
(gg)     Pileus  2-10  mm.  broad,  creamy-white  to  pale  brown- 
ish,  minutely  pubescent.     822.     C.  cojiigenoides  Ell. 
(ff)      Growing  on  the  ground,  humus,  etc. 

(g)     Pileus    whitish,    faintly    reddish-tinged;    stem    white- 
pulverulent.     824.     C.  cirrhata  Fr. 
(gg)     Pileus   grayish-brown   to   smoky-brown;    stem    white, 
under  lens  with  minute  dark  points.     821.     C.  floC' 
cipes  Fr. 
(aa)     Stem  glabrous    (often  tomentose-hairy    at    base    and  pruinose  at 
apex). 
(b)     Stem  deeply  rooting. 

(c)     Pileus   viscid,    radiately   wrinkled,    grayish,    brown,   or   almost 
white;  gills  pure  white;  very  common.     815.     C.  radicata  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus    not   viscid,    hygrophanous,    rufous-tan,    smaller;    gills 
dingy  flesh  color.     806.     C.  hygrophoroides  Pk. 
(bb)     Stem  without  a  long,  root-like  prolongation, 
(c)     Pileus  large,  6-12  cm.  broad. 

(d)     Gills  broad,  subdistant;   pileus  grayish-brown,  etc.,  streaked 

with  darker  fibrils.     816.     C.  platyphylla  Fr. 
(dd)     Gills  narrow,  crowded. 

(e)  Stem  equal,  subbulbous  at  base;  pileus  whitish,  tinged 
creamy-yellow.  812.  C.  alMflavidum  Pk.  (Tricholoma 
albiflavidum) . 


752  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

(ee)      Stem  narrowed  toward  base,  short-rooting. 

(f)     Gills  yellow  or  yellowish;  pileus  ochraceous,  not  stained. 
817.     C.  svorzonerca  Fr. 
,  (ff)     Gills   white    or    whitish;    pileus   stained    ferruginous    in 

spots.     817.     C.  maculata  A.  &  S. 
(cc)     Pileus  less  than  6  cm.  broad. 

(d)     Pileus  white,  small,  4-10  mm.  broad. 

(e)     Gills    narrow;    spores    narrowly-elliptical,    10    x    4-5    micr. 

C.  (lelicatcUa  Pk. 
(ee)     Gills  broad,  ventricose;  spores  subglobose,  4-5  x  3-4  micr. 
C.  alba  Pk. 
(dd)     Pileus  not  truly  white. 

(e)     Gills    lilac-color,    narrow,    very    crowded;    pileus    1-2.5    cm. 

broad.     807.     C.  myriadophylla  Pk. 
(ee)     Gills  some  other  color, 
(f)     Gills  white  or  whitish. 

(g)     Gills  rather  broad,  ventricose. 
(h)      Odor  alkaline  when  crushed;    pileus  grayish-umber, 
hygrophanous,     striatulate.     801.       C.     alcalinolens 
Pk. 
(hh)     Odor  not  alkaline. 

(i)     Taste  bitter;    pileus  pale  yellowish-brown,   umbili- 

cate.     C.  esculentoides  Pk. 
(ii)     Taste  farinaceous;    pileus  and   stem  dark   rufous- 
t    .  brown,  obtuse.     814.     C.  succinea  Fr. 

(gg)     Gills  rather  narrow. 
'  (h)     Caespitose  or  densely  gregarious  on   decaying  logs; 

pileus  grayish-brown  to  buff, 
(i)     Pileus  subumbilicate,  not  hygrophanous;   gills  ad- 

nate.     813.     C  ahundans  Pk. 
(ii)     Pileus    obtuse,    hygrophanous;    gills    nearly    free. 
.    ■  802.     C.  familia  Pk. 

(iii)      See  also  C.  dryophila. 
(hh)      Solitary,  gregarious  or  subcaespitose. 

(i)     Pileus  smoky-brown;    not  hygrophanous;    stem  4-6 

mm.  thick,  brown.     C.  fuUginella  Pk. 
(ii)     Pileus    pale,    chestnut,    reddish-brown,    yellowish 
brown,  waxy-yellow  or  tan. 
(k)     Stem   striate;    pileus    umbonate;    gills    crenu- 

late  on  edge.     797.     C  butyracea  Fr. 
(kk)      Stem  not  striate. 

(I)  Stem  reddish-brown  or  yellowish,  pileus  pale 
.        ,  reddish-brown,  yellowish,  tan,  etc.     798.     C, 

dryophila  Fr. 

(II)  Stem  white  or  whitish. 

(m)     Pileus     yellowish-white     tinged      rufous, 
slightly     rugose;     stem     strict.     800.     C. 
'    •  strictipes  Pk. 

(mm)     Pileus      reddish  -  brown      to      chestnut 
(moist);    gills  serrate  on  edge.     799.     C 
lentinoides  Pk. 
(ff)     Gills  not  at  length  white  or  whitish, 
(g)     Gills  yellow  or  yellowish. 

(h)     On    decaying   wood,    scattered;    pileus   yellow;    gills 

brownish-red  on  drying.     804.     C.  colorea  Pk. 
(hh)     On    the    ground,    caespitose;    pileus    watery-rufous- 
brown  at  first,  then  honey-yellow.     803.     C.  aquosa 
Fr.  var. 
(gg)     Gills   soon   rufescent   or   cinerascent   or  darker, 
(h)     Pileus  pale  tan  or  flesh-reddish  (moist)  ;  gills  tinged 
flesh  color.     805.     C.  acervata  Fr. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  753 

;  (hh)     Pileus  hygrophanous,  blackish  or  smoky-brown  at 

first;  gills  cinerascent  or  dark  brown, 
(i)     Odor    and    taste    farinaceous;     pileus    striatulate 

(moist).     811.     C.  expallens  Pk.  var. 
(ii)     Odor  none  or  slight;  pileus  even. 
•  (k)     Stem    2-3    cm.    long,   pileus    umbilicate,    pitch- 

black     (moist) ;    on    burnt    ground.     808.     G. 
atrata  Fr. 
(kk)     Stem      longer;       pileus      blackish  -  chestnut 
(moist),  obtuse;   on  mossy  ground.     809.     G. 
plexipes  Fr.  var. 
(kkk)     Stem   2-3   cm.   long;    pileus  grayish-brown; 
gills  fuscous;  on  wood.     810.     C.  atratoides 
Pk. 
(AA)     More  or  less  reviving  when  moistened, 
(a)     Pileus  umbilicate,  fibrillose-hairy. 
(b)     Pileus  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  zonate,  dark  tawny.     827.     C.  sonata  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  0.5-1  cm.  broad,  umbilicus  papillate.     828.     C.  stipitaria 
Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  umbilicate. 

(b)     Pileus  and  stem  sulphur-yellow,  tough,  sub-rigid.     830.     G.  lacu- 

nosa  Pk. 
(bb)     Not  yellow, 
(c)     Pileus  2-5  cm.  broad,  convex-plane,  hygrophanous;  stem  densely 

whitish-pubescent;    on  the  ground.     826.     C.  confluens  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  5-8  mm.  broad,  conical-campanulate;   stem  instititious, 
on  twigs  of  arbor  vitae.     829.     C.  campanella  Pk. 

Section  I.    Tephrophanae.    Pileus  more  or  less  hygrophanous ;  at 
least  watery, 

^ Gills  tchite  or  whitish. 

797.     Collybia  butyracea  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  104. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  143  (faded). 
White,  Conn.  State  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  1.5.  PL 

VIII,  1910. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  149   (faded). 

PILEUS  3-7  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  umhoiiatc  to  subumbo- 
nate,  even,  glabrous,  reddish-brown,  darker  when  young,  fading 
with  age,  surface  icith  a  fatty  lustre  ichen  moist,  subhygrophanous, 
or  watery  and  soft  in  wet  weather.  FLESH  becoming  white,  thick- 
ish  on  disk.  GILLS  adnexed,  almost  free,  crowded,  thin,  rather 
narrow,  white,  edge  crenulate.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  conico-attenu- 
ated  upwards,  4-6  mm.  thick  above,  at  length  subequal  and  sub- 
bulbous,  striate,  glabrous  or  slightly  downy  toward  base,  cuticle 
rigid-cartilaginous,  base  mycelioid.  SPOKES  5-7x3-3.5  micr.,  nar- 
95 


754  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

rowly  ovate,  pointed-apiciilate,  smooth,  white;  CYkSTIDIA  none. 
()JK)K  and  TASTE  mihl. 

Solitary  or  gregarious.  Very  common  in  woods  of  white  pine, 
New  Kiclimond;  infre(iuent  in  frondose  woods.  Detroit,  Ann  Arbor 
and  Marquette.     July-October. 

The  "buttery  Collybia"  is  often  hard  to  separate  from  C.  dnjophila 
by  descriptions,  and  there  are  probably  intermediate  forms.  The 
typical  ]dant  seems  to  be  limited  to  coniferous  woods.  The  striate 
stem  influenced  Fries  to  refer  it  to  the  Striaepedes;  but  it  seems 
to  belong  more  naturally  to  this  group,  from  its  general  appear- 
ance and  the  somewhat  hygrophanous  flesh.  The  umbo  often  dis- 
appears somewhat  in  age,  but  the  crenulate  gills,  and  striate  stem 
seem  quite  consistent  for  the  typical  plants  of  conifer  woods.  The 
spores  of  this  species  and  several  of  those  following  are  practically 
the  same.  It  is  probable  that  the  form  in  frondose  woods  is  an 
ecological  variety,  as  it  rarely  possesses  a  distinct  umbo. 

798.     CoUybia  dryophila  Fr.     (Edible) 

Svst.  Mvc,  1S21. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  204. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  15(j. 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  103. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  315. 

Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  3,  PI.  40,  Fig.  8. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  11*2,  PL  111,  1908  (coloring  poor). 

Plate  CLX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  obtuse  or  depressed, 
often  irregular,  even,  glabrous,  subhygroj^hanous,  color  variable, 
tan,  icith  reddish  or  ijeUo\rish  shades,  disk  darker,  sometimes  bay- 
brown,  often  faded.  FLESH  white,  rather  thin  and  pliant,  some- 
what watery.  (ULLS  adnexed  or  narrowly  adnate,  narrow,  crowd- 
ed, whitish  or  i)allid  (yellowish  in  variety),  edge  entire  or  minutely 
crenulate.  STEM  3-G  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  up- 
Avard,  reddish-hrown  or  yellowish-tinged,  usually  concolor,  glabrous, 
hollow,  cuticle  cartilaginous,  white-mycelioid  at  base.  SPOKES 
5-7x3.5  micr.,  smooth,  narrowly  ovate,  white,  CYSTIDIA  none. 
ODOK  and  TASTE  mild. 

(iregarious  or  subcaespitose.  Typical  form  in  hard-wood  forests, 
gi-oves,  etc.  June  to  October.  (Earliest  record.  May  28;  latest, 
October  4.)      A'erv  common,  throughout   the   State. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  755 

This  species  is  the  center  of  a  "group,"  inclnding  C.  hutyracea,  C. 
lentinoides,  C.  estensis  Morg.,  C.  aquosa  and  C.  acervata,  which  may 
be  called  the  "dryophila"  group.  There  seem  to  be  a  whole  series  of 
variations,  connecting  C.  drijophila  and  (\  huti/rocca  on  the  one 
hand,  and  C.  dryophila  and  C.  aquosa  on  the  other.  It  is  difificult 
in  many  cases  to  refer  individual  collections  in  a  very  strict  way  to 
the  species  mentioned,  except  by  generalizing  the  descriptions.  In 
this  report,  it  seemed  best  to  select  plants  which  well  fit  the  Friesian 
descriptions,  and  draw  our  descriptions  from  them,  and  consider  in- 
termediate plants  as  ''forms"  or  "varieties"  of  these,  leaving  such 
identifications  to  the  students.  Secretan,  long  ago,  named  a  num- 
ber of  these  varieties ;  but  such  names  carry  very  little  meaning,  as 
even  the  varieties  may  vary.  It  is  very  probable  that  the  varieties 
occur  under  dift'erent  influences  of  habitat,  i.  e.,  grow  in  dift'erent 
soil, -under  different  moisture  conditions,  etc.  The  spore  print  is 
white  at  first,  but  may  become  yellowish-tinged  with  age.  The 
plants  appear  at  their  best  growing  from  thick  mats  of  leaves  and 
humus,  and  are  then  often  caespitose  and  the  stems  are  covered 
toward  the  base  with  a  white  down.  The  caps  are  delicious  when 
fried  with  bread-crumbs  and  egg. 

799.     Collybia  lentinoides  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Kep.  32,  1879. 

"PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  obtuse,  gla- 
brous, hygrophanous,  reddish-brown  or  chestnut  color  when  moist, 
reddish-tan  color  when  dry.  GILLS  adnexed,  narrow,  close,  white, 
serrate  on  edge.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick,  equal, 
even  or  slightly  striate,  hollow,  slightly  pruinose  at  top,  u-hite  or 
whitish.     SPOKES  6-7.5x4  micr. 

"This  species  bears  some  resemblance  to  C.  dryophila,  from  which 
it  is  differentiated  by  its  hygrophanous  pileus,  serrated  gills  and 
white  stem." 

Reported  by  Longyear.     Swamps.     Summer.     Apparently  rare. 

800.     Collybia  strictipes  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888.  ^' 

Illustration :    Plate  CLXT  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  2.5  to  6.5  cm.  broad,  convex    then    plane,    margin    at 


756  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

leugtli  raised,  obtuse  to  subdepressed,  slightly  rugose  on  disk,  rare- 
ly eveu,  glabrous,  sulliygrophanous,  yellowish-white,  tinged  with 
red,  more  deeply  colored  ou  disk,  margin  often  slightly  striate  when 
moist.  FLESH  th>n,  watery-white  when  moist.  GILLS  adnexed 
or  nearly  free,  rather  crowded,  medium  width,  lohite  or  ichitish, 
edge  minutely  fimbriate.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick,  strict, 
equal,  hollow,  terete  or  subcompressed,  sometimes  twisted,  even, 
glabrous,  pruinose  at  apex,  n-liite  to  pellucid,  white-mycelioid 
or  strigose  at  base.  SPORES  narrowly  elliptic-ovate,  6.5-8x3-3.5 
micr.,  pointed  at  one  end,  smooth,  white  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  none; 
sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  short  and  slender.    ODOR  and  TASTE 

mild. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  Low,  moist,  rich  f rondose  woods ;  on  tht 
ground  or  among  mosses.  Ann  Arbor  and  New  Richmond.  Prob- 
ably throughout  the  State.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

The  straight,  pellucid-white  stem  and  rugose  cap  distinguish  it. 
Luxuriant  specimens  have  rugose  lines  over  the  whole  surface  of 
the  cap.  The  colors  are  rather  clear  compared  with  those  of  C. 
dryophila  and  C.  lutyracea.  Peck  compares  it  with  C.  maculata, 
from  which  it  is  easily  distinct.  C.  estensis  Morg.  (Cinn.  Soc.  of 
Nat.  Hist.  Journ.,  Vol.  6,  1883,  Plate  5)  is  very  close,  and  may  be 
a  variety. 

801.     Collybia  alcalinolens  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  19,  1896. 
Illustration:    Plate  CLXII  of  this, Report. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  at  first  ovate  with  incurved  margin, 
hygroplumous,  glabrous,  grayish-umber  (moist),  grayish-brown  or 
cinereous  (dry),  margin  striatulate  when  moist.  FLESH  thin, 
whitish  or  grayish-tinged.  GILLS  sinuate-adnexed  or  emarginate, 
rather  broad,  suhdistant,  subventricose,  white  then  obscurely  gray- 
ish-tinged, edge  entire.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  rarely 
thicker,  eijual,  subpruinose,  glabrescent,  shining  even,  flexuous, 
stuffed  then  hollow,  cartilaginous,  elastic,  whitish.  SPORES  ob- 
long-ovate, narrow,  7-10  x  4  micr.,  smooth,  white,  CYSTIDIA  and 
sterile  cells  lacking.  BASIDIA  about  27  x  5-6  micr.,  4-spored. 
ODOR  strong,  alkaline.    TASTE  mild. 

Gregarious  or  sultcaespitose.  On  the  ground  among  leaves,  rich 
frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  October-November.  Frequent 
locally. 


1 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  757 

This  species  is  known  by  its  odor,  its  finally  striate  pileus  and 
by  its  shining  stem.  It  has  the  appearance  and  size  of  a  Mycena, 
but  the  pileus  is  soon  expanded.  It  reminds  one  strongly  of  (Jolly- 
Ma  floccipes,  but  the  latter  has  numerous  cystidia  and  no  odor,  al- 
though it  grows  in  similar  places. 

802.     Collybia  familia  Pk.     (Edible) 

N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

Illustrations:     X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  75,  PI.  84,  1904. 
Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  16,  op.  p.  67,  1905. 
Plate  CLXIII  of  this  Report. 

.  PILEUS  1-3.5  cm.  broad,  fragile,  convex  or  hemispherical,  then 
expffuded,  obtuse,  glabrous,  hygrophanous,  even  or  margin  sub- 
striatulate  when  moist,  watery-broAvnish-buff  (moist),  creamy-lmjf 
to  wJiitisJi  (dry),  margin  at  length  recurved  and  split  radially. 
FLESH  thin,  concolor.  GILLS  adnexed  or  almost  free,  crowded, 
narrow,  whitish,  edge  entire.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick, 
slender,  equal,  toughish,  stuffed  then  hollow,  glabrous,  rarely 
minutely  fiocculose,  subconfluent  at  base  with  mycelioid  tomentum, 
whitish.  SPORES  subglobose  to  oval,  3-4.5x3  micr.,  few  larger, 
smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  and  sterile  cells  none.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  none. 

Densely  caespitose.  On  decaying  trunks  and  logs  of  hemlock 
and  tamarack.  Huron  Mountains,  Marquette,  Munising,  New  Rich- 
mond, Ann  Arbor.     August-October.     Infrequent. 

Because  of  their  edibility,  it  is  fortunate  that  the  abundant  clust- 
ers of  from  ten  to  twenty  individuals  are  rarely  attacked  by 
grubs ;  these  clusters  often  cover  a  large  part  of  a  log.  The  species 
has  the  general  habit  of  Collybia  ahundans  from  which  it  is  distin- 
guished by  the  hygrophanous  flesh  and  by  the  pileus  not  being  um- 
bilicate  nor  virgate.  The  European  Collybia  lacerata  Fr.  has  a 
similar  habit  and  appearance,  but  its  gills  are  said  to  be  broad  and 
distant.  Peck  compares  it  with  C.  ac.ervata,  a  caespitose  species 
with  very  different  colors.  The  Ann  Arbor  specimens  were  found 
on  tamarack  logs. 


758  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

^"Gills  ycUoif  or  yclloicish. 

803.     Collybia  aquosa  Fr.  var.     (Edible) 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

lllustratiou :     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  GG,  Fig.  2. 

PILEUS  2-5  (111.  broad,  convex  at  first,  soon  plane  or  depressed^ 
distinctly  hygrophanous,  watery-brown  or  rnfons-brown  icitli  a  yel- 
loir  cast  (moist),  pale  tan  to  buif  (dry),  obscurely  rngulose,  mar- 
gin striatulate  when  moist,  even  when  dry.  FLESH  thin,  snbpliant, 
whitish,  soft.  GILLS  adnexed  or  almost  free,  rounded  behind,  nar- 
row, crowded,  Jutcous  or  pallid  with  sulphur  tinge,  becoming  erose. 
STEM  5-7  cm.  long,  4-G  mm.  thick,  equal  or  suhequal,  hollow,  sub- 
terete  or  compressed,  minutely  flocculose-pubescent,  even,  cuticle 
cartilaginous,  straight  or  flexuous,  pallid  or  tinged  sulphur-yellow, 
especially  above,  extreme  base  slightly  inflated-bulbous.  SPORES 
5-G  X  3  micr.,  narrowly  ovate,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Caespitose.  On  the  ground,  among  tamaracks  or  low  frondose 
woods.     Ann  Arbor.     May  20-June. 

This  is  intermediate  between  C.  dryophila  and  C.  aquosa,  but 
because  of  its  hygrophanous,  watery  flesh  and  finely  striatulate 
pileus  it  seems  closer  to  C.  aquosa.  The  plant  has  a  honey-yellow 
cap  and  stem,  shading  its  citron  or  sulpluir  when  fresh  and  moist, 
but  soon  fading.  The  gills  of  C  aquosa  are  said  to  be  pallid,  in 
which  respect  our  plant  differs  somewhat.  It  forms  tufts  among 
grass  in  drained  tamarack  swamps  or  among  leaves  in  low  woods. 
The  base  of  the  stem  is  slightly  enlarged,  not  truly  bulbous  nor 
strigose-hairy.  It  seems  to  be  somewhat  related  to  C.  acervata. 
Whether  it  has  been  described  is  uncertain. 

804.     Collybia  colorea  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  2G,  1S7L 

"Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  subumbilicate,  hygroph- 
anous, glabrous,  "luteous"-yellow,  not  striate,  paler  when  dry. 
FLESH  rather  tliin,  soft,  yellowish.  (IlLLS  adnexed,  emargiuate, 
close,  moderately  broad,  luteous  to  sordid-ochre,  edge  entire.  STEM 
2-4  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  equal,  even,  subpruinose,  hollow,  gia- 


1 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  759 

brous,  colored  like  pileiis.  SPORES  siibglobose  or  broadly  ellipti- 
cal, 4-5  micr," 

Scattered  or  subcaespitose.  On  decaying  wood,  especially  of  pine. 
Negaunee,  New  Richmond,  Greenville  (Longyear).  June-Septem- 
ber.    Rare. 

An  unidentified  Michigan  plant  approaches  this  rather  closely. 
It  has  the  same  colors,  etc.,  but  differs  in  its  fieshy-flbrous,  solid 
stem  and  bitterish  taste.     The  spores  are  white. 

"^* Gills  rufescent. 

805.     CoUybia  acervata  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  G4,  Fig.  2. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  147. 
,  Cooke,  111.,  PI.  267. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  87,  p.  117. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  75,  PI.  81,  1901. 

"PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broatl,  convex,  becoming  expanded  or  nearly 
plane,  glabrous,  hyfjrophanous,  pale  tan  color  or  incarnate  red  and 
sometimes  obscureW  striatulate  on  the  margin  when  moist,  whitish 
after  the  escape  of  the  moisture.  GILLS  close,  rounded  behind, 
slightly  adnexed  or  free,  whitish,  or  slightly  tinged  pink.  STEM 
5-7.5  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  equal,  hollow,  slender,  rigid  but  brittle, 
glabrous  except  the  white-tomentose  base,  rcddish-hroicn  or  pur- 
plish-brown.    SPORES  elliptic,  0-7.5  x  1  micr.,  white.'' 

Caespitose.  On  decaying  prostrate  trunks  and  leaves,  or  on  half- 
buried  rotten  wood.     August-September.     Ann  Arbor.     Infrequent. 

The  description  is  obtained  from  Peck,  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull. 
75),  as  my  own  notes  are  incomplete.  This  species  may  be  merely  an 
ecological  variety  of  C  dryophiJa.  Like  Hard,  I  have  found  it  in 
localities  formerly  occupied  by  saw-mills.  The  gills  become  slight- 
ly rufescent  in  age.  Our  plant  does  not  seem  to  agree  well  with 
the  European  descriptions. 


760  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

806.     CoUybia  hygrophoroides  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  ^Slns.  Kep.  32,  1879. 
Illustration:     Plate  CLXIV  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  24  cm.  broad,  obtusely  conical  at  first  and  reddish- 
brick  color,  then  campanulate  to  expanded  and  almost  plane,  with 
or  without  umbo,  rufous-tan  (moist),  dull-tan  or  isabelline  (dry), 
hj'grophanous,  glabrous,  even,  margin  straight  at  first.  FLESH 
thin,  whitish.  GILLS  arcuate-uncinate  or  deeply  emarginate,  al- 
most free  at  times,  close,  rather  hroad,  ventricose,  dingy  white  at 
first,  then  tinged  flesh  color,  edge  becoming  eroded.  STEM  5-12 
cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  tough,  often  long  and  twisted,  longitudi- 
nally striate  to  sulcate,  lower  third  rooting  and  densely  white-to- 
mentose,  upper  p'art  pallid  to  rufescent  and  pruinose,  stuffed  then 
hollow,  curved  or  straight.  SPOKES  oblong,  5-6.5x3-3.5  micr., 
smooth,  white  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  rather  abundant  on  sides  of 
gills,  slender,  acuminate  above,  50-60x4-5  micr. 

Solitary  to  subcaespitose  or  scattered.  On  the  ground  in  low, 
moist,  maple  and  oak  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  May- July.  Bare  and 
local;  rather  common  in  a  single  locality. 

This  is  apparently  a  Mycena  as  shown  by  the  straight  margin  of 
the  young  pileus.  It  somewhat  resembles  Cooke's  figure  of  M. 
excisa  (Plate  148),  (=  M.  berkeleyi  Mass.)  which  is  certainly  not 
the  M.  excisa  figured  by  Fries  (Icones).  That  species,  however, 
grows  on  trunks  of  pine,  and  the  color  is  different  from  ours  accord- 
ing to  Fries'  description.  The  young,  unopened  pileus  resembles 
that  of  Hygrophorus  conicus  in  color  and  shape,  as  pointed  out  by 
Peck.  It  seems  to  have  no  direct  relationshi}>  to  either  Mycena 
or  Collybia.  The  lower  half  or  third  is  usually  immersed  in  the 
soil  which  adheres  to  the  tomentum  when  pulled  up;  this  portion 
may  be  attenuated  or  scarcely  so  as  shown  in  our  plate.  The  older 
plants  have  rufescent  gills  and  stem,  but  the  spore-print  is  white. 
Out-  specimens  were  seen  and  identified  by  Peck,  who  says  it  is 
a  very  rare  species. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  7G1 

'■^^'^'^ Gills  lilaceous. 

807.     CoUybia  myriadophylla  Pk. 

:N.  Y.  state  Mus.  Kep.  25,  1873. 

Illustration:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  85,  p.  115,  1908. 

PILEUS  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  soon  plane  or  depressed,  flexible, 
liygrophanous,  glabrous,  even,  sometimes  umbilicate  or  mammilate, 
dull  umher-hroion  ivith  lilac  tinge  (moist),  ochraceous-butf  (dry). 
FLESH  very  thin.  GILLS  slightly  adnexed,  very  crowded,  narrow, 
linear,  thickish,  dark  lilac,  edge  entire.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  1-1.5 
mm.  thick,  slender,  equal,  terete  or  compressed,  stuff"ed  by  a  white 
pith,  then  hollow,  dull  lilac  to  reddish-hrown,  subglabrous,-  some- 
times densely  silky-pruinate.  SPORES  very  minute,  3-1  x  2  micr., 
elliptic-oval.     CYSTIDIA  none. 

Gregarious.  On  mossy  hemlock  or  tamarack  logs  or  wood.  July 
to  October.  Ann  Arbor  (on  tamarack).  New  Richmond,  South 
Haven,  Bay  View  and  Houghton.     Infrequent. 

A  very  distinct  little  Collybia,  sometimes  lilac-tinged  through- 
out ;  this  color  persists  longer  on  the  gills  than  elsewhere.  The  gills 
are  often  glaucous,  and  on  drying  become  reddish-brown.  The 
stem  is  sometimes  attenuated  below  and  rooting;  at  times  it  is 
entirely  white-pruinose  with  a  tuff  of  lilaceous  strigose  hairs  at 
the  base.    The  species  seems  to  be  limited  to  coniferous  woods. 

*""***Gi/?s  cinerascent  or  rufescent. 
808.     Collybia  atrata  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  70,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  155. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  148. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  83,  p.  113,  1908. 

"PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  tough,  piano-depressed,  never  papillate, 
convex  toward  margin,  very  glabrous,  orbicular,  umbilicate,  even, 
pitch-hlack  and  shining  (moist),  fuscous  (dry).  FLESH  rather 
thick,  firm.  GILLS  adnate,  scarcely  decurrent,  at  first  arcuate, 
then  straight,  rather  hroad,  suhdistant,  whitish  to  gray,  then  fus- 


7(32  THE  AGARICACEAE  OP  MICHIGAN 

cons.  STEM  short,  '2:\  cm.  long,  24  inin.  tliick,  tough,  equal  or 
subeqnal,  (jiahrous,  stutlVd  then  hollow,  cartUufjinous,  fuscous  Avith- 
in  and  without."  SPOKES  5-()  x  4  niicr.,  ellijitical  (Schroeter,  AV. 
(J.   Smith  I.     ODOK  uoue. 

Around  burned  stumps  or  burned  over  soil,  in  exposed  places. 

The  above  description  is  taken  from  Fries'  Icones.  The  occur- 
ence of  the  species  in  Michigan  is  somewhat  uncertain,  as  my  notes 
are  incomplete.     June.     Ann  Arbor.     Infrequent  to  rare. 

A  Marasmius-like  plant  in  appearance,  but  it  does  not  revive. 
AVlien  young  and  fresh,  it  seems  to  be  firm,  but  the  thin  margin  is 
soon  flexible.  The  gills  are  not  ventricose,  and  a  section  through 
them  reveals  peculiar  hyphae  forming  the  central  layer,  which  are 
dark  colored  from  blackish-brown  granules  in  their  interior;  they 
are  not  truly  ashy,  but  dark  cinnamon-brown  when  fresh  and 
mature.  Tlie  base  of  the  stem  is  sometimes  strigose-hairy  with 
fuscous-brown  hairs,  and  under  high  magnification  the  rest  of  the 
stem  is  seen  to  be  covered  witli  short,  intertwined  or  spreading  dark 
hairs.  On  drying  the  pileus  becomes  rusty-reddish,  or  occasionally 
appears  scorched.  There  are  some  very  similar  species  and  the 
group  needs  further  study.     It  is  said  to  occur  in  autumn. 

809.     CoUybia  plexipes  Fr.  var. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustration:     Plate  CLXV  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate-expanded,  ohtusc,  gla- 
brous, hygrophanous,  diackish-chestnut  (moist),  rufous  u-Jien  dry- 
ing, obscurely  rugulose-striatulate  when  moist,  not  shining.  FLESH 
concolor,  very  tliiu  on  margin.  GILLS  slightly  adnexed,  narrow, 
tapering  outward,  thickish,  close  to  crowded,  jdane,  hrou-n,  glaiires- 
ccnt.  edge  entire.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  mm.  thick,  subeqnal,. 
opaque,  tubular,  suhteretc  or  compressed  and  furrowed,  flexuous, 
cartilaginous,  often  curved,  tougli,  subglabrous,  black,  paler  at 
apex.  SPORES  minute,  elliptic-ovate,  5-7x2.5-3  micr.,  white, 
smooth.     CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOK  and  TASTE  none. 

Caesjtitose  or  subcaespitose  to  solitary.  On  very  rotten  wood, 
among  moss,  etc.,  about  old  stumps  and  mounds,  in  frondose  woods. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  763 

810.     Collybia  atratoides  Fk. 

N.  Y.  State  Rep.  32,  1879. 

Illustration:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  86,  p.  116,  1908. 

"PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  convex,  subumbilicate,  glabrous,  hygro- 
pbanous,  hJackisli-liroirn  (moist),  grayish-brown  and  shining  (dry). 
FLESH  thin.  GILLS  adnate,  rather  hroad,  suhdistant,  inter- 
venose,  grayish-white.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  equal, 
hollow,  glabrous,  grayish-brown,  with  a  mycelioid  tomentum  at 
base.     SPORES  nearly  globose,  about  .5  micr.  diameter. 

''Gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  decaying  wood  and  mossy 
sticks  in  woods." 

The  description  is  adapted  from  Peck.  Hard  points  out  that  the 
margin  of  the  pileus  is  often  crenate.  It  doubtless  occurs  within 
the  State,  and  may  be  confused  with  Mycena  by  its  shape  and  size. 

811.     Collybia  expallens  Pk.  var. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  44,  1891. 

PILEFS  1-2..5  cm.  broad,  orbicular,  convex-expanded,  depressed 
or  subumbilicate  on  disk,  hi/grophanous,  at  first  blackish,  then 
brown  to  pale  fuscous,  glabrous,  striatiiJate  on  margin  when  moist. 
FLESH  rather  thin,  brownish  then  whitish.  GILLS  adnate,  seced- 
ing, medium  width,  close  to  subdistant,  fuscous,  edge  entire.  STEM 
1-2  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  tapering  downward,  tough,  hollow,  some- 
times compressed  or  grooved,  cartilaginous,  livid-brown,  sometimes 
blackish  on  handling,  pruinose-pubescent.  SPORES  subglobose, 
5x4  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  and  STERILE  CELLS 
none.     ODOR  and  TASTE  farinaceous. 

Gregarious  among  fallen  needles  of  white  pine.  New  Richmond. 
September.     Infrequent. 

Differs  from  C.  atrata  and  (\  atratoides  by  the  presence  of  a 
distinct  farinaceous  odor,  and  a  striate  margin  to  the  pileus.  It 
approaches  C.  ambusta  except  in  odor  and  the  lack  of  a  jiapillate 
pileus.     The  stem  is  pruinose,  at  least  at  the  apex. 


764  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Section  IT.  Laevipedes.  Putrescent;  not  hygrophanous;  stem 
glabrous,  not  conspicuously  striate. 

812.     Collybia  albiflavida  (Pk.)     (Edible) 
X.  V.  State  Mus.  Uep.  23,  1872   (as  Triclioloma  alhiflavidum). 

PILE  US  5-12  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  then  depressed,  obtuse 
or  slightly  iimbonate,  umbo  subobsolete  and  darker,  moist,  whitish 
or  creamy-yellow,  even,  glabrous,  margin  at  first  involute.  FLESH 
white.  GILLS  adnexed-emarginate,  narrow,  croiodcd,  thin,  white 
or  whitish,  edge  entire.  STEM  6-18  cm,  long,  5-8  mm.  thick,  equal 
above  the  bulbous  base,  solid,  fibrous  within,  cuticle  cartilaginous, 
whitish.  SPORES  elliptical,  smooth,  obtuse,  7-10  x  4.5-5.5  micr.. 
white  in  mass.  CYSTIDIA  lanceolate,  scattered  or  infrequent  on 
sides  of  gills,  often  crystallate  at  apex,  55-65  x  10-15  micr.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  none. 

Solitary,  gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground  in  frondose 
or  coniferous  woods,  among  fallen  leaves.  Throughout  the  State, 
June-September.     Frequent. 

This  noble  plant  is  found  frequently,  especially  in  moist  ravines 
of  most  kinds  of  woods.  It  was  referred  by  Peck  to  Tricholoma. 
where  he  considered  it  close  to  T.  lascivum.  Collectors  nearly  al- 
ways mistake  it  for  a  Collybia.  and  this  tendency  is  given  a  basis 
because  of  the  presence  of  cystidia  on  the  gills,  and  by  the  nature 
of  the  stem,  whose  rind  is  cartilaginous.  The  plant  presents  a  stiff 
appearance  due  to  the  straight  and  rather  rigid-elastic  stem.  It 
sometimes  attains  a  much  larger  size  than  the  original  description 
indicates.  A  form  occurs  in  low.  wet  or  swampy  places,  with  simi- 
lar habit  and  structure,  but  smaller  and  darker  in  color.  The  color 
is  almost  smoky-brown,  and  the  general  appearance  suggests  a 
form  of  Tricholoma  melaleucum;  its  microscopic  details,  however, 
agree  with  the  above  species ;  its  pileus  is  2.5-5  cm.  broad.  T.  albi- 
flavidum  has  a  disagreeable  odor  at  times,  but  this  may  disappear, 
especially  after  it  is  picked  and  left  overnight. 

813.     Collybia  abundans  Pk.     (Edible) 

X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  1878. 
Illustration :    Plate  CLXVI  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly    plane,    subumbilicate, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  765 

whitish  or  pale  grayish-brown,  disk  darker,  innately  fihrillose,  fibrils 
more  dense  on  disk,  the  thin  margin  at  length  splitting.  FLESH 
thin.  GILLS  adnate,  rather  narrow,  close,  sometimes  veiny,  white. 
STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  tliick,  rather  short,  eqnal,  glabrous,  hol- 
low, often  curved,  easily  sj)litting,  concolor  or  whitish.  SPORES 
subgiobose,  5-G  micr.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Cacspitose.  On  decaying  wood  and  logs,  in  frondose  and  mixed 
woods,  especially  in  the  north.  Ann  Arbor,  Marquette,  Houghton. 
August-October.     Infrequent. 

The  ''abundant  Collybia"  usually  grows  in  great  profusion  when 
it  occurs.  It  is  very  similar  in  general  appearance  to  CollyMa 
jamilia,  but  is  usually  smaller  and  shorter-stemmed;  its  pileus  has 
a  slight  umbilicus ;  it  is  not  hygrophanous,  and  when  dried  usually 
becomes  rufescent, — a  special  characteristic  of  the  stem. 

814.     CoUybia  succinea  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  65,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  151. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  convex-campanulate,  subexpanded,  smoky 
rufous-brown,  becoming  paler,  moist,  glabrous,  even,  firm  at  first 
then  flexible.  FLESH  becoming  whitish,  rather  thin.  GILLS 
adnexed,  hroad,  close  to  suhdistant,  thickish,  ventricose,  whitish, 
edge  minutely  serrulate.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  thick, 
equal,  gladrous,  stuffed  then  hollow,  even,  cartilaginous,  tough, 
pruinose  at  apex,  dark  riifous-hroicn.  SPORES  oblong,  obtuse,  8-9 
X  3-3.5  micr.,  white.  CYSTIDIA  ventricose,  acuminate-pointed 
above,  45  x  12  micr.,  abundant  on  edge  of  gills,  few  elsewhere. 
TASTE  and  ODOR  farinaceous. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground  in  hemlock-beech  woods.  New  Rich- 
mond.    September.     Infrequent. 

The  colors  are  well  represented  by  the  illustrations  referred  to. 
The  farinaceous  odor  is  not  mentioned  b}^  the  European  authors, 
but  in  other  respects  the  characters  of  our  plants  are  apparent^ 
the  same  as  of  those  of  Euroije. 


700  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

.     Section  ///.     Striacpcdes.     Piitrescent ;  not  hygroplianous;  stem 
conspicuoiislij  striate,  glabrous. 

815.     CoUybia  radicata  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Mvf..  1Sl>1. 

lllu-stiatioiis :    Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  78,  p.  107,  1908. 

Mellvaiue,  One  Thousand  Anier.  Mushrooms,  PI.  29,  op.  p. 

Ill',  1900. 
White,  Conn.  State  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  3, 

PI.  0,  op.  p.  27,  1905. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  140. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  165. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PI.  48,  1900. 
Plate  CLXVII  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  o-lO  cm.  broad,  convex  to  nearl}'  plane,  sometimes  um- 
bonate,  viscid,  glabrous,  grayish-brown  to  smoky-brown  or  umber, 
sometimes  nearly  white,  even  or  rugose.  FLESH  rather  thin,  white. 
(JILLS  adnexed,  hroad,  thick,  subdistaut,  white.  STEM  elongated, 
.~)-20  (111.  long  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  witli  a  long  root- 
like prolongation  penetrating  the  earth,  tapering  upward,  4-8  mm. 
thick,  rigid-erect,  glabrous,  twisted-striate  to  sukate,  white  above, 
usually  brownish  or  smoky-brownish  elsewhere,  cartilaginous. 
SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  smooth,  14-17  x  9-11  micr.  CYSTIDIA 
scattered,  on  edge  and  sides  of  gills,  60-80  x  15-18  micr.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild. 

(xregarious  or  solitary.  On  the  ground  in  woods,  groves,  clear- 
ings, etc.,  throughout  the  State.  June-October.  (Earliest  record 
June  26,  latest  October  4.)     Common. 

The  "rooted  Collybia"  is  closely  related  to  C.  longipes,  whose  stem 
has  a  similar  root-like  prolongation  at  the  base.  The  viscidity  of  the 
pileus  is  almost  absent  in  dry  weather.  The  stem  is  usually  thick- 
ened just  above  the  "root,"  and  as  Atkinson  has  pointed  out,  this 
"root"  is  sometimes  attached  to  dead  tree  roots  deep  in  the  soil. 
They  often  grow  from  much  decayed  stumps  or  logs,  especially  in 
recent  clearings.  The  clear  white  of  the  gills  is  quite  marked. 
It  is  one  of  the  first  summer  mushrooms  with  which  the  beginner 
becomes  acquainted,  and  the  great  variation  in  color  and  size  will 
often  mislead  him  into  thinking  he  has  several  kinds,  especially  if 
he  collects  without  getting  the  "root."     Peck  has  riamed  two  varie- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  767 

ties:  Var.  furfuracea:  (111.,  Peck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  Plate 
48,  Fig.  9-11).  STEM  minutehj  scurfy.  This  variety,  therefore, 
differs  mainly  from  C.  longipes  in  viscid  cap  and  spores.  Var. 
jjusUhi:  (111.,  Peck,  X.  Y.  State  Mns.  Mem.  4,  Plate  48,  Fig.  12-14). 
Cap  1-3  cm.  broad,  otherwise  like  the  typical  form.  All  of  these 
are  edible. 

816.     Collybia  platyphylla  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PL  15,  op.  p.  06, 
1905. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  79,  p.  109,  1908. 
White,  Conn.  State  Survey  Bull.  15,  PI.  7,  1910. 
Peck,  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  4,  PL  49,  1900. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  106. 
Fries,  Icones,  PL  61. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  128. 

PILEUS  6-12  cm.  broad,  at  first  ovate-campanulate,  then  convex- 
expanded,  obtuse  or  depressed,  grayish-brown  to  whitish-gray, 
streaked  irith  darker  fibrils  or  innate  scurfy  scales,  often  wavy  on 
margin.  FLESH  thin,  fragile,  scissile,  white.  GILLS  adnexed, 
deeply  emarginate,  broad,  subdistant,  often  transversely  striate  and 
splitting,  edge  entire  or  eroded,  white.  STEM  7-12  cm.  long,  stout, 
1-2  cm.  thick,  fibrous-fieshy,  cuticle  subcartilaginous,  equal,  fibrous- 
solid  becoming  cavernous,  fibriUose-striate,  white  or  whitish,  base 
blunt  or  attached  to  thick  strands  of  mycelium.  SPOKES  broadlj'' 
elliptical,  smooth,  8-10x6-7  micr.,  white.  (Immature  spores  abund- 
ant in  mounts.)  CYSTIDIA  none.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of 
gills,  inflated-rounded,  25  x  13  micr.  ODOR  mild,  slightly  of  anise. 
TASTE  slightly  unpleasant  when  fresh,  disagreeable  when  old. 

Solitary,  gregarious  or  subcaespitose.  On  decaying  wood,  stumps, 
humus,  etc.,  in  frondose  woods,  throughout  the  State  after  lieavy 
rains.    June-October.     (Earliest  record  June  15,  latest  October  4.) 

This  species  is  our  largest  Collybia  although  ('.  radirata  some- 
times has  a  cap  equal  in  width.  The  fleshy,  scarcely  cartilaginous, 
consistency  of  its  stem  maj"  lead  one  to  refer  it  to  the  genus  Tricho- 
loma.  Peck  and  others  say  the  stem  is  stuft'ed  or  hollow.  I  have 
found  the  young  stem  solid-fibrous,  later  tunneled  by  grubs,  and 
the  interior  loosened.  Insects  attack  the  plant  readily  and  spoil 
it  for  use  on  the  table,  but  as  it  does  not  rank  very  high  in  flavor. 


768  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

This  is  of  little  conseiiiieiice.  Stevenson  lias  incoirectly  given  the 
spore  measurements  as  19  x  13  micr.,  and  Mcllvaine  has  copied  the 
error. 

817.     CoUybia  maculata  A.  &  S.     (Edible) 

Svst.  .AIvc.  1821. 

Illustrations:     Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  15,  op.  p.  66, 
1905. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  82,  p.  113,  1908. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  6,  PI.  130. 

PILEUS  5-15  cm.  broad,  compact,  convex  then  expanded,  obtuse 
or  broadly  subumbouate,  glabrous,  even,  tvhite  icith  ferruginous 
stains  or  spots,  later  becoming  rusty-red  throughout,  margin  at 
first  iurolled,  then  waxj'^  or  lobed.  FLESH  white,  firm.  GILLS 
adnexed,  or  nearly  free,  very  narroio,  crowded,  white  or  whitish, 
edge. entire.  STEM  6-16  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  equal  or  sub- 
ventricose,  attenuated  below  and  praemorsely  rooting,  prm,  carti- 
laginous, striate  or  subsulcate,  hollow.  SPORES  subglobose  to 
short-elliptical,   6  x  3-4   micr.,   smooth,     white.      CYSTIDIA     none. 

Solitary  or  subcaespitose.  On  the  ground,  conifer  or  mixed  woods 
of  northern  Michigan.  Isle  Royale,  Marquette,  Houghton,  Bay 
View.    July-September.     Infrequent. 

The  firm,  compact  flesh,  the  narrow  crowded  gills  and  stained 
pileus  characterize  this  plant.  The  pileus  is  often  narrow  com- 
pared with  the  long  and  rather  stout  stem.  With  age  the  stains 
spread  and  the  whole  plant  becomes  reddish.  Specimens  were 
found  in  frondose  woods  of  southern  Michigan  which  approach  G. 
szorconerea  Batsch.  with  cream-colored  to  ochroleucous  gills,  and 
bitterish  taste;  the  spores  of  this  form  measured  6x3  micr.  The 
pileus  was  rufous-tinged  or  darker  on  disk.  Triclioloma  subma- 
culatum  Pk.  has  smaller  spores  and  a  solid  stem ;  otherwise  it  seems 
to  approach  some  of  the  variations  of  Colhjbia  maculata. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  769 

Section  IV.  Vestipedcs.  Putrescent;  stem  velvety,  fibrillose 
hairy,  floccose  or  pruinose. 

818.     Collybia  velutipes  Fr.     (Edible) 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illiistratious :    Hard,  Mushrooms,  PI.  15,  p.  119,  1908. 

Reddick,  Dept.  of  Geol.  &  Nat.  Resources  of  Indiana,  Rep.  32, 

1907,  Fig-.  10. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Mem.  1,  PI.  47,  1900. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  181. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  1G9. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  1,  PI.  3,  Fig.  G. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  II,  No.  82. 
Plate  CLXVIII  of  this  Report. 

PILEFS  2,5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  viscid,  obtuse,  glabrous, 
the  viscid  pellicle  separable,  tawny,  reddish-yellow,  usually  darker 
on  disk  and  yellowish  on  margin,  even,  margin  often  irregular. 
FLESH  rather  thickish,  white  or  tinged  reddish-yellow.  GILLS 
adnexed,  emarginate,  broad,  subdistant  to  close,  whitish  or  yellow- 
ish, edge  minutely  fimbriate.  STEM  2-7  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick, 
firm,  stuffed,  then  hollow,  densely  velvety  ivith  short,  tawny  or 
hlackish-brown  hairs,  yellow  at  apex,  tough,  short-radicating. 
SPORES  oblong,  smooth,  7-9x3-4  micr.  (rarely  longer),  white  in 
mass.  CYSTIDIA  none.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills, 
slender,  awl-shaped.     ODOR  and  TASTE  mild. 

Caespitose.  On  decaying  stumps,  logs,  roots,  etc.,  as  well  as  on 
bark  of  living  trees;  throughout  the  State.  Most  abundant  in 
autumn,  in  September  to  December,  occurring,  however,  occasional- 
ly any  time  during  the  vear.  In  Avinter  it  mav  be  found  during^ 
warm  weather,  almost  surrounded  by  ice,  geeming  to  revive  at 
each  warm  i)eriod.  As  soon  as  the  snow  is  gone  fresh  specimens, 
which  have  developed  at  the  first  touch  of  the  wai'm  spring  sun- 
shine, may  be  found. 

The  viscid,  reddish-yellow  pileus  and  dark  velvety  stem  are 
characters  by  Avhich  it  is  easily  knoAvn.  It  may  appear  to  groAV  from 
the  ground,  but  in  such  cases  the  ''root"  is  usually  attached  to  dead 
Avoody  matter  below  the  surface.  Specimens  Avhich  liad  no  pileus, 
and  were  composed  only  of  a  stem,  several  feet  long,  were  found 
in  the  Calumet  mine  almost  a  mile  beneath  tlie  surface  of  the 
ground ;  the  characteristic  blackish-brown  Aelvety  covering  on  the 
97 


770  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

lower  portion  indicated  that  it  was  clearly  a  monstrous  form  of 
this  species;  it  was  growing  on  the  mine  timbers.  Whether  it  is 
truly  parasitic  on  living  trees  has  not  been  satisfactorily  proven. 
When  preparing  it  for  table  use,  it  is  best  to  peel  off  the  viscous 
pellicle  of  the  cap. 

819.  Collybia  longipes  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  201. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  160. 

^'PILEUS  3-5  cm.  broad,  convex-expanded,  subumbonate,  dry, 
radiate-wrinkled,  clear  brown,  disk  darker,  densely  velvety  with 
short  hroivn  hairs.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  almost  free,  rather  broad, 
subdistant,  ventricose,  j^iire  ichite,  edge  fimbriate.  STEM  8-12  cm. 
long,  4-5  mm.  thick,  solid,  firm,  straight,  thicker  below,  the  base 
prolongated  into  an  oblique  ''root,"  white  within,  leather-brown  to 
chestnut-brown,  pale  above,  covered  with  spreading,  tomcntose, 
hrown  hairs.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  9-10x6-7  micr.,  smooth, 
white.  CYSTIDIA  large,  flask-shaped,  55  x  17  micr.,  scattered  on 
sides  and  edge  of  gills." 

On  decayed  wood,  stumps  and  logs. 

Not  with  certainty  found  within  the  State.  The  description  is 
■adopted  from  Schroeter,  as  my  notes  are  incomplete.  The  plant  has 
much  the  appearance  of  C.  radicata,  but  the  pileus  is  dry  and  velvety. 
Mcllvaine  reports  it  in  West  Virginia,  but  his  remark  that  "it  is 
more  glutinous"  than  C.  radicata  eliminates  his  claim.  It  is  in- 
cluded for  ]>urposes  of  comparison. 

820.  Collybia  succosa  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  25,  1873. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  subcartilaginous,  campanulate  to  convex, 
cmereous-hroivn  to  fuliginous,  minutely  pubescent,  margin  incurved 
and  surpassing  the  gills.  FLESH  thickish,  white  at  first,  becoming 
^}urplisJi-hlack  where  tcounded.  GILLS  adnate  with  a  slight  de- 
<:-urrent  tooth,  l)ecoming  emarginate,  moderately  broad,  tapering  in 
front,  close,  whitish,  turning  hlackish  where  braised.  Stem  2-5 
;cm.  long,  2  mm.  tliick,  equal,  cartilaginous,  compact  except  the 
Tstuffed  axis,  often  curved,  clothed  with  a  fine,  fuliginous  pubescence, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARKS  771 

becoming  blackish.  SPORES  miuute,  globose-ovoid,  34  micr.  iu 
diameter,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  iioue;  sterile  cells  on  edge 
of  gills,  abundant,  slender,  subtiliform.  ODOR  and  TASTE  not 
marked. 

Scattered  or  caespitose.  On  decayed  wood,  logs,  etc.,  mostly  on 
hemlock,  in  coniferous  regions.  ^larquette,  Munising,  South  Haven, 
2S'ew  Richmond.     July- September. 

Easily  distinguished  bj-  the  change  of  color  when  bruised.  This 
change  is  due  to  lactiferous  tubes  containing  a  juice  which  turns 
blackisli  on  exposure  to  the  air.  These  tubes  are  specialized  hyphae 
interspersed  throughout  the  trama  of  the  pileus,  gills  and  stem. 
Under  the  microscope  it  may  be  seen  that  the  pubescence  is  com- 
posed of  elongated  hyaline  cells.  The  presence  of  a  juice  which 
exudes  on  wounding  the  plant  is  unusual  in  this  genus,  and  re- 
minds one  of  a  section  of  the  genus  Mycena;  but  the  incurved 
margin  of  the  young  pileus  indicates  its  relationship  with  Collybia. 
• 

821.     Collybia  floccipes  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:   Cooke,  111.,  PL  1168. 
-      Plate  CLXIX  of  this  Report. 

PILEUS  small,  5-20  mm.  broad,  conic-campanulate,  subexpand- 
ed  to  almost  plane,  papillate,  grai/ish-brown  to  sooty-hrown,  almost 
blackish  on  umbo,  glabrous,  faintly  striatulate  and  shining  Avhen 
moist,  margin  at  first  incurved.  FLESH  thin,  whitish  except 
cuticle,  which  is  comiwsed  of  erect,  vesiculose  cells.  GILLS  nar- 
rowly adnexed,  medium  broad,  close  to  subdistaut,  subventricose, 
white,  edge  pulverulent-fimbriate.  STEM  3-5  cm.  (sometimes  up 
to  10  cm.)  long,  flaccid,  filiform,  5-2  mm.  thick,  often  rooting, 
toughisli,  equal,  flexuous,  even,  hollow,  white,  minutely  dotted  under 
lens,  with  subcolorous  to  Uachish  points,  base  with  white  spreading 
fibrils.  SPORES  subglobose,  prominently  apiculate,  5-0  x  4-5  micr. 
(with  apiculus  1  micr.  longer),  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  abund- 
ant, on  edge  and  sides  of  gills,  narrowly  lanceolate,  60-90  x  7-11 
micr.,  subobtuse  at  apex.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Gregarious,  scattered  or  subcaespitose.  On  humus,  decayed 
leaves,  very  rotten  wood,  etc.,  in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor. 
May-June.     Frequent  locally. 

This  species  has  the  appearance  of  a  Mycena,  but  the  pileus  has 
an  incurved  margin.     A  lens  is  often  necessary  to  detect  the  minute 


Hi 


THE 'AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 


brownish  points  on  the  stem,  at  other  times  they  are  easily  visible. 
These  points  are  dne  to  short,  microscopic,  dark,  cystidia-like  hairs. 
Otherwise  the  stem  is  shining  and  wliitish.  When  growing  on  mnch 
decayed  wood  the  stem  may  be  long,  deeply  rooting;  when  on  the 
gronnd  it  is  scarcely  more  than  attached  by  the  spreading  white 
liairs  and  is  shorter.  In  size  ('.  poccipes  reminds  one  somewhat 
of  C.  ulcalinolcns  and  it  grows  in  similar  places,  but  it  has  no 
odor  and  is  not  hygrophanous. 

822.     Collybia  conigenoides  Ellis 
Torr.  P»ot.  Clnb  Bull.,  Vol.  6. 

PILEUS  small,  1-5  mm.  broad,  convex  then  plane,  pellucid-stri- 
ate,  dingy  cream-colored  or  tinged  tan,  covered  by  a  minute  pul)- 
esvence  (under  a  lens).  FLESH  thin,  white.  GILL8  slightly  ad- 
nexed  or  free,  close  to  subdistant,  medium  broad,  whitish,  becoming 
yellowish,  edge  minutely  pubescent.  STEM  filiform,  2-:)  cm.  long^ 
delicate,  minutely  pubescent  under  a  lens,  attached  at  base  by 
small  rooting  white  hairs,  white.  SPOKES  minute,  oblong,  smooth,. 
4-5x2-3  micr.,  white.  CYSTIDIA  mostly  on  edge  of  gills,  lance- 
olate, 25-35  micr.  long. 

On  half-buried  cones  of  white  pine.  New  Richmond.  Septem- 
ber.    Rare. 

Peck  has  described  a  similar  species  growing  ou  cones,  which  he 
called  C.  alhipihita.  It  has  the  same  kind  of  spores  and  cystidia 
as  our  species.  It  is  said  to  be  larger  with  an  8-12  mm.  pileus 
which  is  brown.  In  other  respects  C.  alhipiUita  is  like  C.  coiii- 
tjenokles.  I  suspect  ('.  albipiJafa  is  merely  a  luxuriant  form. 
Cystidia  are  apt  to  vary  somewhat  in  large  and  small  plants.  Two 
European  species  which  grow  on  pine  conei  have  beeu  critically 
discussed  by  Bresadola.  Tliey  are  C.  esciilenta  and  C.  conigeiia. 
Their  spores  measure  6-8  x  3-4  micr.,  and  hence  our  plant  cannot  be 
referred  to  them.  Their  size  is  also  markedly  different,  the 
])ilei  beiug  1-3  cm.  across.  Their  stems  are  long,  creeping  and 
rooting,  and  are  covered  on  the  rooting  portion  with  a  fibrillose 
(omentum. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  773 

823.     CoUybia  tuberosa  Ft-. 

Svst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illii.stratioii.s :     Micluiel,  Fulirei-  f.  rilzfi-euiide,  Vol.   II,  Xo.  80. 
Gillett,  Champignoii.s  de -France,   No.   1G8. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  144. 

PILEUS  small,  5-10  mm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  obtuse 
or  subnmbonate,  even,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  ichitish,  often  tinged 
reddish  or  yellotcish.  FLESH  thin,  white.  GILLS  adnate,  thin, 
close,  whitish,  edge  minutely  pubescent.  STEM  slender,  2-4  mm. 
long,  1  mm.  thick,  flaccid,  hollow,  whitish  or  reddish-tinged,  cov- 
ered by  a  thin  white  cortinoid  pulverulence,  often  nearly  glabrous 
above,  arising  from  a  rcddisJi-hroirn  or  hlackislt,  small  sclerotium. 
SCLEKOTII^M  2.5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  variable  in  shape.. 
SPORES  elliptical,  4-5.5x2-3  micr.,  smooth,  white. 

Gregarious  or  crowded.  On  the  remains  of  decayed  Agarics 
or  damp  humus.  Throughout  the  State.  July-September.  Fre- 
quent. 

The  tuber-bearing  Colly bia  is  usually  aggregated  in  numbers 
on  the  blackened  remains  of  some  mushroom,  in  which  the  small, 
tuber-like  sclerotia  are  imbedded.  Occasionally,  however,  it  ap- 
pears to  develop  on  much  decayed  leaf-humus  on  the  ground. 
It  resembles  C.  cirrata  in  color  and  size. 

824.     CoUybia  cirrata  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  183G. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  144. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  150. 

PILEUS  5-12  mm.  broad,  soon  plane  or  slightly  depressed,  at 
length  umhiUcate,  sometimes  papillate,  slighthj  silky,  toughish, 
white  or  tinged  reddish.  FLESH  thin,  white.  GILLS  adnate, 
narrow,  close,  whitish.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  filiform,  equal,  some- 
what hollow,  flexuous,  pallid,  covered  hy  a  white  pulverulence,  with 
a  fibrillose,  radicating  base.  SPORES  minute,  elli})tical,  smooth, 
4-5  X  2-3  micr. 

Decaying  vegetable  matter  in  woods,  throughout  the  State.  July- 
September.     Infrequent. 

This  little  Collvbia  is  closelv  related  to  C  tuherosa.  Authors 
differ  with  reference  to  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  sclerotium. 


774  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

Schroeter  (Die  Pilze  Scliliesieus,  p.  645)  describes  a  small  yellow- 
ish sclerotium  from  which  the  stem  arises,  and  which  he  says  forms 
abundantly  between  the  gills  of  decaying  fungi,  especially  Hyplio- 
loma  jasciculare.  Berkeley  also  notes  that  it  is  "often  attached 
to  a  little,  yellowish,  nodular  schlerotium."  Stevenson  remarks 
that  ''it  never  has  a  radical  tuber."  Fries,  Gillet  and  others  do 
not  mention  a  sclerotium ;  I  have  not  observed  any.  Most  authors 
agree  that  it  occurs  on  decaying  mushrooms,  as  well  as  humus,  etc. 
It  dilTers  from  C.  tuherosa  in  its  umbilicate  pileus. 

825.     Collybia  hariolorum  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  150. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  2so.  159. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex-expanded,  thin,  flexible, 
hecoming  soft  and  flahhy  in  moist  iceather,  even,  glabrous,  ivhitish 
with  a  rufescent  disk  or  altogether  rufous-tinged,  often  fading  to 
pallid- whitish ;  flesh  thin,  white,  soft.  (JILLS  adnexed  or  almost 
free,  very  narrow,  croicded,  hollow,  thickish,  edge  entire,  collapsing. 
STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  equal  or  tapering  slightly  up- 
Avard,  pallid  or  tinged  rufescent,  covered  hy  a  ivhite  tomentum 
which  is  thinner  toAvards  apex,  hollow,  elastic,  cartilaginous,  be- 
coming soft  when  Avet.  SPOEES  small,  G-7.5  x  3  micr.,  narrowly 
oblong-ovate,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR  strong  and 
someAvhat  disagreeable  when  plants  are  crushed. 

Gregarious,  often  scattered,  sometimes  caespitose.  Among  fallen 
leaves  in  frondose  woods,  jjrobably  throughout  the  State.  August- 
September.     Eather  frequent. 

This  Collybia  may  be  known  by  its  soft  and  somewhat  collapsible 
texture,  the  AA^iite  tomentosity  of  the  stem,  and  the  pale  rufous- 
AA'hite  or  whitish  cap.  It  has  somcAvhat  the  appearance  of  C.  con- 
flucns  to  Avhich  it  seems  related,  but  as  a  rule  it  has  a  shorter  stem, 
and  in  Avet  Aveather,  instead  of  reviving  becomes  soft  and  fragile. 
The  figure  of  Cooke  illustrates  our  plant  fairly  Avell.  The  rufous 
tinge  of  the  pileus  is  apparently  more  characteristic  of  American 
than  of  European  plants. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  775 

Section  V.  Marasmioidac.  Plants  partially  or  ^'holly  reviving 
(not  truly  putrescent  j .  Hygrophanons  or  dry.  Stem  pulverulent, 
floccose,  fibrillose-liairy  or  floccose-hairy. 

The  species  placed  under  this  new  section  have  anomalous  char- 
acters which  ally  them  equally  with  the  genus  Marasmius.  In  fact 
this  section  and  the  section  Collybiae  under  Marasmius  contain 
species  which  intergrade  between  the  two  genera,  and  hard  and 
fast  lines  of  separation  are  impracticable.  Marasmius  ofcacles 
might  be  included  liere,  as  its  flesh  is  more  like  Colh'bia  than  Maras- 
mius.    C.  confluens  is  an  equally  good  Marasmius. 

826.     Collybia  confluens  Fr.     (Edible) 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  81,  p.  114,  1908. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  150. 
(lillet.  Champignons  de  France,  No.  153. 

PILFUvS  2-5  cm.  broad,  tough,  flaccid,  convex-plane,  obtuse,  hy- 
giopha)ioKS,  reddish-brown  (moist),  grayish-flesh-colored  to  whitish 
(dry),  subumbonate,  striatulate  when  moist.  FLESH  rather  thin 
toward  stem,  almost  as  thick  as  width  of  gills,  white.  GILLS  free, 
narrow,  very  crowded,  whitish.  STEM  5-10  cm.  (or  more)  long, 
2-5  mm.  thick,  subequal,  hollow  and  often  compressed,  subcartila- 
ginous,  tough,  reddish  under  the  dense,  whitish  pubescence,  even, 
sometimes  grooved,  often  joined  a't  base  by  a  floccose  myceliod  web 
which  spreads  among  the  leaves  on  which  it  grows.  SPORES 
minute,  narroAvly  pip-shaped,  4-6  x  3-4  micr.,  white.  CYSTIDIA 
none.  STERILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills  small.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  mild  or  slightly  unpleasant. 

•  Coherent  in  tufts,  or  gregarious  in  troops  or  part-rings.  Among 
fallen  leaves  on  the  ground.  Throughout  the  State.  July-October. 
Common. 

The  colors  of  the  young  and  old  pilei  vary  considerably;  Avheu 
young  they  may  be  almost  bay-red,  later  becoming  reddish-brown  to 
grayish  or  white.  The  stem  is  rather  long  in  proportion  to  the 
pileus.  The  species  is  most  common  in  frondose  woods,  where  its 
mycelium  forms  a  whitish  mould  over  and  among  the  fallen  leaves. 


776  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

827.     Collybia  zonata  Pk. 

X.  V.  State  Mus.  lie]).  24.  1S72. 

I lliist rations:     liai-d,  Mushrooiiis,  PI.  14,  Fig.  81,  p.  Ill,  1908. 
Wliite,  Conn.  State  Surv.  l^.nll.  1.5,  PI.  0,  11)10. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,   \'ol.  4,  PL  50,  Fig.  8    (as  CoUyhidium 

zonatum). 
Lloyd,  ^lyeological  Notes,  Vol.  T,  No.  5,  Fig.  17.  i».  4:>. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  iimhilicate, 
covered  with  coarse,  tawny,  densely  matted  Itairs,  arranged  in 
obscure  zones.  GILLS  free,  close,  narrow,  white.  STEM  2-5  cm. 
long,  about  2  mm.  thick,  tirm,  eqiTal,  hollow,  covered  with  tawny 
hairs  simikir  to  those  of  the  pileus.  SPOKES  broadly  elliptical, 
smooth,  5x4  micr.,  white. 

Solitary  or  siibcaespitose.  On  decaj'ing  wood.  New  Richmond. 
August-September.     Infrequent  or  rare. 

The  dark  tawny  color,  the  zones  on  the  pileus  and  the  fibrillose- 
hairy  covering  of  cap  and  stem  distinguish  our  plant.  It  revives 
after  drying.  ^Mlen  dry  the  pileus  becomes  concentrically  grooved. 
Some  think  it  is  a  large  variety  of  C.  stipitaria,  birt  as  it  is  easily 
distinguished  -from  that  species,  such  a  view  is  speculative.  To 
prove  this  point,  it  ^^•ould  be  necessary  to  grow  one  form  from  s])ores 
or  tissue  derived  from  the  other.     This  has  not  been  done. 

828.     Collybia  stipitaria  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Lloyd,  Mycological  Notes,  Vol.  I,  No.  5,  Fig.  15, 
p.  42. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PL  5,  Fig.  0. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  149. 

PILEUS  small,  5-12  mm.  broad,  convex-expanded  to  plane,  uni- 
hilicate,  ivith  a  niinute  blackish  papUJa  in  umbilicus,  whitish,  gray- 
isli  or  })ale  grayish-tawny,  minutely  and  radiatcly  fibrillose-hairy  or 
strigose-hairy,  radiate-rugulose  when  dry.  FLESH  thin,  submem- 
branous,  soft.  GILLS  adnexed-seceding,  subdistant  to  close,  nar- 
row, white.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  filiform,  .5-1  mm.  thick,  equal, 
reddish-black  ichen  moist,  whitish  when  dry,  tough,  cartilaginous, 
tubular,   instititioas.  clothed   witli   a  gravish-white  fibrillose  cover- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  777 

iDg  when  dry,  sometimes  twisted-striate.  SPOKES  elliptic-ovate, 
pointed  at  one  end,  smooth,  white,  6-8  x  o-i  mici*.     Odor  none. 

Gregarious.  On  twigs,  wood,  acorns,  etc.,  in  mixed  or  frondose 
woods.  Throughout  the  State.  Frequent  and  abundant.  June- 
October. 

The  pileus  of  this  line  little  plant  has  a  delicate  circular  ridge 
around  the  papillate  umbilicus.  The  color  of  the  stem  changes 
markedly;  when  thrown  into  water  it  becomes  reddish  to  blackish, 
on  drjing  the  fibrillose  covering  becomes  pale  gray  or  whitish. 
The  margin  of  pileus  is  often  timbriate  from  the  minute  strigose 
hairs.  Peck  has  named  a  long-stemmed  form  var.  setipes.  This 
was  found  in  nortliern  Michigan  on  several  occasions. 

829.     Collybia  campanella  Pk. 

N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rull.   11  <i,  1907. 

Illustration:    Lloyd,  Myc.  Notes,  Vol.  I,  No.  5,  Fig.  10  (probably 
as  C.  stipitaria  var.  rohusta). 

"PILEUS  6-8  mm.  broad,  conical  or  campanuJaie  with  a  papilla 
at  the  apex,  covered  with  coarse  oppressed  or  detlexed  strigose 
hairs,  dark  tawny.  GILLS  ascending,  moderately  close,  whitish. 
STEM  2-8  cm.  long,  1  mm.  thick,  instititious,  firm,  equal,  floccose- 
hairy,  colored  like  the  pileus."  Spores  elliptic-oval,  smooth,  7-8  x  3-4 
micr.,  white. 

Gregarious.  On  dead  and  dry'  twigs  of  arbor  vitae.  Hough- 
ton.    August. 

My  specimens  were  identified  by  I*eck,  whose  descri})tion  is  re- 
produced. The  plant  has  the  appearance,  like  all  of  this  section, 
of  a  Marasmius.  It  difters  from  C.  stipitaria  in  its  persistent  conic- 
campanulate  cap,  a  character  retained  when  dried.  The  dark  tawny 
color  also  remains  uniform  on  the  cap  and  stem  of  the  dried  speci- 
mens. The  floccose-strigose  covering  of  the  stem  is  thick  and  con- 
colorous.     Its  habitat  seems  to  be  exclusively  on  cedar  twigs. 

830.     Collybia  lacunosa  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  2(i.  1874   (as  Tricholoma). 

PILEUS  8-15  mm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded,  dry.  luciniosc, 
densely  furfuraceous,  sometimes  sulcate-striate  to  rugose,  fiulphiir- 
yelloic   to  goIden-ijeJloic.     GILLS   adnate  to  subdecurrent,   rather 


778  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

bi'oail.  distant,  tliick.  sometimes  intervenose,  white,  edge  pniinose. 
STE.M  2-5  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  tbick,  firm,  tough,  solid,  equal,  in- 
stititious.  floccosc-scaly  or  furfuraceous,  sulphur  or  pallid-yellow. 
SPOIiEB  broadly-oval,  or  subglobose,  granular-punctate,  8-10x6-7 
mirr.  ^^TEKILE  CELLS  on  edge  of  gills,  subcylindrical,  rounded- 
subcajatate.  about  45-50x9  micr. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  On  fallen  branches  and  decaying  wood", 
in  mixed  woods  of  coniferous  regions.  Marquette,  Bay  View, 
New  Tkichmond.     August- September. 

Tilt'  attractive  color,  the  tough  texture,  furfuraceous  to  lloccose 
covering  of  cap  and  stem  distinguish  this  species  easily  from  all 
(ither  Collybias.  The  x>lawt  has  occasionally  been  wrongly  iden- 
tified as  Lcntinus  chrysopeplos  B.  &  C.  Its  texture  is  doubtless 
very  similar  to  Lentinus  and  Panus,  but  it  lacks  the  arid  gills  of 
those  genera.  The  description  of  Oinphalia  scahriuscula  Pk.  also 
fits  our  plant  rather  closely,  but  if  it  were  that  species  it  would 
be  far  removed  from  Omplialia  tniidelUfcra  to  which  Peck  at- 
tached 0.  scahriuscula  as  a  variety.  The  gills  have  a  tendency 
to  become  decurrent,  and  if  referred  to  the  genus  Oinphalia  the 
plant  would  become  O.  lacunosa.  In  many  respects  it  is  an  anomal- 
ous mushroom,  half-way  between  Omphalia,  Collybia  and  Panus. 

Mycena  Fr. 

• 

(From  the  Greek,  myites,  a  fungus.) 

White-spored.  Stem  cartilaginous,  slender,  hollow.  Pileus  thin^ 
conic  or  sub-cylindrical  at  first,  then  campanulatc,  margin  at  first 
straight  and  applied  to  stem.  Gills  adnexed  or  adnate,  not  decur- 
rent, sometimes  uncinate. 

Epiphytal,  lignicolous  or  terrestrial,  putrescent,  small  or  minute 
plants;  separated  from  Collybia  by  the  unexpanded,  bell-shaped 
pileus;  from  Omphalia  by  the  non-decurrent  gills;  and  from  Maras- 
mius  by  their  non-reviving  consistency.  The  genus  is  a  large  one. 
Many  species  are  probably  edible,  but  because  of  their  small  size 
most  of  them  yield  very  little  substance.  Peck  (X.  Y.  State  Mus. 
Bull.  107.  10i:ii  reiwrls  M.  splendidipcs  Pk.  as  poisonous.  They 
correspond  to  Nolanea  of  The  pink-spored  group,  and  Galera  of  the 
ochre-spored  group.     The  genus  is  of  great  interest  scientifically. 

The  PILEFS  is  eifher  conical  at  first,  or  parabolic-cylindrical,  or 
ovate.  On  opening  it  usually  remains  campanulate,  except -in  a  com- 
paratively small  number  of  species  in  which  it  often  develops  a  mark- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  779 

ed  umbo.  In  certain  species  like  M.  perianth  in  a,  M.  pura,  M.  cohaer- 
ens,  M.  gaJericulata,  etc.,  the  mature  pileus  usually  expands  like  that 
of  Collybia,  and  the  margin  may  even  become  recurved;  this  is  more 
often  true  of  the  larger  species.  The  tendency  however  for  the 
pileus  to  remain  conical  or  conic-campanulate  for  quite  a  time  is 
due  to  the  position  of  the  margin  of  the  young  cap  on  the  stem ;  the 
growth-tensions  in  such  cases  do  not  easily  raise  the  jnargin  out- 
ward, except  in  the  more  lieshy  and  larger  caps.  The  caps  may  be 
very  fragile  or  quite  tough,  usually  very  thin  or  membranous  in  the 
smaller  species.  The  traina  of  the  mature  pileus  is  composed  of 
large,  vesiculose  cells  with  a  more  or  less  differentiated  cuticle  of 
various  structures.  The  color  of  llie  cai)s  is  often  very  delicate, 
red,  blue,  yellow,  broAvn,  gray  and  white  being  found  in  the  various 
shades  and  tints.  The  surface  is  usually  glabrous  and  striatulate 
on  the  margin.  The  GILIiS  are  adnexed  or  adnate,  sometimes 
running  down  the  stem  by  a  short  tooth,  and  in  M.  vulgaris  becom- 
ing somewhat  decurrent  as  the  pileus  expands.  In  some  species 
they  are  pure  white,  in  others  they  become  slightly  ashy  or  tlesh 
color  in  age,  and  in  a  few  cases,  like  M.  leajana  and  M.  pelianthina, 
are  brightly  colored.  There  are  CYSTIDIA  present  in  a  number  of 
species.  In  one  group  (Calodontes)  these  are  colored  and  hence 
the  edges  of  the  gills  Avhere  they  occur  have  the  corresponding 
color.  In  others  the  cystidia  are  hyaline  or  colorless.  They 
may  be  very  numerous  on  both  sides  and  edges  as  in 
M.  cohaerens  and  31.  leajana,  in  which  species  they  give 
the  color  to  the  entire  surface  of  the  gills;  in  if.  atroal- 
hoides,  M.  dissiliens  and  31.  polygramna  var.  alhidus,  they  are 
hyaline.  In  some  the  cystidia  are  found  only  on  the  edge 
and  are  then  referred  to  as  sterile  cells,  especially  if  of  ditferent 
shape  from  the  others,  e.  g.,  31.  allcalina,  31.  polygramna  and  M. 
metatus.  In  these  species  the  shape  of  the  cystidia  varies  consider- 
ably— they  may  be  flask-shaped,  lanceolate,  pear-shaped,  sac-shaped, 
or  hair-like.  In  some  species  no  cystidia,  or  only  a  few  scattered 
ones  occur;  e.  g.,  31.  gaJericulata,  31.  pura  and  31.  cpipterijgia.  It 
is  an  open  question  whether  the  numbers  or  shapes  do  not  vary  to  a 
considerable  extent  in  a  species.  The  STEM  in  each  of  the  different 
groups  has  quite  distinct  characters,  and  these  are  the  most  conveni- 
ent means  of  distinguishing  the  species.  Some  stems  exude  a  colored 
juice,  others  are  viscous ;  the  base  is  sometimes  attached  by  a  disk, 
and  at  other  times  it  penetrates  the  substratum  hj  a  hairy,  root-like 
extension.  It  may  be  firm,  fragile  or  flaccid.  The  interior  is  mostly 
tubular,  and  the  rind  is  cartilaginous.     The  surface  may  be  glabrous, 


780  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

horny  iiiid  sliiniiif>-,  or  <liill  oi>a(ine  aiul  pruinose  or  hairy.  It  is 
delicate  and  filiform  in  the  smaller  forms.  The  SPORES  with  very 
few  exceptions  are  smooth.  It  seems  to  be  a  marked  characteristic 
of  111  is  <>enus.  that  the  imniatnre  spores  are  easily  loosened  when 
seel  ions  ol"  ilie  gills  are  monnted  in  water.  The  resnlt  is  that 
ahundaiil  immature  spores  are  present  in  a  monnt,  and  great  care 
mnst  be  tal>eii  to  get  the  measurements  from  mature  spores.  The 
immature  spores  are  usually  delicately  i)uuctate-granular  or  ir- 
regular in  shape  but  practice  will  soon  make  the  observer  properly 
discriminating.  The  spores  of  different  species  vary  from  spherical 
to  oval  or  elliptical,  and  are  white  wlien  deposited  in  a  mass. 
In  J/,  hfftiospci  iiKi  the  spores  are  rough  with  short  knobs.  The 
ODOR  of  some  species  is  alkaline  or  nitrons,  sometimes  of  radish, 
and  when  collecting  it  is  well  to  test  the  fresh  plant,  since  the 
odor  may  disai)pear.  If  the  jdants  are  kept  in  a  tight  box  till  one 
gets  home,  the  odor  is  often  very  marked  on  opening  the  box. 
Omission  to  test  for  the  odor  may  make  it  difficult  to  identify  the 
plant  correctly. 

Mycenas  may  be  found  from  early  spring  until  the  late  autumn. 
They  are  usually  gregarious  or  caespitose,  and  the  wood-inhabiting 
species  often  form  dense  clusters  of  individuals.  Many  are  quite 
small,  and  are  hidden  among  leaves,  sticks  and  grass.  The  cai)S 
of  others  reach  a  size  of  one  or  two  inches. 

The  genus  was  divided  by  Fries  ( in  Hymen.  Europ. )  into  nine 
sections,  largely  with  reference  to  the  characters  of  the  stem. 
These  divisions  have  been  found  so  fundamental  and  satisfactory 
that  most  later  mycologists  have  followed  the  Friesian  arrange- 
ment. The  nine  sections  are  characterized  in  the  key.  and  in  the 
text  following. 

Key  to  the  Impedes 

I.  Stem  with  a  colored  or  milky  juice,  (Lactipedes)    (A). 

I.  Stem  without  colored  juice.  II. 

II.  Stem  viscous,    (Glutinipedes)    (B). 

II.  Stem  not  viscous.  III. 

III.  Base  of  stem  dilated  into  a  disk  or  bulb;   pileus  white  or  delicately 

tinted,   4-10   mm.   broad,    (Basipedes)    (C). 

III.  Base  of  stem  not  with  abrupt  bulb  or  disk,  IV. 

IV.  Edge   of   gills    darker-colored     from     colored     cystidia,     (Calodontes) 

(D). 

IV.  Edge  of  gills  not  of  a  different  color,  V. 

V.  Stem  inserted  by  the  naked  base  on  the  wood,  leaves,  etc.,  from  which 

it  grows,    (Instititiae)    (E). 

V.  Stem  attached  by  a  villose  or  fibrilose  more  or  less  rooting  base,  VI. 

VI.  Gills   remaining   clear   white;    mostly   on   the   ground;    pileus    rarely 

above    1    cm.    broad,    v/hite    or    brightly  colored,    (Adonidae) 
(F). 
VI.         Gills  tending  to  ashy,  fuscous  or  flesh  tints  in  age,  VII. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  781 

VII.       Stem    firm,    rigid;    mostly    on    wood    and    usually    caespitose,    (Rigi- 
pedes)    (G). 

VII.  Stem  not  markedly  firm  or  rigid,  VIII. 

VIII.  Stem    fragile,    slender;    pileus    liygrophanous;    plants    often- odorous, 

(Fragilipedes)    (H). 
VIII.     Stem  flaccid,  filiform;   pileus  not  hygrophanous;   on  the  ground,  mos- 
ses,  mossy   logs,   etc.,    (Filipedes)     (I). 

(A)      LACTIPEDES 

(a)     Edge   of   gills   deeply   colored,   provided   with   red     to    dark-purple 

cystidia;  juice  dull  red.     832.     M.  sanguinolcnta  A.  &  S. 
(aa)     Edge  of  gills  not  differently  colored.     Juice  reddish;    margin   of 

pileus  crenate;   pileus  and  gills  soon  stained.     831.     M.  haemato- 

pa  Fr. 

(B)      GLUTINIPEDES 

(a)     Pileus  and  stem  both  with  a  more  or  less  viscid  thin  pellicle, 
(b)     Pileus,  stem  and   gills  bright  orange-yellow;    caespitose;    pileus 

2-4  cm.  broad.     833.     M.  leajana  Berk, 
(bb)     Colored  differently,  smaller. 

(c)     Gills  at  length  decurrent;   pileus  convex,  umbilicate,  4-10  mm. 

834.     M.  vulgaris  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  at  most  with   decurrent    tooth;     pileus    conic-campanu- 
late,  obtuse, 
(d)      Stem  slender,   0.5-1   mm.   thick,   elongated. 

(e)     Stem  yellowish;  spores  8-10  x  4-5  micr.     835.     M.  epiptery- 

gia  Fr. 
(ee)      Stem    brownish;    spores    broader,    8-9    x    5-6    micr.     835. 
M.  epipterygia  var.  B. 
(dd)     Stem   yellowish,   1.5-2   mm.   thick,   not   long;    spores   9-10   x 
6-6.5  micr. 
(aa)     Pileus  without  a  viscid  pellicle;  stem  viscid,  slender. 

(b)     Pileus,    stem    and    gills    white;    spores    7-9    x    5    micr.     836.     M. 

clavicularis  Fr.  var.  alba. 
(bb)     Pileus,  stem  and  gills  yellowish;   spores  11-12  x  7-8  micr.     836. 
M.   clavicularis  var.   luteipes. 

(C)     BASIPEDES 

(a)     Base   of  stem  att»ched  by  a  flat,   orbicular   disk   to   fallen   leaves, 

twigs,  etc;  gills  free.     837.     M.  stylobates  Fr. 
(aa)     Base  of  stem  attached  by  white  radiating  hairs,  forming  a  floccose 
bulblet. 
(b)     Pileus    aaid    stem    beset    with    minute   glandular    particles;    gills 

close.     838.     M.  crystallina  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus  glabrous,   pellucid-striate;    gills   distant,   thick.     839.     M. 
cchinipes  Fr. 

(D)   CALODONTES 

(a)     Pileus    2-6    cm.    broad,    at    length    fully    expanded;    gills    violet    to 

brown;  stem  3-5  mm.  thick.     840.     M.  pelianthina  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus  conic-campanulate,  less  then  2  cm.;  stem  fiiliform. 

(b)     Pileus  and   stem  violet,   rosy  or  purple-tinged,   becoming   paler; 
pileus   striatulate. 
(c)     Gills    tinged    flesh    color,    edge    deeper-colored;    spores    oblong- 
elliptic.     841.     M.  rosella  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  white,  edge  purplish;    spores  subglobose.     842.     M.  pxir- 
pureofusca  Pk. 
(bb)     Pileus   livid-gray,   grayish-brown   or   dark-brown;    edge   of  gills 
purplish-brown. 


782  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

(c)     Pileus  striate  (moist),  hygrophanous;  stem  fragile.    M.  capil- 

laripes  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  striate  nor  hygrophanous;  stem  toughisli.     843.    M. 

(Icnticiilata  Pk. 

(E)  INSTITITIAE 

(a)     On  the  bark  of  living  tree  trunks;   common  on  shade  trees;  gills 

broad.     844.     M.  corticola  Fr. 
(aa)     On   fallen   leaves  in  woods;    stem  hairy;    gills  narrow.     845.    M. 

setosa  Fr. 

(F)  ADONIDAE 

(a)     Pileus  2-5  cm.  broad,  thick,  rose  color  to  pale  lilac;  odor  of  radish. 

846.     M.  pura  Fr. 
(aa)     Pileus   usually   less   than    2    cm.   broad.     Pileus,    stem   and    gills 
entirely  white;    small;    gills  rather  broad,   subdistant. 
(b)     Stem    at    first    minutely-pulverulent;    pileus    papillate    on    disk. 

847.     M.  minutula  Pk. 
(bb)     Stem  glabrous,  pellucid;  pileus  not  papillate.     848.     M.  immacu- 
lata  Pk. 

(G)  RIGIPEDES 

(a)     Pileus  bluish  at  first,  5-12  mm.   broad;    stem  grayish-brown.     855. 

M.  cyaueobasis  Pk. 
(aa)     Pileus  not  bluish,  larger,  1-4  cm.  broad, 
(b)     Gills  brown  from  the  brown  cystidia;  stem  horny,  shining,  dark 

brown.      (See   46.     Marasmius   cohaerens). 
(bb)     Gills  not  deep  browjn. 
(c)     Gills  assuming  an  incarnate  tinge  in  age;  stems  rufous-brown 
downwards;   odor  and  cystidia  lacking.     849.    M.  galericulata 
Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  usually  cinerascent  in  age. 

(d)     Pileus  some  shade  of  gray  or  almost  white, 
(e)     Odor  nitrous;    cystidia  abundant  on  sides  of  gills;    pileus 
white  to  pearl-gray.     853.     M.  polygramma  Fr.  var.  albida 
Kauff. 
(ee)     Odor  not  nitrous, 
(f)     Pileus  1-3  cm.  broad,  dark  ashy  to  pearl-gray;    cystidia 
few;    gills    not    with    decurrent    tooth.     852.     M.    para- 
holica  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  0.5-2  cm.  broad,  dark  ashy;gills  uncinate;  spores 
tubercular-rough.     854.     M.  lasiospervia  Bres. 
(dd)     Pileus  dark  fuscous  or  dark  brown,  2-4  cm. 

(e)     Gills  subdistant,.  with  cystidia,  rather  broad  but  narrowly 

adnexed.     851.     M.  cxcisa  Fr. 
(ee)      Gills   crowded,   narrow;    whole   plant   brownish-fucescent, 
dark.     850.     M.  inclinata  Fr.  var. 

(H)      FRAGILIPEDES 

(a)     Odor  alkaline  or  nitrous  in  fresh  plants. 

(b)     Stem  lubricous;   spores  symmetrically  elliptical;   pileus  grayish- 
brown  to  grayish-umber  (moist).     856.     M.  alcahna  Fr. 
(bb)     Stem  not  lubricous;   usually  gregarious,  not  very  caespitose. 
(c)     Pileus  glaucous-pruinose   when   dry,   soon   grayish-white;    gills 

not  decurrent  by  tooth.     859.     M.  leptocephala  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  not  glaucous. 

(d)     Gills  adnate  with  tooth;    odor  strong;    pileus   dark  fuscous- 
gray  (moist).     857.     M.  ammoniaca  Fr. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  783 

(dd)     Gills  not  uncinate;   odor  weak,  evanescent;   among  mosses 

and  grasses  in  wet  places.     858.     M.  metata  Fr. 
(ddd)     Cystidia  abundant  on  sides  of  gills.     (Not  identified). 
<aa)     Without  nitrous  or  alkaline  odor. 

(b)     Cystidia  numerous  on  sides  of  gills;  pileus  5-15  mm.  broad, 
(c)     Pileus  tending  to  convex,  brownish  to   umber    (moist);    stem 

white.     860.     M.  dissiliens  Fr.  var. 
(cc)     Pileus  conic-campanulate,  fuscous-cinereous;   young  stem  and 
pileus  bluish-blackish-gray.     862.    M.  atroalboides  Pk. 
(bb)     Cystidia  none  on  sides  of  gills. 

(c)     Pileus  1-2.5  cm.,  with  smoky-fuscous  umbo;   stem  1.5-2.5  mm. 

thick,  short.     861.     M.  atroalha  Fr. 
(cc)     Pileus  5-15  mm.,  conic-campanulate,  brown  tinged  lead  color; 
stem  very  long,  filiform;    on  sphagnum.     863.     M.  praelonga 
Pk. 

(I)      FILIPEDES 

(a)     Plants  with   bluish,   reddish   or   yellowish   tints;    small   and   very 
slender, 
(b)     Base  of  stem  adorned  with  blue  hairs  or  mycelium  threads.     865. 

M.  cyanothrix  Atk. 
(bb)     Without  any  blue  tints. 

(c)     Gills  somewhat  flesh-color,   uncinate;    pileus  rufous-yellowish; 

on  wood.     866.      M.  suhincarnata  Pk. 
(cc)     Gills  yellowish,  not  uncinate. 

(d)     Spores  7-9  x  3-4  micr. ;   pileus  orange-red  to  bright-red,  2-6 

mm.  broad.     868.     M.  acicula  Fr. 
(dd)      Spores  7-8  x  5-6  micr.;  pileus  dull-red  to  yellow,    5-12    mm. 
broad.     867.     M.   inilcherrima   Pk. 
(aa)     Plants  without  any  bright  colors. 

(b)      Gills  attached  to  a  collar  at  the  stem.     864.     M.   collariata  Fr. 
(bb)     Gills  not  attached  to  a  collar;   small  and  very  slender  plants, 
fuscous, 
(c)     Gills  free,  crowded,  white.     M.  filopes  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills  not  free. 

(d)     Gills  broadly  adnate,  distinct.     M.  dehilis  Fr. 
(dd)     Gills    attenuate-adnexed,    subdistant;    pileus    brownish    to 
livid  ashy.     M.  vitilis  Fr. 

Section  I.     Lactipedes.     Flesh  exuding  a  juice  when  broken ;  stem 
rooting,  not  viscid. 

831.     Mycena  haematopa  Fr. 

Sys.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  83,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  102. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  450. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  100,  p.  100,  1900. 
Hard,  Muslirooms,  Fig.  90,  p.  123,  1908. 
Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book,  PI.  37,  op.  p.  93. 
Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.,  No.  15,  PI.  10, 
1910. 

PILEUS  1-3  cm.  broad,  at  first  narrow  elliptical  then  campanu- 


784  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

late,  obtuse,  at  tii-st  jiuiiilisli-iiiai-(»()ii  tlieii  livid  reddisli  or  palei\ 
jllabrous.  striate,  stained  <larker  in  age;  the  sterile  margin  exitiuh 
beyond  tJiv  yills  and  is  crenate.  FLESH  ~thin.  bleeding  irlien  cut. 
(jILLS  narroAvly  adiiate,  aseendiug,  narrow,  snbdistaut,  whitish. 
soon  reddish-stained,  edge  flocculose.  STEM  4-8  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm. 
thick,  rigid,  fragile,  hollow,  white-pruinate  when  young,  at  length 
glabrous  except  the  hairy  base,  even,  rufous-tinged,  exuding  reddish 
juice  when  broken.  SPOKES  elliptical,  S-10  x  5-0  micr.  ( few  larger ) , 
smooth,  white.  CYSTIDTA  none.  Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills 
numerous,  Avitli  swollen-ventricose  base  and  tapering  to  a  narrow 
acuminate  ]>oiut.  about  50  micr.  long.     ODOK  and  TASTE  mild. 

Caespitose  or  subcaes]»itose,  sometimes  confluent,  on  decaying 
wood.  In  frondose  and  coniferous  woods  throughout  the  State. 
June  to  September.     Kather  freijuent. 

Known  by  the  reddisli  juice  of  the  flesh,  the  crenate  flaps  on  the 
margin  of  the  caj)  and  the  caespitose  habit.  The  juice  is  not  always 
equally  abundant  depending  on  weather  and  vigor  of  plant.  All 
the  parts  of  the  plant  become  stained  darker  reddish  in  age.  Fries 
does  not  mention  the  striations  on  the  cap,  which  are  sometimes 
quite  marked. 

A  variety  occurs  on  hemlock  logs  whose  pileus  is  often  markedly 
umbonate,  at  first  striate,  very  rugose  striate  in  age,  its  nuirgin 
scarcely  crenate.  The  gills  at  length  secede  and  remain  attached 
to  each  other  behind  by  a  false  collar,  often  very  veiny  and  staining 
reddish  after  being  bruised.  The  stem  and  cap  also  become  reddish- 
stained  from  the  watery  juice  contained  in  the  flesh.  The  juice 
itself  seems  uncolored  but  causes  the  bruised  parts  to  assume  the 
reddish  stains.  The  base  of  the  very  caespitose  stems  is  imbedded 
in  cracks  in  the  logs  and  is  strigose  with  white  hairs.  It  was  col- 
lected during  several  seasons  at  New  Kichmond.  It  occurs  in  dense 
clusters.    The  spores  are  like  those  of  M.  haematdpa. 

832.     Mycena  sanguinolenta  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  ISlil. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  S3,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke.  111..  V\.  1  (;:'>,  Fig.  1. 

PI  LEI'S  small,  4-(»  mm.  bioad,  soft,  campanulate,  obtuse  or  sub- 
umbonate,  striate,  glabrous,  pale  reddish  then  fuscous.  FLESH 
membranaceous.  (tILLS  narrowly  adnate.  broader  in  front,  sub- 
distant,    rufous-tinged,    edge    darl:    purple.     STEM    4-S    cm.    long. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  785 

filiform,  fistulose,  flaccid,  soft  glabrous,  mycelioid,  pallid  or  pale 
rufescent,  exuding  reddish  juich  when  broken.  SPORES  8-11  x  4-5 
inicr.,  long-elliptical.  Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  numerous,  en- 
larged below,  tapering  to  a  point  above,  about  30  micr.  long. 

On  the  ground  among  leaves  in  frondose  and  mixed  woods,  some- 
times in  tamarack  swamps.  Throughout  the  State.  June-Septem- 
ber.    Infrequent. 

This  little  Mycena  is  smaller  than  M.  haematopa  and  lacks  the 
crenate  margin  of  that  species.  It  has  a  somewhat  different  hab- 
itat, is  very  soft  and  slender  and  wlien  young  the  cap  is  dark  red. 
It  is  readily  distinguished  from  J/,  liacniatopa  by  the  colored  edge 
of  the  gills.  Stevenson  says  it  is  common  in  Oreat  Britain,  but 
Avith  us  it  occurs  rather  seldom,  and  prefers  the  northern  area. 

Section  11.  (jlutinipcdes.  Stem  viscid,  without  juice;  gills  at 
length  uncinate. 

833.  Mycena  leajana  Berk. 

Hooker,  London  Journal,  Vol.   IV,  p.  300. 

Illustrations:     Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  91,  p.  127,  1908.  ' 

Conn.  State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Bull.  No.  15,  PL  11,  1910. 

PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad  (rarely  larger),  convex,  subexpanded,  um- 
bilicate,  covered  hy  a  tough,  viscid,  orange  separable  cuticle,  shining 
when  moist,  glabrous.  FLESH  rather  thick,  livid-whitish.  GILLS 
adnate,  becoming  sinuate,  rather  narrow,  close,  thickisli,  yellowish 
to  pale  orange,  edge  reddish  to  vermillion.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long, 
2-4  mm.  thick,  equal,  even,  hollow,  tough-cartilaginous,  viscid,  at 
first  yellow  and  covered  by  orange  scurfy-pulverulence,  varying 
below  to  strigose  tomentum  at  times,  attached  by  an  orange-colored 
mj^celium.  SPORES  elliptic-oblong,  8-9.5x5-6  micr.,  smooth,  dent- 
ed on  one  side.  CYSTIDIA  none ;  sterile  cells  on  and  near  the  edge 
of  the  gills,  numerous,  reddish-orange,  about  45  micr.  long,  api- 
culate. 

Caespitose  on  logs,  branches  and  stumps  in  frondose  and  conifer 
woods.  Throughout  the  State.  July-September.  Rather  frequent, 
especially  in  the  north. 

This  is  a  striking  and  beautiful  species,  easily  recognized  at  a 

distance  by  the  reddish-orange  color  of  the  rather  dense  clusters. 

The  cap  often  fades  to  a  livid-tan  and  finally  to  a  wliitish  color, 

and  then  develops  striations  on  the  margin.    This  species  does  not 

99 


786  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

seem  to  be  closely  related  to  other  Mycenas,  and  its  position  here 
is  uncertain.     It  belongs  more  nearly  to  Heliomyces. 


834.     Mycena  vulgaris  Fr. 


Syst.  Myc,  1821. 


Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  101. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PL  6,  Fig.  1. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  9,  p.  97,  1900. 

I'lLEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  convex  to  subexpanded,  subviscid  when 
moist,  pale  grayish-broAvn  to  fuscous,  umhilicatc.  striatulate  to  um- 
bilicus, somewhat  darker  in  center,  soft,  fragile,  sometimes  papillate 
on  center.  FLESH  membranaceous,  subhygrophanous.  GILLS 
'brood  'behind  and  subdecurrcnt,  subdistant,  thin  but  sometimes 
thicki.sh,  often  venose,  white  then  grayish-white.  STEM  2-5  cm. 
long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  cartilaginous,  toughish,  hollow,  glabrous, 
somewhat  rooting,  very  viscid  ivhen  moist,  straight  or  flexuous, 
equal,  even,  pallid  brow^nish  or  grayish.  SPORES  broadly  ellip- 
tical, G-8x4-5  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  and  STERILE 
CELLS  none  or  few.  BASIDIA  slender,  30  x  5  micr.,  clavate. 
ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Caespitose  or  gregarious.  Attached  to  pine  needles,  leaves  and 
sticks  in  conifer  or  frondose  woods,  so  far  only  in  the  coniferous  re- 
gions of  the  State.  New  Richmond,  Marquette.  August-Septem- 
ber. 

Mycena  vulgaris,  except  for  its  viscidity,  would  be  looked  for 
under  the  genus  Omphalia.  Fries  describes  the  pileus  as  "de- 
pressed," but  it  usually  has  the  umbilicate  cliaracter  in  our  plants, 
and  is  i)ractically  an  Omphalia  with  broad,  subdecurrcnt  gills. 
Authors  dill'er  widely  as  to  size  of  spores.  Massee  and  Karsten 
(Stevenson's  British  Fungi)  give  the  measurements  very  small, 
4-5x2  micr.,  while  Schroeter  says  they  are  9-11  micr.  long.  This 
discrepancy  shows  tliat  these  authors  were  dealing  with  different 
species.  American  authors  do  not  give  any  spore  measurements. 
When  young  and  moist  the  pileus  is  quite  viscid,  but  soon  dries. 
The  species  is  often  very  abundant  under  favorable  weather  condi- 
tions in  the  localities  where  it  occurs. 


i 

i 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  -  787 

835.     Mycena  epipterygia  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  2US. 

Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  215. 
Gillet,    Champignons   de   France,    No.   462. 
Atkinson,  Mnsliroonis,  Fig.  96,  p.  96,  1900. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  96,  p.  129,  1908. 

Var.  A.  PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  conic-ovate  then  campanulate 
or  subhemispherical,  obtuse,  suhviscid  by  a  thin,  separable  pellicle, 
hygrophanous,  at  first  vellowish-gray  then  (pay  to  fuscous,  gla- 
brous, striate  on  the  margin  which  is  at  first  straight.  GILLS 
arcuate-aduexed,  uncinate,  rather  broad,  ventricose,  subdistant. 
whitish  at  first,  grayish-rufescent  in  age,  edge  entire.  STEM  45 
cm.  long,  2  mm.  th'icl-,  yellowish  or  pellucid  pale  yellow,  tough, 
equal,  straight  or  fiexuous,  tubular,  sometimes  twisted  or  com- 
pressed, viscid  'by  a  thin,  separahle  pellicle,  rooting.  SPORES 
broadly  elliptical,  9-10  x  6-6.5  micr.,  smooth,  obtuse,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR  none  or  slightly  farinaceous.  BASIDIA 
attenuated  downward,  clavate,  45  x  6-7  micr.,  4-spored. 

On  the  ground  in  low,  elm  woods.     Detroit.     October. 

Form  typical.  This  is  a  much  more  slender-stemmed  plant,  de- 
scribed and  illustrated  by  Atkinson  and  Hard.  The  pileus  is  elon- 
gated-conical at  first  and  the  stem  filiform.  The  colors  are  similar 
to  Var.  A.  I  have  seen  this  form  rather  frequently  in  northern 
Michigan,  but  have  no  notes  on  it. 

Var.  B.  PILEUS  5-8  mm.  broad,  obtusely  couic-campanulate. 
glabrous,  with  a  viscid,  separable,  thin  pellicle,  obscurely  striatu- 
late,  grayish-brotvn.  GILLS  adnate-arcuate,  uncinate,  rather  nar- 
row, subventricose,  white,  intervenose.  STEM  filiform,  3-8  cm. 
long,  0.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  viscid,  flaccid,  shining,  glabrous,  even, 
pruinose  at  apex,  pallid  with  brown  tinge,  rooting  and  mycelioid 
at  base.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical.  8-9  x  5-6  micr.,  smooth,  ob- 
tuse, white.  CYSTIDIA  none.  BASIDIA  about  24  micr.  long. 
ODOR  none  or  slightly  nitrous.     TASTE  none. 

On  decorticated,  half-decayed  logs.  New  Richmond.  Septem- 
ber. 

Mycena  epipterygia,  like  the  following,  is  probably  a  composite 
species,  as  Maire  has  pointed  out.  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  France,  Vol.  26, 
p.  160.)  Fries  placed  a  series  of  previously  described  species  under 
this  one  and  considered  the  colors  insufficient  to  differentiate  them. 


788  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP   MICHIGAN- 

Color,  like  size,  shape  and  habitat,  is  very  variable,  but  Fries  did 
not  consider  any  microscopic  characters,  hence  it  is  likely  he  has 
been  too  conservative  in  this  series,  and  sooner  or  later  several 
species  will  be  segregated.  Maire  (1.  c.)  has  already  separated 
M.  viscosa  Maire,  a  plant  of  the  coniferous  regions. 

836.     Mycena  clavicularis  Fr. 

Sj^st.  Myc,  1821  (var.  alba,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Kep.  28,  1885). 

Illustrations:    Fries,  Icones,  PL  84,  Fig.  1. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  208. 

Var.  alia  Pk.  PILEUS  5-7  mm.  broad,  conico-campanulate, 
dull-white,  not  changing,  sulcate-striate,  pruinose,  dry  (not  viscid), 
without  pellicle.  FLESH  membranaceous.  GILLS  adnate,  mod- 
erately broad,  close,  white,  edge  obscurely  flocculose.  STEM  5-6 
cm.  long,  filiform,  .5  mm.  thick,  pellucid-whitish,  viscid  ivhen  moist, 
glabrous,  long-rooting,  even,  fistulose,  flaccid,  flexuous,  loosely  hairy 
below.  SPOKES  7-9  x  5  micr.,  elliptical,  obtuse  at  ends,  smooth, 
white.  CYSTIDIA  none.  Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  inflated, 
rouuded-pyriform  on  narrow  stalks,  15.30  micr.  in  diam.  BASIDIA 
about  21  micr.  long,  subclavate,  4-spored.     ODOK  none. 

Caespitose  or  singly,  attached  to  fallen  leaves  by  the  rooting, 
hairy  stem,  in  mixed  woods.  New  Richmond.  September.  Infre- 
quent. 

Var.  luteipes  nov.  var.  PILEUS  10-15  mm.  broad,  convex-cam- 
panulate,  obtuse,  striate  up  to  the  papilla,  silky,  not  viscid,  sulphur- 
yelloiv  tvith  olivaceous  or  green  shades,  brownish  or  grayish  in  age. 
GILLS  adnate,  uncinate  or  arcuate-su])decurrent,  yellowish,  fiesh 
color  or  rufescent  in  age,  rather  narrow  anti  distant,  edge  entire. 
STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  slender,  ecpial,  liollow,  tough, 
pruinose  at  apex,  viscid,  darker  yellow  than  ])ileus,  rooting  at  the 
somewhat  attenuated  base.  SPOKES  broadly  elliptical,  11-12x7-8 
micr.,  smooth,  white  in  mass. 

On  tlie  ground  among  debris,  mosses,  etc.  Bay  ^'iew,  Detroit. 
Kare. 

.1/.  vhiriciihiris  Fr.  is  doubtless  a  composite  species.  Fries,  him- 
self, considered  it  composed  of  a  number  of  color  forms,  with  caps 
either  whitish,  pale  yellow  or  fuscescent.  Peck  named  three 
varieties:  alha,  cinercus  and  filipcs.  The  size  of  the  s])ures  seems 
to  be  omitted  by  authors.  The  two  varieties  described  above  are 
probablv   distinct   species   but   further   data    on    all    the   supposed 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  789 

varieties  ai-e  needed.  The  M.  elamciilaris  group  differs  from  the 
M.  epipterygia  group  in  the  lack  of  a  viscid  pellicle  on  the  pileus. 
Until  these  two  groups  have  been  more  fully  studied  Avith  reference 
to  the  microscopic  characters,  it  is  better  not  to  segregate  new 
species  from  them.  Fries'  figure  shows  a  yellowish  plant,  some- 
what smaller  than  var.  luteipes. 

Section  III.  Baslpedes.  Stem  dry,  juiceless,  not  rooting,  the 
base  naked  and  dilated  into  a  disk,  or  strigose  and  swollen  into  a 
little  bulb.     Very  thin,  solitary,  becoming  flaccid. 

837.  Mycena  stylobates  Fr. 

Svst.  Mvc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  249. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PI.  6,  Fig.  5. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  624. 

PILEUS  3-6  mm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  obtuse,  dry,  gla- 
brous, white,  striate.  FLESH  membranaceous.  GILLS  free,  dis- 
tinct behind,  distant,  ventricose,  wliite.  STEM,  2-5  cm.  long,  fili- 
form, hollow,  white,  equal,  glabrous,  dry,  seated  upon  an  orhiciilar, 
plane,  striate  snhvillose  base. 

Solitarv  on  fallen  leaves,  in  frondose  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  Octo- 
ber.     Rare. 

Only  two  specimens  were  obtained.  The  pileus  of  our  plant  was 
glabrous,  lacking  the  scattered  pilose  hairs  attributed  to  it.  Very 
delicate  and  fragile. 

838.  Mycena  crystallina  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888. 

PILEUS  4-10  mm.  broad,  conical  then  campanulate,  subumbon- 
ate,  2^i'''6  'White  to  creamy-white,  obscurely  striatulate,  prwinate 
under  lens,  due  to  minute,  shining,  glandular,  capitate  hairs  and 
particles.  FLESH  membranaceous.  GILLS  narrow,  narrowly  ad- 
nate  or  scarcely  adnexed,  thin,  close,  white.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long, 
filiform,  hollow,  white  and  adorned  like  pileus,  attached  by  a  ivhite- 
hairy  strigose  base.  SPORES  narrow,  7-9x3  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  none. 

On  cedar  twigs,  mosses,  etc.,   in  cedar  and  tamarack   swamps. 


790  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP   MICHIGAN 

Bay  View  aiul   New  Richmond.     September.     Infrequent. 

Known  by  the  glandular  particles  and  hairs  which  cover  the 
surface  of  caj)  and  stem  of  the  fresh  plant.  These  can  scarcely 
be  seen  with  the  lens  on  account  of  the  minute  size.  The  color 
varies  somewhat  as  indicated  above.  This  species  was  referred  to 
the  section  Basipedes  by  Peck,  but  might  with  equal  propriety  be 
placed  among  the  Adonidae.  At  times  the  strigose  hairy  base  is  not 
well-developed  and  it  is  then  easih^  mistaken  for  M.  immaciilata  Pk., 
but  that  species  lacks  the  glandular  covering.  Marasmius  resinosus 
is  also  glandular-viscid,  but  is  a  larger  plant. 

839.     Mycena  echinipes  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836  (Lasch,  in  Linn.). 
Illustration :     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  84,  Fig.  5. 

PILEUS  2-5  mm.  broad,  very  thin,  convex,  widely  pellucid- 
striate,  icliitc,  glabrous.  FLESH  membranaceous.  GILLS  broadly 
adnate,  thick,  distant,  subvenose,  white.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  fili- 
form, glabrous,  hollow,  white,  attached  hy  a  villose,  hulhillose  base. 
SPORP^S  7-8  X  3  micr.,  smooth,  white. 

On  decaying  leaves  in  birch  and  hemlock  woods.  Bay  View. 
September.     Rare. 

A  minute  species,  closely  related  to  others  of  the  group. 

Section  IV.    Caldontes.     Stem  juiceless,  dry,  base  not  bulbillate 
or  dilated  into  a  disk;  edge  of  gills  provided  with  cystidia  which      ^ 
give  it  a  deeper  color  than  elsewhere. 

In  the  preceding  sections,  M.  sanguinolenta  and  M.  leajana  also 
have  this  character  of  the  gills,  but  differ  in  other  respects. 

840.     Mycena  pelianthina  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PL  156. 
Berkeley,  Outlines,  PL  6,  Fig.  1. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  418. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  hemispherical-convex  then  expanded,  ob- 
tuse, moist,  hygrophanous,  varying  purplish-livid  to  sordid  b?'Own- 
ish-violet,  fading   to   dingy   whitish,   striate.      FLESH    somewhat 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  791 

fleshy,  white.  GILLS  adnexed- rounded  behind,  becoming  sinuate, 
narrow,  at  lirst  dull  violet,  becoming  brownish,  close,  edge  purple. 
STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  equal,  often  curved  at  base, 
fragile,  hollow,  even,  glabrous,  sordid  whitish  or  streaked  with 
violaceous  fibrils. 

Solitary  or  scattered.  Among  fallen  leaves  in  frondose  woods. 
Throughout  the  State.     July-September.     Frequent. 

Has  the  size  of  31.  pura,  but  differs  from  it  in  that  the  edge  of  the 
gills  is  darker  from  the  colored  cystidia,  in  the  more  solitary 
habit  and  the  cylindrical  stem.  Generally  only  one  or  two  plants 
are  found  in  a  place.  It  seems  to  prefer  maple,  oak  and  beech 
woods.  The  color  of  the  cap  is  variable  and  hard  to  describe, 
usually  of  a  dirty  color.  Fries  says  it  is  intermediate  between  the 
genera  Collybia  and  Mycena. 

841.     Mycena  rosella  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821.  ^ 

Illustration:     Cooke,  IlL,  PL  131. 

riLEUS  4-15  nmi.  broad,  campanulate-convex  then  hemispherical 
to  subexpanded.  obtusely  umbonate,  sometimes  plane  on  disk,  sul- 
cate-striate,  pale  rose  color,  paler  and  tinged  ochraceous  in  age, 
glabrous.  FLESH  membranaceous,  fleshy  at  umbo.  GILLS  broad- 
ly adnate,  slightly  subdecurrent,  medium  broad,  subdistant,  pale 
rose-colored,  edge  darker.  STEM  4-5  cm.  long,  1  mm.  thick,  pel- 
lucid-flesh  color,  filiform,  hollow,  cartilaginous,  slightly  tough,  gla- 
hrous,  even,  attached  at  base  by  w^hite,  hairy  tomentum.  SPOEES 
oblong-elliptical,  8-0x4  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  on  sides 
and  edge  of  gills,  dense  on  edge,  ventricose,  narrowed  to  acuminate 
above,  GO-TO  x  12-15  micr.,  filled  with  a  rosy  to  flesh-colored  sap 
when  mature.  ODOR  at  first  none,  becoming  nitrous  after  being 
picked. 

Caespitose,  usually  of  2  or  3  stems,  sometimes  connate  by  the 
white  tomentum,  sometimes  gregarious.  On  and  among  pine 
needles  and  other  fallen  leaves,  in  woods  of  white  pine  and  oak. 

New     Richmond,     Marquette.        September-October.        Common 

locally. 

Th'is  pretty  little  Mycena  is  well  named.  It  can  be  easily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  pale  rosy  coloring  of  the  cap  and  gills  and  by  its 
habitat.  The  surface  of  the  cap  and  stem  is  slightly  viscid  or 
lubricous  when  the  plant  is  fresh,  and  this  is  due  to  a  very  thin 


792  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

layer  of  subgelatioiis  hypliae  which  cover  these  parts.  After  drying 
out  somewhat  it  was  found  that  a  nitrous  odor  developed ;  this 
fact  does  not  seem  to  be  mentioned  elsewhere.  Peck  reports  the 
species  from  New  York,  but  elsewhere  it  seems  to  have  been  over- 
looked. The  attachment  of  the  gills  is  almost  like  that  of  the 
genus  Omphalia,  and  the  color  of  the  gills  is  apt  to  lead  one  to 
place  it  among  the  pink-spored  group.  Mycena  capiJhnipes  Pk. 
(N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  41,  1888)  is  very  close  to  if  not  identical 
with  it. 

842.     Mycena  purpureofusca  Pk. 
N'.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  38,  1885. 

"PILEUS  8-16  mm.  broad,  not  hygrophanous,  campanulate  or 
convex,  obtuse,  glabrous,  striate,  purplisli-'brown.  FLESH  mem- 
branous. GILLS  adnate,  ascending,  lanceolate,  subdistant,  white 
or  whitish,  purpViHih-hroimi  on  the  edge.  STEM  2.5-7.5  cm.  long, 
scarcely  2  mm.  thick,  slender,  even,  hollow,  glabrous,  with  white 
hairs  at  the  base,  colored  like  the  pileus  or  a  little  paler.  SPORES 
subglobose  or  broadly  elliptical,  6-7.5  x  6.5  micr." 

On  mossy  hemlock  logs  in  woods.  Bay  View.  September. 
Rare. 

Peck  says  it  is  closely  related  to  M.  ruhromarginata  Fr.,  from 
which  it  differs  in  its  darker  color  and  non-hygrophanous  striate 
pileus.  Longj'ear,  in  the  4th  Report  of  the  ^lichigan  Academy  of 
Science,  lists  M.  ruhromarginata  Fr.  but  he  is  uncertain  of  the 
identification;  it  is  probably  Peck's  species. 

843.     Mycena  denticulata  Pk. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Bull.  32,  1905. 

PIL1<]US  8-18  mm.  broad,  campanulate,  toughish,  often  obtusely 
subconic,  glabrous,  not  striate,  grayish-brown,  darker  on  center, 
margin  soon  split.  FLESH  thin,  membranous.  GILLS  adnate 
with  sliglitly  decurrent  tooth,  often  adnexed-emarginate  then 
broader,  medium  'broad,  ventricose,  subdistant,  thickish,  whitish, 
edge  dark  hrowh,  crenulate,  sometimes  venose-connected  or  a  few 
forked.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  slender,  even, 
hollow,  toughish,  glabrous  or  subfurfuraceous  with  minute  brown 
dots,  i>allid.  SPORES  sub-globose  to  elliptic-oval,  7-8x5-7  micr., 
smooth,  white.     CYSTIDIA  none.     Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  793 

short,  subelliptical-saccate,  obtuse,  30-35x12-15  niicr.,  tilled  with 
brownish  substance  as  shown   under  microscope. 

On  rotten  wood  or  humus,  in  oak  and  maple  woods.  Ann  Ar- 
bor,  New  Richmond.     June-Septeinber.     Infrequent. 

This  little  Mycena  was  described  by  Peck  from  material  sent  to 
him  from  St.  Louis,  :Mo.,  by  Glatfelter.  Peck  says  the  edge  is 
purplish,  but  there  is  scarcely  -ahy  tint  of  that  color  in  the  gills 
of  our  specimens ;  nevertheless  the  two  forms  appear  to  be  identical 
in  other  respects.  In  general  appearance  and  habitat  it  indtates 
Collijhia  floccijjes  Fr..  but  the  stem  is  less  purely  white,  the  gills 
have  the  brown-dotted  edge,  cystidia  are  lacking  and  the  spores 
are  slightly  larger. 

Section  V.  Instititiae.  Stem  inserted  (i.  e.  attached  directly 
to  other  plant  parts  without  root-like  base  or  tubercle,  etc.),  dry. 
Gills  adnate,  uncinate   (not  truly  decurrent  as  in  Omphalia). 

844.     Mycena  corticola  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PL  164. 
-    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  85,  Fig.  2. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  458. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  93,  p.  12G,  1908. 
Patouillard.   Tab.   Analyt.,   No.   217. 

PILEUS  4-8  mm.  broad,  hemispherical,  obtu.se  or  at  length  sub- 
umbilicate,  distantly  striate,  flocculose-pruinate,  blackish  (when 
young),  becoming  fuscous,  cinereous,  grayish-ochraceous,  etc. 
FLESH  thin,  membranaceous.  GILLS  adnate,  uncinate,  distant, 
broad,  subovate,  paler  than  pileus.  STEM  G-12  mm.  long,  1  mm. 
thick,  slender,  incurved,  glabrous  or  minutely  furfuraceous,  paler 
than  pileus. 

On  the  bark  of  living  trunks  of  frondose  trees;  everywhere,  espe- 
cially on  shade  trees  of  cities.  Pi'obably  throughout  the  State, 
very  common  in  southern  part.     July-October. 

After  rains,  in  late  summer  and  fall,  this  little  Mycena  appears 
in  large  numbers,  scattered  over  the  trunks  of  our  shade  trees,  elm, 
maple,  etc.  It  appears  to  revive  somewhat  after  succeeding  rains, 
but  the  texture  is  that  of  a  Mycena  rather  than  a  Marasmius.  The 
color  is  very  variable,  especially  during  development.  .1/.  hienialis 
Fr.  is  said  to  be  its  near  relative,  and  to  grow  in  similar  situa- 


794  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

tions,  but  I  have  been  able  to  distinguish  only  M.  corf  i  col  a  within 
our  area. 

845.     Mycena  setosa  (Sow.)  Fr. 

Hymen.  Europ.,  1S74. 
Illustration:     ('ooke,  111.,  PL  193. 

PILEUS  1-2  mm.  broad,  minute,  very  thin,  hemispherical,  obtuse, 
glabrous,  becoming  fuscous.  GILLS  distant,  nwrroic,  white. 
STEM  delicately  tiliform,  10-12  mm.  long,  inserted,  capillary,  evenj- 
Kliere  shaggy  icitli  distant  spreading   hairs. 

On  fallen  leaves  and  pine  needles,  in  woods  of  white  pine  and 
beech.     New  Richmond.     September.     Eare. 

Section  VI.  Adonidae.  Stem  dry  and  usually  growing  from 
the  ground.  Gills  of  one  color,  neither  darker  on  edge,  nor  becom- 
ing ashy  nor  fuscous. 

The  plants  in  this  section  are  usually  brightly  colored  or  white, 
not  with  ashy  or  fuscous  shades  on  cap  and  gills.  Those  of  the 
following  sections  often  have  white  gills  at  first  but  become  tinged 
with  cinereous  or  fuscous  color,  although  this  character  is  in  some 
cases  scarcely  determinable  in  fresh  specimens. 

846.     Mycena  pura  Fr. 

Svst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  157. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  476. 

Gillet,  (var.  alba)  Ko.  477. 

Gillet,   (var.  lutea)  No.  478. 

Bresadola,  Fung.  Trid.,  Vol.  2,   (var.  multi-color)  PI.  114. 

Patouillard,   Tab.   Analyt,   No.   313. 

Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  95,  p.  95,  1900. 

Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  95,  p.  128,  1908. 

Swanton,  Fungi,  PI.  8,  Fig.  3  and  4,  1909. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  l»road,  rareh'  broader,  campanulate  to  convex, 
finally  expanded,  more  or  less  obtusely  nmhonate,  sometimes 
broadly  so,  moist,  striatulate  on  margin,  bright  rosy-red,  sometimes 
rose-purplish,  lilac  or  violet.  FLESH  thin,  moist.  GILLS  adnate, 
sinuate,  broad,  ventricose,  subdistant  to  close,  varying  rose,  violet, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  795 

white,  etc.,  often  veined  or  with  the  interspaces  veiny.  STEM 
5-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  ci/Hudrical,  sometimes  twisted,  even, 
toiighish,  (/lahrotis,  hollow,  more  or  less  hairy  at  base,  colored  like 
or  paler  than  pilens.  SPOEES  elliptic-oblong,  6-7x3-3.3  micr., 
smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  few  on  sides  of  gills,  clavate-cylin- 
drical,  about  4:0-50x12-15  micr.  Sterile  cells  not  abundant  on 
edge  of  gills,  similar  but  smaller.     ODOR  somewhat  of  radish. 

Caespitose  or  scattered  to  solitary.  On  humns,  moss  or  much 
decayed  logs  in  frondose  or  mixed  Avoods,  or  tamarack,  balsam  and 
cedar  swamps.  Throughout  the  State.  June  to  October.  (Earliest 
record  June  14,  latest  October  4.)     Common. 

A  widely  distributed  Mycena,  beautifully  colored  and  one  of 
the  larger  species  of  the  genus.  Its  prevailing  color,  which  often 
extends  into  the  gills,  is  a  pale  rose-purple  (Ridgway,  new  ed.), 
although  it  varies,  under  different  conditions,  localities  or  in  age, 
to  darker  or  lighter  shades.  Peck  (23rd  Rep.)  says  the  umbo  is 
lacking,  but  I  have  seen  it  often  in  the  form  shown  by 
Cooke,  Patouillard  and  Gillet  in  their  illustrations.  Schroeter 
(Die  Pilze  Schliesiens)  says  the  edges  of  the  gills  are  densely  beset 
with  cystidia.  This  is  shown  in  Patouillard's  figure;  these  I  have 
usually  referred  to  as  "sterile  cells."  The  very  young  pileus  is 
ovate-subconical,  and  hoary-pubescent. 

847.    Mycena  minutula  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  25,  1873. 

PILEUS  2-8  mm.  broad,  campanulate  then  expanded,  ivMie, 
papillate,  glabrous,  moist,  striatulate  to  center.  GILLS  adnate 
with  tooth,  subdistant,  rather  hroad.  tvhite,  interspaces  venose. 
STEM  2-4  cm.  long,  filiform,  scarcely  .5  mm.  thick,  ivhite,  elastic, 
covered  throughout  its  length  J)y  microscopic,  suhcylindrical  hairs, 
about  30  micr.  long,  4-6  micr.  thick,  which  give  it  a  mealy  a])pear- 
ance.  SPORES  6-8x3.5-5  micr.,  elliptical,  oval,  smooth,  white. 
BASIDIA  4-spored,  18-20  micr.  long.  CYSTIDIA  none.  ODOR 
and  TASTE  none. 

Gregarious  or  scattered  on  moss  of  prostrate  trunks,  on  rotten 
wood,  twigs,  etc.,  of  pine,  beech  and  oak  woods.  New  Eiclimond, 
Ann  Arbor.     September-October.     Infrequent. 

The  pruinosity  of  the  stem  and  the  entirely  white  color  of  the 
spores  characterize  this  little  species.  It  must  not  be  confused 
with  31.  crystalUna  Pk.  and  M.  immaculata  Pk. 


796  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

848.     Mycena  immaculata  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mns.  Kep.  38,  1885. 

I*ILEUS  4-8  mm.  broad,  conical  or  subliemisplierical,  ijluhrons, 
slightly  striate  on  the  margin,  pure  tchite.  FLESH  membrana- 
ceous. (JILLS  adnate  or  nncinate-deciirrent,  moderately  broad, 
distant,  white.  STEM  1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  scarcely  .5  mm.  thick, 
slender,  pelliickl-ivhite,  glabrous,  generally  villose-strigose  at  the 
base,  slighth'  thickened  at  apex.  SPORES  oblong  or  cylindrical, 
7.5-9  X  3  niicr. 

Oil  iii(ts>es  and  fallen  leaves  on  the  ground.     P>ay  View.     August. 

This  seems  to  differ  sutticiently  from  M.  lacteus  Fr.  which  has 
crowded  narrow  gills;  the  latter  grows  caespitosely  on  wood  ac- 
cording to  Stevenson  (British  Fungi),  while  Fries  (Epicrisis)  says 
it  is  generally  found  on  tlie  ground.  M.  mhuititla  Pk.  and  .1/.  crys- 
talliiia  Pk.  should  be  compared  with  it. 

Section  VII.  Eigipedes.  Stem  firm,  rigid,  somewhat  tough,  juice- 
less,  somewhat  strigose  and  rooted  at  the  base.  Gills  becoming 
tinged  with  gray,  flesh  color,  fuscous,  etc.    Pileus  7iot  hygrophanous. 

Tough,  persistent,  inodorous,  normally  growing  on  icood  and 
caespitose. 

Fries  originally  (Syst.  Myc,  Vol.  I,  p.  13)  included  some  of 
the  following  species  under  M.  galericulata.  In  Epicrisis  he  divided 
the  latter  into  a  number  of  species.  As  Fries  did  not  consider 
any  microscopic  characters,  some  of  these  species  have  been  much 
misunderstood,  and  even  today  no  clear  account  can  l)e  given  by 
which  they  can,  with  entire  certainty,  be  separated.  I  have  at- 
tempted below,  by  using  such  critical  studies  as  others  have  made 
with  the  microscope,  and  adding  my  own,  to  separate  those  which 
have  been  -found  in  my  collecting  by  using  the  characteristics  of 
the  spores  and  cystidia.  As  Fries  pointed  out  (Epicrisis,  p.  104), 
the  color,  especially  of  the  stem,  is  very  deceptive  in  many  of  these 
species,  and  cannot  be  relied  on  to  any  great  extent  for  their 
separation. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  797 

^Pileus  and  stem   usually  hrowii  or  dark  colored,  not  constmithf 

[/I'f'JJ- 

849.     Mycena  galericulata  Fr.     (Edible) 

StsI.  Mycol.,  1821  (in  part). 

IlhistriUioiis :     Fries,   rcoiies,  PI.  80,  Fig.  2   (var.l. 
Cooke.  111.,  PI.  222  and  PI.  223   (var.). 
Gillet,  Champiiiuoiis  de  France,  No.  462. 
Patonillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  Xo.  211  and-  No.  317. 
Hard,  Mnslirooms,  PL  16,  Fig.  89,  p.  121. 
Marshall,  The  Mushroom  Book.  PL  7,  op.  p.  55. 
Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfrennde,  III,,  No.  92. 
Clements,  Minnesota  Mushrooms,  Fig.  17,  p.  30,  1910. 
Moflfatt,  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Cliicago  Acad,  of  Sci.,  Bull.  7,  PL  4. 

PILEUS  2-4  cm.  broad,  campanulate  or  obtusely  conic-campanu- 
late,  umbonate,  striate  or  suhsulcate  to  umbo,  glabrous,  htijf  on 
margin,  sliading  to  hrown  or  umher  on  umbo,  ashy  white  and  sub- 
shining  when  old,  often  with  brown  or  blackish-ferruginous  stains. 
FLESH  thin,  toughish,  whitish.  GILLS  adnate  or  arcuate-adnate^ 
uncinate,  moderately  broad,  subdistant,  dull  white,  usually  tinged 
with  flesh  color  in  age,  often  stained  when  old,  edge  entire  or  crenu- 
late-eroded,  interspaces  usually  venose.  STE^I  4-10  cm.  long  or 
longer,  1-3  mm.  thick,  tough,  very  tough  in  age,  cartilaginous,  hollow, 
even  or  only  innately  striatulate,  flexuous,  sometimes  twisted,  from 
pallid  to  rufous-brown  or  ferruginous-stained  below,  paler  to  whit- 
ish at  apex,  glabrous  and  shining,  base  often  connate  with  fer- 
ruginous or  diugy-yellow  strigose  hairs,  and  rooting.  SPORES 
8-9  X  5-6  micr.,  broadly-elliptical  when  mature,  smooth,  white, 
immature  spores  with  large  globule  simulating  globular  spores. 
BASIDIA  4-spored,  with  long  and  stout  sterigmata.  CYSTIDIA 
none.     ODOB   none  or  slightly  farinaceous. 

Very  caespitose  on  rotten  wood,  old  logs,  stumps,  etc.,  of  all 
kinds  of  trees. 

Throughout  the  State.  March-November.  (Earliest  record 
March  15;  latest,  November  2.)     "^"ery  common. 

Reported  throughout  North  America,  Europe,  Tasmania,  etc. 
The  weather  and  locality  bring  about  much  variation  in  this  species, 
especially  as  to  color  and  texture.  The  essential  characters  seem 
to  be  the  lack  of  cystidia,  the  absence  of  a  nitrous  odor,  the  caespi- 
tose rufous-brown   stems,   the   sulcate-striate   cap,   which   is   often 


798  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Stained  in  moist  weather,  the  tendency  for  the  white  gills  to  assume 
a  flesh  tint  and  the  size  of  the  spores.  The  stains  on  cap  and 
gills  and  base  of  stem  are  dingy  yellow,  purplish-brown  or  dark 
ferruginous.  At  other  times,  especially'  in  dry  places,  the  pilei 
become  silvery-shining  and  scarcely  stained.  In  mounting  a  sec- 
tion of  the  gills  the  large  mature  spores  with  homogeneous  con- 
tents sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  water  on  the  slide.  The  immature 
spores  are  subspherical  and  contain  a  large  globule  which  is  more 
prominent  than  the  wall  of  the  spore  and  accounts  for  the  fact 
that  to  some  observers  the  spores  look  spherical.  Patouillard  re- 
ports that  a  common  variety  has  2-spored  basidia ;  I  have  not  found 
it.  31.  liaematopa,  which  becomes  stained  in  the  old  stage  must 
not  be  confused  with  this  species.  Occasionally  the  stem  is  striate 
but  this  form  differs  from  M.  polygramma  var.  alhida  in  the  lack 
of  cystidia,  and  in  our  territory  by  the  different  colors. 

Var.  calopus  Fr. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  80,-  Fig.  2. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  223  A. 

Like  M.  galericulata,  except  that  the  gills  are  adnexed,  the  stem 
striatulate  and  coherent  or  proliferous  at  base,  joined  together 
and  covered  by  rusty  or  brown  strigose  hairs,  elsewhere  rufous- 
baj'  color  and  shining.  Spores  as  in  M.  galericulata.  No  cystidia. 
The  appearance  of  the  stem  reminds  one  of  that  of  Marasmlus  co- 
liaerens,  but  the  pileus,  etc.,  are  very  ditfereut. 

Caespitose,  on  deca3'ing  logs  in  w^oods.  Ann  Arbor.  May  and 
June.     Infrequent. 

850.    Mycena  inclinata  Fr.  var. 

Epicrisis,  1836-38. 

Illustration:     Plate  CXLIX  of  this  Eeport. 

PILEUS  2-3  cm.  broad  and  high,  obtuselj'  conical  at  first,  then 
persistently  conical-campanulate  with  a  hvoad  ohlong  strongly 
marked  nmho,  at  length  with  a  spreading  or  recurved  margin,  often 
gibbous-cernuous,  dry,  striate  to  the  middle,  fuscoiis-hroicn,  umbo 
smoky-fuscous,  darker  colored  in  age.  FLESH  thin,  concolor  or 
paler.  GILLS  narrowed  behind  and  siuuate-adnexed,  not  uncinate, 
narrow,    ascending,    crowded,    soft,    whitish    or   grayish-fuscescent, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  799 

edge  entire.  STEM  3-6  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick,  curved,  twisted, 
hollow,  often  compressed  or  furrowed,  toiighish-fibrous  and  split- 
ting longitudinally  under  pressure,  subfibrillose,  pallid  above, 
fuscous  below,  fuscescent  or  hlackish-fuscous  throughout  in  age, 
rooting.  SPORES  broadly  elliptical,  8-10x5-6  micr.,  smooth, 
white.     CYSTIDIA  none.     ODOR   fungoid. 

Caespitose  or  subcaespitose  on  logs  in  woods  of  juniper,  oak,  etc. 
Ann  Arbor.     October.     Infrequent. 

Apparently  intermediate  between  31.  prolifera  and  M.  inclinata, 
concerning  whose  microscopic  characters  little  is  known.  It  is 
allied  to  the  former  by  its  broad  and  dark  umbo  and  to  the  latter 
by  the  character  of  the  stem,  the  cernuous  pileus  which  is  at  first 
much  incurved  and  the  strongly  fuscescent  colors  of  cap  and  stem. 
The  narrow  gills  are  still  more  narrowed  and  broadly  sinuate 
behind.  The  pileus  often  undulates  from  umbo  to  margin,  and 
remains  obtusely  conic-campanulate.  No  tendency  of  the  stem 
to  proliferate  was  observed.  It  is  very  distinct  from  M.  galericu- 
lata.  The  figure  of  Gillet  does  not  appear  to  agree  at  all  with  the 
description  of  Fries. 

851.     Mycena  excisa  Fr. 
Epicrisis,   1836. 
Illustration:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  81,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  1.5-4  cm.  broad,  firm,  campanulate,  broadlj'  umbonate, 
gibbous,  dark  brown,  dark  umber  or  blackish-fuscous,  rugulose, 
margin  at  first  straight.  FLESH  coucolor  or  paler.  GILLS  ad- 
nexed  by  an  abruptl}'  much  narrower  portion,  elsewhere  rather 
broad,  ventricose,  subdistant,  thickish,  pallid  then  tinged  brownish. 
STEM  short,  2-3  cm.  long,  2-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  fioccose-fibrillose, 
glabrescent,  stuifed  then  hollow,  rigid,  toughish,  often  twisted, 
sometimes  compressed,  fuscous-brownish ,  darker  in  age.  SPORES 
elliptical,  8-10  x  5-6  micr.,  smooth,  apiculate,  white.  CYSTIDIA 
moderately  abundant,  cylindrical  above,  ventricose  above  the  slender 
pedicel,  obtuse,  75-110x15-18  micr.  BASIDIA  about  40x6  micr., 
4-spored.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Caespitose  or  subcaespitose  to  gregarious.  On  the  ground, 
among  grass  in  oak  woods.  Ann  Arbor.  October-November.  In- 
frequent. 

Known  by  its  dark  brown  cap,  its  short  stem  which  is  rigid  and 
rather   tough,   and   the   abruptly   narrowed    and   slightly    adnexed 


800  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

gills.  It  has  scai-cely  any  tinge  of  gray  to  either  cap  or  stem.  The 
.stem  is  sometimes  sti-oiigly  enl  wined  on  the  grass-stalks  or  obliqnely 
attached  lo  hni-ied  roots,  etc.  Fries  has  not  adhered  to  the  same 
descrij»tion  in  liis  <litterent  works;  onr  plants  agree  best  with  the 
descrii^tion  in  Icones,  althongh  in  size  and  build  they  are  more 
like  the  figures  of  M.  d'lssilicns  of  the  same  work.  The  cystidia 
are  large  and  striking. 

"■'Pihiis  fniKJanicntalJij  (jniy,  or  some  shade  of  niaij.  or  irJiite. 

852.     Mycena  parabolica  Fr. 

J^picrisis,  18;>0. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  80,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  224. 

PILEUS  l-o  cm.  broad,  campanulate.  margin  at  leiifjtJt  recurred, 
umbo  obtuse,  striate,  becoming  coarsely  rugose-striate,  sometimes 
Silicate,  moist,  glabrous,  at  first  'blackish-cinereous,  especially  on 
center,  then  gray  to  pearl-gray  or  whitish  when  dry,  disk  darker. 
FLESH  thin,  concolor  at  first.  GILLS  narrowly  adnate,  not  un- 
cinate, narrow,  at  first  ascending  and  close,  then  subdistant, 
whitish,  then  tinged  cinereous,  edge  entire.  STEM  .3-10  cm.  long, 
1.5-2.5  nmi.  thick,  sometimes  long  and  rooting,  cartilagi- 
nous, hollow,  terete  or  compressed,  even,  glabrous,  cinereous,  fad- 
ing, the  rooting  base  white-hairy  and  curved  or  flexuous.  SPOKES 
8-10  X  5-7  micr.,  elliptical,  ends  obtuse,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA 
few,  lanceolate,  soon  collapsing,  sometimes  on  the  edge  of  the  gills ; 
sterile  cells  none.  BASIDIA  4-spored.  27  x  8  micr..  Avith  ])ronunent 
awl-sha])ed  sterigmata.  0  micr.  long.     ODOE  none. 

Solitary,  gregarions  or  subcaespitose.  On  or  around  decaying 
logs,  stumps  in  niixed  woods  of  white  pine  and  beech.  Xew  Rich- 
mond.    September. 

This  gray  Mycena  is  frequent  locally.  The  margin  of  the  cap  be- 
comes expanded  or  recurved  and  is  then  coarsely  sulcate  on  account 
of  the  thin  flesh.  The  young  stage  distinctly  shows  its  non-identity 
with  .)/.  galrriculata.  The  stem  is  not  as  rigid  as  that  of  its  neigh- 
bors ;iiid  becomes  somewhat  flaccid  in  age. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  801 

853.     Mycena  polygramma  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  183G. 

Illusti-atious :     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  223. 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  III,  No.  01. 

Var.  alhida  Kaiifif.    Micli.  Acad.  Sci.  Eep.  13,  p.  219. 

PILEUS  2-5  cm.  broad,  campainilate  or  conic-campaimlate.  dry, 
obtusely  subiinibonate,  sulcate-striate  on  margin  in  large  S])eci- 
meus,  'White,  wliitish-biiff  or  arayisli,  glabrous,  atomate  when  dry. 
FLESH  white,  thin.  GILLS  narroirly  adnate,  not  uncinate,  ascend- 
ing or  arcnate,  ratlier  broad  in  middle,  subdistant,  white,  with  a 
faint  flnsh  of  pink  in  the  gray  forms,  edge  even.  STEM  5-10  cm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  tliick,  equal,  cartilaginous,  hollow,  striatulate  or 
distinctlij  striate  at  apex  or  throughout,  sometimes  twisted,  straight 
or  tlexuous,  lirm  aiul  rather  rigid  but  fragile,  glabrous  and  shining, 
white  or  grayish-white,  hairy  at  base.  SPORES  8-10  x  5-6  micr.* 
broadly  elliptical,  ends  rounded,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  fusi- 
form-acuminate, ahundant,  45-75x9-15  micr.  BASIDIA  4-spored, 
sterigmata  slender.     ODOR  nitrous,  varying  from  slight  to  strong. 

Caespitose,  gregarious  or  solitary  on  decaj'ing  logs  of  maple, 
elm,  bass  wood,  etc.     Ann  Arbor.     May- June.     Frequent  locally. 

Not  to  be  confounded  with  M.  alkalina,  which  lacks  cystidia  or 
possesses  but  a  fcAV  of  them,  and  Avhich  has  pseudo-viscid  stems. 
The  typical  M.  polygramma  of  Europe  has  not  been  recognized  with 
certainty  and  appears  to  be  rare.  Atkinson  has  referred  M.  prae- 
longa  Pk.  to  it,  but  the  latter  is  kept  intact  in  this  rej)ort.  Our 
plants,  described  above,  are  relatively  large,  almost  pure  white  and 
have  striate  stems  and  a  nitrous  odor.  It  cannot  be  )/.  sudora  Fr. 
since  the  cap  is  not  viscid. 

854.     Mycena  lasiosperma  Bres. 

Fung.  Trid.,  1881. 

Illustration:     Ibid,  PL  37,  Fig.  1. 

PILEUS  5-20  mm.  broad,  conic-campanulate  tlien  expanded-um- 
bonate,  suhviscid,  striatulate  to  umbo,  subhygroplianous,  dark  cin- 
ereous, almost  black  on  umbo,  paler  toward  margin.     FLESH  thin, 
concolor.     GILLS  adnexed,  with   tooth,   close,   ventricose,   whitish 
101 


802  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

then  tinged  gray,  iuterspaces  venose,  stem  3-7  cm.  long,  1-2  mm. 
thick,  equal  or  attenuated  below,  fotigliish  and  firm,  tlexuous,  hol- 
low, white-pulverulent,  brownish  above,  paler  below,  curved-root- 
ing. SPOliES  spherical,  covered  ivith  Miint,  rod-like  tuhercles, 
6-7  micr.  diam.,  ichite.  CYSTIDIA  moderately  abundant,  fusoid, 
attenuate  above,  45-00  x  8-12  micr.     ODOR  slight  or  none. 

On  very  rotten  wood  and  debris  in  beech  and  maple  forest 
(Quirk's  woods,  east  of  Ypsilanti,  Michigan).  Gregarious  or  sub- 
caespitose.    August.    Rare, 

An  interesting  tind  of  a  remarkable  plant  wliich  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  noted  except  by  its  discoverer.  The  structure  of  the 
spores  naturally  leads  one  to  suspect  an  Inocybe,  but  their  color  is 
white  (hyaline  under  the  microscope),  and  the  habit  of  the  plants 
is  tliat  of  a  Mycena.  Bresadola  describes  it  as  having  a  strong 
odor  of  rancid  meal,  which  our  plants  seemed  to  lack.  The  stems 
become  firmer  and  tougher  on  drying  and  it  is  placed  by  Saccardo 
under  the  Rigipedes  next  to  M.  raehorrhiza  wbich  is  said  to  have 
tuberculate  spores.  The  latter  is,  however,  a  very  different  plant 
both  in  color  and  shape,  according  to  the  figure  of  it  by  Fries. 
(Icones,  PL  S3,  Fig.  4.)  Two  other  species  of  Mycena  have  been 
described  with  tuberculate  spores,  M.  hri/ophila  Vogl.  and  M.  re- 
ceptiMlis  Britz. 

855.     Mycena  cyaneobasis  Pk. 

X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  51,  1898. 
Illustrations:     Ibid,  PI.  B,  Fig.  1-7. 

PILEUS  6-15  mm.  broad,  tough,  firm,  elliptic-oval  at  very  first, 
then  conic-cami}anulate,  dark  aeruginous-brown  at  first,  at  length 
paler  and  grayish,  especially  toward  the  Muish  margin,  glabrous, 
papillate  or  obtuse,  striatulate  on  margin.  Trama  composed  of 
a  thick  amorphous  to  subgelatinous  upper  layer,  elsewhere  pseudo- 
parenchymatous.  GILLS  narrowly  (iditatc,  not  uncinate,  ascend- 
ing, ratlier  narrow,  close,  whitish  or  tinged  grayish,  edge  minutely 
fimbriate.  STEM  5-8  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  slender, 
fiexuoHS,  terete  or  composed,  tubular,  cartilaginous,  elastic,  fioc- 
cose-pruinose  at  first,  glabrescent,  (jraijish-hrou-ii.  hairy  and  rooting 
at  base.  SPORES  subspherical,  7-8  micr.  diam.,  smooth,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  none,  sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  filiform,  numerous, 
40  x  2  micr.,  hyaline.   OROR  and  TASTE  mild  or  slightly  of  radish. 

Subcaespitose,  among  leaves  and  much  decayed  wood  in  fron- 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  803 

dose  woods.     Aim  Arbor.     June   and   October.     Infrequent. 

This  ditt'ers  but  little  from  M.  cyanotlinx  Atk.  The  pileus  and 
stem  are  slightl}'  gelatinous  when  moist.  The  mycelium  has  a 
bluish  tinge  or  is  dull  white.  There  is  a  bluiish-green  tinge  to  the 
young  pileus  which  is  sometimes  sliglitly  zonate.  Peck  referred 
it  to  the  Rigipedes  Avhere  it  is  somewhat  doubtfully  retained-. 
M.  cyanothrix  seems  to  have  a  much  longer  rooting  stem,  adnexed 
gills,  and  the  stem  is  glabrous  and  differently  colored..  It  may 
turn  out  to  be  identical  with  M.  cyaneohasis.  In  Europe  three 
other  small  Mj^cenas  with  blue  tints  have  been  described,  M.  mar- 
ginella  Fr.,  M.  iris  Berk,  and  i/.  calorhiza  Bres.,  all  closely  related. 
The  last,  however,  has  spores  very  different  from  either  of  ours. 

Hcciion  Till.  Frag  ill  pedes.  Stem  fragile,  dry,  juiceless, 
scarcely  rooting,  neither  dilated  nor  inserted.  Pileus  hygrophan- 
oiis.     Gills  white  then  tinged  grayish  or  fuscous. 

Delicate,  fragile,  often  soft,  usually  odorous,  normally  on  the 
ground,  debris,  leaves,  etc.,  not  densely  caespitose  on  wood  (except 
M.  alkalina). 

This  section,  like  the  preceding,  needs  a  revision  on  a  microscopical 
basis,  especially  of  those  species  with  nitrous  or  alkaline  odor;  the. 
latter  have  been  arranged  as  well  as  possible  in  the  absence  of 
detailed  information  from  European  sources.  We  have  a  number 
of  forms  with  a  more  or  less  nitrous  odor,  some  of  which  have 
not  been  included  below  for  lack  of  data. 

856.     Mycena  alcalina  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations:     Fries,   Icones,  PI.  81,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  187. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate  (at  first  narrowly  ovate 
to  conic-campanulate),  obtusely  umbonate  or  obtuse,  glabrous, 
hygrophanous,  deeply  striate  (moist),  grayish-hrowu  to  grayish- 
iimher  (moist),  fading  to  grayish  when  dry,  center  always  darker. 
FLESH  thin,  membranous.  GILLS  narrowly  adnate,  arcuate  as- 
cending, close  to  subdistant,  whitish  then  glaucous-gray,  or  yellow- 
ish in  age.  STEM  3-7  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  rigid,  fragile,  terete 
or  compressed,  slippery-subgelatinous,  hollow,  even,  glabrous,  pallid- 
brown,  sometimes  darker  at  first,  fading,  the  rooting  base  white- 
strigose.     SPORES  9-10  x  5-0  micr.,  broadly  elliptical,  smooth,  ob- 


804  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

tuse  at  ends,  wliite.  CYSTIDIA  none  or  few,  then  siiblaneeolate 
to  snhfnsitoini,  45-05  mm.  long-.  Sterile  cells  veutrico.se  below, 
ohinse-cylindi'ical  above,  abnndanl.  35-42  micr.  long-.  ODOR 
strongly  nit  rout;. 

Caespitose,  gregarious  or  solitary,  on  decayed  logs  and  debris  of 
tamarack,  elm,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Xew  Kiclimond.  May-June  and 
September-November.     Not  very  common. 

Characterized  by  the  odor,  by  the  few  cystidia,  and  the  slippery 
pseudo-viscous  stem.  The  surface  of  the  cap  is  composed  of  large, 
brown,  erect,  vesiculose  cells.  There  is  no  separable  pellicle,  and 
the  stem  is  not  truly  viscid,  but  feels  gelatinous  when  applied  to  the 
lips.  It  differs  from  31.  ammoniaca  in  its  slippery  stem,  lack  of  a 
decurrent  tooth  at  the  attachment  of  the  gills,  and  in  the  differently 
shaped  spores.  In  M.  alcalina  the  spores  are  symmetrically  ellip- 
tical, in  if.  ammoniaca  they  are  pip-shaped,  i,  e.,  narrowed  and 
pointed  toward  one  end.  Botli  mav  be  found  on  the  decaved  debris 
of  leaves  and  wood  on  the  ground  and  both  may  occur  solitary  or 
gregarious,  although  M.  aiitnioiiiaca  is  rarely,  if  ever,  caespitose. 
Both  differ  from  31.  metata,  31.  leptoccphala  and  31.  constaiis  in  the 
marked  excess  of  brown  shades  instead  of  gray. 

857.     Mycena  ammoniaca  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1830. 

Illustration:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  238. 

PILEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  conic-campanulate,  but  obtuse  (at  first 
elliptic-ovate),  und)onate,  hygr<)]»]ianous.  xtriatulate  on  margin, 
glabrous,  fuscous-blackish  to  grayish-brown  (moist),  grayish  bulf 
or  paler  (dry).  FLESH  membranaceous,  concolor.  GILLS  adnafe, 
uncinate,  close  to  subdistant,  narrow  and  linear,  interspaces  venose 
at  times,  whitish  then  ]jale  cinereous,  often  dark  cinereous  at  the 
very  tirst.  STEM  .".-5  cm.  long,  M..")  imii.  thick,  toughish,  ecjual, 
straight,  hollow,  even,  not  sUpperji.  irJiitisti  fa  pah'  }>rownish-ashy, 
wliite  mycelioid  at  base,  scarcely  rooting.  Sl'OKES  8-10  x  0-7  micr., 
pijj-shaped,  or  elliptical-ovate,  pointed  at  one  end,  smooth,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  none  or  few,  short,  stout,  ventricose  and  obtuse,  30-40  x 
15  micr.  EASIDIA  about  30x0  micr.,  slender.  ODOR  strongly 
nitrous. 

Oregarious  or  scattered  among  l(Mves,  remnants  of  decayed  wood, 
etc.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Richmond.  .May-.hme  and  September-Octo- 
ber.    Infrequent. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  805 

Mostly  separable  from  M.  almJina  by  its  terrestrial,  scattered 
babit,  smaller  size  and  dry  stem.  M.  metata  has  narrower  spores, 
the  odor  is  faint  or  obsolete,  and  the  shape  of  the  pilens  is  often 
more  convex.  The  stem  of  this  species  is  slightly  tough  and  miglit 
on  this  account  be  referred  to  the  Filipedes.  The  trama  of  the  gills 
is  composed  of  rather  large  cells,  among  which  globose  vesicular 
cells  are  conspicuous. 

858.     Mycena  metata  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustration :     Cooke.  111.,  Tl.  228. 

PILEUS  5-20  mm.  broad,  convex-campanulate,  varying  to  nar- 
rou'ly  campanulafe.  Jn/f/rophanous.  umbouate,  obtuse,  striate  and 
ashy-hroini  (moist),  pale  ashy  to  brownish-ashy  (dry),  glabrous. 
FLESH  thin,  membranaceous.  Gills  adnate,  ascending,  narrow, 
close  to  subdistant,  cinerascent  or  tinged  flesh  color,  edge  ohscurely 
flocciilose.  STEM  4-6  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  fragile, 
toughisli,  dry,  hollow,  even,  grayish-brown  or  paler,  flexuous,  hairy 
at  base.  SPORES  9-11x4-5  micr.,  narroichj  elliptical,  sometimes 
narrower  toward  one  end,  variable,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA 
none.  Sterile  cells  on  edge  of  gills  globose-pyriform,  about 
25-30  X  18  micr.,  covered  above  by  very  short,  rod-like  protuberances. 
ODOR  weakly  alkaline  when  plants  are  fresh. 

Gregarious  or  subcaespitose  among  moss  and  grass,  in  tamarack, 
cedar  and  hemlock  swamps.  Ann  Arbor,  Bay  View.  September- 
Xovember.     Infrequent  locally. 

The  microscopic  characters  are  the  best  mark  of  this  species.  The 
color  is  between  grayish-brown  and  ashy  (see  Chapman),  fading 
to  pale  ashy  or  whitish.  The  shape  of  the  cap  varies  considerably 
•in  the  same  patch.  Fries,  in  his  later  works,  Epicrisis  and  Hymen. 
Europ.,  does  not  give  the  shape.  In  Systema,  however,  he  says  it  is 
campanulate,  one-half  inch  across.  Massee  (British  Fungus 
Flora)  and  Stevenson  (British  Fungi),  mislead  by  speaking  of  the 
young  cap  as  hemispherical.  It  is  apparently  most  abundant  in 
late  autumn,  in  or  on  the  borders  of  swamps  among  sphagnum  or 

« 

other  moss  and  grasses,  even  after  heavy  frosts.  The  trama  of 
the  gills  is  composed  of  large,  cylindrical  cells.  It  differs  from 
M.  ammomaca  in  its  microscopic  characters  and  its  habitat,  and 
by  the  paler  color  of  its  cap. 


806  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP   MICHIGAN 

859.     Mycena  leptocephala  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  IS'Ml 

Ilhistration :     Cooke,  111.,  Tl.  187. 

PILEUS  5-20  mm.  li)j>ii  and  broad,  conico-campaimlate,  scarceli/ 
Jii/(/rophanoi(S,  fnscoiis-asliy  (young  and  moist)  soon  grayish-white 
or  huff,  obtuse  umbo  tinged  drab,  often  unicolorous,  striate  to  suh- 
suJcatc  ichen  dry  and  with  a  glaucous  pruinosity,  opaque.  GILLS 
ascending,  narrowed  behind,  adnate,  not  uncinate,  not  broad,  ven- 
tricose,  close  to  subdistaut,  whitish,  then  tinged  pale  cinereous. 
STEM  5-10  cm.  long,  .5-1  mm.  thick,  fiUform,  cartilaginous,  elastic, 
glabrous,  even.  holloAv,  darker  than  pileus  ivhen  dry,  whitish  above^ 
subrooting.  SPORES  8-9.5x5-6  micr.  (rarely  up  to  10x7  micr.), 
elliptic-ovate,  apiculate  and  somewhat  pointed  at  one  end,  smooth, 
white.  CYSTIDIA  and  sterile  cells  lacking.  BASIDIA  short, 
about  15-18  X  0-7  micr.,  i-spored  ;  sterigmata  prominent,  6  micr.  long. 
ODOR  nitrous,  varying  weak  or  strong. 

Solitary,  scattered  or  rarely  subcaespitose,  among  fallen  leaves, 
mosses,  decayed  debris  on  the  ground  in  woods.  Ann  Arbor,  New 
Richmond.     September-October.     Not  infrequent. 

This  is  one  of  the  gray  Mycenas.  It  has  been  placed  here 
because  of  the  glaucous  bloom  on  the  cap  when  dry,  referring  to 
the  "pruinosity"  of  Fries'  description.  No  certainty  can  be 
reached  in  placing  it  because  of  lack  of  detailed  data  of  related 
European  species.  It  cannot  be  referred  to  31.  constans  Pk.  which 
is  a  small  plant  and  has  a  decurrent  tooth  to  the  gills.  It  might 
be  referred  to  M.  cotisniilis  Cke.,  but  that  species  is  figured  with 
shorter  stems,  and  has  no  odor.  Sometimes  the  cap  and  stem  have 
a  pale  drab  or  faint  purplish  tint.  The  stem  becomes  flaccid  in 
age,  allying  it  to  the  Filipedes.  The  odor  is  often  not  noticeable 
until  sometime  after  the  plants  have  been  picked,  or  when  crushed. 

860.     Mycena  dissiliens  Fr.  var. 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustrations:     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  81,  Fig.  2. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  285. 

PILEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  obtusely  convex  at  first,  then  campanu- 
late  to  subexpanded,  subumbonate,  striatulate  9.nd  grayish-hroion 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  807 

to  umher  (Sacc.)  when  moist,  hygrophanous,  fading  to  whitish, 
glabrous,  snbstriate  or  even  when  dry,  margin  at  first  straight. 
FLESH  watery  brownish  then  whitish,  membranous,  not  very 
fragile.  GILLS  adnate,  icith  a  decurrent  tooth,  ascending-arcuate, 
moderately  broad,  subventricose,  close  to  subdistant,  white  then 
tinged  with  gray.  Edge  obscurely  fimbriate,  scarcely  venose. 
STEM  3-4:  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick,  often  rather  thick,  pellucid-white, 
shining,  glabrous,  even,  straight,  equal,  hollow,  fragile,  easily  split 
longitudinally.  SPOKES  7-9  x  4-4.5  micr.,  narrowly  elliptical, 
pointed  at  one  end,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  rather  abundant, 
subcylindrical,  obtuse,  50-65  x  8-9  micr.  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills. 
ODOR  none. 

Scattered-gregarious  on  the  ground  among  pine  needles,  moss, 
leaf  mold,  in  woods  of  white  pine,  beech,  etc.  New  Richmond. 
September.     Infrequent. 

These  plants  have  been  temporarily  referred  to  M.  dissiliens; 
they  differ  in  that  the  pileus  is  not  sulcate  and  the  odor  is  lack- 
ing. The  smell  of  M.  dissiliens  is  said  to  be  unpleasant.  Our 
plant  has  a  subgelatinous  feel  to  the  cap  and  stem,  but  there  is 
no  pellicle.  The  base  of  stem  is  scarcely  hairy  except  where  the 
mycelium  masses  among  the  decaying  leaf  mold  from  which  it 
sometimes  grows.  The  pileus  dries  to  a  glistening  white,  as  does 
that  of  M.  stannea  Fr.  It  ha-s  the  stature  of  a  Collybia,  as  shown 
in  Fries'  figure  of  his  species.  It  differs  from  M.  hemispherica  Pk. 
to  w*hich  it  appears  to  be  related,  in  the  much  larger  spores.  The 
stem  becomes  very  fragile  with  age  and  breaks  on  picking. 

861.     Mycena  atroalba  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

PILEUS"  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  narrowly  elliptical  at  first,  then  cam- 
panulate  to  expanded,  umbonate,  glabrous,  hygrophanous,  unibo 
smoky-fuscous,  elsewhere  pale  grayish-white,  sometimes  uniformly 
fuscous-gray,  fading,  striate  to  the  umbo  when  moist,  radiately 
wrinkled  or  furrowed  when  dry,  opaque.  FLESH  thin,  concolor, 
rigid-fragile.  GILLS  narrowly  adnexed,  uncinate,  close  to  scarcely 
subdistant,  narrow,  subventricose,  white  then  pale  cinereous,  edge 
entire.  STEM  4-6  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  mm.  thick,  equal,  striate,  rigid- 
fragile,  subshiniug,  glaljrous,  shining,  even,  whitish  ahove,  dark 
fuscous  helow,  toughish,  sometimes  compressed,  hollow,  mycelioid- 
haiiw  and   somewhat  rooting.      SPORES   broadly   elliptical,   8-9  x 


808  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

5.5-6  inicr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  notie.  STERILE  CELLS 
on  edtio  of  gills  short,  hmceolate,  ventricose  below.  ODOR  and 
TASTIO  none. 

Gregarious.  On  the  ground,  moss  and  debris  under  tamarack 
trees.     Ann  Arbor.     October.     Infrequent. 

The  plants  have  the  habitat  of  M.  metatu,  but  differ  from  it  in 
the  lack  of  odor,  the  dark-colored  umbo  and  the  microscopic  char- 
acters. The  gills  are  not  provided  with  cystidia  as  in  M.  atroal- 
doides  and  the  stem  is  differently  colored.  Despite  the  similarity 
of  the  descriptions  the  two  species  are  very  distinct.  Our  plants 
differ  from  Fries'  description  in  that  the  base  of  the  stem  lacks  any 
marked  '^bulbous-tumid"  root,  therefore  they  are  only  provisionally 
referred  to  31.  atroalba. 

862.     Mycena  atroalboides  Pk. 
2s'.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  27,  1875. 

PILEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  acorn-shaped  at  the  very  first,  then  con- 
ico-campanulate,  finally  umbonate  and  margin  recurved,  striatulate 
and  hlackish-fuscous  wlien  moist  and  young,  hygrophanous,  fading 
to  fuscous  or  cinereous,  and  then  subsulcate.  FLESH  very  thin, 
membranaceous,  whitish  with  a  gray  tinge.  GILLS  uncinate-ad- 
nexed,  nmTow,  close,  white,  faintly  grayish  at  length,  edge  entire. 
STEM  slender,  4-10  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  equal  or  attenuated 
upwards,  glabrous  and  even  above,  hollow,  wavy,  fragile,  shining, 
terete  or  compressed,  easily  splitting  lengthwise,  dark  hluisJi  or 
blackish-gray  at  apex,  tinged  gray  or  fuscous  elsewhere,  sometimes 
connate  with  cottony  fibrils  below.  SPORES  7-9  x  5-6  micr.,  broad- 
ly elliptical,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  numerous  on  sides  of  gills, 
subcylindrical,  slightly  ventricose  below,  obtuse,  75-85  x  7-8  micr. 
STERILE  CELLS  none. 

Solitary  or  subcaespitose,  on  decayed  wood  and  mosses,  in  woods 
of  hemlock,  beech,  etc.  New  Richmond.  August-September.  In- 
frequent. 

Manifestly  related  to  M.  atrocyaneus  Fr.  and  M.  atroalbns  Fr. 
M.  atroci/aneus  is  said  to  have  the  gills  joined  to  a  collar  and  dis- 
tant, while  the  pileus  is  deeply  sulcate.  From  M.  atroalbns,  M. 
atroalboides  differs  in  possessing  abundant  cystidia  on  the  sides  of 
the  gills  and  by  its  more  uniformly  colored  pileus.  A  form  occurs 
witli  pileus  cylindric  when  very  young  and  at  first  dotted  with 
white,  scattered,  silky  fibrils  on  the  surface;  its  cystidia  are  thicker, 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  809 

12-16  micr.  iu  diameter.  The  young  stem  has  a-  watery  juice  which 
is  at  first  dark-colored.  The  tint  of  blackish-blue  on  young  cap  and 
stem  is  common  to  both  forms. 

863.     Mycena  praelonga  Pk. 

:N'.  Y.  State  Cab.  Kep.  23,  1872. 

Illustration:     Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  91,  p.  91,  1900.      (As 
31.  poly  gramma.) 

PILEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  at  first  subcylindrical  then  conic-cam- 
panulate  or  subexpanded.  umbonate,  glabrous,  striate,  dark  hroirn, 
tvith  a  leaden  thit.  GILLS  adnate.  uncinate,  arcuate-ascending, 
narroic,  close  to  subdistant,  white,  at  length  subcinereous.  STEM 
very  long,  10-20  cm.  long,  .5-1  mm.  thick,  filiform^  firm,  innately 
striatulate,  glabrous,  hollow,  tinged  rufous-brown,  white  at  apex, 
rooting  in  the  sphagnum.  SPORES  8-9  x  5-6  micr.  when  mature, 
subglobose  or  broadly  elliptical,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  only 
on  edge  of  gills,  flask-shaped,  with  narrow,  acuminate  neck  about 
45  X  12-11  micr. 

Gregarious.  On  sphagnum  in  tamarack  swamps:  local.  Ann 
Arbor.     May-June. 

This  species  has  been  referred  b}^  Atkinson  to  M.  poJygramma  Fr. 
It  is  known  by  its  very  long  slender  stem,  by  the  leaden  tint  of  the 
brown  cap,  and  by  the  microscopic  characters.  Many  of  the  bog 
species  develop  these  long  stems,  apparently  the  result  of  the  moist- 
ure present. 

Section  IX.  Filipedes.  Stem  filiform,  flaccid,  somewhat  tough, 
rooting,  dry,  juiceless.  Gills  whitish  or  tinged  with  the  color  of  the 
cap.     Pileus  not  hygrophanous. 

Stem  commonly  very  long  in  proportion  to  pileus:  very  slender, 
tense  and  straight  when  fresh,  collapsing  with  age  because  of  the 
flaccid  texture;  growing  on  the  ground  among  mosses  and  grass, 
singly,  i.  e.,  not  caespitose.  Inodorous.  Sometimes  not  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  those  of  the  Fragilipedes  which  have  slender,  fili- 
form stems:  and  from  the  Adonidae,  which  dift'er,  however,  in  the 
persistently  white  gills.  A  few  brightly  colored  species  are  in- 
cluded here,  which  might  perhaps  be  as  well  placed  under  the 
Adonidae. 


810  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP   MICHIGAN 

864.     Mycena  collariata  Fr. 
Epicrisis,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  82,  Fig.  5. 

Cooke,  111.,  PI.  189.  . 

**PILEUS  6-12  mm.  broad,  campaniilate-eonvex,  siibumbonate, 
striate,  typically  fnscous,  but  commonly  ichitish-gray  and  only 
fuscous  on  disk,  fading,  glabrous.  FLESH  membranaceous.  GILLS 
adnate,  joined  in  a  collar  hcliind,  thin,  crowded,  distinct,  whitish 
or  obsoletely  incarnate.  STEM  filiform,  2-3  cm.  long,  tough,  gla- 
brous, shining,  striatulate  under  a  lens.  SPOKES  8-10  x  4-6  micr. 
(Sacc.  and  Berk.)." 

Not  yet  found  in  the  State.  I  have  seen  specimens  on  decayed 
logs  in  a  neighboring  State  and  it  doubtless  occurs  in  Michigan.  It 
has  the  stature  and  appearance  of  M.  vulgaris,  but  the  cap  is  not 
viscid. 

865,     Mycena  cyanothrix  Atk. 

Mushrooms,  Edible,  Poisonous,  etc.,  1900. 

Illustrations :     Ibid,  Fig.  99,  p.  99. 

Conn.  State  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  3,  PI.  37. 

PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  ovate  to  convex,  viscid  when  young,  gla- 
brous, striatulate  on  margin,  'bright  'blue  lohen  young,  becoming 
pale  and  whitish  in  age  or  fuscous  in  the  center.  GILLS  free^ 
narrow,  close,  white  then  grayish-white,  edge  minutely  fimbriate. 
STEM  6-9  cm.  long,  1-1.8  mm.  thick,  slender,  hollow,  faintly  purple 
when  young,  becoming  whitish  or  flesh  color,  flexuous  or  nearly 
straight,  even,  rooting.  SPORES  globose,  smooth,  6-9  micr.,  white 
or  with  a  delicate  bluish  tinge. 

Gregarious,  subcaespitose  or  solitary,  on  decayed  wood,  debris, 
etc.     Marquette,  Bay  View.     Not  rare  in  the  north. 

A  slender,  delicately  tinted  plant,  so  far  found  in  our  northern 
regions  only.  It  difters  from  M.  cyaneohasis  in  its  thinner  sub- 
stance, free  gills  and  brighter  colors. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  811 

866.  Mycena  subincarnata  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

PILEUS  5-12  mm.  broad,  hemispherical  then  eampanulate-convex, 
finally  subexpaiuled.  fragile,  striatnlate,  glahrons,  pale,  incarnate 
or  3'ellowish,  usually  dull  reddish  on  center.  FLESH  thin,  mem- 
branaceous. GILLS  adnexed,  rounded  behind,  not  broad,  ventricose, 
close,  whitish  tinged  fiesh  color.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  filiform, 
pruinose,  equal,  hollow,  even,  toughish,  peirucid-wliite,  base  rooting 
and  white-villose.  SPORES  G-7  x  1  micr.,  elliptic-ovate,  smooth, 
white.     ODOR  none. 

Gregarious,  on  the  ground  or  on  mossy  logs  in  hemlock  or  pine 
woods.     Bay  View,  New  Richmond.     September.     Infrequent. 

Near  M.  puJclierrima,  but  differing  in  color,  and  size  of  spores. 
The  stem  becomes  fuscous  or  darker  in  age. 

867.  Mycena  pulcherrima  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  1872. 

PILEUS  5-10  mm.  broad,  conico-campanulate  to  subcampanulate, 
subexpanded,  obtuse,  faintly  striatnlate  on  margin,  dull,  yellowish 
to  reddish,  paler  toward  margin,  delicately  glaucous,  glabrous. 
FLESH  membranaceous.  GILLS  adnexed,  not  uncinate,  broad  in 
the  middle,  ventricose,  close  to  subdistant,  yeUoivish  or  tinged  like 
pileus.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  .5-1  mm.  thick,  filiform,  flaccid,  equal, 
even,  flexuous,  white-pulverulent  when  young,  glabrescent,  pellucid- 
white  and  shining,  white-hairy  at  base.  SPORES  7-8  x  5-6  micr., 
oval-elliptical,  smooth,  white.    CYSTIDIA  none.    ODOR  none. 

Scattered  or  in  twos  and  threes,  on  very  decayed  wood  or  debris, 
under  hemlock  and  pine.     New  Richmond.  . 

A  distinct  little  plant,  to  be  separated  from  M.  acicula  Fr.  by 
its  habitat,  larger  size  and  different  spores. 


812  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

868.     Mycena  acicula  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  183G. 

Illustratious :     Fries,  Icones,  PL  85,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  190. 
Patoiiillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  Xo.  108. 
Atkinson,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  98,  p.  98,  1900. 

PILEUS  24  mm.  broad,  campanulate-convex,  sometimes  papillate, 
glabrous,  glaucous,  striatulate  on  margin,  vermiUion,  reddish-orange 
or  yello Irish  with  red  center.  FLESH  very  thin,  membranaceous. 
GILLS  adnexed,  ascending,  ventricose,  rather  broad,  suldistant  to 
distant,  yellow,  yellowish,  creamy  white,  or  white,  edge  minutely 
crenulate.  STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  filiform,  equal,  toughish,  hollow, 
glabrous  or  minutely  pulverulent  at  first,  peUucid-yeUoKish  or 
yellow,  more  or  less  rooting.  SPOKES  7-9x2.54  micr.,  narrow, 
fusiform  or  narrowly  suhovate,  ismooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  or  scattered.  On  rotten  wood,  or  among  leaves  and 
grass,  in  woods,  meadows,  thickets,  etc.  Ann  Arbor,  Detroit,  etc. 
May-June  and  September-October.     Frequent. 

This  is  a  pretty  little  Mycena  and  one  of  the  earliest  to  appear. 
It  is  not  by  any  means  limited  to  the  woods  or  to  growing  on  wood 
or  twigs  as  most  authors  remark,  but  may  be  found  among  grass  on 
the  ground  in  low,  moist  meadows  in  spring.  The  spores  are  quite 
characteristic  and  help  not  a  little  in  its  positive  identification.  I 
suspect,  in  fact,  that  it  has  been  reported  as  M.  adonis  Fr.  when 
occurring  on  the  ground  in  grassy  places,  but  no  spore  measure- 
ments of  that  species  seem  to  have  been  printed.  On  decayed  wood 
the  stem  is  rooting  and  hairy  along  the  root,  whereas  on  the  ground 
it  has  few  hairs  and  is  scarcely  at  all  rooting.  Other  minute 
Mycenas  with  rosy  or  red  caps  have  been  described  by  Fries  from 
Europe :  M.  stij^ularis  and  M.  juncicola  have  non-rooting  stems  in- 
serted on  stipules  of  fallen  leaves;  31.  ptcriyenus  has  a  bulbillose 
stem  attached  to  roots  and  leaves  of  ferns,  etc. 

Omphalia  Fr. 
(From  the  Greek,  omphalos,  an  umbilicus.) 

White-spored.     Stem  cartilaf/inous,    slender,    usually    hollow    or 
loosely  stull'ed.  widened  above  with  the    pileus    in    trumpet-form. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  -AGARICS  813 

Gills  decurrent,  or  aduate-decurreut.  Pileiis  more  or  less  mem- 
hranaceons,  its  margin  at  first  either  incurved  or  straiglit-appressed. 

Epiphytal,  lignicolous  or  terrestrial;  putrescent  plants,  with  few 
exceptions  small  or  minute.  Very  closely  related  to  Collybia  when 
the  margin  of  the  pileus  is  at  first  incurved ;  and  to  Mycena  when  it 
is  straight;  differing  from  these  by  the  decurrent  gills.  Toughish, 
reviving  species  are  referred  to  Marasmius.  They  differ  from 
Clitocvbe  bv  the  cartilaginous  character  of  the  stem. 

The  PILEUS  varies  conical,  hemisplierical,  convex  or  campanu- 
late,  often  quite  expanded  in  the  Collybiariae,  and  usually  marked 
bv  a  distinct  umbilicus  which  becomes  widened  in  some  species  to 
infundibuliform ;  some  species  show  the  umbilicate  character  only 
in  occasional  specimens,  e.  g.,  O.  (iracUJUna,  while  the  other  speci- 
mens are  obtuse  or  somewhat  papillate.  Its  color  is  often  pure 
white;  it  may  be  gray,  fuscous,  brown,  yellow,  orange  or  reddish. 
It  is  generally  hygrophauous  and  then  striate  Avhen  moist.  The 
surface  is  usually  glabrous  or  with  a  very  minute  pubescence 
which  is  rarely  glandular.  The  GILLS  are  decurrent,  some- 
times not  strongly  so,  most  often  running  far  down  as  the 
cap  expands.  Their  width  and  spacing  are  used  to  separate 
the  species  into  subdivisions,  although  this  is  not  always 
sharply  marked.  Peck  in  his  monograph  of  the  New  York 
species  (Rep.  15,  1892)  states  that  in  his  opinion  this  grouping 
is  unsatisfactory,  but  as  no  better  is  oft'ered,  it  is  adhered  to  in  this 
paper.  CYSTIDIA  are  lacking  in  most  species,  and  when  present 
are  rather  few  and  inconspicuous.  The  STEM  is  usually  slender 
to  filiform,  and  when  dry  its  cartilaginous  cortex  is  like  that  of 
Mycena.  The  surface  is  glabrous,  horny  and  shining,  or  varying 
to  pruinose  or  hairy  at  base.  The  SPORES  are  smooth.  As  in 
Mycena  the  immature  spores  are  loosened  in  a  microscopic  mount; 
so  the  same  precaution  must  be  observed  as  when  studying  the  spores 
of  Mycena  in  order  that  one  may  get  the  correct  measurements  of  the 
mature  spores.  Very  few  Omi)lialias  have  a  distinguisliing  ODOR, 
and  none  of  the  following  are  nitrous  or  fragrant.  Their  EDIBIL- 
ITY is  of  no  interest  because  of  tlieir  thin  texture  and  small  size; 
none  are  known  to  be  poisonous,  but  probably  few  have  been  tested. 

They  are  found  from  early  spring  to  late  autumn,  during  wet 
weather  and  in  low  or  damp,  shaded  places.  With  the  exception 
of  0.  canipancUa  and  0.  fihuhi,  they  occur  sporadically,  few  of 
them  are  found  in  quantities,  many  are  but  rarely  found.  A  rather 
large  number  of  species  are  described.  Peck  has  named  about  twenty- 
five. 


814  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN       - 

Key  to  ill  a  Species 

(a)     Plant  wholly  white, 
(b)     Gills  broad. 

(c)     Stem  tubular;   plant  snow-white.     879.     0.  gracillima  Fr. 
(cc)     Stem  solid;   plant  soon  dingy-white.     878.     0.  albidula  Pk. 
(bb)     Gills  rather  narrow, 
(c)     Gills  crowded;  plant  pure  white.     869.     0.  scyphoides  Fr. 
(cc)     Gills    moderately    close;    plant    dull    white.     870.     0.    scypM- 
funnis  Fr. 
(aa)     Plant  not  wholly  white. 
(b)     Pileus  viscid. 

(c)     Gills  lilac;  pileus  greenish-yellowish.     872.     0.  Ulacifolia  Pk. 
(cc)     Gills  whitish;   pileus  pale  grayish-brown.     (See  834.    Mycena 
vuU/aris  Fr.) 
(bb)     Pileus  not  viscid. 

(c)     Pileus  yellowisli,  orange  or  reddish. 

(d)     Stem    date-browTi,    horny;    on    coniferous    wood;    gills   very- 
veiny.     883.     O.   campaneUa   Fr. 
(dd)      Stem   not  date-brown  and  horny. 

(e)     Gills  white  or  cream-colored;  on  mosses. 

(f)     Pileus  10-20  mm.  broad;   convex.     882.     0.  fibuloides  Pk. 
(ff)     Pileus  3-8  mm.  broad,  cucullate.     880.     0.  fihtila  Fr. 
(ee)     Gills  not  white, 
(f)     Pileus  brick-red  to  reddish-brown.     873.     0.  pyxidata  Fr. 
(ff)     Pileus  olivaceous-yellowish;   stem  dusky  yellowish.     871. 
0.  olivaria  Pk. 
(cc)     Pileus   with    grayish,    fuscous   or   brown   shades. 

(d)     Pileus    3-7    mm.    broad,    whitish    except    the    fuscous-brown 

center.     881.     0.  schwartzii  Fr. 
(dd)     Pileus   usually   larger. 

(e)     Gills  broad,  crowded;  pileus  and  stem  dark,  umber-fuscous 

to  blackish.     884.     0.  umbratilis  Fr. 
(ee)     Gills  rather  narrow. 

(f)     Pileus  dotted  with  scurfy-blackish  points;  on  sphagnum. 

877.     0.  gerardiana  Pk. 
(ff)     Not  with  blackish  points, 
(g)     On  decaying  wood,  logs,  stumps,  etc. 
(h)     Pileus   rugose,   brown;    flesh    emitting   watery   juice 

when  cut.     874.     0.  rugosodisca  Pk. 
(hh)     Pileus    even,    ashy    to    smoky,    non-hygrophanous. 
875.     0.  epichysluvi  Fr. 
(gg)     On  the  ground,  pileus  hygrophanous,  substriate;  gills 
subdistant.     876.     O.  oniscu  Fr. 

Section  I.     VoUyhiariae.     Margin  of  pileus  at  first  incurved. 
^Gills  narroiv;  crowded,  close  or  siibdistant. 

869.     Omphalia  scyphoides  Fr. 

Syst.  >ry<'..  1S21. 

Illu.stratious:     Fries,  Icoues,  PI.  75,  Fig.  2. 
Patouillard.  Tab.  Analvt.,  Xo.  410. 

"PILET'S  4-8  mm.  broad,  umbilicate  then  iufundibuliform,  often 


CLASSIFICATION  OP  AGARICS  815 

irregular,  i^ure  white,  even,  silky.  FLESH  submembranaceous. 
GILLS  deciirrent,  narrow,  crowded,  white.  STEM  8-lU  mm.  loug, 
short,  stuffed,  subvillose,  white.  SPOKES  6x2  micr.  (Sacc, 
Massee)  ;  6x4-5  micr.  (Pk.j 

''Gregarious,  in  mossy,  grassy  places  on  the  grouml.  (Dead 
leaves  in  woods — Longyear.) 

"Variable,  often  flexuous  and  eccentric,  commonly  small,  not 
hygrophanous,  yellowish  on  drying,  stem  woolly  at  least  at  base, 
pileus  sometimes  often  an  inch  broad." 

Reported  by  Longyear.     Greenville.     July.     Eare. 

870.     Omphalia  scyphiformis  Fr. 

Epicrisis,  1836. 

Illustration :     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  75,  Fig.  3. 

PILEUS  5-9  mm.  broad,  convex,  then  umbilicate  or  infundibuli- 
form,  glabrous,  sometimes  silky,  dull  white,  margin  obsoletely 
striatulate.  FLESH  membranaceous.  GILLS  decurrent,  thin,  nar- 
rowly triangular,  whitish,  close,  moderately  broad  in  middle,  atten- 
uate at  ends,  edge  entire,  trama  of  interwoven  hyphae.  STEM  1.5- 
2.5  cm.  long,  equal,  even,  somewhat  hollow,  whitish,  glabrous  or 
loosely  pubescent  by  flexuous  longish  hairs,  base  attached  to  moss 
by  radiating  hairs.  SPORES  6-7  x  3.5-4  micr.,  ovate  or  pip-shaped, 
pointed  at  one  end,  smooth,  white.    CYSTIDIA  none.    ODOR  none. 

Gregarious  on  mosses  or  on  moist  earth.  Ann  Arbor.  August. 
Rare. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  0.  scj/phoides.  It  differs  in  the 
dull  white  (albidus)  color  of  the  whole  plant,  whereas  M.  scyphoides 
is  said  to  be  pure  white  (candidus)  ;  the  gills  are  not  as  nari-ow 
and  crowded  as  in  that  species,  and  probably  the  spores  differ. 
Our  plants  approached  M.  scyphoides  in  the  pubescence  toward 
the  base  of  the  stem,  which  Fries  says  is  glabrous.  On  moss  the 
silky-webby  mj^celium  sometimes  spreads  some  distance. 

871.     Omphalia  olivaria  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  25,  1873. 

PILEUS  6-15  mm.  broad,  convex,  subclavate,  with  decurved  mar- 
gin, deeply  umhilicate,  glabrous,  pale  yellowish  to  olive-green,  even 
or  obscurelj^  striatulate.     FLESH   thin.     GILLS   long   decurrent, 


816  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

.siibdistniit.  idtlirr  iinnoir,  i/(lloic  when  I'l-esh,  edge  entire.  STEM 
--.')  (111.  loiiii,  1  mill,  iliick.  foin/li,  (M|1i;i1.  cxcii.  lul»nl:ii-,  dnskji  i/cl- 
loirisli.  iiiiimiclv  puhesccMil.  ^hihiescc'iit.  Sl'OlJIOS  (i-T  x  5  luier., 
s\il)<il(ilios('  (d-  IikuhIIv  t'lliiiiicjil.  smooth,  wliito. 

On  (U'caycd  lo^s.     Ann  ArlMir.      Scptomhi'i'.      Knic. 

Tlu'  iihiiit  revives  soniewlial  alter  being  moistened.  The  i>nbes- 
cence  of  the  stem  is  white  after  the  escape  of  the  moisture.  The 
trama  of  the  gills  is  composed  of  interwoven,  narrow  hypliae, 
»init('  compaetly  arranged.  ().  Jiilcohi  1M<.  dill'ers  in  having  a 
lirow  II  and  solid  stem.  O.  .siihchii-did  1M<.  has  yellow  gills,  but  the 
jiileiis  is  grayish-brown  and  stem  white. 

872.  Omphalia  lilacifolia  Pk. 

X.  V.  State  Mils.  Kep.  1*4,  Ks7i*'(as  ().  lihicina ). 
X.  V.  State  Mus.  Rep.  29,  1878. 

Illustrations :    Peck.  X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  PI.  1,  Fig.  10-13. 

''1*1LEUS  1-L*  ('III.  broad,  convex,  deeply  und)ilicate,  gluhrous, 
viscid,  hygrojihanous.  dingy  yellow  with  greenish  tinge  and  striatu- 
late  when  moist,  bright  sulphtir-yellow  when  dry.  GILLS  decur- 
reut,  arcuate,  close,  narrow,  imle  lilac.  STEM  1-2.5  cm.  long,  1-2 
mm.  thick,  equal,  glabrous,  hollow,  viscid,  yellowish,  tcitJi  a  pale 
lilac-colored  mycelium  at  the  base.  SPORES  subelliptical,  5-G  x  3 
micr." 

Scattered  or  solitary,  rarely  sul)caesi)itose,  on  decaying  trnnks^ 
<»f  hendock.  in  tiie  coniferous  regions  of  the  State.  ^lunising, 
llonghloii.  Unroll  .Monntains,  Bay  Mew,  Xew  Richmond.  July- 
Sejttendjer.      I  nfreiiuent. 

The  colors  and  viscidity  make  this  an  easily  recognized  species. 
().  lihiciiKi  was  described  from  Lapland,  and  anteceded  Peck's  first 
name:  it  is  said  to  be  violac(^ons  exce))t  for  tlie  yellow  gills;  i'ts  cap 
is  not  visci<l. 

873.  Omphalia  pyxidata  Fr. 
Svst.  .Mvc.  1S21. 

Illnstrarions:     Cooke.   111..    IM.   191. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  Xo.  G3C. 


<.13 


PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  convex,  umbilicate  to  infundibuliform^ 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  817 

glabrous,  hygrophanous,  hrick  red  or  reddish-broicn  and  radio te- 
striate  tvhen  moist,  paler  and  silky  when  dry.  FLESH  membrana- 
ceous. GILLS  decurrent,  tmrroio,  siihdistant,  tinged  with  flesh 
color  then  gilvus.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  equal,  tough, 
glabrous,  even,  stuffed  or  hollow,  'pallid  rufescent.  SPOIvES  ovoid, 
smooth,  white,  0-8x5  micr.  (Patouillard.) 

''On  the  ground,  roadsides,  etc.".  East  Lansing,  on  the  campus. 
Eeported  by  Longyear. 

Evidently  rare.  Peck  says  he  found  it  but  once.  Kot  much  re- 
liance can  be  placed  on  the  spore-measurements  given ;  Stevenson 
quotes  three  different  sizes,  one  of  which  is  followed  by  Saccardo. 
The  pileus  is  said  by  Fries  to  fade  strongly,  even  to  become  whitish. 
Some  think  that  0.  mural  is  Fr.  and  0.  hepatica  Fr.  are  to  be  con- 
sidered as  varieties  of  0.  pyxidata.  (See  Barbier,  Bull.  1,  Soc.  Myc. 
de  France,  Yoh  XX,  p.  105,  1904.) 

874.     Omphalia  rugosodisca  Pk. 
5:.  Y.  State  Mus.  Hep.  26,  1874. 

PILEUS  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  broadly  convex  or  nearly  plane,  de- 
pressed or  umbilicate,  sometimes  obtuse  or  slightly  umbonate, 
rugose,  hygrophanous,  watery  cinnamon-hrown  and  striatulate 
(moist),  paler  when  ({vj.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  short-decurrent, 
narrow,  close,  Avhitish.  STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  1-2  ram.  thick,  gla- 
brous, hollow,  cartilaginous,  concolor,  paler  at  apex.  SPORES 
elliptical,  6-7  x  4-5  micr.,  smooth,  white. 

On  decaying  prostrate  trunks  of  hemlock:     Bay  View.     July. 

Known  by  the  rugose  cap,  the  brown  color  and  the  fact  that  every 
part  of  the  plant  emits  a  watery  juice  when  cut  or  bruised.  It 
seems  to  be  limited  to  decaying  wood  of  coniferous  trees.  Peck 
referred  this  species  to  Collybia  in  the  31st  New  York  Museum  Re- 
port, but  later  returned  it  to  Omphalia.  Saccardo  placed  it  in  the 
genus  Mycena  without  giving  any  reason  for  doing  so.  At  times 
the  odor  is  said  to  be  slightly  of  radish. 
103 


818  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

875.     Omphalia  epichysium  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc.  ISL'1. 

Illustrations:     Atkiuson,  Fi<i.    1(11.   p.    Idl.   1!>00. 
Plate  CLXXI  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  1-4  cm.  broad,  convex  then  expanded  and  nmbilicate 
or  unii>ilicate-infundibiiliform,  margin  arcuate  with  decurved  edge, 
striatulate  and  dark  cinereous  to  smolqj-hroirn  i  moist),  even,  silky 
and  light  gray  to  Avhitish  (dry).  FLESH  thin,  soft.  GILLS 
acuminate-subdecurrent,  ascending-arcuate,  narrow,  close,  thin, 
wliitisli-cinereous,  edge  entire.  STEM  1.5-3  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick, 
equal,  glabrous,  abnost  solid  or  subfistulose,  smoky-cinereous,  con- 
color  within.  SPOEES  7.5  x  1  micr.,  pip-shaped,  smooth,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  none. 

On  decaving  logs  or  remains  of  decaved  wood  in  frondose  or 
mixed  woods.  Throughout  the  State.  Ann  Arbor,  New  Eichmond, 
Marquette    and   Houghton.     July-September.     Infrequent. 

The  pileus  is  often  fibrillose-floccose  on  the  nmbilicate  center. 
The  plants  are  rather  soft  and  watery  and  the  stem  soon  shrivels. 
0.  onisca  Fr.  differs  in  the  hygrophanous  i)ileus  which  is  entirely 
glabrous,  the  smaller  size  and  large  spores;  the  gills  are  somewhat 
different  in  shape  and  spacing. 

876.     Omphalia  onisca  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :     Fries,  Icones,  PI.  75,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111..  PI.  209. 

PILEUS  5-15  mm.  broad,  convex,  soon  plane  and  cyathiform- 
umbilicate',  glabrous,  flaccid,  hi/grophanous,  smoky-fnscous  or  ashy- 
brown  and  striate  on  margin  (moist),  pale  cinereous  and  hoary 
(dry),  the  umbilicus  darker.  FLESH  thin,  coucolor  when  moist, 
pale  grayish-white  when  dry.  GILLS  short,  dccurrent,  broadish 
in  middle,  subdistant,  thickish,  cinereous-fuscous,  sometimes  forked, 
edge  entire.  STEM  short,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  .5-1  mm.  thick,  slender, 
equal,  toughish,  firm,  solid,  coucolor,  glabrous,  becoming  pale 
within.  SPOEES  9-11x5  micr.,  distinctly  orate,  apiculus  curved, 
smooth,    white.      CYSTIDIA    and   sterile   cells    none.      BASIDIA 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  819 

clavate,  30-35x4-5  micr.,  4-spoi'ed,  sterigmata  slender,  G-7  iiiicr. 
long.     ODOR  and  TASTE  none. 

Scattered  or  gregarious  on  the  ground,  in  low,  wet  places  in 
woods.     Ann   Arbor.     May    and    September.     Rare. 

Differs  from  0.  epichysium  by  its  habitat  on  the  ground,  its 
glabrous,  hygrophanous  pileus  aud  by  its  gills  and  spores.  The 
hymenium  occasionally  has  sterile  basidia  intermixed,  bearing  only 
a  single  long  abortive  sterigma.  Authors  disagree  as  to  the  size 
of  the  spores.  Britzelmayr  gives  them  as  12  x  7-8  micr.  and 
Massee  as  6  x  5  micr.  It  ditTers  from  0.  umhratilis  in  the  rather 
distant  gills  and  larger  spores. 

877.     Omphalia  gerardiana  Pk. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  2G,  1874   (as  Clitocybe). 

PILEUS  10-20  mm.  broad,  nearly  plane  or  soon  infundibuliform, 
hygrophanous,  fragile,  grayish-'brown  to  hrownish-asliy  and  striatu- 
late  (moist),  paler  Avhen  dry,  the  surface  is  dotted  hy  scurf -like 
scattered  points  which  'become  hlackish.  FLESH  thin,  concolor. 
GILLS  decurrent,  narrow,  subdistant,  whitisli  then  tinged  with 
ashy  or  obscure  yellowish,  sometimes  forked.  STEM  3-5  cm,  long, 
1-2  mm.  thick,  cartilaginous,  equal,  even,  hollow  by  a  narrow  tubule, 
glabrous  or  pruinose-villose  toward  base,  at  length  darker  than 
pileus.  SPORES  7-11x3.5-4  micr.,  variable  in  size,  maturing 
slowly,  oblong-ovate,  narrow,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  none. 
ODOR  none. 

On  sphagnum  in  cedar  and  tamarack  swamps.  Ann  Arbor, 
Houghton.     May,  July.     Local. 

Differs  from  0.  sphagnophila  Berk.,  in  color  and  spores,  according 
to  the  description.  Cooke  (111.,  PI.  289)  gives  figures  which  are  very 
like  our  plants.  0.  sphagnophila  is  said  to  have  a  dingj^  pale  ochre- 
colored  pileus  and  gills,  is  tough,  and  has  smaller  spores.  Peck 
vacillates  in  deciding  whether  this  is  an  Omphalia  or  Clitocybe;  it 
was  originally  described  as  a  Clitocybe,  then  in  the  45th  Report  it 
was  placed  among  the  Omphalias,  finally  in  the  list  of  species 
described  by  Peck  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  131),  it  was  referred 
back  to  Clitocybe.  My  collections  indicate  that  it  has  mostly  a 
distinctly  cartilaginous  stem,  hence  it  is  placed  here.  The  color 
varies  considerably  during  its  development;  in  old  specimens  the 
whole  plant  becomes  dingy  dark  brown.  The  scurfy  points  on  the 
cap  are  somewhat  as  in  that  of  Clitocybe  ectypoides  Pk. 


820  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

**r;///.s-  hroacl,  distant. 

878.     Omphalia  albidula  Pk. 
\.  Y.  State  ^Fus.  i;«'p.  49,  189(1. 

PILEUS  3-8  inni.  lirond,  convex-hemispherical,  at  times  pai)illate^ 
\\\\h  «)i-  A\ilh()iil  :iii  iiiiiliilifiis,  "labrons,  striatiilate,  at  first  pure 
Axliiie,  iluMi  <liii.uT.  FJJCSIl  iiieiiil>raiiace(>us.  (JILLS  decurrent, 
(lislaiit,  broad,  white,  then  (Uii<;y.  STJ-^M  very  slender,  14  cm. 
]on<;,  .5  mm.  thick,  touyhish,  glabrous  above,  white,  ''solid,''  attached 
below  to  leaves,  etc.,  by  a  very  strigose  base.  SPORES  8-10  x  2-4 
micr.,  elongated-oblong,  on  slender  sterigmata,  4-5  micr.  long,, 
smooth,  white. 

On  leaves  and  bark  in  frondose  or  mixed  woods.  Bav  VieAV. 
July.     Eare. 

Related  to  0.  steUata  Fr.  Avhicli  differs  mainly  in  its  fragile  stem, 
dia])hanous  pileus  and  different  spores.  ().  papiUata  Pk.  seems  to 
l)e  very  similar,  but  with  a  conic  or  campanulate  cap,  few  gills  and 
diff'erent  sj)ores;  it  is  said  to  be  pure  white. 

Section  II.  Mycenariae.  Margin  of  pileus  at  first  straight,. 
appressed  to  stem. 

879-     Omphalia  gracillima  Fr. 

Epicrisis.  18:^,r;. 

Illustrations:     Paries,  Icones,  PL  75,  Fig.  5. 
Cooke,  111.,  PL  252. 

<lillet.  Champignons  de  France,  No.  502. 
Plate  CLXXI  of  this  Report 

PILEUS  3-10  mm.  broad,  at  first  campanulate,  becoming  hemi- 
sphcrical.  sometimes  papillate,  sometimes  depressed,  xnoirti-irhite, 
]!ellucid-striate,  soon  sulcate,  glabrous,  subtlocculose  when  dry, 
fragile  FLESH  membranaceous.  (JILLS  decurrent,  triaminlar, 
hrodd.  sniidistant  to 'distant,  thin,  jtnre  white,  edge  fimbriate. 
STI^M  lilifoiin,  2-5  cm.  long,  .5  mm.  thick,  e()ual,  tubular,  minutely 
sub})ruinose,  irliilc  like  pileus,  toughish,  flaccid,  attached  by  fioc- 
cose  base  or  almost  inserted.  SI'ORES  G-8  x  3-4  micr.,  ovahlance- 
(diilf.  npiciiljilc.  smooth,  while.  CVSTIDIA  and  slcrilc  ccJh  none. 
HASIDIA   24  xC.  micr.,  4-spored. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  AGARICS  821 

Gregarious  among  and  on  fallen  leaves  and  grass  in  frondose 
woods.    Ann  Arbor,  Marquette.     Spring  and  autumn.     Infrequent. 

A  very  pretty  little  plant  as  its  snowy-white  color  shows  against 
a  background  of  leaves  or  grass  in  open  woods.  The  sulcate  char- 
acter of  the  margin  of  the  cap  appears  as  the  plant  loses  mois- 
ture; sometimes  a  slight  papilla  is  present.  The  gills  are  quite 
distant  at  times,  with  shorter  gills  alternating.  Under  the  micro- 
scope the  stem  is  seen  to  be  covered  with  very  short  hair-like  cells 
which  under  a  hand-lens  appear  only  as  a  slight  pruinosity.  The 
trama  of  the  gills  consists  of  interv^'oven  hyphae.  Our  plants  were 
not  attached  by  floccose  hairs  as  shown  in  Cooke's  figures,  but 
were  almost  free  of  them. 

880.     Omphalia  fibula  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1821   (c.  syu.). 

Illustrations:     Cooke,  111.,  PI.  274. 

Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  500. 
Patouillard,  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  110. 
Hard,  Mushrooms,  Fig.  99,  p.   134,  1908. 

PILEUS  3-8  mm.  broad,  subhemispherical  or  cucullate,  often 
not  expanded,  suhumhilicate,  obscurely  striatulate,  ixonhygrophan- 
ous,  pallid  ochraceous-orange,  fading,  even  when  dry,  minutely 
pubescent  under  lens.  FLESH  thin,  pallid.  GILLS  arcuate-de- 
current,  narrow,  close  (or  subdistant  after  expansion  of  pileus), 
rareh'  forked,  subpruinose,  whitish  or  creamy-yellowish,  edge  en- 
tire. STEM  2-5  cm.  long,  scarcely  1  mm.  thick,  equal,  flexuous,  at 
length  subtubular,  toughish.  whitish  or  with  tinge  of  yellowish  or 
straw  color,  scarcely  pubescent  under  a  lens,  cartilaginous  when 
dry.  SPORES  elongated  oblong,  4-6  x  2  micr.,  smooth,  white. 
CYSTIDIA  scattered  on  sides  and  edge  of  gills,  narrowly  fusiform- 
acuminate,  sometimes  capitate,  3-4.5x7-9  micr.  ODOR  and 
TASTE  none. 

On  mosses,  in  low  woods  or  moist  places.  Throughout  the  State. 
May-October.     Common. 

This  is  our  commonest  Omphalia,  although  often  only  several 
specimens  are  found  in  one  place.  Its  cap  is  at  the  very  first  al- 
most cylindrical,  then  the  margin  turns  out  like  the  brim  of  a  hat, 
so  that  it  has  much  the  shape  of  a  man's  "high  silk  hat;"  hence  it  is 
said  to  be  cucullate.     Under  the  microscope  the  stem  and  cap  are 


S22  THE   AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

louud  covereil  Avilli  hyaliue  hairs,  5U-G0  micr.  long.  The  gills  are 
narrow  and  tleeply  decurreut,  running  up  the  inside  of  the  iniex- 
pauded  cap  and  down  below  it  on  the  stem.  The  cap  often  becomes 
top-shaped  instead  of  cucullate.  Stevenson  (British  Fungi)  and 
Massee  (Fungus  Flora)  say  the  gills  are  broad,  a  statement  which 
is  clearly  an  error. 

881.  Omphalia  schwartzii  Fr. 
Epicrisis,  1830  (as  var.  of  0.  fibula). 

Illustrations:     Patouillard.  Tab.  Analyt.,  No.  420. 
Gillet,  Champignons  de  France,  No.  504. 

PILEUS  4-7  mm.  broad,  rather  firm,  soon  campanulate,  obtuse 
or  at  first  umbonate,  at  length  slighth'  mnbilicate,  even  or  striatu- 
late,  subpruinose,  irJiitlsh  with  a  slight  fuscous  tinge,  disk  fuscous- 
trotrnisli.  FLESH  thin,  pale  fuscous.  (IILLS  adnate-decurrent 
to  strongly  decurrent,  arcuate,  moderately  broad,  subdistant,  whit- 
ish. STEM  2-3  cm.  long,  filiform,  hollow,  equal,  pallid  below, 
tinged  violaceous  above,  pruinose,  even.  SPORES  oblong-elliptical, 
5-6x2.5-3  micr.,  smooth,  white.  CYSTIDIA  on  sides  and  edge  of 
gills,  scattered,  subventricose,  subcapitate  at  apex,  some  cylindri- 
cal above,  40-45  x  9-12  micr. 

Gregarious  on  moss  (Mniuni,  etc.)  in  hemlock  woods.  New  Rich- 
mond.    June.     Infrequent. 

0.  schwartzii  is  constantly  distinct  from  0.  fibula  to  which  Fries 
joined  it  as  a  variety.  Peck  (45th  Rep.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.)  considered 
it  an  independent  species.  Patouillard  (Tab.  Analyt.)  had  already 
pointed  out  that  it  was  distinct  from  Bulliard's  0.  fibula,  giving 
figures  of  spores  and  cystidia  as  evidence.  It  seems  to  be  limited 
to  regions  of  coniferous  forests. 

882.  Omphalia  fibuloides  Pk. 
X.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  24,  1872. 

''PILEUS  1-2  cm.  broad,  convex,  deeply  unibilicate,  glabrous, 
hygrophanous.  dull  orange  and  striatulate  when  moist,  paler  wdien 
dry.  FLESH  thin.  GILLS  strongly  decurrent,  arcuate,  rather 
close,  ivhite,  the  interspaces  venose.  STEM  3-5  cm.  long,  scarcely 
2  mm.  thick,  equal,  glabrous,  hollow,  colored  nearly  like  the  pileus. 
SPORES  elliptical,  7.5x5  micr." 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  AGARICS  823 

On  moss.    Jacksou  Coiiuty.    June. 

Eepoi-ted  by  Longyear.  It  is  unknown  to  me.  It  is  said  to  occur 
on  burned,  mossy  ground  like  0.  fibula,  ''which  it  resembles  in  color, 
but  from  which  it  may  easily  be  distinguished  by  its  much  larger 
size,  more  robust  habit  and  venose  interspaces;  the  spores  also  are 
larger  than  in  tliat  species." 

883.     Omphalia  campanella  Fr. 
Syst.  Myc,  1S21. 

Illustrations:    Cooke,  111.,  PI.  273. 

Michael,  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  67  (as  0.  fra- 

giUs). 
Hard,  Mushroomfe,  PI.  17,  p.  131. 
White,  Conn.   State  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.   Surv.,  Bull.  3,  PI. 

10,  p.  36. 
Murrill,  Mycologia,  Vol.  4,  PL  8,  Fig.  10. 
Plate  CLXXII  of  this  Keport. 

PILEUS  8-22  mm.  broad,  convex-campanulate,  expanded,  umhili- 
cate,  glabrous,  striatulate  to  the  umbilicus,  dull  orange-yellow  or 
tinged  reddish,  watery  w^hen  moist,  paler  when  dry.  FLESH  thin, 
membranaceous,  yellow.  GILLS  adnate-decurrent  to  deeply  decur- 
rent,  arcuate,  thick,  very  veiny,  narrow,  tapering  to  front,  subdis- 
tant  to  distant,  pruinose.  STEM  1-4  cm.  long,  1  mm.  or  less  in 
thickness,  horny-cartilaginous,  minutely  tubular,  curved  or  straight, 
even,  dark  rufous-bay  to  date-brown,  yellowish  above,  concolor  with- 
in, glabrous  above,  pruinose  elsewhere  and  unth  fulvous  strigose 
hairs  at  the  slightly  thickened  base.  SPORES  oblong,  6-7.5x3-3.5 
micr.,  smooth,  w^hite.  CYSTIDIA  widely  scattered  on  sides  of 
gills,  more  abundant  on  the  edge,  subcylindrical  or  sublanceolate 
with  obtuse  apex,  50-55  micr.  long.  BASIDIA  30-32x4-5  micr. 
ODOR  mild.  In  dense  and  spreading  clusters  on  hemlock  and  pine 
logs,  stumi)s,  etc. :  also  on  tamarack  logs,  stumps  or  their  remains 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  State ;  sometimes  on  debris  on  the  ground. 

Throughout  the  State;  collected  from  Detroit  to  Isle  Royale  in 
Lake  Superior.  June-November.  (Earliest  collection  May  6.) 
Common  on  coniferous  wood. 

The  Bell-omphalia  is  a  striking  and  easily  recognized  plant  be- 
cause of  its  habit  of  forming  extensive  clusters,  by  its  colors,  and  by 
its  hornv  stem  and  veined  gills.     In  the  non-coniferous  regions  it 


824  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

appears  ou  tamarack  and  perhaps  always  on  remains  of  wood  of 
coniferous  origin.  Here  it  shows  a  marked  variation  from  tlie 
typical  plant  as  it  appears  on  pine  and  hemlock;  the  gills  are  dis- 
tant, always  pruinose,  and  the  stem  is  also  pruinose  and  often  solid. 
The  typical  stem  of  the  plant  from  coniferous  regions  is  usually 
attenuated  below,  but  in  the  plant  of  the  non-coniferous  regions  the 
stem  is  equal.  The  plants  of  non-coniferous  regions  are  larger  and 
the  surface  of  the  cap  somewhat  rivulose.  Hard  has  illustrated  a 
species  (Mushrooms,  Figure  98,  p.  123,  1900)  wliich  he  refers  to  O. 
caespitosa  Bolt.  It  seems  probable  that  this  is  a  var.  of  0.  campa- 
nclhi,  perhaps  var.  terrestris  Quel.  Peck  says  its  mycelium  is  re- 
garded as  destructive  to  the  wood  of  coniferous  trees. 

884.     Omphalia  umbratilis  Fr. 

Syst.  Myc,  1821. 

Illustrations :    Fries,  Icones,  PI.  77,  Fig.  3. 
Cooke,  111.,  PI.  274. 

"PILEUS  2-2.5  cm.  broad,  campanulate  to  convex,  then  umhili- 
cate,  glabrous,  hygrophauous,  umher-fuscoiis  (moist),  hoary  when 
dry,  margin  somewhat  striate.  FLESH  submembranaceous.  GILLS 
adnato-decurrent,  hroad,  croiuded,  becoming  fuscous.  STEM  2-5 
cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  equal,  tough,  stuffed  then  tubular,  glabrous, 
dark  fuscous  to  hlacUsh.     SPORES  6-7x4-5  micr."     (Britz.) 

Reported  by  Longyear.    Chandlers.    June.    Rare. 

Said  to  be  gregarious  on  the  ground,  and  imitating  in  color  the 
blackish  species  of  Collybia,  like  C.  atratus  and  C.  amhustus. 


MUSHROOM  POISONING 


BY  O.  E.  FISCHER^  M.  D. 


No  one  who  has  not  followed  the  development  of  the  study  of 
mycology  in  its  scientific  or  popular  fields  during  the  last  twenty 
years  can  realize  its  development  and  the  changes  .  in  our  views 
that  have  taken  place.  Within  this  time  a  number  of  popular 
works  have  appeared,  keeping  pace  with  the  great  volume  of 
general  nature  literature.  Mycological  and  toadstool  clubs  have 
been  organized  in  many  cities  in  order  to  interest  people  in  this 
fascinating  branch  of  botany.  Such  clubs  have  easily  won  the 
interest  of  people  at  large  because  of  their  appeal  on  the  score  of 
mycophagy,  the  eating  of  fungi.  In  the  purely  botanical  and 
technical  field,  colleges,  universities  and  state  herbaria  have  given 
more  and  more  attention  to  the  scientific  and  economic  aspects  of 
mycological  study  and  have  brought  ahout  the  publication  of  jour- 
nals devoted  exclusivel}^  to  studies  made  in  these  specialties.  For 
centuries  almost  every  community  has  had  its  enthusiastic  amateur 
botanist  who  has  collected  and  sought  to  name — to  classify — the 
higher  plants  of  his  hunting  ground.  Now  cometh  also  the  humble 
collector  of  toadstools  and  mushrooms  who  finds  that  his  hobby 
meets  with  sympathy  and  interest.  Thus  ''The  Spectator"  in  Out- 
look (January  13,  1915)  gives  a  charming  account  of  his  initiation 
into  the  accuracies  and  delights  of  mycology. 

It  has  been  the  purpose  of  Dr.  Kauft'man  to  supply  in  these  vol- 
umes a  manual  for  the  use  of  both  the  amateur  and  advanced  student 
of  the  Agaricaceae  or  gilled  fungi  of  Michigan.  It  is  similarly  the 
purpose  of  this  chapter  on  mushroom  poisoning  to  place  before  lay- 
man, mycologist,  mycophagist  and  physician  an  account  of  the  pres- 
ent state  of  our  knowledge  of  the  subject.  Having  in  mind  such  a 
varied  class  of  readers,  the  author  must  include  matter  which  will 
seem  hopelessly  technical  to  the  one,  and  matter  that  may  seem 
superfluously  simple  to  the  other.  It  is  not  the  purpose  of  the 
paper  to  present  much  that  is  either  new  or  original  but  it  does 


*The  author  would  acknowledge  his  thanks  to  the  libraries  of  Parke,  Davis  &  Co  ,  to  the 
University  of  Michigan  and  to  the  Wayne  County  Medical  Society,  as  well  as  to  Professor 
Kauffman  and  to  numerous  private  correspondents  and  co-workers  whose  services  have  aided 
in  the  preparation  of  this  paper.  Our  knowledge  of  mushroom  poisoning  is  still  far  from  com- 
plete and  further  aid  from  any  source  will  be  welcomed. 

Detroit,  Michigan.  .")07  Field  Ave.,  March,  191.5. 


826  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

set'iii  pussiblf,  ill  the  lijihl  of  recent  advances,  to  record  more  vital 
information  about  deleterious  and  suspected  species  than  is  to  be 
found  in  similar  articles  in  all  tlie  text  books  combined.  The 
strictly  technical  literature  of  the  subject  is  very  large.  A  bibli- 
ojjraphy  might  easily  include  one  hundred  books  and  papers  in 
French,  German  and  English.  Most  of  these  are  quite  inaccessible 
to  tlio  average  student  and  an  attempt  is  made  herein  to  present 
part  of  the  matter  they  contain.  No  popular  handbook  covers  a 
tenth  of  the  field.  The  earliest  views,  still  popularly  held,  regard- 
ed the  Agarics  as  a  large  group  of  poisonous  plants.  Then,  under 
the  inllueuce  Of  teaching-mushroom-clubs  and  the  invaluable  pub- 
lished results  of  Peck  and  of  Mcllvaine  and  Macadam,  the  impres- 
si(»n  that  there  were  but  few  deleterious  and  hundreds  of  edible 
species,  has  led  to  a  reckless  myco]>hagy  which  resulted  in  the  dis- 
covery of  new  harmful  species.  These  can  no  longer  ''be  counted 
on  the  fingers"  (Plowright),  nor  will  Bagnall's  "dozen  in  over  a 
thousand  edible''  include  all  the  toxic  species.  The  bibliography. 
On  Mushroom  Poisoning,  will  guide  the  reader  to  the  sources  found 
most  useful  in  the  preparation  of  the  paper. 

A  number  of  factors  give  myco-toxicology  or  mushroom  intoxica- 
tion increasing  importance.  The  daily  press  endeavors  to  keep 
alive  the  fear  of  ''mistaking  a  toadstool  for  a  mushroom"  in  its 
frequent  reports  of  the  disastrous  consequences  of  such  a  blunder  if 
the  toadstool  is  eaten,  but  the  Sunday  paper  is  not  so  consistent 
inasmuch  as  it  prints  and  reprints  irresponsible  articles  or  quotes 
unreliable  and  dangerous  rules  and  tests  to  apply,  which,  if  fol- 
lowed, will  lead  the  man  of  newspaper  education  into  real  danger. 
The  enormous  influx  of  foreigners  from  southern  Europe,  accustom- 
ed to  seeing  in  the  markets  and  gathering  and  eating  certain  species 
of  higher  fungi  at  home,  gives  us  individuals  who  mistake  some 
American  deleterious  species  for  an  edible  Eurojjean  one  which 
resembles  it.  These  people  furnish  most  of  the  cases  of  poisoning 
which  occur  in  the  United  States.  It  is  affirmed  that  nearly  all 
of  more  than  thirty  deaths  from  mushroom  poisoning  in  and  near 
New  York  City  in  1911  occurred  among  them''".*  Through  the 
growth  of  nature  and  mycological  clubs,  the  sale  and  use  of  the 
several  excellent  popular  books  and  bulletins,  and  the  offering  of 
wild  species  for  sale  in  our  markets,  the  use  of  fungi  for  food  is 
rapidly  increasing.  This  necessarily  means  that  a  larger  number 
of  poisonings  of  both  major  and  minor  importance  will  come  about, 
since  insutficienlly  trained,  self-constituted  "experts"  may  blunder 


*  For  numerical  references  see  bibliography:     On  Mushroom  Poisoning. 


MUSHROOM  POISONING  827 

or  fall  into  minor  error.  Some  reasons  for  even  the  well  trained 
student  going  a  bit  Avrong  will  appear  in  other  paragraphs.  If  he 
will  but  report  his  error  in  the  manner  indicated  below  much, 
or  even  all,  may  be  forgiven  or  even  approved. 

Mushroom  poisoning  must  have  been  fairly  frequent  in  early 
times  since  it  is  well  known  that  the  Romans  eni]>loyed  fungi  in 
great  quantity  both  as  delicacies  and  as  daily  food.  Paulet,  in 
1793,  records  their  collection  in  Russia,  China,  Hungary,  Italy  and 
especially  in  Tuscany,  and  their  public  sale  in  Pekin,  Petrograd 
and  Florence.  Thus  they  have  numbered  among  their  victims  the 
family  of  the  Greek  poet  Euripedes,  a  wife,  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 
Pope  Clement  VII,  Emperor  Jovian,  Emperor  Claudius,  King 
Charles  YI  of  France,  and  Czar  Alexsis  of  Russia^  The  Princess  of 
Conti  nearly  lost  her  life  through  mistaking  Amanita  muscaria 
for  A.  caesarea.  Definite  knowledge  of  the  number  of  fatalities 
from  mushrooms  begins  with  Paulet  who  states  that  from  the 
year  1749  to  1788  there  were  a  hundred  deaths  in  the  environs  of 
Paris  alone.  More  recently  (1SS3)  Bardy  reported  60  cases  in 
6  years  in  Les  Vosges,  and  Guillard  (1885)  estimated  lOU  deaths 
annually  in  southwestern  France.  Falck  collected  53  cases  in 
Germany  with  40  deaths  and  Inoko  in  Japan  reports  481  cases  of 
mushroom  intoxication  in  8  years  (1889).  In  this  country  Palmer, 
of  Boston,  collected  33  cases  with  21  deaths  and  Forster,  of  Charles- 
town,  44  cases  with  14  deaths^  BagnalP  quotes  Clark  and  Smith 
to  the  effect  that  in  one  ten-day  period  (September,  1911),  22 
deaths  occurred  in  New  York  City  and  vicinity,  15  in  1906  and 
30  cases  with  12  deaths  in  1905.  In  1913  there  were  26  cases  of 
poisoning  in  Hartford  in  a  few  weeks.  In  1900  Gillot  found  over 
200  authentic  cases  of  mushroom  poisoning  mostly  in  France  (123 
fatal  due  to  Amanita  phaUoides)  and  Ford'^  added  nearly  as  manv 
more  recorded  in  the  German,  English  and  French  literature  since 
1900.  Sartory,  in  France,  records  for  the  summer  of  1912,  249 
cases  of  fungus  poisoning  with  153  deaths.  Of  these  90%  occurred 
in  15  days^.  Ford  is  convinced  that  the  majority  of  cases  do  not 
find  their  way  into  medical  literature.  I  do  not  believe  that  10% 
do.  Thus  in  one  summer  there  were  unreported  2  cases  (not  fatal) 
in  Baltimore,  2  deaths  in  Cleveland,  9  poisoned  in  Fostoria.  Ohio 
with  several  deatlis,  and  10  in  Toronto  with  2  deaths.  ^[urrilF 
estimates  the  annual  deaths  in  the  United  States  as  probably  50 
or  more,  as  many  are  not  reported.  My  own  records,  by  no  means 
complete,  for  southeastern  Michigan  only,  for  10  years  show  77 
cases  with  16  deaths.  None  reported  medically.  Most  cases  un- 
doubtedly escape  publicity. 


POISONIXG    BY    WHITE-SPORED    AGARICS 

AMAXITA  PHALL0IDE8 

(See  A.  verna,  virosa  and  l)isporiger.) 

AnKuiita  phaUokUs  is  by  long  odds  the  most  important  of  all 
])oisonous  mnshrooms.  It  is  widely  distributed,  common  through- 
out most  of  the  season  and  often  exceedingly  abundant.  It  is  in- 
nocent in  appearance,  of  delicious  taste  and  of  extreme  toxicity. 
In  considering  it  we  may  regard  A.  vernu,  A.  virosa  and  A.  bis- 
porlger  as  included  under  the  term  "A.  phaUoides^  Bulliard  a 
hundred  years  ago  gave  it  the  common  name  ''Destroying  Angel." 
It  is  also  known  as  the  Death  Cup,  White  or  Deadly  Amanita. 
The  earlier  species,  named  in  Europe,  such  as  Amanita  bulhosa  and 
its  varieties,  alba,  citrina,  virescens  and  olivacea,  Agaricus  bulbosus, 
AiiKinitd  riridis,  A.  venenosa  and  a  number  of  others  are  without 
doubt  identical.  In  older  French  literature  it  is  known  as  V orange 
eigne,  Vorange  souris,  Vorange  blanche  on  citronee,  Vorange  eigne 
jaundtre  and  Vargaric  bulbeux  and  in  German  as  GlfticulstJing 
and  KnoUenblaetterscliwamm}  Its  identification  is  comparatively 
simple  even  in  its  disguises  and  no  one  who  does  not  know  tliis  fun- 
gus well  should  dare  to  eat  wild  mushrooms  or  to  recommend  a  por- 
tion of  such  to  his  neighbor.  The  possibility  of  its  presence  in  a 
collection  intended  for  the  table  should  always  be  rigorously  ex- 
cluded.    The  153  deaths  of  1912,  above  mentioned,  were  due  chiefly 

to  .1.  iilidlJoitJcs.     (Jillot's  thesis^  maintains  that  all  fatal  cases  are 

• 

due  to  this  Agaric.  This  is  not  strictly  true.  The  statement  that 
nine-tenths  of  all  fatal  cases  are  due  to  it,  seems  conservative 
enough.  In  1S15  Orfia  rei)orted  8  ill  and  4  dead  from  its  inges- 
tion; Bock  Zienissen,  11  fatal  cases;  ifautner  (IStili,  1  cases  with 
one  death;  llaiidford  (Lancet,  188G).  2  fatal;  Palmer,  10  cases,  7 
fatal;  Ta])peiner,  ,5  cases,  2  fatal;  Pfromm,  1  Italians,  all  died; 
Plowi-ight.  (;  cases.  4  fatal;  Bulletin  of  French  Mycological  Society, 
18  <leatlis  1!)()(I-(I7;  in  October,  1884,  eleven  children  died  in  an  orph- 
anage in  5  days.  Incomplete  records  for  soutlieastern  ^Michigan  1 10 
3'ears )  show  1(»  deaths  in  44  due  to  plialloldes  illnesses.  In  22  of 
this  44  the  white  llie  Amanita  was  surely  to  blame,  in  14  probably, 
in  5  presumably. 

Surprisingly  small  quantities  may  bring  on  fatal  consequences 


MUSHROOM   POISONING  829 

and  there  are  iiiimeroiis  deaths  on  record  from  eating  one  or  two 
good-sized  specimens.^  Plowright''  has  reported  tlie  death  of  a  child 
of  ten  years  from  one-third  of  the  top  of  a  small  i)lant  eaten  raw; 
Pfromni,  that  of  tAvo  children  after  taking  a  bit  of  juice  soaked 
into  bread. 

Tlie  mortality  from  A.  phallokh'S  intoxication  is  extremely  high, 
varying  from  60  to  100  per  cent  and  is  dependent  largely  upon  the 
amount  ingested  and  probably  somewhat  upon  the  treatment.^ 
Sixty  to  one  hundred  percent  seems  too  high  for  adults,  judging 
from  local  cases.  One-half  this  would  be  more  nearly  correct,  un- 
less much  is  eaten  or  several  children  are  included  in  each  group. 
Kecovery  may  be  regarded  as  rare  but  not  impossible.  It  may 
follow  eight  to  twenty-one  days  of  extreme  suffering.  Practically 
all  deaths  from  mushrooms  are  attributed  to  this  one  species. 

The  cruelty  of  the  poison  and  the  horrible  suffering  it  causes  its 
victim  may  be  faintly  realized  from  a  perusal  of  the  clinical  his- 
tories of  the  more  fully  reported  cases.  One  gets  the  impression 
that  scarcely  another  agent  bears  equal  power  to  torture.  A  few 
typical,  though  varied,  cases  may  be  briefly  quoted.  Thus  an 
Italian  family  at  0  p.  m.  on  Sunday  ate  heartily  of  a  cooking  of 
fungi.  By  midnight  vomiting  had  begun,  attended  by  violent  ab- 
dominal pain,  headache  and  extreme  thrist.  A  doctor  was  sum- 
moned the  next  morning.  The  father  was  cyanotic  and  twitching 
and  delirious.  The  pupils  were  contracted.  He  improved  slightly 
for  a  few  hours.  Periodical  remissions  and  exacerbations  of  symp- 
toms continued  for  eight  days  when  coina  and  death  supervened. 
The  mother  presented  similar  symptoms,  with  thirst  and  vomiting 
more  violent,  miscarried  at  five  months  and  also  died  on  the  eighth 
day.     Both  children  died  in  58  hours.     (Pfromin.*') 

The  Deep  Valley,  Pennsylvania,  cases  occurring  in  August,  1007,. 
are  of  especial  interest.*  About  7  p.  m.  on  Sunday  a  physician,  three 
others  and  the  man-of-all-work  ate  one  quart  of  mixed  fungi  fried 
in  flour  and  butter.  Before  2  a.  m.  all  began  to  suffer  from  exces- 
sive vomiting  and  violent  diarrhea  which  continued  all-  day  Monday. 
Atropine,  narcotics  and  an  oil  purgative  Avere  given.  The  gastro- 
intestinal symptoms  continued  three  days  accompanied  by  sub- 
normal temperature,  more  or  less  delirium  (no  salivation  or  urinary 
suppression)  and  in  case  of  Dr.  D.,  severe  muscular  cramps  of  limbs 
and  abdominal  muscles.  His  death  occurred  on  Thursday  morn- 
ing. By  Saturday  the  man-of-all-work  was  up  and  about,  the  three 
others  still  abed.  In  these,  vomiting  and  diarrhea  had  ceased  and 
an  enlarged  liver,  distended  gall  bladder  and  jaundice  were  appear- 


830  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

ing.  The  man  who  had  gathered  tlie  fungi  conducted  the  investi- 
gator to  the  place  and  indicated  tlie  varieties  gathered  and  what 
had  constituted  most  of  the  lot.  Tliese  were  Amanita  phaUoklcs, 
witii  smaller  numbers  of  Cautharellus,  Amauitopsis  vayinata  and 
a  very  few  Russula  emetica. 

The  following  group  of  cases  is  very  typical.  In  September,  1911, 
six  persons  were  poisoned,  two  fatally,  in  Cleveland.  The  children, 
aged  four  and  six,  had  a  little  gravy  and  recovered  after  nausea, 
vomiting  and  diarrhea.  Mr.  C,  aged  67,  ate  some  at  supper,  felt 
bad  during  the  nig'ht  but  ate  more  for  breakfast!  About  lioon 
violent  illness  began  with  intense  pain  in  the  epigastrium,  vomiting 
and  diarrhea  with  loss  of -control,  clonic  spasms  and  great  prostra- 
tion. Urinary  suppression  was  obstinate  and  lasted  till  death, 
three  days  after  the  first  meal.  Mrs.  C,  aged  Go,  ate  one  forkful 
at  the  first  meal  but  did  not  like  the  taste.  Profuse  vomiting  and 
diarrhea  with  great  prostration  began  one  hour  after  Mr.  C.'s 
symptoms.  She  recovered  rapidly  after  two  days.  The  daughter- 
in-law,  aged  40,  ate  at  the  second  meal  and,  though  feeling  hot 
and  feverish,  ate  more  at  noon !  Eight  hours  later  she  had  exactly 
the  same  symptoms  as  Mr.  C.  The  physician  arrived  early  on  the 
next  day.  He  gave  oil,  began  stimulations  with  strychnia,  nitro- 
glycerin, aromatic  spirits  of  ammonia  and,  after  removal  to  the 
hospital,  saline  solution  continuously  and  oxygen.  Some  improve- 
ment was  noted  except  that  the  heart  action  was  weak  and  inter- 
mittent and  the  extremities  could  not  be  kept  warm.  Hiccough 
for  two  days,  great  agony  and  unconsciousness  preceded  death  on 
the  seventh  day.  A  son,  aged  19.  ate  the  second  meal — breakfast. 
Though  feeling  bad,  he  worked  until  4  p.  m.  By  9  :30  he  presented 
the  same  symptoms  ias  mother  and  grand-father.  After  ten  days 
of  apparenth'  as  grave  illness  as  theirs  under  "most  terrific  stimula- 
tion" (nitroglycerin,  strychnia,  oxygen  and  salines)  he  was  re- 
ported out  of  danger  though  "looking  like  a  corpse."  "The  fungi 
were  gathered  from  a  shady  hillside.  Some  were  over  six  inches 
across  and  white  inside  and  out;  others  were  yellow  as  saffron 
through  and  through  and  about  four  inches  across.  Others  were 
Avhite  outside  and  brown  under;  some  were  small,  white  on  top 
and  })ink  under."'^  The  brief  case  histories  leave  no  doubt  as  to 
Amanita  phalloidcs  being  the  offender.  The  botanical  notes  admit 
of  considerable  speculation.  In  every  respect  this  report  is  preg- 
nant with  meaning — and  full  of  food  for  reflection — for  the  student 
of  toadstool  poisoning. 

Grouping  the  clinical  histories  from  numerous  sources  the  symp- 


MUSHROOM   POISONING  831 

tomatology  of  phalloides  intoxication  may  be  described.  When 
due  to  the  deadly  Amanita  alone  the  clinical  symptoms  are  practic- 
ally always  the  same  and  are  characteristic.  Nevertheless  IN 
EVERY  CASE  OF  POISONING  the  etiology,  i.  e.,  WHAT 
FUNGUS  HAS  BEEN  EATEN  should  by  all'  means  be  deter- 
mined at  the  earliest  possible  moment!  Why?  Not  only  for  its 
scientific  importance  to  myco-toxicology  but  more  especially  for 
guidance  as  to  what  treatment  is  indicated  and  required  and 
very  especially  what  the  outlook  may  be  for  the  patient.  If  A. 
phalloides  can  be  ruled  out  the  prognosis  at  once  becomes  very 
much  better  and  useless  fears  may  be  allayed.  The  sufferer  is  en- 
titled to  this.  Uneaten  fungi  should  be  submitted  to  competent 
authority,  more  should  be  gathered  from  the  sources  whence  the 
suspected  species  were  derived,  and  the  opinion  of  the  patient  or 
of  some  one  who  gathered  them  with  or  for  him  as  to  their  identity 
with  those  eaten,  obtained. — Returning  to  symptomatology:  After 
ingestion  there  is  a  prodromal  stage  of  from  six  to  fifteen  hours — 
generally  over  ten — in  which  little  or  no  discomfort  is  felt.  Then 
follow^s  a  sudden  seizure  of  extreme  abdominal  pain,  cramp-like  in 
character,  accompanied  by  vomiting  and  diarrhea  of  undigested 
food,  with  blood  and  mucus.  Discharges  soon  become  cholera-like 
(serous)  or  rice-water  in  character.  There  is  burning,  consuming 
thirst.  Anuria  is  usual;  constipation  rare.  Prostration  and 
sleeplessness,  with  the  great  nervous  restlessness  of  weakness  and 
suft'ering,  are  conspicuous.  Muscular  spasms  in  various  groups 
are  frequent,  accompanied  by  cries  or  screams  of  pain.  Loss  of 
strength  is  rapid  and  excessive.  Periods  of  pain  and  vomiting 
alternate  with  remissions  and  ameliorated  symptoms.  Haemag- 
lobinuria  does  not  occur.  Within  a  few  days  jaundice,  cj'anosis 
and  coldness  of  the  skin  and  extremities  develop  followed  by  pro- 
found coma  from  which  the  patient  does  not  rally.  Ocular  symp- 
toms, the  pupils  varying,  and  convulsions  are  rare  but  may  occur. 
Convulsions  are  often  terminal,  and  death  is  due  to  cardiac  failure. 
The  course  of  the  disease  requires  from  four  to  six  days  in  children 
and  eight  to  ten  in  adults  but  death  may  occur  within  48  hours  if 
large  quantities  of  the  fungi  have  been  eaten  or  they  have  not  been 
thoroughly  cooked.  These  points  should  be  weighed  in  considering 
prognosis.  The  resemblance  of  the  clinical  picture  to  that  of  cholera 
and  to  acute  yellow  atrophy  of  the  liver  has  often  been  remarked. 
Atypical  features  occur  especially  in  cases  where  Amanita  phal- 
loides was  not  proven  to  have  been  the  sole  etiological  factor.  Such 
oases   may   show   dilated   pupils,    clear   cerebration,    albuminuria.- 


832  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Scliuerei-'s  six  cjisos — most  tliorouiililv  stiulied  and  reported^" — show- 
ed, ci-ampis  ill  calf  of  leg,  aims  and  other  mnscles,  the  left  arm  es- 
capinji  in  one.  Many  days  of  pains  in  the  legs  persisted.  Recovery 
was  more  or  less  rapid  according  to  age  but  the  youngest  (5)  died 
in  thirty-live  hours  after  \  iolent  convulsions  and  coma.  If  recovery 
takes  place  the  liver  and  spleen  enlarge  about  the  third  ^lay.  after 
which  day,  according  to  ^laass,^-  the  prognosis  becomes  better.  "In 
clear-cut  cases  the.i)hysician  can  diagnose  the  variety  of  toadstool 
from  I  lie  lyiiicai  symi»toms."^" 

Eeports  on  the  post  mortem  findings  in  man  in  fatalities  due  to 
I.  jihaJloUh's  arc  not  overly  satisfactory.  There  is  little  to  be  found 
to  account  for  the  violent  paroxysms  of  pain,  vomiting  and  diarrhea. 
Schuerer  found,  in  a  child,  colitis,  pleural  haemorrhages  and 
fatty  degeneration  of  liver,  heart  and  kidneys.  Microscopically 
there  were  ''Very  wide-spread  and  obviously  severe  lesions  of  the 
cell  elements  of  the  central  nervous  system,  as  heretofore  hardly 
known  in  this  form  and  to  this  extent" — regressive  changes  like 
those  seen  in  the  septic  deliria.  Harmsen,  Maass  and  Kobert  liken 
I  he  postmortem  findings  to  those  of  phosphorous  poisoning.  Thus, 
the  normal  liver  contains  from  8  to  25  per  cent  of  fat,  that  of 
]»hosphorus  and  of  alcohol  poisoning  50  to  70  j^er  cent  and  that  of 
Amanita-toxin  (2  cases)  53  and  (iO  jier  cent.  Death  seems  to  be  due 
to  this  extreme  fatty  degeneration  of  the  liver.  (Ford,  Schuerer. ) 
Medico-legally,  such  a  liver,  with  the  addition  of  the  other  findings, 
makes  the  postmortem  picture  pathognomonic  of  AiiKinita  phal- 
/o/V/r.s-.i" 

Treatment  of  Poisoning  by  .1.  phalloides 

All  authorities  agree  unanimously  that  therapeutic  measures  in 
these  grave  emergencies  are  almost  useless.  Case  histories  show 
that  often  the  cause  is  not  recognized,  or  the  gravity  of  the  cases 
not  appreciated.  There  is  no  antidotal  drug  for  Amanita-toxin 
and  the  treatment  is  that  of  poisoning  and  septic  intoxication 
in  general.  Competent  medical  advice  should  be  obtained  as 
soon  as  possible.  Active  emetics  -(ipecac,  mustard,  apomorphine), 
.assisted  perhaps  by  the  stomach-tube,  purgatives  (castor  oil  being 
preferable  to  the  salines)  should  be  administered  at  once  and 
every  effort  thereby  made  to  reduce  further  absorption  of  the  poison 
to  a  minimum.  P^y  the  time  symptoms  from  ,1.  phalloides  have  be- 
gun, the  toxin  is  already  in  the  circulation.  High  enemata  to 
empty  the  lower  bowel  may  be  used  early.  Later  normal  saline 
solution  should  be  given  thus,  or  hypodermically,  or  even  intra- 


MUSHROOM  POISONING  833 

venoiisly  to  supply  the  body's  need  for  fluid  aud  to  ease  the  tortur- 
ing thirst.  ZS'arcotics  and  anodynes  in  large  doses  are  necessary 
to  relieve  the  intense  pain  and  to  quiet  convulsive  movements. 
Nitroglycerine  and  strychnia  frequently,  and  up  to  the  limit  of 
tolerance,  are  of  great  value.  Cyanosis  calls  for  oxygen  inhalations. 
Atropine  may  be  of  use  as  a  stimulant  and  a  corrective  with  mor- 
phine hut  it  has  no  antidotal  value  here.  Milk,  raw  or  boiled,  may 
be  regarded  as  a  mild  natural  antidote.^^  Alcohol  should  probably 
not  be  given  in  any  form.  Strong  coffee  is  indicated  as  are  hot 
dry  applications  to  the  body.  Digitalis  may  be  used  but  requires 
from  six  to  ten  hours  before  effects  are  seen.  Camphor^"-  ^'^  in  sterile 
oil  given  subcutaneousl}'  every  hour  is  valuable.  Suprarenal 
extract  is  mentioned.  Large  draughts  of  hot  water,  flaxseed  tea, 
slippery  elm  or  starch  water^*  may  be  used,  as  well  as  tannigen, 
bismuth  subcarbonate  and  opium  to  quiet  excessive  diarrhea  and 
vomiting.  Supportive  measures  and  good  nursing  are  of  the  great- 
est importance.  Transfusion  of  blood  would  seem  worthy  of  trial 
in  graver,  slower  cases. 

Ford,  finding  that  protective  and  curative  sera  were  theoretically 
possible,  worked  for  three  years  on  the  serum-therapy.  He  was  able 
to  immunize  animals  to  the  aqueous  extract  up  to  five  or  six  times 
the  fatal  dose^^  but  efforts  to  manufacture  a  curative  serum  have 
thus  far  been  unsuccessful. 

The  Fochier  treatment  by  abscess  of  fixation'^  has  been  applied  by 
Dr.  A.  Pic  of  the  University  of  Lyon  in  23  cases  of  which  9  died. 
The  conclusion  that  ''it  is  a  therapeutic  agent  of  the  first  order  in 
those  terrible  intoxications  due  to  Amanita  phalloides'"  seems  to 
have  made  no  impression  on  the  medical  profession.  Judging  from 
Michigan  cases — 37  illnesses  with  16  deaths — this  is  not  a  remark- 
ably low  mortality,  39  per  cent  versus  42.  Pic  and  Martin  contrast 
it  with  "the  usual  80.8,"  based  on  38  cases  with  33  fatalities  in 

France,  1913. 

i 

Poisonous  Constituents  of  Amanita  phalloides  ' 

The  first  attempt  to  obtain  the  active  principle  or  poison  of 
A.  phalloides  is  probably  that  of  Letellier,  who  in  1820  obtained  a 
heat-resistant  substance  from  a  number  of  fungi.  This  was  termed 
amanitiu.  Later  he  found  two  substances,  one  of  an  irritating 
nature,  acting  upon  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  alimentary 
canal  and  another  characterized  as  a  ghicosidal  alkaloid — the 
Amanitia.  Boudier  in  1806  ascribed  the  poisonous  action  to  an. 
105 


834  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

alkaloid  which  ho  named  biilbosiiio,  hut   was  never  able  to  isolate. 
In  1S77  Or^  eonelnded,  on  biolojiieal  grounds  alone,  that  Ani<iiiita 
pjKilloidcN  must  contain  an  alkaloid  and  this  hypothetical  ]>oison 
he    named    phalloidin.      These    names    are    no    longer    employed. 
Kobert  (1891)  established  the  important  fact  that  extracts  Of  A. 
phalloides   contain  a   substance  which  lakes  or  dissolves  the  red 
Mood  cori)uscles  of  many  animals  and  of  man.     With  this  "hemoly- 
sin"  we  shall   have   much    to  do   in   the   remainder  of   this   pajier. 
Ford   and  his  co-workers  have  investigated  it  most  satisfactorily 
in    their    epoch-making    labors    which    have    been    fully    reported. 
This  hemolysin  is  not  the  active  principle — for  we  shall  see  that 
it   is   very   easily   destroyed   by   heat,   much   less   than    is   usually 
employed  in  cooking,  and  that  the  digestive  juices  break  it  up  as  a 
rule.    Furthermore,  individuals  dying  of  A.  phaUoides  intoxication 
do  not  show  symptoms  which  are  to  be  ascribed  to  this  kind  of 
poison.     Kobert  gave  this  blood-dissolving  hemolysin  the  name  of 
phallin,  regarded  it  as  the  essential  poison,  and  gave  it  undeserved 
importance.    He  placed  it  in  the  group  of  protein-like  poisons  known 
as  toxalbumins  because  of  its  susceptibility  to  destruction  by  hear. 
Beside  the  hemolysin,  and  more  constantly  present,  Kobert  found 
later  an  alcohol-soluble  substance  which  was  extremely  poisonous 
to  animals.     This  he  regarded    ( 11)1)0  (    as  an   alkaloid,  soluble  in 
alcohol,    which    would    not  produce   fatty    degenerations.      A    tox- 
albumin  (near  thujoii  and  pulegon),  was  held  responsible  for  these. 
Frey,^"   in   1912,   comments,   ''The    whole    study    of    mushroom 
poisoning  still  lies  very  much  in  the  dark.     It  is  on  the  same  plane 
as    thirty   years    ago."     He   says    that   studies    on    muscarin    and 
phallin  show  old   results  and  theories  to  be  wrong,  but  otherwise 
there  is  no  progress.     The  publication  of  results  of  recent  American 
investigators  seems  to  have  been  unknown  to  him,  for  progress  has 
been  made,  and  a  basis  for  further  results  established.     MurrilP^ 
comments   (1910)   that  it  is  remarkable  how  little  is  reall}-  known, 
and  that  the  practical  importance  of  the  subject  is  vastly  increas- 
ing.    The  important  work  of  recent  American  investigators  began 
with   the  proof    (Ford^*)     that    extracts    of    Amanita    phalloides 
contain  the  hemolytic  material  described  by  Kobert  and  in  addition 
a  heat-resistant  body  which  will  reproduce  in  animals  the  majority 
of  the  lesions  described  in  fatal  cases  of  A.  phalloides  intoxication  in 
nmn.     These    two    substances   were    named    by    him    the   Anuinita- 
liemolysin    and    Ihe    Amanita-toxin.     The    further    chemical    study 
upon  the  plant  was  carried  out  by  Abel  and  Ford,^''  by  Schlesinger 
and  Ford,-°  and  Ford  and  Prouty.-^     In  these  papers  it  was  shown 


MUSHROOM  POISONING  835 

that  the  hemolytic  agent  is  not  proteid  (toxalbumini  but  an  easily- 
decomposed  ghicoside,  insoluble  in  alcohol,  extremely  sensitive  to 
heat,  to  small  traces  of  acid,  to  pepsin  and  pancreatin,  and  that 
it  can  therefore  play  no  role  in  x)oisoning  in  man  when  the  fungi 
are  cooked.     It  may  be  a  factor  if  large  quantities  are  eaten  raw 
or  iusufticiently   cooked,   or  if  through  deranged  digestive  action 
the  hemoh\sin  escapes  destruction.^^     It  is  present  in  such  great 
amount  that  under  such  circumstances  the  possibility  of  its  having 
a  poisonous  action  cannot  be  eliminated.     The  Amauita-toxin  has 
so  little  in  common  with  alkaloids  tliat  they  hesitate  to  class  it 
with  them.^"'     Amanita-toxin  is  the  alcohol-soluble  active  principle, 
the  essential  poison,  resisting  the  action  of  heat,  of  drying  and  of 
the  digestive  juices,  and  reproduces  in  animals  the  lesions  found 
in  phalloides  intoxication  in  man.     Chemically  it  cannot  be  chai-- 
acterized  definitely,  but  the  purest  preparations  do  not  give  the 
reactions  of  either  proteins,  glucosides  or  alkaloids.     Rabbits    are 
not  affected  by  various  extracts  by  mouth,  both  the  hemolysin  and 
Amauita-toxin  being  quite  innocuous   to  them,  when  one-fortieth 
of  the  amount  was  fatal  when  given  subcutaneously.     Dogs  and 
cats  are  poisoned  by  the  cooked  fungus  in  the  same  degree  as  human 
beings.     The  raw  hemolysin  given  subcutaneously  has  pronounced 
blood-dissolving  properties,  giving  the  pictvire  of  a  hemolytic  in- 
toxication   with    extreme    haemaglobinuria    and    pigmentation    of 
the  spleen. ^^     [These  tire  the  properties  assigned  to  the  European 
Helvella   (Gyromitra)   escuJenta.]     Even    when    made    from    dried 
specimens  of  Amanita  phaUoides  hemolysin  will  dissolve    the    red 
blood  cells  of  guinea  pigs,  rabbits,  fowls,  pigeons,  dogs,  goats  and 
man.       Swine,   sheep   and  beef  bloods   are  not   susceptible.       The 
blood  of  the  guinea  pig  is  most  susceptible  and  that  of  the  goat 
least.     When  this  hemolysin  is  heated  to  1-10°  F.  it  loses  some  of 
its    activity,    and     150°     maintained     for     one-half     hour,     sus- 
pends it.      (Hence  the  term  *'thermo-labile.")      It  may  be  classed 
with  the  bacterial  hemolysins.     Injection  experiments  on  animals 
show  its  extreme  toxicity.     Within  a  few  hours  the  fur  ruffles  an<l 
they  refuse  to  eat.     There  is  rapid  loss  of  Aveight  and  strength, 
death  occurring  within  one  to  three  days  under    great    dyspnoea. 
The  heart  stops  last.     In  smaller  doses  a  chronic  intoxication  is 
produced  lasting  three,- four  or  six  weeks.     Convulsions  are  un- 
usual and  there  is  no  salivation  or  gastrointestinal  disturbance — 
in  contrast  to  muscarin  poisoning.^^     Frequently,  even  in  A.  phal- 
loides,  the  hemolysin  is  present  only  in  small  amounts  and  it  may 
be  absent  whereas  the  edible  A.  solitaria  and  A.  rtibescens  contain 


836  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

it  in  great  abimdance.    *''It  is  probabh^  a  food  and  certainly  harm- 
less,"^ i.  e..  when  cooked  and  eaten  by  man. 

The  Amanita-toxin  is  the  more  active  and  acutely  fatal,  pro- 
ducing approximately  the  lesions  seen  in  man  from  the  whole 
cooked  plant,  ulcers  in  the  stomach  and  intestine,  serious  hemor- 
rhages, and  in  other  organs,  especially  liver  and  kidney,  cell 
necrosis  and  fatty  degeneration."  It  loses  potency  somewhat  but  not 
greatly  on  boiling.  In  a  later  report^^  Ford  and  Brush  say  that 
Amanita  phaUoides  var.  citrina  gathered  in  France  corresponds 
in  all  particulars  to  the  A.  pholloides  gathered  in  America,  and 
has  identical  properties  and  contains  the  same  poisonous  sub- 
stances. *        ' 

OTHER  AMANITAS 

Amanita  vcrna  and  A.  rirosa  have  been  already  mentioned  as 
included  in  the  above  section.  A.  spreta  is  recognized  to  be  deadly 
poisonous.  A  group  in  which  Amanita-toxin  is  present  in  small 
quantities  includes  A.  porphyria,  strohUiformis,  radicata,  chlori- 
nosma,  majipa,  morrisii,  citrina,.  and  crenulata.  The  first  four  of 
this  latter  group  are  devoid  of  haemolysins  but  owe  their  toxicity 
to  small  amounts  of  Amanita-toxin.  In  A.  spreta  the  hemolysin  is 
small.  The  extract  caused  both  acute  and  chronic  intoxication 
in  guinea  pigs  but  not  in  rabbits.  Poisonous,  Boston  Mycological 
Club,  and  Atkinson. 

Ford  and  Sherrick*^  found  in  Amanita  mappa  a  small  amount 
of  thermo-labile  hemolysin,  a  chronic  intoxication  of  guinea  pigs 
closely  resembling  that  of  Amanita  plialloidcs.  No  muscarin.  Kabe 
says  A.  mappa  has  the  same  poisons  as  A.  phaUoides  but  in  much 
smaller  amount.  It  should  be  classed  as  perhaps  less  dangerous 
than  A.  phaUoides.  Other  Amanitas  may  be  grouped  here  by  Ford's 
reports.--  The  agglutinin  will  receive  attention  in  the  account  of 
Amanita  muscaria.  The  chronic  intoxication  is  shown  by  a  pro- 
gressive emaciation  and. death  in  18  to  20  days. 

Amanita  citrina  (of  Europe)  a  yellow  variety  of  A  phaUoides 
(Robert ).  No  hemolysin  or  agglutinin.  Poisonous  to  guinea  pigs 
and  rabbits  by  both  acute  and  chronic  intoxication.  Seldom,  if 
ever,  toxic  to  man.^®  A  distinct  species  from  Amanita  phaUoides 
var.  citrina. 

AiiiaiiHii  crriiiihita — No  hemolysin  or  agglutinin.  Clii-onic  in- 
toxication in  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits.  Extract  made  after  one 
year  of  drying  was  fatal  by  chronic  action  after  an  acute.    Poison, 


1 


MUSHROOM  POISONING  837 

small  in  amount,  similar  to  Amanita-toxiii.     Mcllvaine  records  it 
as  edible. 

A.  morrisii — Small  amount  of  hemolysin  destroyed  at  60°  C. 
Poisonous  to  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits.  Should  be  grouped  with 
the  deadly  species.     Edibility  not  tested. 

A.  cJilorinosma  is  probably  seriously  poisonous.  A.  stirjhiH- 
formis  acts  like  phallokles  on  frog's  heart. 

The  species  of  the  genus  Amanitopsis  as  a  whole  are  regarded  as 
edible.  Mcllvaine  warns  against  confusing  A.  spreta  with  these 
species. 

Amanitopsis  rolvata  may  be  grouped  with  plialloides.  No  hem- 
olysin or  agglutinin,  fatal  in  7  to  22  days  to  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits, 
the  intoxication  resembling  Amanitas.  Mcllvaine  pronounces  it 
edible,  but  it  should  be  avoided.  Amanitopsis  vagina ta  is  easily 
learned  and  is  edible. 

Amanita  jiinqiiillca — rare  and  unimportant — free  from  poisonous 
properties. 

Amanita  solitaria — difficult  to  recognize.  Contains  small 
iimount  of  hemolysin.  Edible,  Mcllvaine.  Ford^-  reports  it  almost 
free  from  poisonous  action  on  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs,  but  large 
doses  produced  a  salivation  in  the  latter.  Jluscarin  is  more  icideli/ 
distributed  in  fungi  than  ivas  originally  supposed. 

Amanita  ruhescens — commonly  known  as  "The  Blusher,"  Red 
Amanita.  Non-toxic  to  animals  and  man.  Free  from  Anianita-toxin 
but  has  a  powerful  hemolysin.  European  authorities  differ  but  our 
American  form  is  a  well-known  edible  species. 

Amanita  frostiana — difficult  to  identify,  is  closely  related  botan- 
icallij  to  A.  muscaria,  of  which  it  has  been  regarded  as  a  small  or 
depauperate  form.  It  contains  a  small  amount  of  a  thermo-labile 
hemolysin,  but  no  muscarin.  Its  extracts  have  no  etfect  on  animals. 
Not  tested  but  probably  edible."  CAUTION!  lest  A.  muscaria  be 
used. 

AMA^UTA  MUSCARIA 

Amanita  muscaria,  the  Fly  Agaric,  is  a  most  interesting  fungus. 
It  is  also  called  "the  false  orange"  and  "Fliegeu  Schwamm."  It 
is  less  common  and  less  toxic  than  the  group  of  A.  plialloides  but  is 
widely  distributed  over  the  world.  In  importance  it  ranks  next  to 
the  white  Amanitas.  It  is  subject  to  great  variations  in  color,  size 
and  markings,  but  is  easil}^  learned  so  that  it  may  be  distinguished 
from  the  famous  edible  Amanita  caesarea.    Ford  ^'  ^^  and  Michael 


838  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

mid  others  agree  that  its  taste  is  bitter  aud  unpleasant  and  this 
factor  may  save  people  from  serious  accident.  Occasionally-  the 
bitter  taste  is  absent,  more  is  eaten  and  quick  fatality  may  result. 
Through  the  publication-"  of  Circular  No.  13,  U.  S.  Dept.  of 
Agriculture  and  of  Prentiss'  account-^  the  fatal  poisoning  of 
Count  de  Vecchii  in  November,  1897,  has  become  classic.  He  bought 
from  a  countryman  a  (juantity  of  Amanita  nuiscaiia,  picked  in 
Virginia,  seven  miles  from  the  capital.  The  Count  Mvas  familiar 
Avith  niusli rooms  and  took  these  to  be  the  Royal  Agaric,  AiiKtnitd 
cacsarea.  At  breakfast,  wliich  was  tinislied  at  8:30,  he  ate  two 
dozen  and  i)ronounced  the  taste  particularly  good.  Dr.  K.  ate  one 
dozen.  By  9  a.  m.  the  Count  was  lying  on  his  bed  in  a  state  of 
collapse,  filled  with  a  sense  of  impending  death,  and  soon  lost 
consciousness.  Blindness  came  on  before  this,  as  did  rigid  spasm 
of  the  lower  jaw,  aud  difficulty  in  swallowing.  Convulsions  were 
so  violent  as  to  break  down  the  bed.  Emetics  Avere  given  and 
apomorphine  and  atropine  subcutaneously.  He  became  continually 
worse  and  died  without  regaining  consciousness  on  the  evening  of 
the  next  day.  Dr.  K.  went  by  car  io  his  office.  While  sitting  on 
a  chair,  about  9  a.  m.,  he  gradually  passed  into  unconsciousness 
without  feeling  any  premonitory  pain  or  distress,  though  half- 
stupid  and  very  restless  just  before.  He  noted,  about  9  :10,  uncer- 
tain eyesight  and  double  vision,  without  nausea.  A  prominent 
early  symptom  was  sudden  jerking  back  of  the  head.  He  remained 
unconscious  for  five  hours ;  at  one  time  his  life  was  almost  despaired 
of.  He  did  not  suffer  the  least  pain  but  on  the  contrary  was  in  a 
comfortable  dreamy  state.  By  7  p.  m.  he  was  out  of  danger.  Cold 
sweats  were  a  prominent  symptom.  A  total  of  one-tenth  grain  of 
atropine  was  given  in  21  hours.  Apomorphine  produced  no  emesis, 
vomiting  not  occurring  until  evening.  Castor  oil  and  sweet  oil  were 
given  about  noon. 

THE  CLINICAL  FEATURES  of  poisoning  by  Amanita  muscaria 
are  quite  as  characteristic  and  distinctive  as  those  iu  Amanita 
phaUoides  intoxication  and  should  enable  physicians  to  distinguish 
clearly  between  the  two  conditions — when  either  fungus  is  eaten 
alone.  So  often  a  mixed  lot  of  different  varieties  is  used  that 
the  symptoms  in  ])atients  point  to  the  combined  action  of  different 
toxic  principles.  In  A.  muscaria  poisoning  there  is  usually  a  very 
short  interval  between  ingestion  and  first  symptoms,  one-half  to 
one  hour  or  at  most  three  hours.  If  small  amounts  are  eaten  even 
five  or  six  hours  may  elapse.     This  feature  is  of  greatest  value 


MUSHROOM  POISONING  839 

in  deciding  upon  the  kind  of  intoxication  Avhicli  the  cases  present, 
^^evere  ones  show  excessive  salivation  and  perspiration,  a  tiow  of 
tears,  a  feeling  of  laryngeal  constriction,  nansea,  retelling,  vomiting 
and  watery  diarrhea.  The  last  named  almost  always  occnr.  The 
pnlse  is  usually  slow  and  irregular.  There  is  no  fever;  pupils  are 
small.  Respirations  are  accelerated  and  the  patients  dyspnoeic, 
the  bronchii  being  tilled  with  mucus.  (The  action  of  atropine  is 
the  opposite  of  this,  point  for  point,  i  Mental  symptoms  are  also 
present,  particularly  giddiness  with  confusion  of  ideas  and  rarely 
hallucinations.  All  these  symptoms  may  vary  in  intensity,  at  some 
times  the  gastrointestinal  predominating,  and  at  other  times  the 
mental.  In  light  cases  only  salivation  or  perspiration  may  be 
noticed,  with  uneasiness  in  stomach  and  bowels,  for  a  few  hours. 
In  severe  cases  the  vomiting  and  diarrhea  may  rapidly  rid  the  ali- 
mentary canal  of  the  offending  material  and  the  nervous  symptoms 
then  become  predominant — delirium,  violent  convulsions  and  loss 
of  consciousness  develoj)ing  in  rapid  succession  and  the  patient's 
sinking  into  a  deep  coma.  Rarely,  consciousness  is  retained  till  the 
end,  death  resulting  from  paralysis  of  the  respiration.  Finally,  in 
many  cases,  after  the  vomiting  and  diarrhea,  the  patients  sink  into 
a  deep  sleep,  awakening  later  profoundly  prostrated  but  on  the 
road  to  recovery.  Normal  health  reappears  rapidly — two  or  three 
days.  There  are  no  late  effects  in  tnuscaria  intoxication  as  in  that 
of  Amanita  phalloides  with  its  degenerative  changes  in  the  internal 
organs.  The  prognosis  is  always  good  if  the  patient  recovers  from 
the  preliminary  symptoms.  When,  rarely,  the  nervous  symptoms 
dominate  the  alimentary,  excitement  and  hallucinations  simulate 
alcoholic  intoxication.  (Quoted  freely  from  Ford  and  Clark. -^)  The 
delirium  is  occasionally  followed  by  loss  or  impairment  of  memory. 
The  pupils  dilate  as  death  approaches.  The  action  of  muscarin  is 
almost  identical  with  that  of  pilocarpin. 

Post-mortem  examination  reveals  surprisingly  little.  The  path- 
ology of  Amanita  pJialloides  is  absent,  particularly  the  lesions  of 
the  liver.  In  genei'al  the  findings  point  to  the  action  of  a  profound 
nerve  poison.^  Medico-legally,  remains  of  fungi  in  the  alimentary 
canal  would  be  of  great  importance. 

Poisonous  Constituents  of  Amanita  muscaria 

Schmiedeberg  and  Koppe,  in  18G9,  shov^^ed  by  the  most  careful 
work,  both  chemical  and  pharmacological,  that  Amanita  muscaria 
contains  an  active  principle  which  they  called  muscarin.  At  first 
regarded  as  an  alkaloid  of  the  same  general  nature  as  strychnine 


840  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

and  morpliine,  later  work  has  shown  that  it  is  probably  a  complex 
ammonia  derivative.  ^Miiscariu  is  an  extremely  active  substance, 
well  known  from  the  attention  it  has  received  in  all  works  on 
toxicol()<>y  and  materia  medica  and  therapeutics.  In  the  latter 
field  it  can  well  be  spared  on  account  of  its  variability  and  unre- 
liability and  because  we  have  better  drugs  of  similar  action. 
Muscarin  is  near  ]»ilocarpin  and  nicotine  in  action,  exciting  smooth 
muscle  and  stimulating  all  glands.  At  almost  every  point  in  its 
action  it  is  the  direct  antagonist  of  atropine  (from  belladonna ) 
but  is  far  less  powerful.  It  is  present  in  the  fungus  in  but  small 
amounts  but  is  nevertheless  able  to  exert  its  characteristic  effects, 
frequently  witli  fatal  outcome.  In  producing  paralysis  of  heart  and 
respiration  it  does  so  by  stimulating  the  inhibitory  nerve  endings 
of  the  vagus.  Atropin  has  a  depressing  action  upon  the  same  nerves 
which  muscarin  stimulates.  The  muscarin  excitement,  remarkably, 
does  not  pass  over  into  a  paraylsis,  its  curare  action  (that  of  arrow- 
poison)  being  slight.  Muscarin  has  been  synthetically  prepared 
by  the  oxidation  of  cholin  but  does  not  keep  as  well  as  the  natural 
product,  and  diff'ers  materially  in  its  action  upon  animals.^*  A 
ptomaine  muscarin  is  also  known, 

IJut  ]»oisoning  by  Amanita  muscar'm  and  muscarin  poisoning  are 
by  no  means  identical  (Harmssen-*').  Robert  says  the  fly-agaric 
di-uidv  (Fliegenschwamm  Kausch)  is  by  no  means  a  pure  muscarin 
"jag"  but  resembles  haschisch  {Cannabis  indica).  Harmsen  found 
tliat  he  could  extract  from  100  g.  of  fresh  muscaria  16  mg.  of  a 
fairly  pure  muscarin.  This  was  twice  as  deadly  to  cats  as  to  frogs. 
That  it  is  not  tlie  sole  factor  in  poisoning  is  shown  from  the  follow- 
ing: (1)  with  the  lethal  dose  of  muscarin  at  0.525  g.,  it  would 
rcMpiire  4  kg.  (8.8  lbs.)  of  the  fresh  fly-fungus  to  produce  a  fatal 
•outcome-®;  (2)  when  the  action  of  the  muscarin-part  of  an  entire 
extract  is  physiologically  neutralized  by  atropin,  the  animals  never- 
tlieless  die;  (3)  the  extract  is  deadly  even  when  the  muscarin  is 
removed.  He  has  also  shown"'''^  that  the  entire  extracts  of  A. 
muscaria  are  twice  as  toxic,  weight  for  weight,  as  pure  muscarin 
and  contain  a  poison  which  produces  in  animals  continued  convul- 
sions with  fatal  outcome,  not  prevented  by  atropin.  He  therefore 
assumes  the  presence  of  at  least  one  other  substance  which  he  names 
"Pilz-toxin."  This  pilz-toxin  must  be  very  unstable  since  it  loses 
potency  on  drying,  and  is  sensitive  to  heat  fthermolabileK  It  does 
not  apjiear  in  the  urine.  (Compare  intoxication  of  the  Koraks.)  His 
work  casts  doubt  over  the  value  of  atropin  as  an  antidote  and 
is  in  accord  with  clinical  experience.    In  1910  Ford--  said  Amanita 


MUSHROOM   POISONING  841 

Tnuscarici  acts  in  all  animal  experiments  as  a  convulsant  and  no 
other  agaric  shows  similar  action,  not  even  the  closely  related  A. 
frostiana. 

Treatment  for  Amanita  muscaria  Poisoning- 
Just  as  in  cases  of  A.  phaUoides  intoxication,  it  is  the  important 
duty  of  physician  and  friends  to  get  all  the  information  possible 
as  to  the  exact  nature  of  the  toadstool  eaten  and  the  amount  in- 
gested. It  will  'be  sJioicn  heloiv  that  a  number  of  species  of  fungi, 
mildh/  toxic  or  simply  deleterious  and  unwholesome,  can  produce 
a  more  or  less  typical  picture  of  muscarin  intoxication.  Confirma- 
tion of  the  species  will  therefore  be  of  great  value  in  determining 
prognosis  and  in  giving  a  clew  to  antidotal  treatment.  The  out- 
look in  poisoning  by  the  fly  agaric  is  more  hopeful  than  when  the 
Destroying  Angel  {A.  phalloides)  has  been  ingested,  the  mortality 
runs  much  lower,  the  illness  is  briefer  and  the  suffering  less  cruel — 
though  bad  enough.  We  do  not  have  here  the  chronic  and  degenera- 
tive lesions  produced  by  the  white  Amanita  which  defer  death  or 
prolong  convalescence.  The  muscaria  intoxication  is  acute,  comes 
on  soon  after  eating  the  fungus,  develops  rapidh^  and  is  amenable 
to  treatment.  Recovery  often  occurs  without  untoward  symptoms. 
Lachrymation,  salivation,  contracted  pupils,  delirium,  hallucina- 
tions, and  coma  call  for  atropin  in  large  doses  subcutaneously  or 
intravenously.  Even  though  the  vomiting  and  diarrhea  are  pro- 
nounced, the  stomach  and  bowels  should  be  further  emptied  by 
the  free  use  of  emetics  and  purgatives,  for  parts  of  the  fungus  are 
often  found  in  the  canal  post-mortem  when  profuse  emptying  seem- 
ed to  have  taken  place.  On  account  of  coma,  apomorphine  subcut- 
aneously is  less  apt  to  work,  and  other  means  of  emptying  the 
stomach  should  be  begun  early  (stomach  tube,  mustard,  zinc  sul- 
phate, sulphate  of  copper).  In  cases  with  bad  heart  action,  respi- 
ratory distress  and  coma,  atropin  (intravenously)  offers  the  only 
hope,  though  many  other  measures,  as  mentioned  under  A.  jihaJ- 
loides  treatment,  should  not  be  neglected.  Absolute  recumbent 
rest  is  enjoined.  Sustain  the  heart.  Give  nitroglycerin  for  cold 
skin  and  extremities,  and  dry  heat.-*  Atropin  is  not  medically  in- 
dicated in  every  case,  and  good  nursing  may  easily  be  of  greater 
importance  to  tide  over  periods  of  weakness  and  depression.  Nour- 
ishment sliould  be  concentrated.  Tannic  acid  is  useless;  acidulated 
water  bad.  Transfusion  of  blood,  oxygen  and  galvanism,  have 
been  suggested. 

The  fly  Amanita  possesses  interest  in  several  other  respects.     It 


S42  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

i^^  eaten  in  ilie  iMz^ehirj^e  of  Saxon v  and  Bohemia."  Treated  and 
untreated  it  has  been  eaten  without  bad  results.  A  colored  wonuin 
in  Washinjiton  recited  in  detail  how  she  was  in  the  habit  of  cook- 
iiiu  i[.  IJejeclinjj;  j;ills  and  peeling-  the  cap,  specimens  were  boiled 
in  .salt  water  and  then  steeped  in  vinegar,  then  washed  and  cooked 
an'd  served  witli  steak,  the  whole  process  a  rational  process  to 
remove  poisons  (?).  Michael-'  worked  up  to  eating  a  thick  medium- 
sized  caji  (cooked)  and  ''properly  peeled."  It  tasted  ill  but  did 
no  harm.  Then  he  ate  a  specimen  ])repared  as  salad  which  tasted 
worse.  On  this  ground  lie  classes  it  as  "inedible."  For  reasons 
like  tliis  we  are  loatli  to  take  any  one  man's  testimony  in  the 
great  lield  of  niycophagy.  Peck  has  repeatedly  received  reports 
from  various  people  who  eat  it."*  He  also  records  the  eating  of  the 
tine  variety  foniiosa  of  .1.  nni.scdi  i<i  by  a  sheep,  but  Ford"  suggests 
that  tlie  lierbivora  are  (at  least,  by  mouth)  immune  to  tliis  toxin 
as  well  as  to  others.  There  seem  to  be  seasonahle  and  local  varia- 
tions ill  the  toxicity  of  Amanita  muscaria^^  and  of  other  species. 

One-tenth  of  a  raw  A.  muscaria  has  produced  in  a  man  of  thirty- 
seven  years,  eleven  days  of  illness,  with  typical  muscaria  symptoms, 
but  accompanied  by  fever."'*' 

The  use  of  Amanita  muscaria  simply  and  purely  for  producing 
drunkenness  is  well  known,  but  has  not  been  satisfactorily  explain- 
ed. Krasheninnikotf,  who  travelled  in  Siberia  and  Kamchatka  for 
ten  years  (IToo),  reports  that  the  Koraks  used  the  tly  Amanita — 
three  or  four  for  a  moderate  dose,  and  ten  for  a  thorough  drunk. 
Langsdorft"  (1803)  confirms  this  and  Kennan-^  describes  it  in  some 
detail  in  his  first  Siberian  journey.  The  natives  call  the  fungus 
''muk-a-moor."  Its  sale  has  been  made  a  penal  offense  by  Russian 
laAv  but  "prohibition  does  not  jH'ohibit."  One  fungus  may  sell  for 
820  wortli  of  furs,  and  supply  does  not  equal  demand.  Tlie  dried 
cap  is  used ;  a  duly  flavored  decoction  is  made  from  them  or  pieces 
are  swallowed  whole.  First  effects  come  on  rapidly  and  make  the 
candidate  clieerful  and  merry,  then  drowsy  and  sleepy  for  ten 
or  twelve  hours  and  lie  awakes  in  a  state  of  exhaustion.  During 
the  stage  of  excitement  there  is  a  horrible  kind  of  delirium  and  the 
experience  of  visions  of  varied  character.  The  intoxication  is 
prolonged  or  i)assed  on  (among  the  lowest  and  most  degraded 
Koraks  I  by  drinking  the  renal  excretion  and  thus  a  spree  may  be 
economically  k('])t  n]t  for  a  week.-*  Evidently  the  muscarin  is  ex- 
creted unchanged.  (See  Ziemssen,  Fungus  Poisoning,  Vol.  17.) 
Toleration  develops,  though  death  from  an  orgy  is  not  uncommon. 
The  meat  of  animals  dead  of  muscarin  poisoning  has  a  pronounced 


MUSHROOM   POISONING  843 

poisonous  action  if  eaten  by  others  (Stellar  &  Erman).  In  regard 
to  the  use  of  Amanita  muscaria  as  a  fly  poison,  D.  R.  Sumstine 
(Peuu. )  reports  that  the  apparently  dead  flies  revive  fully  iu^about 
two  hours.  One  of  our  mycologists  has  seen  them  recover  after 
two  days.    Tappeiner^"  states  that  the  fly  poison  is  easily  destroyed. 

Toxic  Principles  of  Amanitas 


Harmsen's  "Pilz-toxin"  was  never  conftrmed.  Ford"  agrees  that 
A.  muscaria  owes  its  action  to  muscarin  but  in  place  of  the  second 
poison  hypothecated  by  Harmsen  it  contains  also  an  hemolysin 
(as  in  A.  pliaUoides)  soluble  in  alcohol  and  a  constantly-present  ag- 
glutinin belonging  to  the  glucosides.  Agglutinins  are  bodies  capa- 
ble of  causing  groupings,  coherence  or  agglutination  of  blood  cor- 
puscles when  brought  in  contact  with  them.  They  act  directly  on 
the  blood  cells.  Given  subcutaneously  the  agglutinin  of  muscaria 
always  caused  death  in  typical  convulsions.  Violent  cooking  of 
the  plant,  deadly  without  boiling,  was  shown  to  destroy  both  the 
muscarin  and  agglutinin.  Subsequent  studies  of  other  fungi  were 
based  upon  a  search  for  the  actions  of  the  four  active  agents  thus 
far  enumerated.  We  have  seen  from  the  foregoing  consideration 
of  two  deadly  toadstools  that  Amanita  phalloides  contains  two 
poisons,  (1)  an  hemolysin  which  is  thermolabile  and  also  easily  de- 
stroyed by  the  digestive  juices  and  (2)  an  Amanita-toxin  which  is 
the  very  definite  and  powerful  poison  of  the  species.  Now  in 
Amanita  muscaria  we  have  (1)  muscarin,  a  poison  with  its  char- 
acteristic and  individual  physiological  action,  (2)  hemolysin  in 
small  amount  and  (3)  an  agglutinin.  Agglutinins  are  not  com- 
mon in  plants.  Out  of  ninety-nine  examined  they  were  present  in 
four  non-poisonous  Papillionaceae  and  in  six  Daturas.  Among 
40  fungi  they  were  present  in  one-quarter,  thermolabile  in  some,  in 
others  heat-resistant.  They  resisted  drying  of  the  fungi  better  than 
did  the  hemolysins  and  were  found  to  last  for  years  in  dried  A.  mus- 
caria.— 

Amanita  panthcrina,  though  rare  or  lacking  in  America,  may  be 
associated  with  A.  muscaria  since  it  is  said  to  be  used  in  Jai)an  to 
produce  mushroom  drunkenness.  Muscarin  has  been  isolated  from  it 
as  from  the  Siberian  fungus.  Delirium,  dilated  pupils  and  hallucina- 
tions with  visions  of  beautiful  red,  yellow  and  brown  objects  x>i'e- 
dominate  over  the  gastrointestinal  symptoms.  A.  panthcrina  is 
also  used  as  a  fly  poison.  Poisoning  from  it  shows  the  usual  ali- 
mentary irritation  coming  on  within  a  few  hours,  great  excitement, 


844  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

delirium  and  convulsive  seizures.  Ocular  symptoms,  loss  of  mem- 
ory and  syncope  are  frequent.  Gillot  has  collected  thirty  cases 
with  two  deaths  and  Inoko,  in  Japan,  a  series  of  thirty-two  with 
one  fatality.  Recovery  is  usually  rapid  but  occasionally  con- 
valescence requires  fourteen  days.  Atkinson's  Amanita  cotliurnata 
may  be  the  American  representative  of  A.  pantlierina,  hence  both  of 
these  should  be  avoided  as  esculents.  A.  cothurnata  w'ill  poison 
flies.  A.  pantlierina  extracts  were  without  effect  on  animals  but 
only  a  few  plants  were  tested.*^ 

There  has  been  in  recent  years  a  tendency  to  explain  away  too 
many  cases  of  minor  poisoning  as  due  to  indigestion,  decomposition 
of  the  abundant  proteid  of  mushrooms,  or  to  the  possible  insect- 
infection  of  good  fungi — and  to  refer  too  manj^  of  the  cases  to  "prob- 
ably pliuUoidcs  or  muscariaJ^  Now  the  rich  labors  of  Ford  and  his 
co-workers,  both  in  the  field  and  in  the  laboratory,  and  the  results 
of  Clark,  Smith  and  Kantor  have  verified  certain  clinical  experi- 
ences and  shown  us  that  the  list  of  more  or  less  poisonous  species 
must  be  considerably  extended.  Amanita  phalloides  and  its  few 
congenors  still  stand  quite  alone,  head  and  shoulders  above  all 
others,  for  extreme  toxicity.  They  are,  most  fortunately,  not  like- 
ly to  have  any  rivals  for  dangerous  qualities.  They  have  retained 
their  place  easily  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  noxious  species,  but  the 
minor  and  less  poisonous  list  has  been  somewhat  increased.  These 
nearly  all  belong,  in  a  way,  to  a  muscaria  group.  It  will  be  the 
problem  of  pharmacological  and  biologic  chemistry  to  show  why 
they  cause  such  a  variety  of  clinical  disturbances. — by  no  means 
explainable  by  "indigestion," — and  yet  resemble  the  action  of  mus- 
carin. 

THE  GEXUS  LEPIOTA 

In  contrast  to  the  genus  Amanita  with  its  very  dangerous  species 
and  its  few  safe  edible  forms  we  have  in  the  equally  large  genus 
Lepiota  a  number  of  liiglily  prized  edibles.  Amanita  requires  close 
discrimination  to  distinguish  its  species;  Lej)iota,  for  the  mycopho- 
gist,  principally,  that  he  shall  not  confuse  its  L.  naucina  with 
Amanita  ph<tUoidc8  and  that  he  shall  not  mistake  the  black  sheep  of 
the  section,  Lepiota  morganl  or  green-spored  Lepiota  for  Lepiota 
procera,  "The  Parasol."  L.  morganl  is  an  enticing  plant  and  prob- 
ably the  largest  Agaric  in  the  world.  It  is  distinctly  American.  This 
fine  fungus  shows  very  consistent  partiality  in  selecting  its  victims 
for  it  always  poisons  certain  individuals  W'ho  try  to  eat  it  and 
never  distresses  others  of  the  same  familv.     It  is  credited  w^ith  at 


MUSHROOM   POISONING  845 

least  one  death  and  many  serious  illnesses.  Significant  it  is  that 
heating  destroys  the  greater  part  of  its  toxic  properties. 

Dr.  Blount  (Illinois)  says^^ :  ''One  day  last  month  the  Man  of 
Science  of  our  house  came  home  with  a  fine  specimen  of  large  white 
mushroom  which  he  took  to  the  library  and  identified  as  "horse 
mushroom.'  "  (If  you  do  not  care  to  discriminate  between  white- 
spored  and  purple-broAvn-spored  Agarics,  mycophagy  is  a  danger- 
ous field  for  you  I)  "So  a  few  were  collected  and  prepared  for 
dinner.  The  Man  of  Science  ate  a  small  piece  raw  at  2  p.  m.  At 
5  p.  m.,  feeling  well,  he  tried  another  piece,  raw,  as  large  as  the 
little  finger.  At  6  p.  m.  he  felt  generally  ill  and  ate  no  supper. 
In  half  an  hour  he  began  to  have  profuse,  painless  waterj-  bowel 
movements,  but  blamed  a  dentist  and  his  drugs  for  this."  Dr. 
B.  took  two  small  portions  each  as  large  as  a  pea  about  6  p.  m. 
The  after-taste  created  loathing.  Discomfort  was  immediate,  and 
consisted  of  a  warm  heavy  sensation,  slight  pharyngeal  spasm  and 
difficulty  of  swallowing.  By  7  p.  m.  vomiting  had  begun,  became 
very  violent  and  continued  every  five  to  ten  minutes.  Diarrhea 
began  and  lasted  all  of  the  next  day.  Intense  burning  pain  in  the 
stomach   alternated  with  intervals  of  lassitude    and    exhaustion. 

At  0  p.  m.  hypodermic  medication  (strychnia  1/30,  atropine 
1/100,  morph.  sulph.  1/4)  and  cocaine  produced  relief  and  slumber 
came  on  at  11  p.  m.  Pulse  was  weak  and  rapid ;  perspiration  free. 
The  Man  of  Science  vomited  three  times  and  had  diarrhea  all 
night.  He  felt  as  usual  the  next  da}'.  He  ate  most  and  suft'ered 
least.     The  action  of  the  poison  suggests  muscarin. 

V.  K.  Chestnut-^*  records  that  the  president  of  the  Chicago  Mycol- 
ogical  Society  mistook  L.  morgani  for  L.  proccra.  Prof.  Miller  (Terre 
Haute)  eats  L.  morgani  and  tells  of  six  families  that  do  so.  One 
or  two  members  of  each  family  are  made  sick,  though  two  families 
have  eaten  it  repeatedly  without  trouble  resulting.  "The  meat  is 
simply  delicious."  Galveston  and  Milwaukee  record  seven  cases 
of  illness  and  Y.  K.  Chestnut  adds  twenty  beside.  Detroit  might  add 
four.  The  symptoms  are  as  above  described,  apparently  also  from 
cooked  specimens.  The  fatal  case  was  that  of  a  two-year  old  child 
who  died  in  convulsions  in  seventeen  hours  after  eating  (tf  a  raw 
plant.  Poisoning  has  resulted  after  every  variety  of  cooking  and 
after  soaking  in  salt  Avater.  Webster'""  tells  of  a  NeAV  England  my- 
cophagist  who  removed  to  Missouri,  identified  L.  morgani  as  L. 
procera  from  pictures  (!)  and  paid  the  penalty  within  two  hours. 
He  draws  the  moral,  "■Eat  only  what  goa  KJSOWT  Mcllvainc^^ 
(p.  711)  reports  another  case  from  Wisconsin  of  violent  illness  from 


S46  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

raw  I  ?  I  L.  iii')r<i<iiii,  inisiakcu  for  L.  proccra  and  cateu  iu  vei-y 
sniall  aiiiount.  i»i-eseiiting  all  syiiiptoins  above  recorded  but  with 
the  addition  oi'  temporary  blindness.  AVarreu  (Port  Huron)  records 
that  ina  family  (•!'  Ww  who  ate  it  two  girls  were  ma<le  ill.  Symptoms 
came  on  early  the  next  morning — seven  hours  after  eating — and 
were  "almost  as  bad  as  from  Gyromitra  poisoning  as  it  is  known 
in    Port  Huron.'' 

THE    GEXU8    TRJVHOLOMA 

ill  ihis  genus  .Mcllvaine  agrees  to  label  T.  .saponaceinii  and  T.  siih 
fiirviini  as  inedible  on  account  of  taste.  I  had  for  years  regarded  the 
entire  genus  as  safe,  but  in  August,  1908,  we  had  a  group  of  seven 
cases  (tf  rather  violent  poisoning  from  an  inuocent-ap])earing  Trich- 
oloma.  (lood  specimens  were  at  once  sent  to  Atkinson  who  de- 
scribed them  as  a  new  species  which  he  named  Tricholoma  venen- 
atum.  This  agaric  has  not  been  found  again  nor  further  tested.  Of 
the  lot  eaten  many  were  badly  infested  by  insects  when  examined 
two  days  later.  The  symptoms  came  on  one  hour  after  supper  and 
consisted  of  vomiting,  sometimes  bloody,  retching  and  considerable 
l)rostration  in  three  individuals.  All  recovered.  Surprises  like 
this  will  continue  to  occur  as  long  as  fungi  are  eaten.  It  may  be 
years  after  some  varieties  of  poisoning  occur  before  the  etiology  is 
satisfactorily  .settled :  whether  due  to  a  new  deleterious  species ;  a 
known  inedible  variety  not  recognized  by  the  consumer;  a  personal 
l)hysiologic  sensitiveness  of  the  individual;  decayed  fungi  of  good 
species  or  some  infested  by  acrid  insects;  the  rare  presence  of  a 
minor  toxin  in  some  generally-esteemed  edible  variety;  or  simple 
acute  indigestion — perhaps  due  to  gluttony.  The  observer  should 
endeavor  to  fix  positi\ely  the  responsibility  on  the  one  real  cause. 


THE  GEXUS  CLITOCYBE 

Like  Lei)iota,  this  large  genus  has  for  years  been  credited  with 
but  one  deleterious  species.  Within  a  few  years  two  others  have 
been  added.    All  three  show  muscarin  symptoms  in  variety. 

C'Jitocijhc  illiKJen.s,  known  as  the  "Jack  o'  Lantern"  because 
of  its  ])hosj)horescent  glow,  or  the  ''Deceiving  Clitocybe,"  is  mis- 
taken every  year,  iu  Detroit,  by  our  foreign  residents  for  Armil- 
liiriti  iiicllcd  or  for  the  European  Chanterelle.  And  on  such  annual 
fall  occasions  it  holds  high  carnival  and  breaks  into  the  newspapers. 
The  attending  j)hysician  has  a  busy  night  or  a  few  busy  hours — 


MUSHROOM  POISONING  847 

and  is  credited  iu  the  daily  press  witli  liaviiig  saved  lives  in  toad- 
stool poisoning.  The  mycological  investigators  visit  the  family  and 
usually  find  its  members  up  and  about  their  usual  occupations. 
This  is  the  impression  one  gets  of  Clltocyhe  illudens  from  twenty- 
nine  Detroit  cases.  The  remnants  of  the  feast  are  usually  found 
to  be  large  half-cooked  tough  masses.  Mcllvaine  reports  a  sapon- 
aceous taste — and  the  ability  to  retain  the  fungus  when  eaten.  It 
is  possible  to  make  it  comparatively  harmless  by  heating  it  in  salt 
water  for  half-hour,  then  taking  it  out  and  frying  it  in  butter.''^ 
Farlow^"  reports  illness  of  four  persons.  They  found  the  fried  flavor 
excellent.  Within  two  hours  all  had  free  vomiting  lasting  all  after- 
noon, no  depression,  no  intestinal  disturbance.  No  emetics  were 
used  since  the  Jack  o'  Lantern  carries  this  property  with  it  and 
maj^  thus  ward  off  more  serious  results.  At  a  New  York  state 
institution  eight  teachers  and  children,  after  terrible  nausea,  re- 
covered. No  fatalities  have  been  recorded.  Diarrhea  and  prostra- 
tion may  occur.  Clark  and  Smith''"  found  that  extracts  of  the  plant 
would  stop  a  frog's  heart  Avhich  would  recover  under  atropine. 
Similar  results  were  obtained  on  the  creature  when  paralyzed  by 
the  extract.  The}'  conclude  that  Clifocyhe  illudens  exerts  a  char- 
acteristic muscarin  effect  on  exposed  hearts  which  effect  is  com- 
pletely overcome  by  atropin.  (Not  the  case  in  extracts  of  Amaiiita 
muscaria.)  Ford  finds  no  hemolysin  but  the  power  to  produce  an 
acute  intoxication  in  guinea  pigs,  fatal  in  one  to  seven  days  or  a 
chronic  intoxication  lasting  fifteen  days.  No  lesions  postmortem. 
Rabbits  unaffected.  After  one  year  of  drjdng  boiling  for  half-hour 
destroyed  the  toxicity. 

The  characteristic  American  CUtoci/he  illudens  has  its  phosphor- 
escent and  related  European  correspondent  in  Agaricus  (or  Ple- 
urotus)  olearius,  which,  mistaken  for  the  Chanterelle,  caused  ill- 
ness of  the  illudens  type  in  France.** 

Fabre  writes,  ''The  soft  light  of  Agaricus  olearius  has  confounded 
our  ideas  of  optics;  it  does  not  reflect,  it  does  not  form  an  image 
when  passed  througli  a  lens,  it  does  not  aft'ect  ordinary  photo- 
graphic plates."     (Fabre,  Poet  of  Science — LeGros.) 

Clitocyhe  dealhata  var.  sudoriflca  or  Clitocyhe  sudorifica,  the 
sudorific  Clitocybe,  is  an  interesting  little  toxic  toadstool  recently 
added  to  the  black  list.  It  is  often  found  among  "fairy  rings"  (Mar- 
asmius  oreades).  I  believe  it  has  been  picked  with  the  latter  and 
thus  caused  trouble,  though  easily  distinguished.  The  flavor  is 
good.  Minneapolis  has  a  record  of  two  cases  of  poisoning.  Peck 
himself  tested  it,  eating  eight  caps  slightly  fried,  and  got  the  usual. 


848  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

reaction,  i.  c,  some  five  hours  of  profuse  perspiration  bej^inning  on 
the  forehead  and  sjtreadin^  over  the  body.  This  may  be  attended 
by  increased  nasnl  and  salivary  secretion,  hicconyli  and  discomfort^ 
th(»n;ih  there  arc  no  otlici-  ill  clfccts.^'-  Tlie  original  lot  was  tested 
on  animals.^"' ^'  In  a  rabbit  the  watery  extract  produces  profuse 
salivation  in  a  few  minutes  with  weakness  and  sickness,  increased 
renal  activity  and  activity  of  the  bowels,  followed  by  gradual  im- 
l)rovement.  Fatal  to  guinea  pig  in  one  (|uartei-  hour.  Even  the 
boiled  extract  paralyzed  the  respiration  in  seven  minutes.  Autopsy 
uegaiive.  One  i-abbit  died  with  slightly  contracted  pupils.  In  a  third 
guinea  i)ig  there  was  salivation,  lacliryniation,  etc.,  increased  resi)ira- 
tion  and  then  respiratory  ]>aralysis.  ])ro]!s  in  the  eye  contracted  the 
pupil  for  four  hours.  Its  action  therefore  is  that  of  the  muscarin- 
pilocarpin  series.  The  little  Clitocybe  seemed  more  poisonous  than 
inuscaria  extract  tested  side  bj'  side  with  it  for  it  killed  rabbits 
that  withstood  larger  doses  of  hiuscaria  extract.  A  frog's  heart 
could  be  stoi)ped  for  one  hour  with  it  and  then  revive<l  with 
atropine.  Glitocyhc  dcalJjata  should  likewise  be  avoided  for  C. 
su(lo}-ifica  has  been  mistaken  for  it  by  a  well-trained  mycologist. 

CUitocyhc  morhifcra  is  similar  in  habitat  and  appearance  to  the 
jtreceding  and  is  closely  related  to  it.*'-  In  four  cases  in  Middleville^ 
^Michigan,  which  have  come  to  my  attention,  the  symptoms  were 
more  severe  and  serious  than  those  of  0.  sudorifica.  There  was  more 
discomfort  and  the  attending  physician  recognized  the  likeness  of 
the  clinical  picture  to  muscarin  disturbance  and  itsed  atropine. 
Four  people  ate,  and  three  were  made  ill.  The  one  that  sutfered 
most  had  over-taxed  her  digestive  powers  the  day  before — a  factor 
that  seems  to  predispose  to  mushroom  poisoning.  Symptoms  came 
on  two  hours  after  eating  and  were  abdominal  ]>ain,  vomiting  of 
food  including  entire  specimens  of  tough  ''Fairy  King"  fungi,  purg- 
ing, sweating,  cold  extremities  and  collapse.  In  one  case  there 
was  some  blindness.  All  were  fairlv  well  the  next  dav.  Animal 
tests  have  not  been  made.  These  must  henceforth  be  regarded 
as  ;i  necessary  part  of  the  record. 

CUtocyhc  nehitJans  whicli  made  Cordier  ill,  and  is  reported  as 
poisonous  when  raw  (Bertillon),  is  legally  allowed  among  the  thirty 
varieties  ]»ermitted  in  the  markets  of  Munich. ^^  Here  legal  enact- 
ments, duly  enforced,  have  reduced  the  number  of  poisoning  cases. 


MUSHROOM  POISONING  S4a 


TEE  GENUS  EYGROPEORUS 


Experimentally  in  man  no  Hygrophorus  is  known  to  be  inedible 
and  there  are  many  fine  esculents.  Eygrophorus  conicus  used  to  be 
forbidden  and  Demange  Las  attributed  a  serious  outbreak  of  poison- 
ing to  it.  It  is  fatal  to  guinea  pigs  by  chronic  intoxication — as  are 
many  perfectly  safe  fungi.  Cooke  and  Mcllvaine  say  it  is  all 
right.  E.  jjratejisis  var.  cinereus  is  toxic  to  guinea  pigs.--  It  is 
edible.  Var.  alhus  contained  a  heat-resistant  agglutinin  and  hem- 
olysin :  toxic  to  guinea  pigs.  Edible.  //.  marginatus  similar  and 
edible.  i>ee  Bibliography,  reference  22,  for  several  others.  The 
genus  is  either  devoid  of  action  or  poisonous  hj  chronic  intoxication 
only  to  guinea  pigs.  An  excellent  record,  so  far.  The  species  are 
clean,  beautiful  and  inviting. 


TEE  GENUS  LACTARIUS 

Lactarius  contains  some  well  known  edible  mushrooms — L.  de 
Uciosus,  volemus,  corrugis,  being  well  liked.     Mcllvaine  says  that 
not  a  single  species  retains  its  pepperiness  after  cooking.     Some 
of  the  genus  tasted  raw  are  horrible.     L.  torminosus  "the  griping 
milky,"  is  charged  with  having  caused  fatal  illness.'*^    In  Germany  it 
is  known  as  the  ''Birken"- — or  "Gift-reizker."    Eleven  were  poisoned. 
Three  children  ate  it  fried,  the  youngest,  aged  two,  died  in  twenty- 
four  hours.     Eight  Polish  laborers,  including  two  women  who  ate 
most,  prepared  it.    The  women  died  after  six  day's  illness,  treatment 
coming  late  in  their  case.     Symptoms  came  on  in  about  five  hours 
and  consisted  of   nausea,  headache,   abdominal   cramps,   vomiting 
prolonged  and  even  bloody;  diarrhea  was  synchronous,  violent  and 
profuse  and  accompanied  by  tenesmus.     Anuria  and  albuminuria 
followed.     Skin  dry  and  later  jaundiced ;    pupils    dilated ;    heart 
negative  but  weakening;  respiration  rapid,  shallow,  irregular  and 
finally  Cheyne-Stokes.     Temperature  normal.     Liver  somewhat  en- 
larged.   The  remainder  of  the  description,  as  well  as  the  postmortem 
findings  in  the  adults,  suggests  very  strongly  that  A.  phalloides  was 
the  cause  and  not  L.  torminosus.    Atropin  proved  without  effect  in 
the  therapy  and  the  invaluable  hypodermoclysis  of  normal  saline 
solution  w^as  not  used.     No  account  of  why  or  how  L.  torminosus 
was  settled  upon  as  the  cause  is  given.     Hockauf"  doubts  the  diag- 
nosis and  says  many  authors   (six  are  named)   say  L.  torminosus 
is  harmless  when  cooked.     Krombolz  has  eaten  it  though  the  taste 
107 


S50  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

was  bad.  Hnseniaii's  two  causes  referred  to  the  species  tit  Anuniita 
iiiiisciiria.  (Jreat  mycologists  give  conHicting  reports.  Kunkel 
says  in  Sweden  it  is  nsed  cooked  and  is  poisonous  only  when  raw, 
and  this  aiirecs  with  Ford's  results.-- — Ford  found  that  its 
hemolysin  and  ajij-lutinin  were  destroyed  at  l.")*)"  F.  Tliouuli  acutely 
fatal  to  both  uuinea  pifjs  and  rabbits  which  showed  convulsive-like 
movements,  with  retraction  of  the  head — a  little  like  A.  muscaria 
intoxication  ImiI  with  more  somnolence — these  toxic  eti'ects  were  not 
obtained  when  the  extract  was  cooked  one-half  hour.  Its  safety 
•  >!•  (Ian«>er  i)erhaps  depends  entirely  upon  the  cooking.  Maass'- 
alludes  to  the  presence  in  some  fungi  of  drastically  i)urgative 
resinous  acids  which  nuiy  be  decom})osed  by  cooking  processes  and 
become  foods.  The  milk  of  the  Lactarii  seems  to  be  such  a  sub- 
stance. "Insects  eat  both  L.  tonnntnsiis  and  L.  (Jeliciosus.  They  pro- 
nounce excellent  what  we  find  poisonous  and  vice  versa''  (Fabre). 
llockauf  regards  L.  tor)ninosHS  and  L.  :::oiiarius  as  poisonous  and  L. 
pluiubeus,  L.  chrysorrheus,  L.  vellereus,  L.  instul'^us,  L.  puhcsccHs,  ]j. 
pj/rof/dlns,  L.  fiiUf/inos'iifi  and  L.  violesceiis  as  suspicious  or  inedible. 
Mcllvaine  reports  L.  insiilsiis  and  L.  vellereus  as  edible,  as  good  as 
L.  (JeliviosKs.  Murrill's  list  of  forbidden  mushrooms  is  headed  by 
L.  rufus  and  includes  L.  lonitiiiosns,  L.  fiilii/iiiosns,  L.  rcUereus, 
L.  pijroguhix  and  L.  theiof/ahis — perhaps  all  condemned  only  on 
account  of  iheir  taste  when  raw.  Fabre's  household  finds  L.  <lcH- 
ciosus  overrated,  coarse  and  dilticult  to  digest. 

Lactariun  uvidiis  extract  was  acutely  poisonous  to  guinea  ]»igs, 
fatal  in  fortj'-eight  hours,  but  Inid  no  effect  on  rabbits.  No  liem- 
olysin  or  agglutinin.  Several  authors  rank  it  ]>oisonous;  the  Boston 
Mycological  Club  pronounce  it  deleterious.  With  L.  tonninoms 
and  CUtocj/hc  illit(Ir)i<<  it  is  ranked  as  a  violent  gastrointestinal 
irritant. 

THE  GEXU^  RU^tiULA 

Kussula.  one  of  the  most  difficult  genera  for  reliable  specific 
distinctions,  appeals  to  the  mycoi>hagist  because  of  the  attractive- 
ness, tenderness  and  abundance  of  its  si)ecies.  ^lembers  of  the 
Detroit  Mvcoloyical  Club  and  the  Institute  of  Science  have  for 
years  eaten  all  the  bright  colored  and  peppery  Russulas  indis- 
criminately and  believe  that  RuHsula  enietica  is  a  safe  fungus  to 
eat  in  Michigan.  llockauf  says  of  the  European  R.  cmetica  which  is 
so  often  condemned,  that  our  knowledge  is  insufficient  and  that  ex- 
ceptions can  justly  be  taken  to  reports  in  the  literature.     Krapf 


MUSHROOM  POISONING  851 

was  made  ill  by  it  ( ?)  before  1800  and  its  bad  name  has  followed 
in  all  subsequent  reports  which  are  based  on  this  almost  exclusive- 
ly. Hockauf  would  take  reports  of  many  bad  sorts  with  reserve. 
Mcllvaine  is  very  empha'tic  that  about  all  Russulas  are  good,  even 
R.  emetica,  identified  by  Peck.  R.  foetcns  smells  ill,  tastes  worse 
and  made  Krombholz  slightly  ill.  In  1817  ten  deaths  in  Bohemia 
were  credited  to  liussula.  Murrill"  inchules  R.  emetica  in  his  poison- 
ous list  and  credits  it  with  cholin,  pilztropin  and  muscarin  and  puts 
down  R.  fnetens,  R.  ititidd  and  R.  fragilis  as  mildy  poisonous  or  sus- 
picious. Warren  (Port  Huron)  says,  "I  have  eaten  every  kind  of 
Russula  I  have  gathered  except  R.  foeteus  and  no  one  would  care  to 
eat  that.  Never  any  bad  effects.  Greatest  fault  is  that  they  are 
liable  to  be  wormy.  7?.  vesca,  R.  virescens,  R.  cyanoxantha,  and 
R.  ulutacea  are  permitted  in  the  Munich  markets.  The  ''fraglos 
giftig"  R.  emetica  is  eaten  in  the  Baltic  province  Esthonia  after 
parboiling.     (Maass.^-) 

Frey^*^  says  that  poisoning  by  Russula  should  be  classed  among 
the  greatest  rarities.  He  reports  two  fatal  cases,  studied  in  the 
greatest  detail  and  from  every  angle,  with  thorough  autopsy.  The 
clinical  picture  was  not  unlike  that  of  A.  phallrjides  intoxication, 
with  gastro-intestinal  symptoms  dominant.  The  tAvo  boys  that  died 
faged  twelve  and  fourteen)  ate  the  soup  which  they  had  prepared, 
on  Sunday  evening  and  Monday  morning,  were  ill  Monday  night, 
attended  school  on  Tuesday  and  became  ver}^  ill  that  night,  as  did 
the  father.  They  died  on  Thursday.  Postmortem,  the  liver  Avas  not 
that  of  A.  pliall aides  fatality  and  the  gastro-intestinal  hemorrhages 
and  appearances  were  regarded  as  characteristic  of  the  irritant 
action  of  Russula  poison.  It  is  assumed,  in  these  two  cases,  that 
an  essential  cliange  (spoiling)  took  place  in  the  soup  between  the 
first  and  second  meals.  An  official  investigation  of  the  abundant 
remnants  of  the  fungi  ruled  out  A.  phalloides  and  placed  the  blame 
on  spoiled  Russula  varieties. 


THE   GENUS  MARAS3IIUS 

Marasmius,  the  family  of  the  internationally  famous  ''fairy  ring 
mushroom,"  has  long  been  credited  Avith  having  the  poisonous  M. 
iirens  and  the  doubtful  pei'onatus.  Mcllvaine  Avould  clear  both  of 
suspicion.  We  have  no  data  but  we  would  again  warn  of  the  danger 
of  getting  Clitocyhe  sudorifica  and  CUtocyhe  morbifera  cooked  with 
M.  oreades.     The  latter,  moreover,  has  been  found  tough,  leathery- 


852  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

and  t'liliie  in  the  vomited  matter  after  a  mushroom  feast — illness 
ex  dbusu,  a  common  form  of  spurious  mushroom  poisoning. 

Conclusions  on  White-Spored  Genera    . 

Of  some  50  families  of  Agarics  about  23  are  white-spored.  More- 
over, more  than  half  of  all  species  one  finds  belong  to  this  section. 
Though  the  most  dangeirous  toadstools  belong  to  the  Leucosporae,. 
there  are  so  many  fine  (Edibles  that  Ave  do  not  wish  to  discard  all 
the  white-spored  species.  If  we  are  to  eat  fungi  at  all  we  must 
expect  to  exercise  discriminating  observation  on  every  specimen 
intended  for  the  table.  In  Amanita,  the  edible  A.  ruhescens  is  no 
harder  to  distinguish  from  the  dangerous  Amanitas  than  are 
Lepiota  naucina  and  many  others.  Mixed  lots  of  many  varieties 
are  a  menace  and  should  be  used  only  by  the  trained  student  who 
knows  the  qualities  of  each  species  in  the  collection.  The  number 
of  fatalities  from  fungi  gathered  by  children  tells  its  own  story. 
Cases  among  students  of  mycology  have  all  been  due  to  the  milder 
species,  and  have  had  the  saving  grace  of  adding  real  discoveries 
or  valuable  information  to  our  knowledge.  If  such  cases  are  duly 
published  a  real  service  and  a  duty  are  rendered  to  science.  A 
synopsis  of  white-spored  species  which  are  definitely  deleterious 
shows:  About  thirteen  white  Amanitas  and  a  few  nearer  A.  miis- 
caria  in  their  physiological  action;  one  each  in  Amanitopsis,  Lep- 
iota and  Tricholoma;  three  Clitocybes;  at  least  one  (and  perhaps 
a  half-dozen)  in  Lactarius;  Russula  uncertain.  Lactarius  and 
Russula  are  closely  related  genera,  and  will  require  much  more 
investigation,  both  by  eating  and  by  laboratory  sttidies,  before  the 
proi)erties  of  the  species  will  be  known.  Species  closely  related 
botanically  are  often  widely  separated  toxicologically,  and  vice 
versa.  This  is  seen  in  the  contrasting  qualities  of  Amanita  phal- 
loidcs  versus  A.  solitaria  and  A.  ruhescens;  A.  muscaria  vs.  A. 
frostiana  and  A.  caesarea;  Lepiota  morgani  \s.  L.  procera;  Trich- 
oloma venenatum  vs.  T.  terreuni  and  others;  Clitocyhc  illudcns  vs. 
C.  multiceps  and  others;  Clitocy'be  dealhata  vs.  C.  sudorifica; 
Lactarius  torminosus  vs.  L.  vellereus  and  otliers. 


PINK-SPORED    AGARICS 

The  number  of  genera  is  small  and  some  mycologists  would  avoid 
eating  all  species  of  the  section.  The  common  favorite  Pluteus 
cervinus,  or  "fawn  mushroom,"  has  caused  disturbance  several 
times,  attended  by  numbness  and  tingling  in  the  extremities,  mild 
general  discomfort  and  an  urticarial  rash.  Dr.  Whetstone  (Minne- 
sota) has  a  record  of  the  case  of  poisoning  of  an  Iowa  physician, 
attended  by  abdominal  pain,  nausea,  and  vomiting  coming  on  three 
hours  after  eating.  Cases  like  this  should  make  one  hesitate  to 
recommend  almost  any  species  to  the  uninitiated. 


THE  GENUS  ENTOLOMA 

All  species  of  Entoloma  should  be  avoided  by  the  mycophagist. 
They  are  seldom  used.  Warren  says  that  you  cannot  cook  the  raw 
taste  out  of  them.  Vomiting,  diarrhea,  tenesmus,  mental  and 
physical  depression  are  credited  to  them  but  no  deaths.-^  Six  species 
examined  by  Ford  act  identically,  producing  fatal  chronic  intoxi- 
cation in  guinea  pigs  or  rabbits — sometimes  in  both.  They  vary 
somewhat  in  agglutinins  and  have  no  hemolysins.  {E.  salmoneum, 
E.  strictius,  E.  cuspidatum,  E.  nidorosum,  E.  rhodopolium,  E. 
sinuatiwi  or  E.  fertile.)  E.  grande  is  under  suspicion.^^  E.  modes- 
turn  and  E.  suhtruncatum  were  negative.^^ 

E.  fertile  (sinuatum) — 14  oz.  nearly  killed  W.  G.  Smith  (Steven- 
son, Vol  I).  It  "harbors  a  virulent  poison.''  The  genus  may  have 
its  own  poison,  as  Amanita.  According  to  a  recent  collection  of 
cases  by  Sartory*^  in  France  E.  lividum  is  an  extremely  dangerous 
fungus,  causing  severe  illness,  and  occasionally  death.  He  believes 
that  E.  lividum  is  nearly  as  poisonous  as  some  forms  of  A.  pJial- 
loides.  Butignot  refers  four  cases  of  violent  illness  to  it,^^  though 
l>ut  few  specimens  were  in  the  mixture  eaten.  Vomiting  and 
abdominal  pain,  sweating  and  a  vile  diarrhea  were  the  result. 


HROWX    OR    OCIIRE-SPORED    AGARICS 

These  are  uul  iisiuilly  rcjiurded  as  poisonous. 

THE  GESLH  PHOLIOTA 

"I  have  iiothinji'  but  praise  for  the  entire  genus.''  (Mcllvaine.) 
lieeently  /'.  aiilini)nalis  has  arisen  to  claim  liigh  ranlv  as  a  toxic 
fungus.'-'  In  11)11  a  mother  and  two  children  ate  heartily  of  it. 
The  children  died.  Severe  j»oisoning  of  three  individuals  is  also 
reported  from  Minnesota.  Animal  tests  by  Ford  and  Sherriek" 
on  the  Minnesota  lot  were  negative  on  guinea  pigs,  rabbits  and 
the  frog  heart,  but  a  New  York  lot,  although  negative  on  blood 
corpuscles,  Avas  acutely  ])oisonous  to  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits  even 
after  heating.  Atropin  did  not  neutralize  the  dilating  effect  on 
the  heart.  Postmortem  appearances  resembled  those  of  A.  phal- 
loidcs  and  the  extracts  were  quite  as  poisonous.  It  should  be 
grouped  with  the  deadly  poisonous  Agarics,  with  the  nature  of  the 
poison  unknown.-'-''     P.  iinit<ihilis  is  ai>i)roved  in  ^Munich. 

THE  GEXUS  IX DC Y BE 


Absolutely  negligible  and  uninviting  as  food,  this  genus  has  like- 
wise recently  taken  an  important  rank  toxicologically  from  labora- 
tory studies.  The  trouble  began  when  T)r.  Deming  (once  Vice- 
President  of  the  New  York  Mycological  Club)  knowingly  gathered 
Jnocyhf  inpda  and  mixed  it.  for  cooking,  witli  PaiHicolus  pupiUioti- 
acciis  which  he  knew  to  be  non-i)oisonous.  The  chance  taken 
was  one  in  a  thousand — but  he  lost.  ( See  'M.  47  and  48  in  Bibli- 
ography.) Five  people  were  made  ill.  Symptoms,  which  came  on 
soon,  were  a  sense  of  fullness  in  the  head  and  a  rapid  pulse — as  if 
nitroglycerin  had  been  taken.  Sweating  and  Avarmth,  no  nausea 
or  prostration;  slight  confusion,  pressure  and  pain  in  the  loAver 
bowel.  Some  patients  vomited,  some  had  diarrhea.  KecoveiT  was 
complete  in  a  few  hours  under  simple  treatment.  Conclusions-"'''  ** 
are  that  /.  iiifida  contains  a  poison  of  the  type  of  muscarin,  acting 
more  particularly  on  the  nervous  system  and  similar  to  the  nar- 


MUSHROOM   POISONING  855 

cotic  of  Inocybc  infclix.  (See  below.)  Atropiii  acts  as  antidote. 
The  relationship  of  the  toxins  of  /.  infida  and  /.  mjelix  to  those  of 
A.  iiiuscaria  is  not  yet  clear. 

Lwcyhc  injcJix,  one  of  the  most  common  luocybes,  closely  related 
to  the  preceding,  has  not  been  tested  for  edibility,  nor  thus  far 
been  reported  as-  toxic  to  man,  but  its  poison  seems  definite  and 
powerful.  Ford  and  Sherrick*"  found  it  to  contain  a  definite  poison 
which  resists  dessication  and  boiling.  Small  doses  produced  a  deep 
sleep  in  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits  from  which  they  awoke  well.  A 
profound  acute  intoxication  and  coma,  quickly  fatal,  followed  large 
doses.  The  intoxication  was  such  as  is  seen  only  with  Lactarius 
torminosus,  a  somnolence  with  retracted  head  (rabbits),  passing 
off  in  five  hours.  The  action  was  not  characteristically  that  of  A. 
muscaria,  though  not  inconsistent  with  muscarin,  but  that  of  a 
narcotic  of  some  sort.  Further  work  is  promised.  Autopsy  on 
guinea  pig  showed  hemorrhagic  spots  and  perforating  gastric  ulcer. 
Generally  the  examination  Avas  negative.  Inocyhe  decipiens  has 
likewise  no  clinical  record.  Though  its  agglutinin  is  destroyed  by 
heat,  the  Iwated  extract  in  2  to  -4  cc.  doses  nevertheless  kills  guinea 
pigs  acutely — even  in  20  minutes — due  to  dilated  heart.  Smaller 
doses  bring  on  lachrymation,  salivation  and  nasal  discharge,  with 
labored  respirations.  These  symptoms  last  a  few  hours  and  disap- 
pear, but  the  animals  die  in  a  day.  Occasionally  hemmorhage  into 
the  stomach  is  found  postmortem.  Dropped  into  the  eye  of  rabbits, 
the  pupil  contracts — resembling  A.  muscaria  and  muscarin.  Boil- 
ing the  extract  does  not  change  its  action.  This  significant  record 
entitles  this  Inocybe  likewise  to  a  place  among  the  more  dangerous 
toadstools.*^' ' 

Inocyhe  sp.  agrees  in  biologic  pharmacology  very  closely  with 
the  preceding  and  the  same  conclusions  are  justified  in  this  newest 
addition  to  a  bad  family.  Agglutinin  power^il,  but  thermolabile. 
A  muscarin-pilocarpine  poison.'^" 


THE  GENUS  HEBELOMA 

Hebeloma  is  closely  related  to  Inocybe.  The  generic  distinctions 
may  be  learned  in  order  that  the  mycophagist  may  reject  both 
genera  as  inedible.  They  never  will  be  missed,  anyway.  Little 
is  known  about  them.  Heheloma  sinapizans  is  suspected  (eaten 
with  a  gay  mixture  Avhich  included  TAmanita  jaune  citrone).'^ 
Heheloma  fafttihile  is  related  to  Inocybe.^'     Robert  would  class  /. 


856  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

rimosa  and  IL.  faatibilc  in  the  muscariu  group. ^  Ford^"  reports 
favorably  ou  H.  crust idinijorme  and  another  closely'  related  species, 
even  thonyh  llie  former  is  called  "poison  pie"  in  England. 

Summary  of  Brown-Spored  Genera 

In  summarizing  the  brown-spored  group  we  have  to  take  strong 
exception  to  the  recent  idea  that  none  are  known  to  be  poisonous. 
Pholiota  has  some  edibles  worth  while  but  the  importance  that 
P.  autumnalis  (perhaps  identical  with  P.  marginata)  has  recently 
achieved  as  a  dangerous  species  is  an  unexpected  warning  on  the 
famil3^  Flammula  has  fair  edibles  and  is  free  from  suspicion  at 
present.  KauHman's  long  and  careful  studies  on  the  glorious  genus 
Cortinarius  will  now  enable  us  to  begin  to  record  the  qualities  of 
its  species  with  some  hope  of  accuracy.  Past  experience  on  its 
species  warrants  the  statement  that  they  are  pretty  safe  esculents. 
The  remaining  brown-spored  families  should  be  rejected. 


I'URPLE-BROWN-SPORED    AGARICS 

Hyplioloma  suUateritium  is  regarded  as  poisonous  in  Europe. 
It  is  sometimes  bitter,  and  on  this  account  alone,  like  many  other 
fungi,  has  probably  been  Avrongly  labeled.  Our  Club  members  have 
occasionally  found  the  "Bricktops"  and  others  inedible,  on  account 
of  taste.  Robert  states  that  the  "Falscher  Stockschwamm," 
H.  jasciculare,  is  not  edible.  Kunkel  says  it  may  be  poisonous  but 
not  very.  E.  instratum  and  PsUocybe  cernua  both  produce  acute 
intoxication  in  guinea  pigs,  fatal  in  three  days.  Internal  and 
subserous  hemorrhages  and  enlarged  glands  were  found  postmortem. 
{Morchella  esciilcnta,  the  Morel,  produces  similar  findings).  Edible 
properties  are  not  recorded.  No  fatalities  in  man  have  been  referred 
to  Hypholoma  and  there  are  many  edible  species. 

Agaricus  or  Psalliota — the  meadow  mushroom  family — contains 
the  most  famous  and  most  sought  edibles,  a  number  of  species. 
Any  one  who  knows  of  the  woods-inhabiting  species  in  the  genus 
would  probably  know  and  avoid  the  deadly  Amanitas  growing 
among  them.  Though  they  do  occur,  it  is  very  rare  for  the  danger- 
ous white  Amanitas  to  get  out  into  the  open  grassy  haunts  of 
Agaricus  campestris  and  Lepiota  nauchia.  But  no  one  should 
rely  on  usual  habitat  as  his  safeguard.  He  should  know  well  the 
appearances  in  detail  of  the  plant  he  may  safely  use.  We  know 
that  two  of  our  Michigan  fatalities  were  due  to  children  wander- 
ing into  the  woods  and  adding  Amanita  phalloides  to  '^the 
meadows"  they  had  collected,  and  three  other  Michigan  deaths 
were  caused  .by  mistaking  the  "Destroying  Angel"  for  Lepiota 
naucina. 


RLACK-SrOKED    AGARICS 

F(n<I.  ill  r.MlT.  stated  that  no  cases  of  ])oisoniu^'  liave  ever  re- 
sulted from  the  use  of  any  of  the  inirple-spored  or  black-spored 
Ajiarics.  1  am  of  the  opinion  that  a  j?ood  many  cases  of  the  milder 
type  lia\e  been  caused  by  l)otli  Coprinus  and  Panaeolus.  It  will 
come  as  ;i  shock  to  the  lovers  of  the  old  reliable  "inkies"  to  find 
them  candidates  for  the  iucreasiug  cohort  of  poisonous  fungi. 
Their  re])utatiou  has  been  as  fair  as  their  spores  are  black.  That 
of  the  "shaggy  mane''  has  been  traced  back  to  Pliny. 

In  "(lood  Housekeeping"  (October,  1910)  Dr.  Cleghorn  tells  of 
ten  i>eo)de  in  four  families  accustomed  to  using  ink  caj)s,  being 
made  ill  on  three  different  <lates  by  Coprinus  coinatus.  The  ai»pear- 
ance  was  as  of  one  intoxicated.  There  was  failure  of  muscular  coor- 
<lination,  standing  being  diflicult  and  walking  im{)ossible.  Drowsi- 
ness, loss  of  emotional  control,  bloodshot  eyes,  enlarged  jiuiiils,  inco- 
herent oi-  iua])propriate  speech  were  the  symptoms  coming  on  in  a 
few  minutes  or  hours  after  eating.  There  was  no  prostration  and 
heart  and  lung  action  were  strong  and  regular.  One  patient  com- 
])lained  of  the  appai'ent  bending  and  swaying  of  the  furniture.  One 
had  a  temporary  complete  paralysis  of  the  left  arm.  Practically  no 
food  had  been  eaten  but  the  ink-caps.  Prof.  John  Dearness'**  sug- 
gests Panaeolus  campanulatus  as  the  cause  in  these  cases  but  in 
view  of  the  circumstances  reported  this  hardly  seems  likely.  De- 
troit cases  of  unjdeasant  effects — more  than  an  acute  indigestion — 
have  been  reported  from  taking  beer  with  a  meal  of  C.  coniatus.  I 
have  also  known  of  four  cases  in  which  flushed  face,  bloodshot  eyes 
and  lajiid  and  distressing  heart  action  followed  the  eating  of  C. 
(ilnniKiiitir'nis.  In  two  of  these  cases  no  alcoholic  beverage  had  been 
taken.  In  tlie  other  two.  only  a  very  small  amount  to  which  the 
individual  was  accustomed.  Furtlier  reports  concerning  the  inkies 
are  desirable. 

Ford--  lias  exMiiiined  Pauacohis  rcfiruf/is  only.  It  is  regarded  as 
edible  by  all  authorities  l)ut  is  similar  to  f*.  papilionaceus  which 
though  edible,  has  been  known  to  produce  a  jteculiar  intoxication. 
He  found  no  hemolysin  or  agglutinin.  Fatal  to  guinea  pigs  and 
postmortem  negative.  /*.  c(inip(inulatus,  classed  as  })oisonous  by 
Murrill,  is  eaten  by  Mcllvaine.     Its  bad  rei)ntation  goes  back  to 


MUSHROOM   POISONING  859 

181(5  and  has  not  been  taken  serionsly.  A  Minneapolis  rei)ort 
says  that  two  rather  delicate  ladies  ate  of  it — two  tablespoonsfnl 
of  stew.  Drowsiness  came  on  qnickly;  a  sensation  of  intoxication, 
dizziness,  staggering,  trembling,  nnmbuess,  contraction  of  the 
jaw,  stricture  of  tiie  throat,  precordial  distress,  headache  with 
sensation  of  fullness,  face  flushed  and  eyes  injected,  no  nausea. 
Delusions  of  sight  accompanied  insomnia — the  patients  saw  big 
red  automobiles  in  the  room  or  (jueer  figures  on  the  wall  paper. 
The  eyelids  in  one  case  were  temporarily  paralyzed.  Mild  but 
irritant  diarrhea.  In  one  case  the  heart  w^as  intermittent  for  a 
week.  Kecovery  was  not  prompt.  A  third  and  more  vigorous 
patient  only  tasted  the  stew.  Two  hours  later  she  complained  of 
dizziness,  ringing  in  the  ears  and  dry  throat. 

P.  papUionaccus,  "The  Butterfly,"  has  flitted  into  and  out  of  the 
questionable  list.  Mcllvaine  has  seen  it  produce  hilarity  and 
other  mild  symptoms  of  intoxication,  soon  over.  Moderate  quan- 
tities have  no  eftect.  Murrill  does  not  rank  it  as  certainly  bad. 
It  is  a  small  uncommon  Agaric  and  may  therefore  be  easily  spared. 
In  nine  years  experience  in  cultivating  the  gardener's  mushroom 
I  have  not  seen  the  Coprini  or  Panaeoli  coming  on  the  beds  in 
amount  sufficient  to  warrant  the  picking  of  them,  but  know  that 
P.  subhalteatus  has  thus  occurred. 


BOLETUS 

Thougli  these  volumes  deal  only  with  the  Agarics,  or  gilled 
fiinjji.  a  i)aper  on  musliroom  poisoning  would  not  be  satisfactory 
did  it  fail  to  include  some  matter  on  the  Boleti  and  on  Gyromitra, 
especially  since  we  have  some  positive  data  to  report. 

Ford"  says  that  the  definitely  poisonous  Boleti  are  not  many, 
and  til  at  even  the  toxic,  by  reason  of  their  bad  taste  or  emetic  or 
purjiative  action,  protect  the  user  from  great  harm.  But  few 
deaths  have  been  traced  to  Polypores.  Among  the  important  escul- 
ents are  B.  edulis,  B.  scaher  and  B.  fjranuJatus.  The  majority  are 
edible,  but  bitter  and  wormy  varieties  are  common,  and  others 
produce  vomiting  and  diarrhea.  Mcllvaine  regards  the  genus  as 
very  safe.  On  the  other  hand,  a  gentleman  at  Walloon  Lake,  Michi- 
gan, after  spending  some  weeks  testing  Boleti,  said  he  had  not 
found  one  variety  that  did  not  make  him  sick!  Warren  (Port 
Huron)  says,  "I  never  eat  them  and  I  tell  otffers  to  let  them  alone. 
There  are  too  many  good  kinds  to  bother  with  wormy  Boletus." 
B.  satamis  and  B.  luridus  are  everywhere  called  poisonous,  though 
the  toxic  principle  is  little  known.  Robert  found  muscarin  in  the 
latter,  but  conservative  Micliael  says  it  is  edible.  B.  cJintoniamis, 
B.  cavipes,  B.  paluster,  B.  chrysenteron  var.  sphagnotum  were  all 
found--  free  from  muscarin  or  definite  i)oisonous  action  on  guinea 
pigs  and  ratibits.  Variety  spJuignorum  has  not  been  reported 
edible  but  B.  chrysenteron  and  the  other  three  are  approved. 
Mcllvaine,  after  years  of  testing  by  many  j)eople,  is  very  positive 
that  both  B.  satamis  and  B.  luridus  are  edible.  Boletus  felleus  is 
free  from  hemolysins  and  agglutinins  and  muscarin,  but  produces 
chronic  intoxication  in  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs,  fatal  in  t«'o  or 
three  weeks.  Extract  from  the  dried  plant  produced  a  steady 
emaciation  in  rabbits  and  progi-essive  cachexia  in  guinea  pigs. 
Probably  to  be  classed  as  poisonous.*"    Very  bitter  and  inedible. 

B.  chromapes:  No  hemolysin,  agglutinin  nor  muscarin.  Poison- 
ous only  to  guinea  pigs.     Decision  deferred.     Edible   (Mcllvaine). 

B.  affinis  and  ornatipes:  A  thermolabile  agglutinin  destroyed  at 
150°  F.    No  definite  action.    Edible  (Mcllvaine). 

B.  hicolor:  An  agglutinin ;  negative  on  hemolysin  and  muscarin. 
Non-toxic.     One  of  the  very  best  esculents   (Mcllvaine). 


MUSHROOM   POISONING  861 

B.  separans:  An  agglutinin  requiring  boiling  for  its  destruc- 
tion, non-toxic.     Edible,  Mcllvaine  and  Hard. 

B.  ravaneUi  seems  to  be  safe  but  not  tested  by  actual  use. 

B.  roxmiae,  similar  to  B.  separans.     Dietic  properties  unknown, 

B.  mmiato-olivaceus  should  be  regarded  with  suspicion  because  of 
the  report  on  its  var.  sensihiJis  (below).  Ford*''  finds  it  to  contain 
a  heat-resistant  agglutinin  and  to  be  poisonous  to  guinea  pigs  by 
chronic  emaciation.  Babbits  were  not  affected.  No  evidence  of 
muscarin.     (Compare  CUtocijhe  dealhata  versus  C.  sudorifica.) 

B.  xjacliypus  has  a  bitter  taste  and  a  bed-bug  odor."  A  case  of 
poisoning  which  Hockauf  would  refer  to  cheese,  has  been  credited 
to  it.  Murrill  adds  B.  ferruginatus,  B.  easticoodiae,  B.  frostii 
(edible,  Peck),  B.  morrissi,  and  B.  ruhineUus  to  the  uncertain  or  sus- 
pected. Fabre,  in  a  chapter  on  insects  and  mushrooms,  (Life  of 
the  Fly),  records  that  his  peasants  eat  B.  satanus  and  other  doubt- 
ful species  after  boiling  them  in  salt  water  and  rinsing. 

Boletus  miniatoolivaceus  var.  sensihiUs.  It  will  be  seen  from 
the  above  that  our  opinions  on  some  species  of  Boletus  are 
much  at  variance.  The  following  case  illustrates  how  effectively 
a  student  of  mycology  can  add  to  our  knowledge  by  following  up 
thoroughly,  and  reporting  cases  of  poisoning.  Collins'^^  records 
that  a  certain  Boletus — found  to  agree  w'ith  the  erroneously-figured 
edible  B.  suhtomentosus  in  Palmer's  "Mushrooms  of  America" — 
was  broiled  and  eaten  for  breakfast.  Three  persons  ate  sparingly 
and  two  ate  freely.  In  two  hours  vomiting  and  then  purging,  with 
collapse  calling  for  brandy  and  ether  subcutaneously  in  one  case, 
with  narrowing  or  closing  of  the  field  of  vision,  coldness  and 
helplessness,  came  on.  There  Avas  no  vertigo,  headache  nor  acute 
pain.  The  action  was  mostly  that  of  an  irritant.  Coffee  was  the 
principal  stimulant  used.  One  patient  did  not  recover  fully  for 
several  weeks.  Fresh  Boletus  specimens  were  soon  secured  from 
the  original  spot  and  again  one  year  later.  These  were  identified 
by  Peck  as  B.  miniato-olivaceus  var.  sensiMlis. 


GYROMITRA  ESCULENTA 

This  fungus  is  also  known  as  Helvella  esciilenta,  the  false  Morel, 
and  the  Lorchel.  Our  Michigan  species  may  include  G.  hrunnea. 
Dispute  still  rages  around  this  fungus  and  this  is  characteristic 
of  a  species  that  contains  a  minor  poison  or  an  inconstant 
one  or  one  that  affects  only  a    few    individuals    and    these    only 


S02  THE    AGARICACEAE    OF    MICHIGAN 

at  certain  times.  G.  csculenta  has  a  long  criminal  record  in  Europe. 
Nevertheless,  it  is  not  everywhere  under  tlie  han  even  there,  for  its 
sale,  dried  or  fresli,  is  piM-mitted  in  Berlin  and  Munich  thonsih 
forbidden  in  Austria.  Dried,  dusty,  wormy  (Anobiiun  and  Tinea), 
si)ecimens  are  sold  in  the  sho[)s;  old  and  inferior  i')-esh  ones  at  re- 
ilueed  prices  in  the  markets.  Several  American  authors  say  that 
only  old  specimens  are  danuerons.  This  is  not  true.  The  poison  is 
very  soluble  in  hot  water  and  hence  parboilin«>-  and  rinsing  may  ren- 
der the  mushroom  safe.  Kobert  says  that  all  the  Morchellas  are 
safe  bill  that  the  False  Morel  furnishes  a  record  of  over  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  cases  of  poisoning.  Hockauf'"  reports  four  cases 
with  one  fatality  (girl  of  nine  years)  in  A]>ril,  190.').  Loevegren  also 
has  five  cases  witli  a  fatality,  in  a  girl  of  five  years.  Vomiting,  colic, 
weakness,  irregular  resi)iration,  tonic  cramps  of  voluntary  muscles, 
dilated  pnjdls,  jaundice  and  prolonged  unconsciousness  were  the 
chief  symptoms.  Death  may  occur  on  the  first  day  or  in  five  days. 
The  active  ))rinci])le  has  long  been  known  as  helvellic  acid  and 
has  a  true  blood-dissolving  action  shown  by  the  henmglobinuria, 
icterus,  and  the  i)igmentation  of  the  spleen.  Xepliritis  and  fatty 
degeneration  of  the  liver  are  also  found  at  antops}-.  Gyroniitra 
esculentd  stands  alone  in  producing  a  true  hemolytic  set  of  post- 
mortem api»earances.  Frey  says  that  this  form  of  poisoning  seems 
to  have  become  very  rare.  Amanita  phalloidcs  does  not  produce 
it.  Animal  tests  following  Hockauf's  cases  were  negative.  Kobert 
says  the  fresh  extract  is  very  variable.  Allen  (California)  reports 
G.  esculent(t  ])lentiful  there  and  one  of  the  best  edibles,  but  that 
it  should  be  let  alone.  In  Michigan  it  begins  to  appear  on  the  edge 
of  melting  snow  banks  even  as  early  as  mid-March  and  I  have  seen 
a  small  fall  crop  in  northern  Ontario  in  September.  It  is  common 
about  Port  Huron  and  is  eagerly  souglit  and  even  sold  in  the 
markets.  \\'ai-ren  and  I*eck  (letters)  and  Dearness'''*  re])ort  a  num- 
ber of  illnesses  and  at  least  one  fatality  dne  to  (lyi-omitra.  In  the 
cases  of  Dearness  the  family  were  made  ill  after  eating  of  the 
Avarmed-over  cooking.  Coma  and  death  of  one  adult  came  on  the 
fouith  day.  In  the  Michigan  cases  there  were  two  groups  of  nine 
])eople  each  who  ate,  with  two  illnesses  in  each  group.  Symjitoms 
came  on  in  about  six  hours.  \'eiy  xiolent  vomiting  and  diarrhea, 
with  much  weakness  and  fear  were  the  chief  symptoms.  Heart 
action  was  good.  The  acute  illness  lasted  thirty-six  hours,  inabil- 
ity to  take  fooil  three  days,  and  recoverj^  required  about  five  days. 
"No  otliei-  ill  ertects  e.xcept  that  they  don't  want  any  more  Gyromi- 


MUSHROOM  POISONING  863 

tras.''  The  fimgi  were  fresh  aud  prepared  as  often  before — and 
since.  Warren  says,  "I  know  they- may  contain  some  kind  of  poison 
that  affects  some  people  at  certain  times."" 

Ford*^  has  examined  specimens  of  G.  esciilenta  from  Massa- 
chusetts. He  found  them  entirely  negative  and  harmless  in  ever}- 
method  of  testing  on  guinea  pigs,  rabbits  and  the  frog"s  heart. 

CONCLUSIONS   AND   SUMMARY 

Because  of  the  growth  of  popular  interest  in  the  study  of  the 
mushrooms  and  toadstools,  both  as  a  "fad""  and  as  a  scientific  past- 
time,  and  because  of  the  influx  of  foreigners  accustomed  to  use 
fungi  for  food,  the  subject  of  mushroom  poisoning  is  assuming 
increasing  importance  in  America. 

The  white  Amanita  or  Death-cup  (Aincniita  phalloides)  and  its 
few  closely  related  species  are  responsible  for  at  least  nine-tenths  of 
all  fatal  cases  of  mushroom  poisoning.  In  illness  caused  by  this 
fungus  the  mortality  runs  very  high.  Symptoms  are  six  to  ten 
hours  in  coming  on.  Suffering  is  extreme,  and  death  often  does 
not  occur  until  a  week  or  more  has  elapsed,  though  the  course  is 
quicker  in  children.  There  is  no  antidotal  treatment.  Clinical 
course  and  post-mortem  flndings  are  characteristic. 

The  -white  Amanita  group  contains  a  toxin  found  in  no  other 
fungi.  It  is  a  poison  which  causes  profound  degenerative  changes 
in  the  internal  organs  and  in  the  cells  of  the  central  nervous 
system. 

The  white  Amanitas  are  easily  recognized  and  avoided. 

In  all  cases  of  mushroom  intoxication,  it  is  the  duty  of  physicians 
and  of  friends  to  make  every  eft'ort  to  learn  whether  or  not  Amanita 
phaUoides  has  been  eaten  or  whetlier  some  less  dangerous  toad- 
stool is  causing  the  sickness.  Such  determination  is  important 
both  in  determining  treatment  and  especially  prognosis. 

The  yellow  Amanita  or  "Fly  Fungus,'"  Amanita  uiuscaria,  is 
second  in  importance.  It  is  much  less  poisonous.  It  produces 
characteristic  symptoms  unlike  those  of  A.  pliaUoidvs,  coming  on 
in  three  hours  or  less,  showing  prompt  disturbance  of  the  nerve 
centers,  and  a  disease  of  shorter  course  and  lower  mortality.  The 
degenerative  changes  seen  in  A.  phaUoidcs  intoxications,  do  not 
occur.     If  fatal  results  occur,  this  outcome  may  be  expected  early. 

A  large  part  of  the  disturbances  produced  b}^  Amanita  muscaria 
are  due  to  the  muscarin  constituent  of  the  fungus.     This  poison 


SO-i  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

can  be  counteracted  by  the  drug  atropin.  Hence  A.  nuiscaria  in- 
toxication is  somewhat  amenable  to  treatment 

Physicians  shi)nld  be  able  to  distinguish  between  these  two  forms 
of  poisoning.  Symptoms  are  not  always  definite  enough  to  be 
relied  upon,  and  specimens  of  the  mushroom  which  has  been  eaten 
should  be  identified.  Local  or  near-by  botanical  centers  are  always 
glad  to  be  of  service  in  such  problems. 

A  nund)er  of  minor  poisonous  species  of  mushrooms  (about 
twentyj  produce  symptoms,  when  eaten,  which  resemble  the  action 
of  muscari)!.  These  species  have  not  been  given  the  importance  and 
attention  which  they  deserve.  They  usually  also  have  an  emetic 
action  which  prevents  fatal  consequences.  Some  of  them  are  violent 
gastrointestinal  irritants  and  may  thus  add  gravity  to  the  illness. 
Deaths  from  them  are  almost  unknown  in  healthv  adults.  Deter- 
mination  of  the  species  is  of  great  practical  and  scientific  import- 
ance, since  these  minor  cases  are  more  numerous  than  is  generally 
supposed. 

Physicians  and  students  of  mycology  sliuuld  report  cases  in 
medical  or  botanical  journals.  Cases  reported  in  the  newspapers 
should  be  investigated. 

Species  closely  related  botanically  may  differ  very  widely  in 
poisonous  quality,  though  this  is  not  usual.  Xo  variety  should  be 
eaten  until  its  specific  name  has  been  determined  bj^  competent  au- 
thority. If  its  edible  qualities  are  not  known  or  are  in  dispute^ 
testing  should  proceed  cautiously.  The  eating  of  mixed  lots  is  ta 
be  condemned  unless  the  user  positively  knows  the  reputation  of 
each  species  to  be  good.  Parboiling  is  a  partial  safeguard.  None 
but  clean,  fresh  specimens  should  be  used,  and  these  should  be 
thoroughly  cooked  and  indulged  in  only  in  moderation.  Most 
muslirooms  are  not  easily  digested.  Warmed-over  j)ortions  are 
occasionally  found  to  have  developed  toxic  principles. 

Good  and  abundant  edible  varieties  are  common,  and  the  lu\  er  of 
fungi  need  take  no  chances.  He  can  easily  acquire  a  personal 
edible  list,  and  can  add  new  species  to  it  as  his  knowledge  and 
experience  grow.  Scientific  mycology  should  precede  mycoijhagy 
and  increase  one's  ]deasure  in  eating  fungi. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


(a)     books  consulted 

ATKINSON,  GEO.  F.,  Mushrooms,  Edible,  Poisonous,  etc.,  1900.  Third  ed. 
1911.  Very  useful  to  the  beginner;  beautifully  illustrated  with  photo- 
graphs. 

BARLA,  J.  B.,  Les  Champignons  de  la  prov.  de  Nice,  1859.  With  48  colored 
plates  of  the  common  edible  and  poisonous  species,  with  full  descriptions. 
Flore  Mycologique  illustree  Les  Champignons  des  Alper-Maritimes,  1889- 
92.  With  64  large,  colored  plates  of  species  of  Amanita,  Lepiota,  Armil- 
laria,,  Clitocybe  and  Tricholoma. 

BERKELEY,  REV.  M.  J.,  Outlines  of  British  Fungology.  1860.  A  manual, 
with  24  colored  plates  of  many  species. 

BOUDIER,  E.,  Icones  Mycologicae  ou  Iconograph,  d.  Champignons  de  France, 
1904.  A  series  of  the  most  accurate  and  most  beautiful  colored  plates  of 
fungi  yet  published;  a  relatively  small  number  belonging  to  the  Agarics. 
It  is  very  expensive. 

BRESADOLA,  ABBE  J.,  Fungi  Tridentina,  2  vol.,  1881-1900.  Illustrated  with 
217  colored  plates;  a  critical  study  of  the  rarer  or  confused  species;  in- 
valuable to  the  specialist.  I.  Funghi  mangerecci  e.  velenosi,  1906.  Illus- 
trated with  120  colored  plates  and  descriptions  in  Italian  of  the  more 
common  edible  and  poisonous  species. 

CLEMENTS,  F.  C,  Genera  of  Fungi.  This  is  a  useful  book  of  keys  to  the 
genera,  largely  taken  from  Saccardo  and  adapted  to  those  who  cannot  read 
Latin.     It  contains  no  descriptions. 

COOKE,  M.  C,  Handbook  of  British  Fungi.,  2  vol.,  1871.  With  full  descrip- 
tions of  species.  Not  as  helpful  as  either  Massee  or  Stevenson.  Illus- 
trations of  British  Fungi.  Eight  volumes  of  colored  plates  illustrating 
practically  all  the  Agarics  of  Great  Britain;  1,198  plates  in  all.  Necessary 
to  the  specialist. 

COOKE  ET  QUELET.  Clavis  Synoptica  Hymenomycetum  Europaeorum. 
A  useful  little  book  with  brief  Latin  descriptions  of  the  Hymenomycetes 
of  Europe,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  pocket  manual. 

CONSTANTIN  ET  DUFOUR.  Nouvelle  Flore  des  Champignons.  A  useful 
French  book  for  beginners  arranged  in  the  form  of  keys,  illustrated  by 
4,265,  diagramatic  line  dra-\v;rgs.  Mostly  Hymenomycetes  which  are 
known  in  France. 

"ENGLER  AND  PRANTL",  Die  Naturliche  Pflanzen-familien.  The  volume 
containing  the  Basidiomycetes;  one  of  many  volumes  covering  an  outline 
of  the  whole  plant  kingdom  to  the  genera;  profusely  illustrated  with  wood- 
cuts.    Indispensable  to  the  mycologist. 

FARLOW,  W.  G.,  Bibliographical  Index  of  North  American  Fungi,  1905. 
Giving  the  references  to  the  literature  for  each  species;  only  Vol.  I,  part 
I,  has  appeared  to  date. 

FRIES,  ELIAS  MAGNUS.  Systema  Mycologicum,  3  vol.  Vol.  I.  contains 
the  Basidiomycetes,  1821.  This  volume  and  its  date  was  made  the  start- 
ing point  for  the  nomenclature  of  the  Agarics  by  the  International  Con- 
gress meeting  at  Brussels,  1910.  Epicrisis  Systematis  Mycologici,  1836-38. 
An  extension  of  Vol.  I  of  Syst.  Myc.  with  changes  and  additional  species. 
Monographia,  1857-63.  Being  a  series  of  monographs  of  the  genera  of 
the  Agaricaceae;  nearly  all  the  species  mentioned  in  this  work  are  illus- 
trated by  colored  drawings  which  are  now  deposited  in  the  Royal  Museum 
at  Stockholm.     It  includes  only  Swedish  species,  but  the  descriptions  are 

109 


866  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

followed  by  commentaries  and  are  invaluable  to  the-  specialist.  Hymen- 
omycetes  Europaei,  1874.  This  is  one  of  the  most  important  and  funda- 
mental works  on  the  Basidomycetes  ever  published.  It  represents  the  ripe 
experience  and  best  judgment  of  the  master.  Sveriges  iitliga  och  giftiga 
Svam  par.,  1862-69.  A  volume  of  large  plates  with  colored  figures  of  the 
edible  and  poisonous  species  of  Scandinavia.  Icones,  1867-1884.  Two 
volumes  of  200  large  colored  plates  of  the  Basidiomycetes,  selected  from 
the  large  number  of  drawings  deposited  at  the  Museum  at  Stockholm. 

GIBSON,  W.  H.,  Our  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  1895.  (Ed.  new, 
1903.)  A  book  written  in  a  delightful  literary  vein,  containing  popular 
descriptions  and  discussions  of  some  forty  mushrooms;  well  illustrated 
with  colored  drawings. 

GILLET,  C.  C.  Les  Hymenomycetes,  1874.  A  manual  with  full  descrip- 
tions and  artificial  keys  to  all  the  Basidiomycetes  growing  in  France. 
Very  valuable.  Les  Champignons  de  France.  A  set  of  712  colored  plates 
accompanying  the  preceding  manual. 

HARD,  M.  E.,  Mushrooms  Edible  and  Otherwise.  1908.  A  popular  book  for 
the  beginner,  profusely  illustrated  with  photographs. 

HERBST,  WM.,  Fungal  Flora,  of  the  Lehigh  Valley,  Pa.,  1899.  This  book 
contains  descriptions   and   25   plates. 

HUSSEY,    Illustrations   of  British    Mycology,    1847-55. 

KARSTEN,  P.  A.,  Mycologia  Fennica,  4  vol.  Vol.  3 — Basidiomycetes.  A 
manual  of  the  flora  of  Finland. 

LINDBLAD,  M.  A.,  Svambok,  1902,  a  popular  manual  in  Swedish. 

MARSHALL,  NINA  L.,  The  Mushroom  Book,  1905.  "A  popular  guide  to 
the  identification  and  study  of  our  commoner  fungi,  with  special  emphasis 
on  the  edible  varieties."     With  photographs,  many  colored. 

MASSEE,  GEO.,  British  Fungous  Flora,  4  vol.  1892-95.  A  useful  manual 
for  the  English  reader,  but  deals  only  with  British  forms.  European 
Fungus  Flora;  Agaricaceae,  1902.  A  compilation  of  all  European  species 
of  Agarics  with  only  the  essential  characters  given  in  brief  description. 
Text  book  of  Fungi.  1906.  A  general  discussion  of  matters  of  interest  and 
importance  to  the  student  of  fungi,  mostly  of  others  than  Agarics. 

McILVAINE,  CHARLES,  One  Thousand  American  Fungi,  1900.  New  ed.. 
1912.  A  valuable  compilation  of  descriptions  of  fungi  formerly  inacces- 
sible to  many.  The  last  edition  is  well  illustrated.  An  additional  value 
of  this  book  is  in  the  data  concerning  the  edibility  of  mushrooms  as  tested 
by  the  author. 

MICHAEL,  EDMUND,  Fiihrer  fiir  Pilzefreunde.  3  Vol..  1903-05.  Containing 
in  all  307  beautifully  colored  plates  of  mushrooms,  unusually  true  to  nature 
cheap  and  very  helpful  to  the  beginner. 

MURRILL,   W.  A.,  Agaricaceae.     North  Amer.   Flora,  Vol.   9   et  al.,   1910. 

OUDEMANS,  C.  A.  J.  A.,  Revision  des  Champignons  dans  les  Pays-Bas. 
1893.  Vol.  I  contains  synopses  and  descriptions  of  Hymenomycetes  of 
Holland;  in  French. 

PATOUILLARD,  N..  Tabulae  Analyticae  Fungorum,  1883-89.  A  critical 
study  of  many  species,  with  numerous  colored  figures;  invaluable  to  the 
specialist.  In  French.  Les  Hymenomycetes  d'Europe,  1887.  Deals  with 
the  general  anatomy  and  classification  of  the  higher  fungi. 

PERSOON,  C.  H.,  Synopsis  Methodica  Fungorum,  1801.  One  of  the  best 
early  efforts  to  place  the  classification  of  fungi  on  a  scientific  basis;  in 
some  groups  it  is  considered  by  some  as  more  fundamental  than  the  works 
of  Fries. 

QUELET,  L..  Enchiridion  Fungorum.  1886.  A  manual,  in  Latin,  of  the 
species  found  in  Middle  Europe  and  France.  Les  Champignons  de  Jura 
et  des  Vosges,  1872.  Classification  and  descriptions  of  some  700  species 
found  in  the  mountainous  regions  of  eastern  France. 
RICKEN,  A.,  Die  Bliitterpilze  (Agaricaceae).  A  manual,  in  German,  of  the 
Flora  of  Germany,  with  excellent  modern  descriptions,  and  profusely 
illustrated  by  colored  plates.  Appearing  in  parts;  1910-16.  One  of  the 
most  useful  and  complete  works  of  its  kind,  giving  the  microscopic 
characters  of  most   species.     Invaluable   to  the   student. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  867 

SACCARDO,  P.  A.,  Sylloge  Fungorum.  A  work  of  huge  scope  including 
descriptions,  in  Latin,  of  all  known  species  of  the  world,  1882 — .  It  com- 
prises to  the  present  22  volumes;  Vol.  V,  and  parts  of  later  volumes,  deal 
with  Agarics. 

SCHROETER,  J.,  Die  Pilze  Schlesiens,  1889.  A  manual  with  full  descrip- 
tions of  the  Agarics  indigenous  to   Silesia. 

SCHWEINITZ,  L.  de.  Synopsis  Fungorum. 

SECRETAN,  L.,  Monographie  Suisse,  1833,  3  vol.  Descriptions  and  classifi- 
cation of  fungi  growing  in  Switzerland. 

SMITH,  W.  G.,  Synopsis  of  the  British  Basidiomycetes.  Brief  diagnoses 
and  sketches  of  all  Agarics  of  Great  Britain;   spore-size  not  given. 

STEVENSON,  REV.  JOHN,  British  Fungi,  2  vol.,  1886.  A  manual  of  the 
British  Hymenomycetes,  whose  descriptions  are  largely  those  of  Fries. 
Very  useful  to  the  student  who  reads  only  English.  The  same  descrip- 
tions of  many  species  are  also  found  in  Mcllvaine. 

SWANTON,  E.  W.,  Fungi  and  How  to  Know  Them,  1909.  A  book  for  the 
beginner  dealing  in  a  popular  way  with  all  fungi,  as  well  as  Agarics; 
profusely  illustrated  with  colored  figures  and  cuts  in  black  and  white. 
The  beginner  will   find   it  useful. 

TAYLOR,  THOMAS,  Student  Hand-book  of  Mushrooms  of  America,  1897. 
A  series  of  fine  pamphlets  bound  in  book-form,  with  14  colored  plates 
dealing  with  a  few  common  edible  and  poisonous  mushrooms. 

UNDERWOOD,  L.  M.,  Moulds,  Mildews  and  Mushrooms,  1899.  A  small,  com- 
pact text-book  on  the  classification  of  fungi,  with  keys  to  families  and 
genera,  good  bibliographies  and  explanatory  notes  on  families;  invaluable 
to  the  student  who  reads  only  English. 

VITTADINI,  Descriz.  dei  Funghi  Mangerecci  e  velnosi  d'ltalia.  Milan,  1835. 
A  carefully  written   work  of  the  mushrooms  of   Italy. 

WINTER,  GEO.,  Die  Pilze  Deutschlands,  Oesterreichs  und  der  Schweiz.  A 
manual  of  the  flora  of  the  Basidiomycetes  of  Germany,  Austria  and 
Switzerland,  with  full  descriptions;  it  is  Vol.  I,  Part  I,  of  Rabenhorst's 
Kryptogamen  Flora. 

(b)     journals  of  mycology  consulted 
(For  special  papers  in  other  journals,  see   (C)   and  text) 

ANNALES  MYCOLOGICI.  Entirely  devoted  to  fungi;  articles  are  printed 
in  various  languages. 

BULLETIN  DE  LA  SOCIETE  MYCOLOGIQUE  DE  FRANCE.  Entirely  de- 
voted to  fungi;  in  French.     Started  in  1885. 

BULLETIN  OF  THE  TORRE Y  .BOTANICAL  CLUB.  Containing  some 
papers  on  fungi,  especially  the  descriptions  of  new  species  by  Dr.  Peck 
of  such  as  were  sent  to  him  from  outside  of  New  York  State;  an  American 
Journal. 

GREVILLEA.  Published  in  England  from  1892  to  1894.  Devoted  to  Cryp- 
togamic  Botany  and  its  literature;  contains  descriptions  of  the  species  in 
Cooke's  Illustrations.     Includes  many  references  to  American  species. 

HEDWIGIA.  A  German  journal  dealing  with  Cryptogamic  Botany;  1852  to 
the  present. 

JOURNAL  OF  MYCOLOGY.  An  American  journal  devoted  to  fungi,  super- 
ceded by  Mycologia.     1885-1908. 

MYCOLOGIA.  Started  in  1909;  devoted  to  mycology;  published  by  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden. 

MYCOLOGICAL  BULLETIN.  A  popular  journal  for  the  beginner  which  had 
a  brief  existence  during  four  and  one-half  volumes. 

MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES.  Published  privately  by  C.  G.  Lloyd  since  1898. 
Devoted  to  critical  notes  and  synopses  of  the  higher  fungi. 

REVUE  MYCOLOGIQUE.  A  French  journal  for  mycologists,  started  in 
1879. 

RHODORA.  Published  by  the  New  England  Botanical  Club.  Contains  arti- 
cles on  fungi  of  New  England. 

TORREYA.  Published  by  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  New  York  City.  Con- 
taining occasional  papers  on  Agarics,  beginning  1901. 


8(58  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

(C)        STATE    KErORTS,    FLORAS^    KEYS^    LISTS_,    ETC. 

ATKINSON,  G.  F..  and  STONEMAN,  BERTHA,  Key  to  the  Genera  of  Hymen- 
omycetes.     Ithaca.  N.  Y. 

BRADY,  W.  A..  A  Partial  List  of  the  Fungi  of  Wisconsin:  Geol.  of  Wis., 
Vol.  I.  p.  396,  1S83.     (Includes  218  species  of  Basidiomycetes.) 

BURLINGHAM,  GERTRUDE  S.,  Some  L,actarii  from  Wyndham  Co.,  Vt. : 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  Vol.  34,  1907.  (Contains  a  synopsis,  list  and  new 
species.) 

BURT,  E.  A.,  Key  to  the  Genera  of  the  Basidiomycetes  of  Vermont:  Con- 
trib.  to  the  Bot.  of  Vt.,  VI,  1899. 

CLEMENTS,  F.  C,  Minnesota  Mushrooms:  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  of 
Minn.  Minn.  Plant  Studies,  IV,  1910.  (Published  in  book  form  for  use 
in  schools  with  descriptions  and  keys;  profusely  illustrated  with  photo- 
graphs.) 

CURTIS,  M.  A.,   Catalogue  of  the  plants  of  North  Carolina,  Raleigh,   1867. 

EARLE,  F.  S..  (collaborator).  Plant  Life  of  Albania:  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr., 
Nat.  Herbarium,  Vol.  6,  p.  150,  1901,  (including  a  full  list  of  the  fungi 
reported  from  Alabama).  The  Genera  of  North  American  Gill  Fungi:  Bull. 
New  York  Botanical  Garden,  Vol.  5,  p.  373,  1908.  (Keys  and  descriptions 
of  genera,  classified  according  to  the  rule  of  priority.)  Keys  to  species 
of  various  genera:      Torreya.  Vol.   2,    (Russula,   Hygrophorus,   etc.). 

FARLOW,  W.  G.,  List  of  Fungi  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston:  Bui.  Bus- 
sey  Institution,  I,  p.  430,  1876;    II,  p.  224,   1878. 

FROST,  C.  C,  Further  enumeration  of  New  England  Fungi:  Proceed.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.  Boston,  Vol.  XII,  p.  77,'  1869. 

GLATFELTER,  N.  M.,  Preliminary  list  of  higher  Fungi,  etc.:  Acad.  Sci. 
of  St.   Louis,  Vol.   XVI,   No.  4,   p.  33,   1906. 

HESS  AND  VANDAVERT,  Basidiomycetes  of  Central  Iowa:  Proceed.  Iowa 
Acad.    Sci.,    Vol.    7,    p.    183. 

KAUFFMAN,  C.  H.,  Michigan  Fungi:  Seventh  Ann.  Rep.  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,, 
p.  64,  1905.  Unreported  Michigan  Fungi:  Eighth  Ann.  Rep.  Mich.  Acad. 
Sci.,  p.  26,  1906.  Ibid:  Ninth  Ann.  Rep.,  p.  83,  1907.  Ibid:  Tenth  Ann. 
Rep.,  p.  63,  1908.  Ibid:  Eleventh  Ann.  Rep.,  p.  55,  1909.  Ibid:  Twelfth 
Ann.  Rep.,  p.   99.   1910.     Ibid:    Thirteenth  Ann.  Rep.,  p.  215,  1911. 

LONGYEAR,    B.    O.,   A    preliminary    list   of   the    Saprophytic   Fleshy   Fungi 
known  to  occur  in  Michigan:    Fourth  Rep.  Mich.  Acad.   Sci.,  p.  113,  1904. 
List  of  saprophytic  Fungi:    Rep.   of  Sec.  to   State  Board  Agr.,  1898. 
MACBRIDE,  T.  H.,  The  saprophytic  fungi  of  Eastern  Iowa:     Bull.  Tab.  Nat. 
Hist.   State  Univ.  of  Iowa,  Vol.  I,  p.   30,  1888.     Ibid:    p.   181,   1890.     Ibid: 
p.  196,  1890. 
MOFFATT,  W.  S.,  The  higher  fungi  of  the  Chicago  Region:     Nat.  Hist.  Surv. 
of   Chicago   Acad.    Sci.,    Bull.   VII,    part    1,    p.    1,    1909.      Descriptions    and 
24  photo  plates;    including  360  species  of  Basidiomycetes. 
McKAY,   A.   H.,   Fungi    of  Nova   Scotia;    a   preliminary   list:      Proceed,    and 
Trans.  Nova  Scot.   Inst.   Sci.,  Vol.  XI,  part  1,  p.   125,   1904.     Includes  284 
species  of  Basidiomycetes. 
MILLSPAUGH    and    NUTTALL,    Flora    of   West    Virginia:      Field     Columb. 

Mus.,  Bot.  Ser.  I,  p.  60,  1896. 
MORGAN,  A.  P.,  The  Mycologic  Flora  of  the  Miami  Vallev.  Ohio:  .lourn. 
Cinn.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  6,  p.  54-81,  97-115,  173-199.  With  descriptions 
and  six  plates. 
PECK.  CHAS.  H.,  New  York  State  Mus.  Reports,  published  in  the  Annual 
Reports  of  the  New  York  State  Museum  of  Nat.  Hist.,  and  also  separately 
as  Reports  27-54  consecutively,  afterwards  as  Bulletins  until  1912  when 
Dr.  Peck  retired.  The  reports  of  Peck  as  State  Botanist  from  1870-1912, 
include  plants  of  all  groups,  but  the  greater  portion  is  devoted  to  lists 
of  fungi  found  in  New  York  State,  to  descriptions  of  new  species,  and  to 
synopses  of  many  of  the  genera  of  Agarics.  See  also  bibliography  of  each 
genus.  Fungi  of  Maryland:  New  York  State  Mus.  Rep.  44.  1891.  A  list 
prepared  by  Mary  E.  Banning  of  Baltimore  and  including  about  100  Agarics. 
REDDICK,  D.,  A  preliminary  list  of  the  Hymenomycetes  of  Indiana:  Dept. 
of  Geol.  and  Nat.  Resources  of  Ind.,  Rep.  32,  p.  1193,  1907.  A  list  includ- 
ing 88  Agarics. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  869 

SPRAGUE,  C.  J.,  Contributions  to  New  England  Mycology:      Proceed.  Bost. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  5,  p.  325,  1856;   Vol.  6,  p.  315,  1859. 
STOVER,  W.  G.,  The  Agaricaceae  of  Ohio:    Proceed.    Ohio  State  Acad.  Sci., 

Vol.  V.  part  IX,  p.  462,  1912.     Keys  to  the  genera  and  species;   comprising 

540  species  without  descriptions. 
UNDERWOOD,  L.  M.,  Report  of  the  Botanical  Division  of  the  Indiana  State 

Biological  Survey:     Proceed.  Ind.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  13,  1894;   p.  144,  1895;   p. 

171,  1896. 
VAN  HOOK,  J.  M.,  Indiana  Fungi:     Proceed.  Ind.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  205,  1910; 

p.  347,  1911.     Includes  list  of  347  Basidiomycetes. 
WEBBER,  H.  J.,  Catalogue  of  the  Flora  of  Nebraska:  Rep.  Neb.  State  Board 

Agric,   p.   37,   1890. 
WHITE,  E.  A.,  Hymeniales  of  Connecticut:    Conn.  State  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist. 

Surv.  Bull.  3,  1905;  15,  1910.     Contain  lists,  keys  to  species  and  a  few  de- 
scriptions;  illustrated  with  photographs  of  28  and  39  plates  respectively. 

Reference  to  433  species  of  Basidiomycetes. 

(d)     miscellaneous  books,  pamphlets,  papers,  etc. 

ARTHUR,  J.  C,  Three  edible  toadstools:     Purdue  Univ.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  Bull. 

No.  98,  1904. 
ATKINSON,   G.  F.,  and   SHORE,  R.  B.     Mushroom  growing  for  amateurs: 

Cornell  Univ.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  Bull.  227,  1905.     Mushrooms:    Ibid,  Bull.  168, 

1899. 
BADHAM,  C.  D.,  A  Treatise  on  esculent  funguses,  1847.      (A  British  book, 

with  21   colored   plates.) 
BATES,  Mushrooms — poisonous  Amanitas,  harmless  Agarics    (directions  for 

cultivation):     Amer.  Florist,  Vol.  II,  1896. 
BEACH.   S.  A.,  Mushrooms  as  a  Greenhouse  Crop:      N.  Y.   State  Agr.  Exp. 

Sta.,   Bull.   88,   1895. 
BIFFEN,  R.  H.,  On  the  biology  of  Collybia    velutipes:     Jour.    Linn.    Soc, 

Vol.  34,  p.  147. 
BRITZELMAYR,  M.,  Materialen  zur  Beschreibung  der  Hymenomyceten:  Bot. 

Centralblatt,  Vol.   53-54,  p.   33,   65  and  97,  1893;    Vol.   62-63,  p.   273,  1895; 

Vol.  71-72,  p.  49,  1897.     (Brief  critical  notes  on  European  Agarics,  with 

spore  size.)     Revision  der  Diagnosen  zu  den  von  Britzelmayr,  aufgestellten 

Hymen.   Arten.,  Bot.   Centralblatt,  Vol.   75-76,  p.   129,   169,  203,  1898;    Vol. 

77-78,  p.  356,  395,  433,  1899;  Vol.  79-80,  p.  57,  116,  1899.     (Full  description 

of  the  species  described  as  new.) 
BULLER,  A.  H.  K.,  Researches  on  Fungi,  etc.,  1909,    (a  valuable  study  of 

spore  expulsion  in  Coprinus,  etc.). 
BULLETIN,    Boston   Mycolog.    Club,    1897,    *    *    *    (small    pamphlets   giving 

directions  to   amateurs,  with   brief  descriptions   of  the    species    of    some 

genera). 
BURECK,   A.,    Notes   on   enemies   of  mushrooms   and   on   experiments   with 

Remedies:     U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Entomol.,  32-35. 
BURT,   E.   A.,   Collecting  and   preparing   fleshy   fungi    for    the    herbarium: 

Bot.  Gaz.,  Vol.  25,  p.   172,   1898. 
COOKE,  M.  C,  British  edible  fungi  and  how  to  distinguish  and  how  to  cook 

them.     Edible  and  poisonous  mushrooms;  what  to  eat  and  what  to  avoid. 

(With  48  colored  plates.) 
CORDIER,   F.    S.,   Les    Champignons,    Paris,    1876,    4th    ed.    with    60    colored 

plates. 
DAVIS,  SIMON,  Fleshy  fungi  of  Stow,  Mass.:     Rhodora,  Vol.  13,  p.  57,  1911; 

Vol.  16,  p.  45,  1914   (critical  notes). 
DUGGAR,  B.  M.,  The  principles  of  mushroom  growing  and  mushroom  spawn- 
making:     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bureau  of  Plant  Ind.,  Bull.  85,  1905.     (The  best 

modern    discussion    of    the    subject.)      The    cultivation    of    mushrooms: 

Farmer's  Bull.,  No.  204,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  1904. 
FALCONER,  WM.,  How  to  grow  mushrooms:      Farmer's  Bull.,  U.  S.   Dept. 

Agr.,  No.  53,  1897. 
FAYOD,  V.  M.,  Prodrome  d'une  Historie  Naturelle  des  Agricenes:     Ann.  des 

Nat.  Botanique,  7  series.  Vol.  9,  p.  181. 


S70  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

FARLOW.  W.  G.,  Some  edible  and  poisonous  fungi:     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bull. 

No.   15,  1898.     Notes  for  mushroom  eaters:      Reprinted  from  Garden  and 

Forest  Magazine. 
GAUTIER,  L.  M.,  Champignons,  Paris,  1884. 
GOWDY,  J.  K.,  Mushroom  culture  in  France:    U.  S.  Consular  Rep.  66.  p.  259, 

537,  1902. 
HARKNESS  and  MOORE,  Catalogue  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Fungi:     Calf.  Acad. 

Sci.,  1881. 
HASTINGS.   SOMERVILLE,   Toadstools  at  home:      Gowan's  Nature   Series, 

No.    7,    London,    1908.      (60   photographic   reproductions   of  fungi   in   their 

natural   surroundings;    excellent  little  primer.) 
HAY,  WM.   D..  Fungi  hunter's  guide,  London,   1887. 
HENDERSON,    L.    P.,    Mushrooms    or   toadstools,     a    natural     food-product: 

Idaho  Agr.   Exp.   Sta.,  Bull.   27,   p.  27. 
HESS.  ALICE  W.,  A  few  common  fleshy  fungi  of  Ames,  Iowa:     Iowa  Agr. 

Exp.   Sta.,  Bull.  61,  p.  148. 
HOGG,  ROBERT  and  JOHNSON,  G.  W.,  A  selection  of  the  edible  funguses 

of  Great  Britain,  London. 
HYAMS,  C,  Edible  fungi  of  North  Carolina:     N.  Car.  Exp.  Sta.,  Bull.  177,  p. 

27. 
JONES,  C.  H.,  Composition  of  mushrooms:      Vermont  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bull., 

p.  196,  1903. 
KAUFFMAN,  C.  H.,  Mushrooms:    Nature  Study  Review,  Vol.  8,  p.  1. 
LANGWORTHY,   C.  F.,   Mushrooms  as  Food:      Plant  World,  Vol.   8,  p.  134, 

1899. 
LONGNECKER,  A.  M.,  Mushrooms:      Plant  World,  Vol.  5,  p.  213. 
LONGYEAR,    B.    0.,    Remarks    concerning    saprophytic     fungi,     etc.:      Mich. 

Acad.    Sci.,  Rep.   1,  p.   97,   1897.     Notes   on   Michigan   Saprophytic  Fungi: 

Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  Rep.  3,  1901. 
MARCEAU,  L.,   Flore  des   champignons  superior  du  Department  de   Saone- 

et-Loire,  1898.      (A  manual  with  extensive  keys.) 
MANGET,  C,  Tableux  synoptiques  des  champignons  comestible  et  venenaux, 

Paris,  1903. 
MAY,  W.  J.,  Mushroom  culture  for  amateurs,  1897. 
MENDEL,  L.  B.,  Chemical  composition  and  nutritive  value  of  some  edible 

American  Fungi:     Amer.  Jour.  Phys.  1,  p.  225. 
MOYEN.   J..   Les   Champignons,   Paris,   1889. 

PALMER,  JULIUS  A.,  Mushrooms  of  America,  Boston,  1885.     About  Mush- 
rooms, Boston,  1894. 
PECK,  C.  H.,  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  fungi:     Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.  of 

Buffalo,  1.  p.  41,  1873.     New  species  of  fungi,  (see  Bot.  Gaz).     New  species 

of  fungi,    (see  Torr.   Bot.   Club  Bull.,  Vol.   22-38).     Mushrooms  and   their 

uses:     Pub.    by    Cambridge   Bot.    Supply    Co.,    1897.      The   smooth   Agaric: 

Country    Gentleman,    1886,   p.    833.      Edible   and    poisonous   fungi:      N.   Y. 

State  Mus.  Rep.  48,  p.  203,  26  Plates,  1895.     Report  of  the  State  Botanist 

on  the  edible  fungi  of  New  York  State:     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Memoir,  No.  4, 

p.  113,  24  Plates,   1900.     Lists  of  all  species  described  and  named  by  Dr. 

Peck  to  1908,  see  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  131,  p.  59,  1909.     List  of  figures  and 

Illustrations  of  mushrooms  published  bv  Dr.  Peck,  see  N.  Y.   State  Mus. 

Bull.  139,  p.  78,  1910. 
RIDGWAY,   ROBERT,   Color  standards   and   color    nomenclature,    Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  1912.     (A  series  of  1115  named  colors,  invaluable  for  the  future 

standardizing  of  the  names  of  mushroom  colors  and  tints.) 
ROBINSON,  W..  Mushroom  culture,  London,  1870.      (A  full  account  of  the 

older  methods.) 
SHEAR,  C.  L.,  Some  common  autumnal  species  of  edible  Fungi:     Asa  Gray 

Bull.  7,  p.  93,  1899. 
SICARD,  G.,  Histoire  naturelle  des  Champignons,  Paris,  1883    (with  colored 

plates). 
SMITH,  W.  G.,  Clavis  Agaricinorum,  London,  1870   (Descriptions  of  families 

and  genera  with  keys.) 
STURGES,  W.  C,  Edible  and  poisonous  fungi:    Rep.  Sec.  Connect.  Board  of 

Agr.,  1895. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  871 

SYDOW,  P.,  Taschenbuch  der  wichtigeren  essbaren  u.  giftigen  Pilze  Deutsch- 
lands  u.   der  Schweiz.      (Pocket  size,  with  colored  figures.) 

TAYLOR,  EMMA  L.,  Guide  to  the  mushrooms.  (Small  primer,  200  pages 
and  66  plates.) 

TORREY,  JR.,  J.,  Raising  mushrooms  in  a  cellar:     Rhodora,  Vol.  3,  p.  57. 

TRELEASE,  WM.,  Edible  and  poisonous  mushrooms:  Missouri  State  Hort. 
Soc.  Rep.,   1900,  p.  224. 

UNDERWOOD,  L.  N.,  Edible  Fungi — A  great  vegetable  food  in  Indiana: 
Trans.  Ind.  Hort.  Soc,  1893,  p.  62.  Edible  Fungi:  Alabama  Agr.  Exp. 
Sta.  Bull.  73,  p.  337.  Suggestions  to  collectors  of  fleshy  fungi:  Ala.  Agr. 
Exp.  Sta.  Bull.  80,  p.  271. 

VIERMEYER,  T.  J.,  The  Mvcogone  disease  of  mushrooms  and  its  control: 
U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.  Bull.  No.  127,  1915. 

WEBSTER,  HOLLIS,   See  Rhodora,  Vols.   1,  2,  4. 

WEEMS  AND  HESS,  A  study  of  the  food  value  of  some  of  the  edible  fungi 
of  Ames,  Iowa:      Proceed.  la.  Soc.  Prom.  Agr.  Sci.,  1902,  p.  105. 

WILLIAMS,  E.  M.,  Common  edible  and  poisonous  Amanitas:  Asa  Gray 
Bull.  Vol.  6,  p.  80. 

WINDISCH,  E.,  Mushroom  culture  on  an  extensive  scale,  1897. 

WINDOR,   D.  K.,  The  Mushrooms  of  Canada,   1871    (a  little  primer). 

ZEGA,  A.,  Composition  of  some  edible  Fungi:  Chem.  Zeitung,  Vol.  26,  p. 
10,  1902.  Mushrooms  as  food:  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmer's  Bull.  79.  Analy- 
ses of  mushrooms:  N.  Y.  State  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rep.  1894,  p.  134.  Prelimin- 
ary list  of  the  edible  fungi  of  Ohio:     Ohio  State  Univ.  Bull.  4,  p.  30. 

(e)     on  mushroom  poisoning 

BY    0.    E.    FISCHER,    M.    D. 

1.  Ford  &  Clark — A  Consideration  of  the  properties  of  poisonous  fungi: 

Mycologia,   July,   1914,  Vol.  VI,   No.   4. 

2.  Bagnall — Mushroom   poisoning,   with   atypical    cases:      Boston    Med.    & 

Surg.  Jour.,  July  16,  1914. 

3.  Ford — A  clin.  study  of  mushroom  intoxication:      Johns  Hopkins  Hosp. 

Bull.,   Vol.   18,   1907. 

4.  Gillot — Etude  med.   sur.   I'empoisonement  par   les   Champignons,   Lyon, 

1900. 

5.  Plowright— Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  Sept.  9,  1905,  Vol.  II,  p.  541. 

6.  Pfromm— Med.   Bull.   Phila.,   Nov.,   1905,   p.   401. 

7.  Murrill — Poisonous  mushrooms:    Mycologia,  Nov.,  1910,  p.  255. 

8.  Mycol.  Bull.,  Vol.  VI,  No.  86,  Feb.,  1908,  quoted  from  0.  E.  Jennings  in 

Jour,   of  Mycol.,    Sept.,   1907. 
9     Barr — Letter.  Kindness  of  Minneapolis  Mycol.  Club. 

10.  Schuerer — Kasuistischer    Beitrag   zur   Kenntniss    der    Pilzvergiftungen: 

Deut.  Med.  Woch.   Schr.  XXXVIII,   No.   12,  Mar.   21,   1912. 

11.  Hockauf — Zur  Kritik  der  Pilzvergiftungen:      Wien   Klin    Woch.    Schr., 

1904,  p.   731. 

12.  Maass — Berl.  Klin.  Woch.,  June  26,  1905,  p.  814. 

13.  Ford— Jour.  Infect.  Dis.,  Vol.  5,  1908,  p.  116. 

14.  Jour.  A.  M.  A.— Vol.  LX,  1913,  p.  1154. 

15.  Abel  &  Ford — Arch.  f.  Exper.  Path.  u.  Pharm.  Schmiedeberg  Festschrift, 

1908,  p.  8. 

16.  Frey— Zeit  Sch.  Klin.  Med.,  1912,  p.  455. 

17.  Same  as  No.  7. 

18.  Ford— Jour.  Inf.  Dis.,  1906,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  191. 

19.  Abel  &  Ford — Poisons  of  Amanita  phalloides:     Jour.    Biol.    Chem.,  Vol. 

II,  1907,  p.  273. 

20.  Schlesinger  &  Ford — Chem.  Prop,  of  A.  phal.:     same  as  above,  Vol.  Ill, 

1907.  p.  279. 

21.  Ford  &  Prouty — Note  on  Amanita-toxin:  Jour.  Pharm.  &  Exp.  Ther.,  Vol. 

I,  1907,  p.  389. 

22.  Ford — Distribution    of    hemolysins,    agglutinins     &     poisons     in     fungi: 

Jour.  Pharm.  &  Exper.  Ther.,  Vol.  II,    1910,  p.  285. 


872  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

23.  Coville— Observations   on   recent   cases   of  mushroom   poisoning   in   the 

District  of  Columbia:      Circ.  13,  Div.  of  Botany,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul- 
ture, 1898. 

24.  Prentiss— Phil.    Med.   Jour.,    1898,    II,   p.    607. 

25.  Ford  &  Clark— Mycologia,  July,  1914,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4. 

26.  Hariiisen — Zur  Toxicologic  des   Fliegenschwammes:      Archiv.   f.   Pathol. 

u.   Pharmacol.   Schmiedeberg,   1903. 

26a.  Ibid  — .     Bd.   50,   p.   361,   1903. 

27.  Michael — Fiihrer  fiir  Pilzefreunde.     Zwickau,   Sa.,   1903. 

28.  Kennan— Tent  Life  in  Siberia,  New  Ed.,  1910,  p.  198. 

29.  Sumstine— Mycol.   Bull.,   Vol.    IV,   56,   Apr.,    1906. 

30.  Tappeiner— Munch.  Med.,  Wochenschr,  Feb.  12,  1895,  p.  133,  J.  42,  No.  7. 

31.  Ford  &  Brush — Note  on  properties  of  fungi  from  France:    Jour.  Pharm. 

&  Exp.  Ther.,  Vol.  6,  No.  2,  Nov.,  1914. 

32.  Same — Action  of  Amanitas  upon  the  frog's  heart.     Same  as  above. 

33.  Blount — A  personal  experience  with  mushroom  poisoning,  Med.  Record, 

Nov.  23,  1901,  p.  815. 

34.  Chestnut— Asa  Gray  Bull.,  Oct.,  1900. 

35.  Webster— Rhodora,  Jan.,   1915,   Vol.    17,  p.   30. 

36.  Farlow — Poisoning  by  Ag.  illudens:   Rhodora,  March,  1899,  p.  43. 

37.  Clark  &  Smith — Toxicological  studies  on  Clit.  iUiulcns  &  Inocyhe  inflda: 

Mycologia,  1913,  p.  224. 

38.  Mcllvaine  &  Macadam — One  thousand  American  fungi.     Revised  Ed. 

39.  Peck— Report  of  State  Botanist,  1911,  N.  Y.,  Bull.  157. 

40.  Ford  &  Sherrick— Jour.  Pharmac  &  Exp.,  Ther.,  1911,  II,  p.  549. 

41.  Same — On  Clit.  sudorifica,  etc.,  etc.     Same  as  above,  Vol.  IV,  1913,  p.  321. 

42.  Peck— As  above,  Bull.  150,  p.  44. 

43.  Rabe— Zeitscher.  f.  exp.  Phar.  u.  Ther.,  Sept.,  1911,  p.  352. 

44.  Bull.  Soc.  Mycol.,  de  France,  1906,  p.  22. 

45.  Goldman — Agaricus  torviinosus:  Wien.  Klin.  Wochenschr,  Mar.  21,  1901. 

46.  Sartory — Les  empois.   par  les  Cham.,    (Etc.,   1912)    Paris,   1912. 

47.  Murrill — A   new  poisonous  mushroom:      Mycologia,   1909,  p.   211. 

48.  Clark  &  Kantor — Toxicological   experiments   with    higher    fungi:      My- 

cologia, 1911,  p.  175. 

50.  P^'ord — Further  observations  on  fungi:    Journ.  Pharm.  &  Exp.  Ther.,  Vol. 

VI,  No.   2.   Nov.,   1914. 

51.  Bull.  Soc.  Mycol.  de  France,  1912,  p.  28. 

52.  Same — 1909,  p.  25  and  1906,  p.  22. 

53.  Jour.  A.  M.   A.,   LXI,  p.   1388. 

54.  Peck  Report,  1895,  p.  212.     Same,  1901,  p.  961. 

55.  Clark  &  Smith— Mycologia,  1913,  p.  224. 

56.  Von  Wedekind— Med.  Record,  Dec.  25,  1897,  p.  919. 

57.  Step — Toadstools  &  mushrooms  of  the   (British)    country  side. 

58.  Dearness — The  personal  factor  in  mushroom  poisoning:     Mycologia,  Vol. 

3,  1911,  p.  75. 

59.  Collins— Rhodora.  Vol.  I,  No.  2,  Feb.,  1899,  p.  21. 

60.  Hockauf— Wien.  Klin.  Wochenschr,  1905,  p.  1058. 

(P)       MONOGRArHS_,    ETC.^   ARRANGED    BY    GENERA 

AGARICUS.     (See  Psalliota). 

AMANITA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  33,  p.  38,  1880.  Lloyd,  compilation 
of  the  Volvae  of  U.  S.,  p.  2,  1898.  Boudier,  Obs.  sur. — especes 
d'Amanitas,  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Mycol.  de  France,  Vol.  18,  p.  251, 
1902.  Quelet  et  Bataille,  Flora  Monographic  des  Amanites  et 
das  Lepiotas,  Paris,  1902.  Beardslee,  Notes  on  the  Amanitas 
of  the  Southern  Appalachians,  Lloyd's  Mycological  Notes,  Vol. 
I.  See  also:  Fries,  Saccardo,  Gillet,  Bresadola,  Barla,  Steven- 
son,  Massee,   Atkinson,   Mcllvaine,    Morgan,   Ricken,   etc. 

AMANITOPSIS.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  33,  p.  38  (under  Amanita). 
Lloyd,  compilation  of  Volvae  of  U.  S.,  p.  8,  1898.  Quelet  et 
Bataille,  Flore  monographic  des  Amanites  et  des  Lepiotas,  p. 
42,  1902,  (under  , Amanita).  See  also:  Fries,  Saccardo,  etc. 
(under  Amanita  in  the  older  books). 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  873 

ANNULARIA.      (See   Chamaeota. ) 

ARMILLARIA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  43  (Bot.  ed.),  p.  44,  1899.  See 
also:  McIIvaine,  Morgan,  Fries,  Saccardo,  Stevenson,  Bresa- 
dola,  Gillet.  Stevenson,  Barla,  etc. 

BOLBITIUS.     See  Fries,  Gillet,  Ricken,  etc. 

CANTHERELLUS.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  2  (Bot.  ed.),  p.  34,  1887. 
See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries,  Gillet,  Stevenson,  Ricken,  Morgan, 
Moffatt,  McIIvaine,  etc. 

CLAUDOPUS.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  39,  p.  67,  1886.  See  also:  Sac- 
cardo, Fries,  Gillet,  Massee,  Stevenson,  Ricken,  Patouillard, 
etc. 

CLITOCYBE.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  157,  (Bot.  ed.),  p.  59,  1912.  See 
also:  Barla,  McIIvaine,  Lloyd,  Saccardo,  Fries,  Bresadola,  Gil- 
let,   Stevenson,   Massee,   Morgan,   Moffatt,   etc. 

CLITOPILUS.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  42,  (Bot.  ed.),  p.  39,  1880.  See 
also:  Saccardo,  Fries,  Gillet,  Stevenson,  Massee,  McIIvaine, 
Morgan,  etc. 

COLLYBIA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  49,  p.  32  (Bot.  ed.),  1896,  Lloyd, 
Mycolog.  Notes,  Vol.  I,  p.  33.  1900.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries, 
Gillet,   Stevenson,  Massee,  Ricken,  McIIvaine,  Moffatt,  etc. 

COPRINUS.  Massee,  Revision  of  the  Genus  Coprinus:  Ann.  Bot.,  Vol.  10,  p. 
123,  1896.  Daniels,  E.  A.,  Coprinus:  Boston  Mycolog.  Club 
Bull.  No.  15  and  16.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries,  Stevenson, 
Patouillard,  Massee,  Gillet,  Ricken,  Atkinson,  Peck's  Reports, 
Moffatt,  etc. 

CORTINARIUS.  Fries,  Monographia  Cortinariorum  Sueciae.  Upsala,  1851. 
Bataille.  Flore  Monograpliigue  des  Cortinaires  d'Europe, 
Besancon,  1911.  Kauffman,  The  Genus  Cortinarius,  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club,  Vol.  32,  pp.  301,  1905;  The  Genus  Cortinarius  with 
Key  to  Species,  Jour.  Mycol.,  Vol.  13,  p.  32,  1907;  Cortinarius 
as  a  Mycorhiza-producing  Fungus,  Bot.  Gaz.,  Vol.  42,  p.  208, 
1906.  Earle,  A  Key  to  the  North  American  Species  of  Cor- 
tinarius, Torreya,  Vol.  2,  pp.  169  and  180.  Britzelmayer,  M., 
Revision  der  Diagnosen  zu  den  von  Britzelmayr  aufgestellten 
Hymenomyceten-arten,  Bot.  Centralblatt,  Vol.  73,  p.  129,  169 
and  203,  1898.  Maire,  R..  Notes  critiques  *  *  *  *  Bui.  de  la 
Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  27,  p.  423,  1911;  Notes  critiques  *  *  * 
ibid.  Vol.  26,  p.  176,  1910.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Gillet,  Quelet, 
Stevenson,  Massee,  Ricken,  Boudier,  Karsten,  Michael,  Peck 
(N.  Y.  State  Reports)  Hard,  etc. 

CREPIDOTUS.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  39,  p.  69,  1886.  See  also: 
Saccardo,  Fries,  Gillet,  Patouillard,  Ricken,  Massee,  Steven- 
son, Moffatt,  etc. 

DECONICA.     See  Psilocybe. 

ECCILIA.  See:    Saccardo,  Fries,  Ricken,  Moffatt,  Peck's  Reports,  Atkin- 

son  (Preliminary  Notes  on  Some  New  Species:     Jour.  Mycol., 
Vol.  8,  p.  113,  1902),  etc. 

ENTOLOMA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  131,  p.  47,  1909.  See  also:  Sac- 
cardo, Fries,  Gillet,  Stevenson,  Ricken,  McIIvaine,  Hard,  At- 
kinson,  Moffatt,   Morgan,    Davis,   etc. 

FLAMMULA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  Mus.  Rep.  50,  p.  133,  1897.  See  also:  Saccardo, 
Fries,  Gillet,  Stevenson,  Ricken,  Atkinson,  Moffat,  etc. 

GALERA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  46,  p.  61,  (Bot.  ed.)  1893.  See  also: 
Saccardo,  Fries,  Gillet,  Ricken,  Stevenson,  etc. 

GOMPHIDIUS.     See:    Saccardo,  Fries,  Ricken,  Peck's  Reports,  etc. 

HEBELOMA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  139,  p.  67  (Bot.  ed.),  1910.  See 
also:    Saccardo,  Fries,  Ricken,  Stevenson,  Massee,  etc. 

HYGROPHORUS.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  116,  p.  45,  (Bot.  ed.),  1907. 
Bataille,  Flora  Monographique  des  Hygrophores,  Besancon, 
1910.  See  also:  Saccardo.  Fries,  Gillet,  Schroeter,  Ricken, 
Stevenson,  Massee,  Hard,  McIIvaine,  Atkinson,  Moffat,  Davis, 
etc. 


S74 


THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 


INOCYBE. 


LACTARIUS. 


LENTINUS. 


LEPIOTA. 


Atkinson,     Moffatt, 


Jour. 


HYPHOLOMA.  Peck.  X.  Y.  State  Miis.  Bull.  150,  p.  73  (Bot.  ed.),  1911. 
Harper,  Species  of  Hypholonia  *  *  *  *  Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci. 
Arts,  and  Let.,  Vol.  17,  p.  1142,  1914.  Morgan,  North  American 
Species  of  Agaricaceae;  Hypholonia,  Jour.  Myc,  Vol.  14,  p. 
27,  1908.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries,  Ricken,  Atkinson,  Mof- 
fatt,  etc. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  139,  p.  48  (Bot.  ed.),  1910.  Massee, 
Monograph  of  the  Genus  Inocybe,  Ann.  Bot.,  Vol.  18,  p.  459, 
1904.  Bresadola,  Fungi  Tridentini.  See  also:  Patouillard, 
Saccardo,  Gillet,  Ricken,  Hard,  Moffatt,  Davis,  etc. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  38,  p.  Ill,  1885.  Burlingham, 
Lactariae  of  the  United  States,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  Vol. 
14,  p.  1,  1908.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries,  Gillet,  Bresadola, 
Ricken,  Massee,  Stevenson,  Mcllvaine,  Hard,  Atkinson,  Moffat, 
Morgan,  Michael,  etc. 

Peck.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  131,  p.  42,  1909.  See  also:  Sac- 
cardo, Fries,  Stevenson,  Bresadola,  Patouillard,  Mcllvaine, 
Hard,  Moffat,  etc. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  35,  p.  150,  1884.  Quelet  et  Bataille, 
Flore  Monographique  des  Amanites  et  des  Lt-piotes,  Paris, 
1902.  Morgan,  North  American  Species  of  Lepiota:  Jour. 
Myc,  Vol.  12,  p.  154,  195  and  242,  1906;  Vol.  13,  p.  1,  1907. 
Lloyd,  Myc.  Notes,  Vol.  I,  p.  4,  1898.  Beardslee,  The  Lepiotas 
of  Sweden:  Jour.  Myc.  Vol.  13,  p.  26,  1907.  See  also:  Sac- 
cardo, Fries,  Gillet,  Barla,  Bresadola,  Ricken,  Schroeter, 
Stevenson,  Massee,  Mcllvaine,  Hard, 
Michael,  etc. 

LEPTONIA.     See:     Saccardo.  Ricken,  Stevenson,  etc. 

MARASMIUS.      Morgan,    North    American    Species     of     Marasmius: 

Mycol.,  Vol.  II,  p.  201,  1905.  Pennington,  N.  Y.  State  Mus. 
Bull.,  1915.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries.  Stevenson,  Massee, 
Patouillard,  Ricken,  Hard,  Moffatt,  etc. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  p.  80  (Bot.  ed.)  1872.  See  also: 
Saccardo,  Fries,  Massee,  Stevenson,  Gillet,  Ricken,  Bresadola, 
Patouillard,  Atkinson,   Hard,  Moffatt,  etc. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  p.  91  (Bot.  ed.),  1872.     See  also: 
Saccardo,  Fries,  Ricken,  Moffat,  etc. 
See:     Saccardo,  Fries,  Gillet,  Ricken,  Stevenson,  etc. 
Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  45,  p.  32,  (Bot.  ed.),  1893.  See  also: 
Saccardo,  Fries,  Stevenson,  Ricken.  Patouillard,  Hard,  Moffat, 
etc. 

Morgan,  North  American  Species  of  Agaricaceae;  Panoeolus: 
Jour.  Myc,  Vol.  13,  p.  59.  1907.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries, 
Ricken,  Atkinson,  Hard,'  Peck's  Reports,  etc. 
Forster.  Agarics  of  United  States  Panus:  Jour.  Mycol.,  Vol.  4, 
p.  21,  1888.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries,  Stevenson,  Mcllvaine, 
Hard,  etc. 

See  Atkinson,  Hard,  Saccardo,  etc. 

Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  122.  p.  141.  1908.  Harper.  Species 
of  Pholiota  *  *  *  *  Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Arts  and  Let.,  Vol. 
17,  p.  470.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries,  Gillet,  Ricken,  Hard, 
Atkinson,  Mcllvaine,  Moffat,  etc. 

PLEUROTUS.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  39,  p.  58,  1886.  Webster,  Bull. 
Boston  Myc.  Club,  No.  8,  1898.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries, 
Gillet,  Stevenson,  Massee,  Ricken,  Patouillard,  Atkinson,  Mc- 
llvaine, Hard,  Moffatt,  etc. 

PLUTEOLUS.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  46,  p.  58,  1893.  See  also: 
Saccardo. 

PLUTEUS.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  38,  p.  133,  1885.  Lloyd,  Myc  Notes, 
Vol.  I.  p.  12.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries,  Stevenson,  Ricken, 
Patouillard,  Atkinson,  Hard,  etc. 

PSALLIOTA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  36,  p.  41,  1884.  Smith,  Rhodora, 
Vol.  1,  p.  161.     Lloyd,  Myc  Notes,  Vol.  1,  p.  25,  1899.     (These 


MYCENA. 


NAUCORIA. 

NOLANEA. 
OMPHALIA. 


PANOEOLUS. 


PANUS. 


PAXILLUS. 
PHOLIOTA. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  875 

are  given  as  Agaricus.)  See  also:  (under  Agaricus),  Sac- 
cardo,  Fries.  Gillet,  Ricken,  Stevenson,  Atkinson,  Mcllvaine, 
Hard,  Moffatt,  etc. 

PSATHYRA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  150,  p.  84  (Bot.  ed.),  1911.  Morgan, 
Jour.  Myc,  Vol.  13,  p.  147,  1907.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries, 
Ricken,  etc. 

PSATHYRELLA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Rep.  23,  p.  102  (Bot.  ed.),  1872. 
Morgan,  Jour.  Myc,  Vol.  13,  p.  54,  1907.  See  also:  Saccardo, 
Fries,  Ricken,  etc. 

PSILOCYBE.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  157,  p.  94  (Bot.  ed.),  1912.  Mor- 
gan, Jour.  Myc,  Vol.  13,-  p.  246,  1907.  See  also:  Saccardo, 
Fries,  Ricken,  etc. 

RUSSULA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  116,  p.  67,  1907.  Kauffman,  C.  H., 
Mich.  Acad.  Sci.  Rep.  11,  p.  57,  1909;  Ibid,  Rep.  13,  p.  220, 
1911.  Kaufmann,  F.,  Die  bei  Elbing  gefundenen  essbaren  u. 
giftigen  Tiiublinge  (Russula) :  Schriften  der  Naturforschen- 
den  Ges.  in  Danzig,  N.  F.,  Vol.  8,  p.  21,  1894.  Maire,  Les 
bases  de  la  classification  dans  le  genre  Russula,  Bull,  de  la 
Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  26,  p.  49,  1910.  Notes  critiques 
*  *  *  *  Ibid.,  p.  167.  Peltereaux,  Etudes  et  Observations  sur 
les  Russules:  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Myc.  de  France,  Vol.  24,  p.  95, 
1908.  Battaille,  Flore  monographique  des  Asterospores,  1907. 
Barbier,  Encore  les  Russules:  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Myc.  de  France, 
Vol.  24,  p.  230,  1908.  Romell,  Lindblads  Svampbok,  p.  62. 
Hymenomycetes  of  Lapland:  Arkiv  f'nr  Botanik,  Vol.  II,  No.  3, 
p.  5,  footnotes.  Denniston,  Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Arts  & 
Let.,  Vol.  15,  p.  71.  Macadam,  Jour.  Mycol.,  Vol.  5,  p.  58 
and  135,  1889.  See  also:  Saccardo,  Fries,  Gillet,  Quelet, 
Massee,   Stevenson,  Ricken,   Mcllvaine,   Burlingham,   etc. 

STROPHARIA.  Harper,  Species  *  *  *  *  in  the  Region  of  the  Great  Lakes: 
Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Arts  and  Let.,  Vol.  17,  p.  1014,  1913, 
Morgan,  North  American  Species  of  Agaricaceae:  Jour.  Myc, 
Vol.  14,  p.  57,  1908.  See  also:  Peck's  Reports,  Saccardo, 
Fries,  Gillet,   Stevenson,  Ricken,  Hard,  Atkinson,  etc. 

TRICHOLOMA.  Peck,  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Rep.  44,  p.  150,  1891.  See  also: 
Saccardo,  Fries,  Gillet,  Barla,  Ricken,  Stevenson,  Massee,  Mc- 
llvaine,  Hard,  Moffatt,   Morgan,   etc. 

TUBARIA.     See:     Saccardo,  Fries,  Stevenson,  etc. 

VOLVARIA.  Lloyd,  Volvae  of  United  States,  p.  10,  1898.  See  also:  Sac- 
cardo, Fries,  Patouillard,   Ricken,  Peck's  Reports,   Hard,   etc. 


AUTHORITIES  AND  ABBREVIATIONS 

The  binomial  botauital  name  of  each  plant  is  followed  by  an  ab- 
breviation, e.  g.  Fr.,  which  refers  to  the  person  who  named  the 
species.  According  to  the  rnle  established  by  the  International 
Congress  at  Brnssels  in  1910,  no  names  are  to  be  considered  valid 
in  the  case  of  the  Agarics,  earlier  than  those  pnblished  iu  the 
Systema  Mycologica  of  Fries,  1821-1832.  In  case  the  name  was 
used  for  the  same  species  by  someone  before  Fries,  reference  may 
be  made  to  it  thns:    Fr.  (ex.  Pers.). 

AUTHORS   OF   AGARICS 

A.  &  S Albertini  and  Schweinitz. 

Atk Atkinson,   Geo.   F.    (U.    S.). 

B.  &  C Berkeley  and  Curtis. 

B.  &  Br Berkeley  and  Broome. 

Bann Banning,  Mary  E.   (U.  S.). 

Barla Barla,  J.  B.   (France). 

Batsch Batsch,  Augustus    (German). 

Beards *Beardslee,  H.  C.    (U.  S.). 

Berk Berkeley,  Rev.  J.  M.   (England). 

Bolt Bolton,  James   (Canada). 

Bond *Boudier,  E.   (France) . 

Bosc , Bosc,  Louis    (U.  S.). 

Bres *Bresadola,  Abbe  J.    (Austria) . 

Britz *Britzelmayr,  Max   (Germany). 

Bull Bulliard,   Pierre    (France) . 

Burl *Burlingliam,  Gertrude  S.    (U.  S.). 

Cke Cooke,  M.  C.    (England). 

Clem *Clements,  F.  C.   (U.  S.). 

Curt Curtis,  Rev.  M.  A.  (U.  S.). 

D.  C DeCandolle,  Augustin  P.   (Switzerland). 

E.  &  E Ellis  and  Everhart. 

Earle *Earle,  F.   S.    (U.   S.). 

Ell Ellis,  J.  B.    (U.  S.). 

Fr Fries,  Elias  Magnus    ( Sweden ) . 

Frost Frost,  Charles  C.   (U.  S.). 

Gill Gillet,  C.  C.  (France). 

Henn Hennings,  Paul  (Germany). 

Herbst Herbst,  Wm.   (U.  S.). 

Kalchb Kalchbreuner,   Karoly    (Hungary). 

Karst , *Karsten,  P.  A.  (Finland). 

Kauff *Kauffman,  C.  H.  (U.  S.). 

Kromb Krombholz     (Germany). 

L.  or  Linn Linneaus,  Carl  von   (Sweden). 

Lev Leveille,  Joseph  H.  (France).  ' 

Lindb Lindblad,  M.  A.   ( Sweden ) . 

Lloyd *Lloyd,  C.  G.  (U.  S.) . 

Longyear *Longyear,  B.  O.  (U.  S.). 

Maire *Maire,  Rene   (France). 


AUTHORITIES  AND  ABBREVIATIONS  877 

Mass Massee,  Geo.    ( England ) . 

Mont Montagne,   Camille    (Prance). 

Morg Morgan,  A.  P.  ( U.  S. ) . 

Murr *Murrill,  Wm.  E.    (U.   S.). 

Pat *Patouillarcl,  N.    (France). 

Pers Persoon,  Christian  Hendrick  (Europe). 

Pk Peck,  Cliarles  Horton    (U.  S.). 

Q.  &  S Quelet  and  Schulzer. 

Quel Quelet,  L.   (France). 

Rav Ravenel,  W.  H.    (U.   S.). 

Ricken *Ricken,   Rev.  Adelbert    (Germany). 

Rom *Romell,   Lars    ( Sweden ) . 

Roze Roze,    Ernest    ( France ) . 

Sacc *Saccardo,  P.  A.    (Italy). 

Schaeff Schaeffer,  Jacobi  C.   (Germany). 

Schroet Schroeter,  Julius    (Germany). 

Schw Schweinitz,  Rev.  Louis  David  de  (U.  S.). 

Schulz Schulzer,  von  Muggenberg    (Europe). 

Scop Scopoli,  Giovanni  A.   (Italy). 

Sec Secretan    ( Switzerland ) . 

Smith Smith,   W.   G.    (England ) . 

Sow SoAverby,  James    (England). 

Vahl Vahl,  Martin    (Norway). 

Vitt Vittadini,  Carlo     (Italy). 

Those  names  which  are  starred  are  living  mycologists. 


MISCELLANEOUS    ABBREVIATIONS 

Acad Academy. 

Bot Botanical. 

Bull Bulletin ;   a  publication. 

Cab Cabinet. 

Cm Centimetre. 

Fig Figure,  referring  to  an  illustration. 

Gaz Gazette. 

Hist History. 

Jour Journal. 

Mem Memoir,  a  publication. 

Micr Micron,  one  thousandth  of  a  millimeter. 

Mm Millimetre. 

Mus Museum. 

Myc Mycology,   Mycological. 

Nat Natural,    Nature. 

No Number  of  a  figure  or  plate. 

Op Opposite    ( page ) . 

p Page. 

PI Plate;  referring  to  illustration. 

Rep Report ;  a  publication. 

Ridg Ridgway's  Color  Standards.  1912. 

Sci Science. 

Soc Society. 

Sp.  nov.  .New  Species;  described  for  first  time  by  the  writer. 
Var Variety. 


GLOSSARY 

ABERRANT,  differing  from  a  certain  species,  genus,  etc,  in  some 

respects,  but  not  easily  placed  in  another  species,  genus,  etc. 
ABNORMAL,  (of  a  specimen),  not  properly  developed. 
ABORTIVE,  (of  a  fruit-body  or  its  parts),  not  perfect  or  entirely 

lacking. 
ABRUPT,  (of  a  stem),  terminating  suddenly. 

ABRUPTLY-BULBOUS,  (of  the  bulb  of  a  stem),  not  rounded  above. 
ACICULAR,  (of  a  stem  or  cystidia),  bristle-shaped,  very  slender. 
ACICULATE,  same  as  acicular. 
ACRID,   (of  the  taste  of  a  mushroom  or  its  juices),  biting  on  the 

tongue. 
ACUMINATE,    (of  cystidia,  or  the  ends  of  a  lamella),  gradually 

narrowed  to  a  point. 
ACUTE,  (of  cystidia  or  the  edge  of  the  gills),  pointed;  less  than  a 

right-angle;  sharp-edged;  not  prolonged. 
ADNATE,  (of  gills),  see  Fig.  1,  2;  also  (of  the  pellicle,  scales,  etc.), 

not  capable  of  being  peeled  off  or  easily  detached. 
ADNEXED,  (of  gills),  see  Fig.  1,  4,  narrowly  attached  to  the  stem. 
AFFINITY,   (of  a  species,  genus,  etc.),  closely  related  by  natural 

characters. 
AERUGINOSE,  (color),  verdigris-green. 
AERUGINOUS,  same  as  aeruginose. 
AGGLUTINATE,    (of  fibrils,  hairs,  etc.),  as  if  glued  together  in 

tufts. 
AGGREGATE,  crowded  close  together. 
ALLANTOID,  (of  spores),  sausage-shaped. 
ALLIACEOUS,  (odor) ,  like  onions  or  garlic. 

ALUTACEOUS,  (color),  light  leather  colored;  isabelline;  pale  tan. 
ALVEOLATE,  (of  the  surface  of  pileus  or  stem),  deeply  pitted. 
AMBIGUOUS,  (of  a  species,  genus,  etc.),  doubtful  as  to  its  place 

in  classification. 
AMYGDALINE,  (odor  or  taste),  like  that  of  peach  or  cherry  stones, 

cherry-bark,  etc. 
ANALOGOUS,  similar  in  form,  structure  or  appearance,  but  not 

necessarily  related  to. 
ANASTOMOSING,    (of   gills,    ridges,    wrinkles,    etc.),    connecting 

crosswise,  so  as  to  form  angular  areas  or  pits  bounded  b}'  the  con- 
necting gills,  etc. 


880  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

AXOrLAK.   (of  spores).  iit»i  rofnilav  in  ontline,  not  rounded;   (of 

scales  or  piU'iisi,  wlicn  t'oriiuMl  l»_v  cracking  of  cuticle,  etc. 
ANNT'LATIO,  (of  stcnn.  bearing;  an  annulus. 
ANNI'LAK.  (of  remains  of  veil  on  stem),  resembling  a  ring. 
AXNT'Lrs.  llic  encircling  band  or  curtain  on  tlie  stem,  resulting 

from  the  loosening  of  the  inner  veil  from  the  margin  of  the  pileus. 

See  Fig.  2,  5. 
ANOMALOUS,  deviating  from  the  general  rule. 
AXTEKIOK.   (of  gills),  the  end  of  the  gills  at  the  margin  of  the 

])i]eus :  in  front. 
A1*ICAL,  (of  stem),  the  portion  near  the  pileus;  referring  to  the 

apex. 
APICULUS,  (of  spores  I,  the  short,  often  sharp  papilla  at  one  end 

of  a  spore,  by  which  it  was  attaclied  to  tlie  sterigma. 
APICULATE.  provided  with  an  apiculus. 
APPEXDICULATE,   (of  margin  of  pileus),  hung  with  fragments 

of  the  veil. 
APl'LANATE,  (of  pileus),  flattened  out  or  horizontally  expanded. 
Al'PRESSED,  (of  scales,  fibrils,  hairs,  etc.),  closely  flattened  down; 

same  as  adpressed. 
APPROXIMATE,  (of  gills),  free  from  but  approaching  the  stem- 

closely ;  not  remote. 
ARACHNOID,   (of  the  partial  veili.  cobweb-like. 
ARCUATE,  (of  gills  or  margin  of  pileus),  curved  like  a  bow. 
ARCUATE-DECURRENT,  (of  gillsl,  extending  down  the  stem. 
AREOLATE,  (of  surface  of  pileus  or  stem),  arranged  in  little  areas. 
ARGILLACEOUS,   (color),  clay  color,  resembling  ochraceous-cina- 

mon-brown. 
ARID,  (of  gills),  dry,  somewhat  parchment-like. 
AROMATIC,  (odor),  of  an  agTceable  aroma,  reminding  of  drugs. 
ASCENDING,  (of  gills  i,  in  the  case  of  a  conical-shaped  or  unex- 

panded  pileus. 
ASTRINGENT,     (taste),    causing    more    or    less    contraction    or 

"l)ucker"  of  mouth  membranes. 
ATOM  ATE,  (surface  of  pileus  or  stem),  covered  with  minute,  shin- 
ing, point-like  jiarticles. 
ATTENUATE,  (of  stem),  gradually  narrowed  and  thinner. 
AURANTIACOUS,  (color),  of  an  orange  color.  ' 
AUREOUS,  (color),  golden-yellow,  reddish-yellow. 
AXIS,  (of  stem),  the  central,  interior  portion. 
AZONATE.  (of  surface  of  pileus),  not  zoned. 
BASAL,  (of  stem),  at  the  lower  end. 


GLOSSARY  881 

BASIDIOMYCETES,  see  page  26. 

BASIDIUM,    (of  gills j,  one  of  the  large  cells  which  collectively 

.compose  the  hymenium  and  which  bear  each  four  spores. 
BEADED,  (of  gills),  applied  to  the  row  of  drops  exuding  from  the 

edge  of  gills. 
BEHIND,  (of  gills),  toward  the  stem. 
BI — ,  of  two,  or  twice. 

BIBULOUS,  (of  surface  of  pileus),  capable  of  absorbing  moisture. 
BIFUECATE,  (of  gills),  forking  by  two's. 
BISTRE,  (color),  blackish-brown. 
BIOLOGY,  the  science  of  living  organisms. 
BIOLOGICAL,  concerning  the  life  of  plants  or  animals. 
BLOOM,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  a  minutely  velvety  surface. 
BROAD,  (of  gills),  a  relative  term,  opposed  to  narrow;  determined 

by  experience. 
BUFF,  (color),  pale  creamy-gray. 

BULBOUS,  (of  stem),  enlarged  at  base.     (See  also  ''abruptly-bul- 
bous'', clavate-bulbous  and  round-bulbous.) 
BULBILLATE,  (of  stem),  provided  with  a  small  or  obscure  bulb. 
BULLATE,  (of  pileus),  with  a  rounded  knob. 
BYSSOID,  (of  mycelium),  the  condition  when  fine  filaments  spread 

from  the  base  of  the  stem  or  fruit-body  over  the  substratum. 
CAESIOUS,   (color),  pale  bluish-gray. 

CAESPITOSE,  aggregated  in  tufts  but  not  grown  together. 
CAMPANULATE,  (of  pileus),  bell-shaped  or  similar. 
CANALICULATE,  (of  stem) ,  furrowed  or  fluted. 
CANDIDOUS,  (color),  shining-white. 
CANESCENT,  (surface),  covered  with  hoary  down. 
CAP,  the  pileus. 

CAPILLARY,  (of  stem),  hair-like. 

CAPITATE,  (of  cystidia),  with  a  minute  knob  at  the  tapering  apex. 
CARBONACEOUS,  (of  tissue),  of  the  texture  of  charcoal. 
CARINATE,  (of  spores),  furnished  with  a  keel,  boat-shaped. 
CARNEOUS,  (of  trama),  fleshy. 
CARTILAGINOUS,    (of  stem,   cortex    or    cuticle),    tough-brittle. 

breaking  with  a  snap. 
CAULICOLOUS,  growing  on  herbaceous  stems. 
CELL,    (of  fungi),  the  living,  protoplasmic  units  into  which  the 

mycelium  and  hyphae  are  divided. 

CERACEOUS,  waxv. 

CEREBROSE,   (of  surface  of  pileus),  convoluted  like  a  brain. 

CHLAMYDOSPORES,  (see  secondary  spores),  thick-walled  spores 

developed  from  hyphae  but  not  on  basidia. 
Ill 


882  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

CINEREOUS,  (color),  ashy-gray. 

CINXABAK,  (color),  vermillion,  red. 

CI X NATION,  (color),  ciunaniou-brown. 

CIKCUMSCISSILE.   (of  volvai.     Sec  page  593. 

CITHINE,  lemon-yellow. 

CLA\'ATE,  (of  stem),  thickened  toward  base,  like  a  club;  (of 
basidia  and  cystidia),  thickened  at  apex,  club-shaped. 

CLAVATE-BULBOUS,  (of  stem),  with  a  bulb  which  tapers  gradu- 
ally upwards. 

CLAY-COLOK,  argillaceous. 

CLOSE,  (of  gills),  haltVaj'  between  crowded  and  subdistant;  a  rela- 
tive term. 

COBWEBBY,  (of  veil),  composed  of  threads  fine  as  those  of  a  cob- 
web. 

COCHLEATE,  (of  pileus),  twisted  like  a  shell. 

COERULEOUS,  (color),  sky-blue. 

COHERENT,  (of  stems),  grown  together. 

COMl'RESSED,  (of  stem),  flattened  lengthwise. 

CONCAVE, (of  pileus),  round-depressed  like  a  bowl. 

CONCENTRIC,  (of  zonation,  etc.),  rings  or  zones  within  one  an- 
other in  a  series. 

CONCHATE,  (of  pileus),  resembling  an  oyster  shell  in  shape. 

CONCOLOR,  (of  gills  and  stem),  when  of  the  same  color  as  the 
pileus. 

CONCOLOROUS,  same  as  concolor. 

CONFLUENT,  (of  flesh  of  stem),  continuous  with  trama  of  pileus 
and  of  similar  texture. 

CONGLOBATE,  (of  base  of  stems),  collected  into  a  fleshy  mass. 

CONIDIUM,  (see  secondary  spores),  thin-walled  spores  developed 
on  mycelium  or  on  the  hyphae  of  the  fruit-body. 

CONIDIA,  i)lural  of  couidium. 

CONIDIAL,  relating  to  conidia. 

CONIDIOPIIORE,  the  specialized  hypha  bearing  a  conidium. 

CONIFER,  mostly  evergreen  trees  bearing  cones. 

CONIFEROUS,  said  of  forests  or  wood  of  conifer  trees. 

CONNATE,  (of  stems),  grown  together. 

CONNIVENT,  (of  margin  of  pileus),  converging  on  the  stem. 

CONSISTENCY,  the  firmness,  density  or  solidity  of  the  tissues 
Avhich  compose  the  parts  of  the  fruit-body. 

CONTEXT,  the  trama. 

CONTINUOUS,  (of  .stem),  same  as  confluent. 

CON\'EX,  (of  pileus),  regularly  rounded,  broadly  obtuse,  etc. 


GLOSSARY  883 

CONVEXO-PLANE,     (of    pileus),    changing    from    convex    when 

younger  to  flat  when  expanded. 
CONVEX-EXPANDED,    (of  pilens),  changing    from    convex    and 

tending  towards  plane;  the  margin  often  remaining  decurved. 
CONVERGENT,  (of  trama  of  gills),  in  section  the  hyphae  are  seen 

to  tnrn  inwards  to  a  median  line. 
CON^^OLUTE,  same  as  cerebrose, 
CORIACEOUS,  of  a  leathery  texture. 
CORNEOUS,  of  a  horny  texture. 
CORRUGATE,  (sur-face),  coarsely  wrinkled. 
CORTEX,  (of  stem),  the  outer,  denser  rind. 
CORTICAL,  referring  to  the  cortex. 
CORTICATE,  possessing  a  cortex. 
CORTINA,  the  inner  or  partial  veil  in  some  genera   of  Agarics, 

the  structure  of  which  is  cobwebby. 
CORTINATE,  provided  with  a  cortina,  or  (of  stem)  covered  by  the 

threads  of  the  cortina. 
COSTATE,  (of  gills,  etc.),  veined  or  ribbed. 

COTTONY,  (of  surface),  covered  by  a  soft  cotton-like  substance. 
CRENATE,  (of  edge  of  gills  or  margin  of  pileus),  scalloped. 
CRENULATE,  very  finely  crenate. 
CRETACEOUS,  (of  color  or  consistency),  like  chalk. 
CRISPED,  (of  gills),  finely  wavy. 
CROWDED,  (of  gills),  almost  touching  one  another. 
CRUCIATE,  (of  spores) ,  having  the  general  form  of  a  cross. 
CRYPTOGAMS,  the  group  of  plants  which  reproduce  by  spores  and 

which  include  the  fungi. 
CRYPTOGAMIC,  relating  to  cryptogams. 
CUCULLATE,  (of  pileus),  shape  of  a  '^high  hat." 
CUNEATE,  (of  pileus),  wedge-shape. 
CUSPIDATE,    (of  pileus  or  cystidia),  tipped  with    a    prominent 

sharp  protuberance. 
CUTICLE,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  a  differentiated  thin  layer  of  hyphae 

on  the  surface;  same  as  pellicle. 
CYATHIFORM,    (of  pileus),   cup-shaped   or  bowl-shaped,   flaring 

above. 
CYLINDRICAL,  (of  stem  or  spores),  of  the  same  diameter  through- 
out its  length. 
CYSTIDIUM,  (of  hymenium  of  gills),  mixed  with  the  basidia  and 

usually  projecting  beyond  them;  large  sterile  cells. 
CYSTIDIA,  plural  of  cystidium. 
DECORTICATED,  of  dead  wood  destitute  of  the  bark. 


884  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

DECUMBENT,    (of  stem),  with  the  lower  end  lyiug  agaiust  the 

substratniii. 
DECUKRENT,  (of  gills),  descending  on  the  stem,  see  Fig.  1,  (3). 
DECURVEI),  (of  margin  of  pileus),  bent  down. 
DEBRIS,  the  mixture  of  fallen  leaves,  twigs,  wood,  etc..  covering 

a  forest  floor. 
DEFLEXEI),  same  as  decnrved. 
DELIQUESCENT,    (of  gills),  absorbing  water  and  dissolving  at 

maturity, 
DENTATE,  (of  gills),  toothed  on  the  edge. 
DENTICULATE,  (of  gills),  finely  dentate. 
DENUDED,   (of  pileus' and  stem),  naked  or  glabrous  by  removal 

of  the  scales,  flocci,  etc. 
DEPAUPERATE,  undeveloped  because  of  lack  of  favorable  condi- 
tions. 
DEPRESSED,  (of  pileus),  central  portion  lower  than  margin. 
DETER^kllNATE.  having  a  fixed,  definite  limit. 
DETERMINATION,  assigning  a  plant  to  its  correct  place  in  the 

classification. 
DIAGNOSIS,  a  distinctive  description  of  a  plant. 
DIAPHANOUS,  transparent  or  nearly  so. 
DICHOTOMOUS,  (of  gills),  repeatedly  forking  in  pairs. 
DIFFERENTIATED,  applied  to  portions  or  tissues    of    different 

character,  all  derived  from  a  homogeneous  tissue. 
DIFFORMED,  irregular  in  form. 
DILATED,  (of  stem),  enlarged. 
DILUTE,  (of  color),  reduced  in  strength. 
DIMIDIATE,   (of  pileus),  semicircular  in  outline,   (of  gills),  that 

reach  only  half-waj^  to  stem. 
DISK,  (of  pileus),  the  central  portion  of  the  surface, 
DISCOID,  (of  pileus),  with  a  noticeably  marked,  flattened  disk. 
DISCRETE,  (of  veil,  scales,  etc.),  separate,  not  grown  fast  to  and 

continuous  with  the  surface. 
DISTANT,  (of  gills),  set  far  apart,  especially  tow^ard  the  margin 

of  tlio  pileus;  a  relative  term. 
DIM0RO]']NT,  (of  trania  of  gills  i,  in  section,  the  hyphae  are  seen 

to  turn  outwards  from  a  median  line. 
DORSAL,  (of  pileus),  the  upper,  back  side. 
DOWNY,  (of  pileus  and  stem),  composed  of  fine  hairiness, 
DRY,  not  viscid  nor  hygrophanous. 
EBENEOUS,   (color),  black  as  ebony. 
EBURNEOUS,  (color) .  white  like  ivory. 


GLOSSARY  885 

ECCENTRIC,  (of  stemi,  not  attached  hi  the  center. 
ECHINATE,  (of  scales,  etc.),  sharply  pointed  spines. 
ECHINULATE,   (of  spores,  etc.),  with  minute  and  finely  pointed 

spines. 
ELEVATED,  (of  pileus),  raised  up  at  the  margin. 
ELLIPTICAL,    (of  spores,  young  pileus,  gills,  etc.),  longer  than 
broad,  usually  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad  and  curved  in 
outline. 
ELLIPTIC,  ELLIPSOID  and  ELLIPSOIDAL,  simUar  to  elliptical. 

EMAEGINATE,  (of  gills),  notched  near  the  stem.     See  Fig.  1,  (6). 

ENTIRE,  (of  gills),  edge  not  toothed,  etc. 

EPIDERMIS,  see  cuticle. 

EPI SPORE,  the  outer  wall  of  a  spore. 

EPIPHYTAL,  growing  on  leaves. 

EQUAL,  (of  stem),  of  uniform  diameter;  (of  gills),  alike  in  length. 

ERODED,  (of  gills),  edge  as  if  gnawed. 

EROSE,  same  as  eroded. 

ESCULENT,  edible,  can  be  eaten. 

EVANESCENT,  (of  veil,  annulus,  scales,  etc),  but  slightly  de- 
veloped and  soon  disappearing. 

EVEN,  (of  surface  of  pileus,  stem,  spores),  without  striations, 
elevations,  depressions  or  unevenesses  of  any  kind.  Compare 
glabrous  and  smooth. 

EXCENTRIC,  see  eccentric. 

EXOTIC,  foreign,  not  native. 

EXPANDED,  (of  pileus),  the  opening  out  of  the  cap  while  matur- 
ing or  ageing. 

EXSICATTI,  dried  specimens  kept  in  herbaria,  often  in  sets. 

"FAIRY  RINGS,"  mushrooms  appearing  in  circles.     See  page  i. 

FAMILY",  a  term  in  classification,  each  family  includes  related  gen- 
era ;  the  scientific  ending  of  a  famih'  name  is  aceae. 

FALCATE,  (of  spores),  sickle-shaped. 

EARINACEOUS,  (odor  and  taste),  like  fresh  meal;  (of  pileus  and 
stem),  covered  by  mealy  particles. 

FARINOSE,  like  farinaceous. 

FASCIATED,  (of  stems,  pilei,  etc.),  grown  together  so  that  tis- 
sues are  intimately  continuous. 

FASCICLTLATE,  (of  fibrils,  scales,  stems,  etc.-),  crowded  in  bundles. 

FERRUGINOUS,  (color),  rusty-red. 

FIBRILLOSE,  (of  surface  of  cap  and  stem),  provided  with  fibrils 
or  clusters  of  small  fibres  composed  of  hyphae. 

FIBROUS,  (of  flesh  of  stem),  composed  of  toughish,  string-like 
tissue. 


SS8  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

FILAMENT,  a  lliread,  ai»i)li('(l  to  the  separate  threads  of  the 
inycelinm. 

FILAMi:XT0r8,  composed  of  filaments. 

FILIFOmi.  (Of  stem),  slender  as  a  thread. 

FIMBRIATE.  (  of  gills  i,  with  the  edge  minutely  fringed,  due  to  pres- 
ence of  cystidia  or  sterile  cells. 

FISTULOSE,  (of  stem),  tubular. 

FLABELLIFORM,  (of  pileus),  fan-shaped. 

FLACCID,  flabby;  soft  and  limber;  witliout  firmness  or  elasticity. 

FLARING,  (of  volva  or  aunulns),  spreading  away  from  stem  at  up- 
per margin. 

FLAVESCENT,  (color),  becoming  yellowish. 

FLAVL^S,  (color),  of  Saccardo's  Color  Key,  a  light  cadmium-yellow. 

FLE8H,  the  trama  of  the  mushroom,  especially  of  the  pileus  and 
gills. 

FLESHY,  of  rather  soft  consistency,  putrescent;  as  opposed  to 
leathery,  corky,  woody,  membranous,  etc.,  referring  to  the  con- 
sistency of  the  trama  of  most  of  the  Agarics. 

FLEXUOUS,  (of  stem),  bent  in  an  undulate  manner.  ^ 

FLOCCI,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  small  points  or  tufts  resembling 
cotton. 

FLOCCOSE,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  provided  with  cottony  substance 
on  the  surface. 

FLOCCULOSE,  finely  floccose. 

FLOCCULOSE-CRENULATE,  (of  gills),  edge  with  minute  floc- 
culose  decoration. 

FOETID,  (odor),  ill-smelling,  nauseating. 

FRIABLE,  easily  crumbled  or  breaking  into  powder. 

FREE,  (of  gills),  not  attached  to  the  stem  at  any  time. 

FRONDOSE,  said  of  a  forest  or  the  wood  of  broad-leaved  trees. 

FRONT,  (of  gills),  the  end  toward  the  margin  of  the  pileus;  an- 
terior. 

FRUIT-BODY,  the  term  applied  to  the  mushroom  as  opposed  to  the 
mycelium. 

FRUCTIFICATION,  the  fruit-bodv. 

FUGACIOUS,  disappearing  early  or  quickly  or  (of  color)  fading 
soon. 

FULIGINOUS,  (coloV),  smoky,  sooty. 

FULVESCENT,   (color),  becoming  fulvous. 

FULVOUS,  (color),  of  Saccardo's  Color  Key;  reddish-cinnamon- 
brown. 

FUNGUS,  applied  to  the  individuals  of  a  group  of  plants  which 
lack  the  green  chlorophyll  and  hence  subsist  on  other  plants^ 


GLOSSARY  887 

plant-remains  or  animals ;  they  vegetate  in  the  form  of  mycelium, 
and  their  fruit-bodies  are  also  composed  of  mycelioid  tissue. 

FU:NGI,  the  plural  of  fungus. 

FUECATE,  (of  gUls),  forked. 

FUKFUEACEOUS,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  covered  with  bran-like  par- 
ticles; scurfy. 

FUSCESENT,  (color),  becoming  fuscous. 

FUSCOUS,  (color),  a  smoky  drab;  see  Kidgway's  Color  Standards 
(1912).  The  term  has  been  used  in  this  report  in  a  wider  sense, 
including  paler  shades  with  more  brown  in  them. 

FUSIFORM,  (of  stem  and  spores),  spindle-shaped. 

GELATINOUS,  jelly-like,  applied  to  tissue  whose  hyphae  become 
partially  dissolved  and  glutinous  in  wet  weather  and  when  mount- 
ed in  water  under  the  microscope  appear  more  transparent  and 
wider,  loosening  from  one  another. 

GENERIC,  of  the  rank  of  a  genus. 

GENUS,  a  term  in  classification;  each  genus  includes  certain  re- 
lated species ;  the  two  names,  viz.  of  its  genus  and  its  species,  com- 
pose the  binomial  by  which  a  plant  is  known  in  science,  e.  g. 
Psalliota  ca mpestris. 

GIBBOUS,  (of  pileus),  with  an  unsymmetrical  convexity  or  umbo, 
or  with  convexity  on  one  side. 

GILLS,  the  knife-blade-like  structures  on  the  underside  of  the  pileus ; 
lamellae ;  collectively,  the  hymenophore. 

GILL-TRAMA.  the  tissue  of  a  gill  between  the  two  hymenial  layers. 

GILVOUS,  (color),  yellowish  leather  colored. 

GLABRESCENT,  becoming  glabrous. 

GLABROUS,  (of  pileus  and  stem),  surface  destitute  of  scales, 
hairs,  etc.,  smooth. 

GLANDULAR,  with  sticky  drops  or  glands. 

GLAUCOUS,  (of  pileus),  covered  with  fine  Avhite  bloom,  easily 
rubbed  off. 

GLOBOSE,  spherical  or  almost  so. 

GLUTEN,  (of  cuticle  of  pileus  or  stem,  of  universal  veil),  the 
dissolved  gelatinous  hyphae  of  certain  tissues;  very  sticky  and 
toughish. 

GLUTINOUS,  provided  with  gluten. 

GRANULAR,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  covered  with  granule-like  sub- 
stance. 

GRANULOSE,  same  as  granular. 

GREGARIOUS,  growing  in  company,  scattered  closely  over  a  small 
area. 


888  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN' 

GROri\  a  general  term,  applicil  indefinitely  to  a  large  or  small 
nnmher  of  plants  whether  classified  or  not. 

GUTTATE,  (Of  plleus),  spotted  as  if  by  drops  of  licinid. 

GUTTULATE.  (of  spores),  containing  an  oily  globule. 

HABIT,  the  manner  of  growth  of  a  plant. 

HAI^ITAT,  the  natural  place  of  growth  of  a  plant. 

HAIRY,  (of  pilens  L  covered  by  an  arrangement  of  fibrils  resem- 
bling hairs. 

HEKBACEOUS,  said  of  those  flowering  plants  which  perish  an- 
nually dowu  to  the  roots. 

HERBARIUM,  a  collection  of  dried  plants  arranged  systematically. 

HETEROGENEOUS,  applied  to  a  structure  composed  of  unlike 
tissues. 

HIRSUTE,  (of  pileus),  covered  with  rather  long  stiff  fibres  or  hairs. 

HISPID,   (of  pileus),  covered  with  stift'  bristle-like  hairs. 

HOARY,  (of  pUeus  or  stem),  covered  with  dense  silky  down;  cane- 
scent. 

HOMOGENEOUS,  applied  to  structures  composed  of  uniform  tis- 
sues. 

HOST,  the  plant  or  animal  on  or  in  which  a  parasitic  fungus  exists. 

HUE,  (of  color),  used  here  indiscriminately  for  ''tint"  or  "shade." 
See  Ridgway's  Color  Standards  (1912)  page  17,  for  correct  usage. 

HUMUS,  the  mixture  of  decaj-ed  vegetation  and  soil  in  the  forest. 

HYALINE,  (of  spores,  gluten,  etc.),  colorless;  transparent. 

HYGROPHANOUS,  (of  flesh  of  mushrooms,  or  surface  of  pileus), 
watery  in  appearance,  like  the  "water-core"  of  an  apple,  moisture 
disappearing  rapidly  accompanied  by  change  in  color,  usually  by 
fading. 

HY(  JROSCOPIC.  readily  absorbing  moisture  from  the  atmosphere. 

Hl'MENIUM,  aggregation  of  the  basidia  in  a  continuous  layer 
mixed  with  cystidia  or  sterile  cells  when  present;  the  spore-bear- 
ing layer. 

HYMENOMY'CETES,  the  group  of  fungi  possessing  a  hymenium 
composed  of  basidia  which  are  exposed. 

HYMENOPHORE,  the  portion  of  the  fruit-body  bearing  the  hy- 
menium. 

HYPHAE,  plural  of  hypha;  same  as  mycelium,  composing  also 
the  fruit-body. 

ICONES,  colored  plates  illustrating  fungi. 

IDENTIFICATION,  the  study  of  the  characters  of  a  plant  in  order 
to  determine  its  name. 

IMBRK'ATE,  (of  pileij,  overlapping  one  another,  like  the  shingles 
of  a  roof. 


GLOSSARY  •  889 

INCARNATE,  (color),  flesh-colored. 

INCISED,  (of  margin  of  pileus),  as  if  cut  into. 

INCOMPLETE,  (of  annuliis),  forming  a  partial  ring. 

INCRASSATE,  (of  stem),  thickened.  , 

INCURVED,   (of  margin  of  pileus),  same  as  inflexed. 

INDIGENOUS,  native,  not  foreign. 

INFERIOR,  (of  annulus),  below  the  middle  of  the  stem. 

INFLATED,  (of  cystidia),  swollen  like  a  bladder. 

INFUNDIBULIFORM,   (of  pileus),  funnel-shaped. 

INNATE,  (of  scales,  fibrils,  etc.),  a  part  of  the  surface  tissue,  not 

superficial. 
INSERTED,   (of  base  of  stem),  attached  directly  without  "roots" 

or  fibrils;  instititious. 
INSTITITIOUS,  same  as  inserted. 
INTERSPACES,  (of  gills),  spaces  between  the  attachment  of  the 

gills  to  the  pileus. 
INTERVENOSE,  (of  gills),  veined  in  the  interspaces. 
INTERWOVEN,  (of  trama),  intermingled  arrangement  of  hyphae, 

not  parallel,  convergent  nor  divergent. 
INTRODUCED,  brought  from  another  country  and  growing  spon- 
taneously. 
INVOLUTE,  (of  margin  of  pileus) ,  rolled  in,  especially  when  young. 
ISABELLINE,  same  as  alutaceous ;  pale  tan-color. 
LABYRINTHIFORM,  of  sinuous  lines ;  like  a  labyrinth. 
LACERATE,  (of  annulus,  scales,  pileus,  etc.),  as  if  torn. 
LACINIATE,   (of  margin  of  annulus  or  pileus),  cut  coarser  than 

fimbriate;  slashed. 
LACTIFEROUS,  (of  hyphae  of  trama),  bearing  a  milky  juice. 
LACUNOSE,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  covered  with  pits  or  indentations. 
LAMELLAE,  plural  of  lamella ;  same  as  gills. 
LANATE,  same  as  woolly. 
LANCEOLATE,  (of  spores,  cystidia  or  gills),  lance  shaped;  many 

times  longer  than  broad,  and  tapering. 
LATEX,  a  juice,  usually  of  milky  color,  but  also  applied  to  other 

colors. 
LATERAL,  (of  stem),  attached  to  one  side  of  the  pileus. 
LENS,  a  hand  magnifying  glass. 
LIGNATILE,  growing  on  wood. 
LIGNICOLOUS,  same  as  lignatile. 
LINGULATE,  (of  pileus),  tongue-shaped. 
LIVID,  (color),  like  that  of  a  bruise;  bluish-black. 
LOBED,   (of  pileus),  with  rather  large,  rounded  divisions  on  the 

margin. 


890  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

LUCID,  clear  to  the  uiulerstaudinji:;  transparent. 

LURID,  (color),  smoky-reddish,  sordid. 

LUTKOUS.  (color),  dull  eji^' yellow ;  see  Saccardo's  Color  Key. 

LUTESCENT,  (color),  becoming- luteoiis. 

MACKOSrOPIC,  visible  Avithout  magnification. 

^FACULATE.  spotted. 

:MA:\nilFOini,    (of  nmbo).  breast-shaped. 

MAK<;iyATE,  (Of  pileiis),  with  a  distinctly  marked  border;  (of 
bulb),  with  a  circular  ridge  on  the  exterior  upper  angle  where 
tlie  universal  veil  was  attached. 

:MARC,INATE-DEPKESSED,  (of  bulb),  provided  with  a  narrow, 
circular,  horizontal  platform  on  tlie  upper  side. 

MAST,  the  fruit  of  forest  trees  like  acorns  and  nuts,  often  used 
of  a  heap  of  nuts. 

^lATIMX,  the  substance  on  or  in  which  a  fungus  grows. 

MILKY,  of  the  color  of  milk. 

MEDIAL,  (of  annulus),  situated  at  or  near  the  middle  of  the  stem. 

MEMBRANOUS,  (of  pileus,  annulus,  etc.),  thin  and  pliant  like 
a  membrane ;  applied  when  the  trama  of  pileus  is  quite  thin. 

MEMBRANACEOUS,  same  as  membranous. 

MICACEOUS,  (of  pileus),  covered  with  glistening  mica-like 
particles. 

MIXED,  referring  to  forests  containing  both  conifer  and  broad- 
leaved  trees. 

MILD,  (odor  and  taste),  not  with  a  distinctly  marked  peculiarity. 

MICROSCOPIC,  of  a  size  requiring  the  use  of  a  microscope  to  see 
clearly. 

MICROSCOI*ICAL,  same  as  microscopic. 

MICRON,  (measure),  of  the  length  of  one-thousandth  part  of  a 
millimetre;  used  to  designate  size  as  measured  by  the  use  of  a 
microscope. 

MICROMETER,  a  disc  of  glass  ruled  with  lines  forming  a  metric 
scale  for  measuring  objects  under  the  microscope  in  microns. 

MICRO-CHEMICAL,  referring  to  tests  with  chemicals  on  micro- 
scopic objects. 

MOLDS  or  MOULDS,  certain  fungi  whose  vegetative  growth  ap- 
pears mouldy. 

MONSTROSITY,  applied  to  a  specimen  of  a  very  abnormal  ap- 
pearance. 

MORl'HOLOGICAL,  pertaining  to  form  and  structure,  often  used 
in  a  phylogenetic  sense. 

MOVABLE,  (annulus),  that  can  be  moved  more  or  less  easily  up  and 
down  the  stem. 


GLOSSARY  891 

MUCILAGINOUS,  slimy. 
MUCCOUS,  slime. 

MU8HK00M,  a  general  term  applied  to  the  fleshy  Agarics  and  fleshy 
species  of  other  fungi ;  a  mushroom  may  be  edible,  poisonous, 
unpalatable,  tough,  etc.,  but  popular  usage  applies  the  term  only 
to  edible  ones.     See  toadstool. 
MYC,  MYCET.,  MYCETO.,  MYCO.,  prefixes  signifying  fungus. 
MYCELIUM,  came  as  hyphae;  the  vegetative  part  of  a  fungus  con- 
sisting of  microscopic  threads  usually  with  cross-walls  to  form  the 
cells  which  contain  the  living  protoplasm. 
MYCELEOID,    (of  base  of  stem),  provided  with  a  white  mouldy 
growth  of  mycelium. 

MYCOLOGICAL,  relating  to  mycology. 

MYCOLOGY,  the  term  applied  to  the  science  dealing  with  fungi. 

MYCOPHAGIST,  one  who  eats  mushrooms;  an  epicure  concerning 
mushrooms. 

MYCOLOGIST,  one  who  is  versed  in  mycology;  a  specialist  in  the 
study  of  fungi. 

MYCORHIZA,  the  stunted  rootlets  of  trees,  when  such  rootlets  are 
covered  or  permeated  by  the  mycelium  of  fungi. 

NAKED,   (of  pileus  or  stem),  entirely  devoid  of  fibrils,  scales  or 
other  covering. 

NARROW,  (of  gills),  a  relative  term,  the  opposite  of  broad;  deter- 
mined by  experience. 

NIGRESCENT,  (color),  turning  blackish. 

NUCLEATE,    (of  spores),  containing  microscopically  visible,   oil- 
like globules. 

OBCLAVATE,  (of  cystidia,  spores,  stem),  a  reversal  of  clavate. 

OBCONIC,  reversal  of  conic. 

OBLONG,  (of  spores),  twice  as  long  as  wide. 

OBOVATE,  (of  spores,  etc.),  reversal  of  ovate. 

OBSOLETE,  (of  annulus,  scales,  etc.),  very  imperfectly  developed, 
hardly  perceptible;  (of  terms),  no  longer  in  use. 

OBTUSE,   (of  pileus,  cystidia,  spores),  rounded  or  blunt;  greater 
than  a  right  angle. 

OCHRACEOUS,   (color),  dingy  ochre-yellowish. 

OCHREATE,  (of  volva),  sheathing  the  stem  at  base  like  a  stocking. 

OLIVACEOUS,  (color),  with  an  olive  shade. 

OPAQUE,  dull,  not  shining. 

ORBICLTLAR,  (of  pileus),  circular  in  outline. 

OVAL,   (of  young  pileus,  spores),  having  the  shape  of  an  egg. 

OVATE,  similar  to  oval  but  rather  pointed  at  the  narrower  end. 

OVOID,  same  as  oval. 


892  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

PALLID,  (color),  of  an  indefinite  pale  or  whitish  appearance. 

PAI*ILLA,  a  small,  nipple-shaped  elevation. 

PAPILLATE^  (of  pilens  or  spores),  provided  on  surface  with 
papillae. 

PARALLEL,  (of  trama  of  gills),  in  section  the  hyphae  lie  continu- 
ously side  by  side. 

PARASITE,  an  organism  living  upon  another  live  organism  and 
deriving  food  from  it,  with  or  without  fatal  effect. 

PARTIAL  A'EIL,  the  inner  veil,  extending  from  the  margin  of  the 
l>ileus  to  the  stem.     See  page  4. 

PATCHES,  (of  scales  or  remnants  of  the  universal  veil),  flat, 
closely  applied  pieces. 

PECTINATE,  (of  margin  of  pileus),  resembling  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

PEDICEL,  (of  cystidia)  a  slender  stalk. 

PELLICLE,  same  as  cuticle,  sometimes  thought  of  as  thinner  and 
more  definite. 

I'ELLICULOSE,  provided  with  a  pellicle. 

PELLUCID,  translucent. 

PELLUCID-STRIATE,  (of  pileus),  when  as  the  result  of  the  thin- 
ness of  the  pileus  the  gills  become  visible  thru  it  and  appear  as 
striae. 

PE]S'TAGONAL,   (of  spores),  angular  and  five-sided. 

PERIPHERY,  the  outer  boundary  or  surface. 

PEROXATE,  (of  stem),  booted;  sheathed  by  the  volva  or  universal 
veil. 

PERONATE-SCALY,  (of  stem),  when  the  sheath  of  a  peronate 
stem  is  broken  up  and  the  parts  persist. 

PERSISTENT,  retaining  its  place,  shape  or  structure,  not  dis- 
appearing. 

PETALOID,  (of  pileus),  shaped  like  the  petal  of  a  flower,  narrowed 
somewhat  at  base. 

PHYLOGENETIC,  pertaining  to  phylogeny. 

PHYLOGENY,  the  histoiT  of  the  evolution  of  the  group  or  race  to 
which  a  species  belongs. 

PILEATE,  possessing  a  pileus. 

I'lLEI,  the  plural  of  pileus. 

PILEUS,  the  cap  or  that  structure  of  an  Agaric  which  bears  the 
gills  on  its  under  side. 

PILOSE,  (of  pileus),  covered  with  long,  soft,  hairy  filaments. 

PIPSHAPED,  (of  spores) ,  shape  of  an  apple  seed. 

PITTED,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  similar  to  lacunose;  with  little  de- 
pressions. 


GLOSSARY  893 

PITH,   (Of  stem),  the  soft  tissue  in  the  interior,  which  often  dis- 
appears so  that  the  stem  becomes  hollow. 

PLANE,  (of  pileus),  with  a  flat  surface. 

PLIAKT,  not  rigid  nor  firm ;  easily  bent. 

PLICATE,  (of  pileus),  plaited;  folded  like  a  fan. 

PLUMBEOUS,  (color),  like  lead. 

PLUMOSE,  finely  feathery. 

POROSE,  (of  hymenophore),  approaching  the  condition  of  possess- 
ing pores. 

POSTEPvIOR,   (of  gills),  behind,  toward  the  stem. 

PRAEMORSE,    (of  the  ''root"  or  base  of  stem),  as  if  broken  ofl^ 
abruptly. 

PROLIFEROUS,   (of  stem),  producing  other  stems  on  itself  near 
the  base. 

PROTEAN,  exceedingly  variable. 

PROTOPLASM,  the  living  semifluid  substance  of  the  cells  which  is 
the  basis  of  life. 

PRUINATE,  same  as  pruinose. 

PRUINOSE,  (on  the  surface),  as  if  finely  powdered. 

PSEUDOPARENCHYMA,   the  tissue  of  fungi   when   its   cellular 
structure  imitates  the  parenchyma  of  higher  plants. 

PSEUDOPROSENCHYMA,  tissue  of  fine  elongated  hyphae,  some- 
what resembling  the  prosenchyma  of  higher  plants. 

PUBESCENCE,  a  covering  of  short,  soft,  downy  hairs. 

PUBESCENT,  provided  with  pubescence. 

PULVERULENT,  covered  as  if  with  powder. 

PUNCTATE,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  dotted  with  minute  scales  or  other 
substance. 

PUTREvSCENT,  soon  decaying  and  becoming  soft  and  mushy. 

PYRIFORM,  (of  cj'stidia  or  cells),  pear-shaped. 

PYRAMIDAL,  (of  scales),  pyramid-shaped. 

QUADRATE,   (of  spores),  angularly  four-sided. 

RADICATING,  (of  stem),  imitating  a  root. 

RAMIFICATION,  branching. 

REFLEXED,  (of  margin  of  pileus).  turned  up  or  back. 

REMOTE,  (of  gills),  free  and  at  some  distance  from  the  stem;  (of 
annulus),  at  some  distance  from  apex  of  stem. 

RENIFORM,  (of  pileus),  kidney-shaped. 

REP  AND,  (of  pileus),  wavy  on  margin  and  turned  back  or  elevated. 

RESUPINATE,  (of  pileus),  with  the  upper  surface  reclining  on  the 
substratum,  the  gills  facing  outward. 

RESUPINATE-REFLEXED,    (of  pileus),   attached  for  some  dis- 


894  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF  MICHIGAN 

tance  by  the  back  surface,  the  otlier  portion  exteuding  out  like 
a  shelf/ 
RETICULATE,    (of   i)ilens   or  stem),   marked   by   Hues,   veins   or 

ridges  wliicli  cross  one  another  as  in  a  net. 
RE\'n'lXG.  said  of  a  fruit-body  which  shrivels  in  dry  weather  and 

takes  oil  its  natural  slia])e  when  wet. 
Kl^N'OH'TE.  (of  margin  of  pilens),  rolled  back  or  up. 
KlllZOlDiS,  radiating  hyphae  extending  into  substratum  from  base 

of  stem. 
RHIZOMOKPHS,  visible  strands  or  cords  of  compacted  mycelium, 
often  dark  colored,  penetrating  a  soft  substratum  or  between  por- 
tions of  it,  as  between  bark  and  wood,  etc. 
RIMOSE,  (of  pileus),  cracked. 
RIND,  same  as  cortex. 
RING,  same  as  annulus. 

RIVULOSE.  (of  pileus  and  stem),  marked  with  lines  like  a  river- 
system  on  a  map. 
ROOTING,  (of  stem),  an  attenuated  prolongation  into  the  soil  or 

substratum. 
ROUND-BULBOUS,  of  a  bulb  not  margiuate. 
RUFESCENT,  (color),  becoming  reddish. 
RUFOUS,   (color),  reddish,  dull  red. 
RUGOSE,  coarsely  wrinkled. 
RUGULOSE,  finely  wrinkled. 
SACCATE,  (of  cystidia) ,  shape  of  a  meal-bag. 
SANGUINEOUS,   (color),  blood-red. 
SAPROl'HYTE,  a  plant  wliicli  lives  on  dead  vegetable  or  animal 

matter. 
SCABROUS,  (of  pileus),  rough  with  short,  rigid  projections. 
SCALES,  applied  to  various  decorations  on  the  pileus  and  stem; 
torn  portions  of  the  cuticle  or  of  the  universal  veil  or  of  the  volva ; 
they  may  be  membranous,  fibrillose,  hairj^  floccose,  hard,  erect, 
flat,  patch-like,  etc. ;  often  an  important  feature  for  identification. 
SCALY,  provided  with  scales. 
SCLEROTIA,  resting-bodies  of  small  size,  composed  of  a  hardened 

mass  of  hyphae,  from  which  fruit-bodies  may  develop.' 
SCiSSlLE,   (of  flesh  of  jiileus),  capable  of  being  pulled  into  hori- 
zontal layers;  this  condition  is  most  marked  in  a  hygrophanous 
pileus. 
SECEDE,  (of  gills),  when  at  first  attached  to  stem,  i.  e.  adnate  or 

adnexed,  but  separating  from  it  later. 
SECONDARY  SPORES,  not  borne  on  basidia;   conidia,   chlamy- 


GLOSSARY  895 

dospores,  etc. ;  formed  directly  on  the  mj'celiiim  or  on  liyphae  of 
the  fruit  body. 

SEPARABLE,  (of  cuticle,  pellicle,  etc.),  not  adnate. 

SEPARATING,  see  secede. 

SERICEOUS,  silky. 

SERRATE,  (of  gills),  with  saw-tooth-like  edge. 

SERRULATE,  minutely  serrate. 

SERRATULATE,  same  as  serrulate. 

SESSILE,  (of  pileus),  without  a  stem, 

SETACEOUS,  (of  stem),  bristle-form. 

SHAGGY,  rough  with  long  compact  fibrils. 

SILKY,  covered  with  shining,  close-fitting  fibrils. 

SINUATE,  (of  gills),  a  concave  indentation  of  its  edge  near  the 
stem. 

SINUOUS,  wavy,  serpentine. 

SLENDER,  (of  stem),  very  long  as  compared  to  its  thickness; 
relative  to  stout. 

SMOOTH,  (of  spores),  not  spiny,  tuberculate,  rough,  nor  angular, 
etc;  (of  pilus  and  stem),  see  glabrous. 

SOLITARY,  not  growing  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  other 
individuals. 

SOLID,  (of  stem),  not  hollow  nor  stuffed ;  of  a  texture  in  its  central 
axis  similar  to  that  found  in  the  rest  of  a  cross-section. 

SORDID,  (color),  dirty  or  dingy. 

SPADICEOUS,  (color),  date-brown. 

SPATHULATE,  (of  pileus),  spatula-shaped;  oblong  with  attenu- 
ated base.  "  . 

SPECIES,  the  lowest  term  in  classification;  a  group  of  individuals 
agreeing  in  certain  characters  which  appear  again  in  their  pro- 
geny; one  species  differs  from  another  in  several  marked  char- 
acters agreed  upon  as  sufficient!}^  specific  by  tradition  or  by 
specialists  in  the  gi'oup ;  a  species  is  therefore  a  judgment,  and  has 
limitations  imposed  by  an  agreement  of  the  judgments  of  scien- 
tific men.     One  or  more  species  with  certain  common  characters 

.     constitute  a  genus. 

SPECIFIC,  referring  to  characters  which  are  used  in  designating 
or  distinguishing  species. 

SPHAGNUM,  a  genus  of  mosses ;  bog-moss. 

SPINY,    (of  spores),  strongly  echinulate. 

SPHOEROID,  (of  spores),  nearly  spherical;  similar  to  spherical. 

SPONGY,  (of  stem),  soft  and  tending  to  be  water-soaked.  i 

SPONGY-STUFFED,  (of  stem),  with  a  spongy  pith.  '; 


896  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

81'OKE.  the  reproductive  cells  in  Agarics  borne  four  on  each  basi- 
(liuni :  more  accurately  called  basidio-spores.  In  other  cr3'pto- 
gams  the  term  is  applied  to  reproductive  cells  or  bodies  of  a  great 
variety  of  kinds.  The  basidio-spores  when  they  germinate  give 
rise  To  mycelium. 

SPOKOrUOKK,  fruit-budy. 

SPURIOT'S,  false. 

SQUAMOSE,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  covered  with  scales. 

SQUAMULOSE,  minutely  squamose. 

SQUAMULE,  scale. 

SQUA1\K08E,  (of  pileus  and  stem),  covered  with  recurved  scales. 

STAINED,  said  of  any  part  which  appears  as  if  some  coloring 
matter  had  been  spilled  on  it  and  spread  on  the  surface. 

STALK,  an  indefinite  term  for  stem,  pedicel,  etc. 

STELLATE,  (of  spores,  scales),  with  extensions  like  that  of  a  star. 

STERIGMA,  the  tiny  spicule-like  extension  at  the  apex  of  a  basi- 
dium  on  which  the  spores  develop. 

STERILE,  said  of  a  fruit-body  or  hymenium  which  is  immature  or 
produces  no  spores;  or  simply,  without  spores. 

STERILE  CELLS,  term  applied  in  this  report  to  the  slender  ceUs 
on  the  edge  of  gills  which  bear  no  spores  and  which  cause  the 
fimbriate  appearance  of  the  edge  as  shown  under  a  lens. 

STIPE,  technical  term  for  the  stem  of  mushrooms;  see  stem. 

STI1»ITATE,  possessing  a  stem. 

STOUT,  (of  stem  I ,  relative  to  slender;  not  so  many  times  longer 
than  thick. 

STRAIGHT,  (margin  of  pileus  i,  when  not  incurved, 

STRAMINEOUS,  straw-color. 

STRIATE,  (of  margin  of  pileus  i,  radiating  minute  furrows  or 
lines;  (of 'stem),  longitudinal  lines  or  minute  furrows. 

STRIAE,  the  lines  or  furrows  when  striate. 

STRIGOSE,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  with  coarse  or  thick,  long,  rather 
stiff  hairs. 

STUFFED,  (of  stem),  when  the  axis  is  filled  with  a  differentiated 
pith  which  usually  disappears  in  age  leaving  it  hollow. 

SUB — .  prefix  signifying  "almost,"  "somewhat"  or  ''under." 

SUBGENUS,  a  term  in  classification  ;  a  grouping  under  a  genus  and 
containing  groups  of  related  species.  The  subgenera  of  the  my- 
cologists of  one  generation  are  often  raised  to  the  rank  of  genera 
by  later  students. 

SUBICULUM,  a  more  or  less  dense  felt  of  hyphae  covering  the  sub- 
stratum, from  which  the  fruit-bodies  arise. 


GLOSSARY  897 

SUBDISTANT,  (of  gills),  the  spacing  halfway  between  close  and 
distant. 

SUBDECURRENT,  (of  giUs),  when  the  attachment  extends  slightly 
farther  down  the  stem  than  when  adnate. 

SUBHYMENIUM,  a  differentiated  tissue  just  beneath  the  hy- 
menium. 

SUBSTRATUM,  the  substance  in  or  on  which  the  fungus  grows, 
as  soil,  humus,  fallen  leaves,  dung,  wood,  animal  remains,  etc. 
A  better  term  than  matrix. 

SUBULATE,  awl-shaped. 

SULOATE,  (of  pileus  and  stem),  grooved,  more  extreme  than 
striate,  less  so  than  plicate. 

SUPERFICIAL,  (of  scales,  flocci,  etc.),  on  the  surface  and  easily 
removable. 

SUPERIOR,  (of  anuulus),  attached  above  the  middle  of  the  stem. 

SYNONYM,  the  name  or  names  of  a  species  or  genus  no  longer 
tenable,  either  because  of  error  in  naming,  rearrangement  of  the 
classification  or  as  a  result  of  ''rules"  promulgated  by  scientific 
men  acting  in  agreement.  Many  of  the  long  known  plants  have 
a  number  of  such  synonyms. 

TAN,  (color),  leather-colored,  similar  to  undressed  leather;  isa- 
belline. 

TENACIOUS,  tough. 

TERETE,  (of  stem),  round  like  a  broom-handle,  not  irregular. 

TERRESTRIAL,  growing  on  the  ground. 

TESTACEOUS,  (color),  brick-red. 

TEXTURE,  the  arrangement  of  the  components  of  the  different 
tissues,  as  compact,  loose,  etc.. 

TINGED,  with  a  tint  of  a  color. 

TISSUE,  an  aggregate  of  similar  cells  or  hyphae. 

TOADSTOOL,  same  as  mushroom ;  popularly  applied  to  those  about 
which  the  user  of  the  term  often  has  no  knowledge  and  which  he 
therefore  considers  poisonous;  a  large  number  of  so-called  "toad- 
stools" are  edible. 

TOMENTOSE,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  densely  covered  with  a  matted 
wooliness  or  tomentum. 

TOMENTUM,  composed  of  long,  soft,  entangled  or  matted  fibrils. 

TOXIC,  poisonous. 

TOOTH,  (of  gills),  decurrent  by  a  tooth;  see  uncinate. 

TRAMA,  the  fleshy  portion  of  pileus  or  gills  composed  of  hyphae. 

TRANSLUCENT,  capable  of  transmitting  light  without  being  trans- 
parent. 

113 


898  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

TKANS^'EKSE,  crosswise. 

TKlOMKLLOll),  of  a  gelatinous  consistency. 

TRUNCATE,  an  enlarged  portion  ending  as  if  cut  off. 

TUBEKCLE,  any  wart-like  or  knob-like  excrescence. 

TUBEKCULATE,  (of  spores),  covered  with  minute  tubercles. 

TUBERCULAR-STKIATE,     (of    pileus),     when    the    striae    are 
roughened  by  small  tubercles. 

TUMID,  (of  stem),  swollen,  inflated. 

TURBINATE,  (of  pileus),  top-shaped. 

TYl'E,  the  original  specimen  or  si)ecini(Mis  from  which  the  species 
was  described  and  named. 

TY1*ICAL,  agreeing  with  the  descriptions  of  the  type  or  with  the 
type  itself. 

UMBER,  (color),  almost  tobacco-colored;  see  Saccardo's  Color  Key. 

UMBILICATE,  (of  pileus),  with  a  central,  navaldike  depression. 

UMBILICUS,  a  naval-like  depression. 

UMBO,  (of  pileus),  a  raised,  conical  to  convex  knob  or  mound  on 
the  center. 

UMBONATE,  (of  pileus),  provided  with  an  umbo. 

UNCINATE,  (of  gills),  provided  with  a  narrow,  decurrent  exten- 
sion at  the  stem. 

UNDULATE,  same  as  wavy. 

UNEQUAL,  (of  gills),  of  different  length,  some  reaching  the  stem, 
others  shorter. 

UNEVEN,  (of  pileus  or  stem),  said  of  surfaces  with  striations, 
reticulations,  tubercles,  etc.;  not  even. 

UNICOLOROUS,  of  the  same  color  throughout. 

UNIVERSAL  VEIL,  sometimes  used  for  volva. 

VAGINATE,  (of  stem),  provided  with  a  long  volva  or  sheath  at  the 
lower  end. 

VARIABILITY,  the  state  of  being  variable. 

VARIABLE,  capable  of  taking  on  a  nund)er  of  different  shapes, 
forms,  colors  or  other  characters,  while  retaining  its  specific 
identity. 

VARIEGATED,  marked  with  a  variety  of  colors,  which  are  inter- 
mingled. 
VARIETY,  (a).  Here  used  to  refer  to  a  form  which  a  species 
constantly  assumes,  under  definite  conditions,  e.  g.  climate,  soil, 
artificial  culture,  etc.  Such  forms  are  often  given  names,  as 
Psalliota  convpcstris  var.  Jiortcnsis. 

(b).     Also  used  to  designate  forms  which  are  not  typical,  but 
which  are  not  sufficiently  known  to  be  designated  by  a  specific 


GLOSSARY  899 

name ;  such  are  given  the  name  of  the  nearest  species  in  this  report 
followed  by  the  abbreviation  "var." 

(c).  When  a  variety  is  found  to  be  constant  in  its  characters  and 
always  distinct  in  some  such  characters  from  other  species,  it 
should  eventually  be  given  a  specific  name,  but  in  rare  varieties 
such  constancy  is  not  easily  proven. 

VEIL,  see  ''partial  veil,"  "universal  veil,"  "cortina"  and  "volva." 

VEINED,  (of  gills),  with  vein-like  wrinkles  or  raised  lines  on  the 
surfaces. 

VELUM,  see  veil. 

VENOSE,  same  as  veined. 

VENTRAL,  on  the  under  side  of,  opposed  to  dorsal. 

VENTRICOSE,  (of  stem),  swollen  or  enlarged  in  the  middle. 

VERRUCOSE,  warty. 

VERRUCULOSE,  minutely  warty. 

VESICULOSE,  referring  to  the  trama  of  the  Lactariae.     See  page 
83. 

VILLOSE,  covered  with  long,  soft,  weak  hairs. 

VINACEOUS,  (color),  of  the  color  of  red  wine. 

VIOLACEOUS,  (color),  of  some  violet  hue. 

VIRESCENT,  (color) J  becoming  greenish. 

VIRGATE,    (of  pileus),   streaked,  usually  by  differently  colored 
fibrils. 

VISCID,  sticky. 

VISCOUS,  gluey. 

VITELLINE,  (color),  egg-yellow. 

VOLVA,  the  universal  veil  of  certain  genera.    See  pages  4  and  593. 

WARTY,  (of  pileus,  spores,  etc.),  covered  by  small  wart-like  excre- 
scences. 

WAVY,    (of  margin  of  pileus),  alternately  raised  and  dei)ressed 
like  waves. 

WAXY,  (of  gills),  of  a  consistency  that  can  be  partially  or  wholly 
moulded  or  compressed  into  balls. 

ZONATE,  (of  pileus),  marked  with  concentric  bands  of  color. 

ZONED,  same  as  zonate. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


A. 

Page 

Abbreviations 876 

Agarlcaceae 27 

Agarlcales 26 

Agariceae 205 

Agarics,  black-spored -^o ,  205 

poisoning  by 858 

classification  of 23 

collecting  and  preserving  of 16 

definition  of 3,4,5 

distribution  of  in  Michigan 13 

genera  of 27 

habit  and  growth  conditions  of 13 

ochre-spored 28 ,  205 

poisoning  by 854 

pink-spored 29 ,  205 

poisoning  by 853 

poisoning  by 825 

preserving  of ' 16 

purple-spored 29 ,  205 

poisoning  by ^- 857 

white-spored 27 ,  205 

poisoning  by 828 ,852 

Amanita,  genus 4,27, 593 

Amanita    key  to  species 597 

Amanita  abrupta  Pk 599 

bisporiger  Atk 603 

bulbosa  Bull 601 

caesarea  Fr 15 ,  600 

Candida  Pk 599 

chlorinosma  Pk 615 

poisoning  by 837 

chrysoblema  Atk 613 

cinera  Bres 606 

cinereoconia  Atk 598 

citrina,  poisoning  by 836 

coccola  (Scop.)  Fr 605 

cothurnata  Atk 612 

crenulata  Pk ; 599 

poisoning  by , 836 

excelsa  Fr 599 

flavoconia  Atk 619 

flavorubescens  Atk 619 

frostlana  Pk 612 

poisoning  by \ 837 

junquillea  Quel 617 

poisoning  by 837 

mappa  Fr 609 

poisoning  by 836 

muscaria  Fr 610 

poisoning  by 837 ,863 

poisoning  by,  clinical  features  of 838,843 

treatment  for 841 

poisonous  constituents. -839 

var.  alba 611 

var.  formosa 611 

var.  puellaris 611 

var.  regalis 611 

ovoidea  Fr 605 

pantherina  Fr •     599 

poisoning  by 843 

peckiana  Kauff 604 

phalloides  Fr 600 

poisoning  by 827,828,863 

treatment  of 832 

poisonous  constituents  of 833 


904  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Page 

Amanita  porphyria  Fr 604 

radicata  Pk 616 

recutita  Fr 608 

nibc'scens  Fr 617 

nissuloides  Pic 15,616 

solitaria  Fr .■ 614 

poisoning  by 843 

spissa  Fr 620 

spreta 15,606 

poisoning  by 836 

strobiiiforinis  Vitt 615 

tonu'ntelia  Kromb 607 

velatipes  Atii o'.tO 

verna  Fr 602 

poisoning  by 846 

virosa  Fr 603 

poisoning  by 836 

Amanita,  toxic  principles  of 843 

Anianitopsis,  genus 4,27,612 

Anianitopsis,  Icey  to  species 622 

Ainarutopsis  adnata  Sniitli 622 

asrglutinata  H.  &  C 623 

iilbocreata  A  tic 622 

farinosa  Schw 622 

iiuuirata  Gill 624 

parcivolvata  Pk- '. 622 

pusilla  Pk 622 

straiigulata  Fr 624 

vagiiiata  Fr 623 

poisoning  by 830 

var.  alba 623 

var.  fiilva 623 

var.  livida 623 

volvata 622 

poisoning  by 837 

Amaurosporae 205,232 

Anniiliis,  definition  of 5 

Arrnillaria,  genus , 4,27,642 

Arinilhiria,  key  to  species 649 

Arrnillaria  appendiculatus  Pk .' 640 

aurantia  Fr 651 

bulljiger  Fr 649 

caligata  Vitt-Bres 650 

corticata  Fr.-Pat 654 

dryina  Fr.-Pat 654 

focalis  Fr 652 

macrospora  Pk ■ 648 

magnivelaris  Pk 640 

•                 mellea  Fr 653 

mucida  Fr 649 

nardosmia  Ell 648,649 

ponderosa  Pk 640 

rhagadisma  Fr 650 

robusta  Fr 649 

vlscidipes  Pk 648 ,  649 

P.. 

Basidia,  definition  of 7 

Basidiomycetes 26 

Bibliography,  general 865 

Bibliography  of  monographs  of  genera ^72 

of  mushroon  poisoning 871 

Bolbltius,  genus 20  ,  502 

Bolbitius,  kev  to  species 502 

Bolbitius  fragilis  Fr 503 

radians  Morg 506 

tener  Bark 503 

vitellinus  Fr 504 

Boletus,  poisoning  by 860 

C. 

Cantherelleae ■ 31 

Cantherellus,  genus 27 ,  32 

Cantherellus,  key  to  species 33 

Cantherellus  aurantiacus  Fr 40 

cibarius  Fr 35 

cinnabarinns  Schw 36 

clavatus  Fr 34 

dichotomiis  Pk 39 

fioccosus  Schw 34 

friesii  Quel 37 

infundibuliformis  Fr 37 

lutescens  Fr 38 


INDEX  905 

Page 

Cantherellue  neurophyllum 34 

tubaef orinis  Fr 38 

umbonatus  Fr 39 

Carpophore,  definition  of 4 

Chamaeota,  genus • 4,28,533 

Chamaeota  f enzlii  Fr 534 

inaminillata  (Longyear)  Murr. 533 

spliaerospora  (Pk) 534 

Claudopus,  genus 29  ,  590 

Claudopus,  liey  to  species 591 

Claudopus  byssisedus  Fr 592 

depluens  Fr 592 

griegensis  Pk 593 

nidulans  Fr 591 

variabilis  Fr ' 592 

Clitocybe,  geiuis 28 ,  715 

Clitocybe,  key  to  species 716 

Clitocybe  adirondackensis  Pk 741 

albidula  Pk 742 

albissima  Pk 73 1 

angustissima  Fr 746 

anisearia  Pk 729 

caespitosa  Pk 743 

candicans  Fr 729 

Candida  Bres 720 

cartilaginea  Burl-Bres 734 

carnosior  Pk 727 

catina  Fr 735 

cerussata  Fr 731 

clavipes  Fr 726 

compressipes  Pk 746 

connexa  Pk ' 73 1 

cyathiforme  Fr 739 

dealbata  Fr 730 

•dealbata  var.  deformata  \j 730 

var,  sudorifica,  poisoning  by 847 

decora  Fr 724 

ditopoda  Fr 730 

eccentrica  Pk 741 

ectypoides  Pk 740 

expallens  Fr 740 

flaccida  Fr 736 

gallinacea  Fr 737 

geotropa  Fr 736 

gigantea  Fr 719 

lUudens  Schw 732 

poisoning  by 846 

incilis  Fr 725 

infundibuliformls  Fr. 736 

laccata  Fr 747 

var.  amethystina  Bolt '. 747 

var.  pallidofolia  Pk 747 

var.  striatula  Pk 747 

leptoloma  Pk 732,742 

maxima  Fr 721 

media  Pk ] 727 

metachroa  Fr 734 

monadelpha  Morg ......./... 723 

morbifera  Pk 745 

poisoning  by 848 

multiceps  Pk 733 

nebularis  Fr [ 725 

poisoning  by [  .  .'.  848 

ocnropurpurea  Berk .  748 

odora  Fr 728 

paralis  Fr 737 

peltigerina  Pk 744 

phyllophila  Fr '           .  .  .  .  735 

piceina  Pk 720 

pinophila  Pk 737 

pithyophjla  Fr 737 

praecox  sp .  nov 724 

pulcherrima  Pk 720 

sinopica  Fr ..'.....  738 

splnulosa  Smith .....[....................  739 

subconcava  Pk 740 

subcyathiforme  Pk 740 

sulphurea  Pk 739 

tabescens  Bres ' 723 

tortilis  Fr .........[[............ 748 

truncicola  Pk 732 

vilescens  Pk .....[.... 727 

viridis  Fr 729 

Clitopilus,  genus -. 29  562 

Clitopilus,  key  to  species '  563 


906  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

P;i?e 

Clltopilus  abortlvus  B.  &  C 564 

albot^riseus  Pk 567 

c;ies[)itosu.s  Pk 570 

inicropus  Pk 566 

iiovuboraceiisis  Pk 569 

orci'lla  Vt 569 

popiiialis  Fr oVO 

pnuiuliis  Fr 569 

subplaiius  Pk 567 

subvilis  I'k 565 

uiidatus  Fr 566 

woodiaiuis  Pk 564 

CoUybia,  genus 2S ,  749 

Colly bia,  key  to  species 751 

Colly bia  abundaiis  Pk 764 

acervata  Fr 759 

alba  Pk 752 

albitlavida  (Pk.) 764 

albipilata  Pk 772 

alcaliiioleiis  Pk 756 

aiiiabilipes  Pk 7.')1 

aiiuosa  Fr 758 

alrata  Fr 761 

atratoides  Pk 763 

butyracea  Fr 753 

oaiupaiiella  Pk 777 

cirrata  Fr 773 

colorea  Pk 758 

conduenfj  Fr 775 

coiiifjeiia  Fr.-Pres 772 

coiiisenoides  Ellis •  772 

dflicatella  Pk 752 

dryophila  Fr 754 

esculeiita  Fr.-Bres 772 

esculentoides  Pk 752 

estensis  Morg 755,756 

expalleiis  Pk 763 

faiiialia  Pk 757 

floocipes  Fr 771 

fuliginella  Pk 752 

hariolonnii  Fr 774 

hygrophoroides  Pk 760 

lacerata  I'r 757 

lachnophylla  Rerk 750 

lacunosa  Pk 777 

lentiiioides  Pk 755 

longii)es  Fr 770 

maciilata  A.  &  S 768 

myriadophvlla  Pk 761 

platypliylla  Fr 767 

plexipes  Fr 762 

radicafa  Fr 766 

radicata  var.  furfuracea  Pk 767 

var.  pusilla  Pk 767 

spinulifera  Pk 751 

stipitaria  Fr 776 

stipitaria  var.  setipes  Pk 777 

strict ipes  Pk 755 

succinea  Fr 765 

succosa  Pk 770 

.'izorconera  Fr '         76S 

tuberosa  Fr 773 

velutipes  Fr 769 

zonata  Pk 776 

Coprinus,  genu.s 1 5 ,  30 ,  206 

Copriiuis,  key  to  species 207 

Coprinus  angulatus  Lloyd 225 

arenatus  Pk 217 

atramentarius  Fr 212 

boudieri  Quel 225 

bra.ssicae  Pk 222 

bulbilosus  Pat 220 

comatus  Fr 209 

poisoning  by 858 

domesticiis  Fr 218 

ebulbosus  Pk 213 

e[)tie!nenis  Fr 224 

litiietarius  Fr 215 

finietarius  var.  macrohiza 215 

frie.sii  Quel 222 

granulosus  Clem 219 

insignis  Pk 212 

jonesii  Pk 216 

lagopides  Karst 216 

lagopus  Fr 197 


INDEX  907 

Page 

Coprinus  lanlger  Fr 214 

macrosperma  Pk 211 

micaceus  Fr 218 

raicaceus  var.  conicus  Pk 219 

narcoticus  Fr v  ■  222 

nlveus  Fr .'.  217 

oblectus  Fr 211 

ovatus  Fr 210 

patouillardi  Quel 223 

plicatilis  Fr 226 

plicatiloides  BuUer 224 

pulchrifolius  Pk 219 

quadrifidus  Pk 213 

radians  Fr 219 

radiatus  Fr 223 

sclerotigenus  E.  &  E 221 

semilanatus  Pk 217 

silvaticus  Pk 225 

spraguei  B.  &  C 224 

stenocoleus  Lindhl 211 

stercorarlus  Fr 220 

sterquilinus  Fr 210 

tigrinellus  Bond 222 

tomentosus  Fr 215 

tuberosus  Quel 221 

Cortinarius,  genus 4,15,28,314 

Cortinarius,  key  to  species 319 

Cortinarius  acutoides  Pk 441 

acutus  Fr 442 

adustus  Pk 410 

aggregatus  sp.  nov 346 

albidlfolius  Pk 388,393 

albidipes  Pk 364* 

albidus  Pk ." 359 

alboviolaceus  Fr 370 

aleuriosmus  Maire 351 

amarus  Pk 333 

anfractus  Fr 366 

annulatus  Pk 376 

anomalus  Fr 390,410 

arenatus  Fr 373 

argentatns  Fr 381 

armeuiacus  Fr 429 

armillatus  Fr 13,413 

arquatus  Fr 338 

asper  Pk 373 

atkinsonianus  Kauff 338 

aureifolius  Pk 398 

autumnalis  Pk 386 

azureus  Fr 384 

badius  Pk 417 

badius  var 419 

basalis  Pk 395 

berlesianus  (Pk.)  Sacc 333 

bicolor  Cke 427 

bolaris  Fr 375 

braendlei  Pk 384 

brevissimus  Pk 393 

brunneof ulvus  Fr 420 

brunneus  Fr - 420 

bulliardi  Fr 413 

caerulescens  Fr 349 

caesiocyaneus  Brltz 342 

caesius  Clem 350 

caespitosus  Pk ' 387 

callisteus  Fr 385 

calochrous  Fr 339 

camphoratus  Fr 342 

candelaris  Fr 431 

canescens  Pk 379 

caninus  Fr 390 

castanellus  Pk 395 

castaneoides  Pk 417 

castaneous  Fr •.  .' 428 

catskillensis  Pk 386 

cinnabarinus  Fr 401 

cinnamomeus  Fr 396 

cinnamomeus  var.  croceus 397 

claricolor  Fr 363 

clintonianus  Pk 385 

coUinitus  Fr 329 

coloratus  Pk ' 368 

colus  Fr 413 

communis  Pk 369 

copakensis  Pk 363 


908  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Page 

Cortinarius  corrugatus  Pk 356 

croct'oc-olor  Kauff 378 

croceoconiis 307 

croceofolius  Pk 399 

crystallinus  Fr 334 

cuinatilis  Fr 360 

cyaiiopus  Fr 347 

cyliiKiripes  Kauff 330 

(leceptivus  KautT 409 

decipieus  Fr 438 

decoloratiis  Fr 365 

delibutus  Fr 333 

dlstans  Pk 421 

dolobratus  Fr 431 

duracimis  Fr 430 

elatior  Fr 407 

elatior  pallidifoliiis  Pk 332 

elegant ior  Fr.  var 355 

elegantoides  sp.  iiov 344 

emollitus  Fr 334 

erraticus  Pk 374 

erugatiis  Fr 431 

ery thrinus  Fr 438 

evernius  Fr 406 

flavlofolius  Pk 377 

flexlpes  var.  minor  Fr 411 

fulgens  Fr 354 

fulmineus 355 

fulmineus  Fr.  var.  sulphureus  var.  nov 354 

furfurellus  Fr 422 

f usroviolaceus  Pk 437 

glabrelliis  KaufT ' 432 

glaiidicolor  Fr 422 ,  43.5 

glaiicopu.s  Fr 352 

glutinosus  Pk 367 

gracili.s  Pk 388 

griseus  Pk 410 

haematorheli.s  Fr 414 

heliotropicus  Pk 336 

heinitrichu.s  Fr .  424 

herpitious  Fr 340 

hinnuleus  Fr 416 

iliopodius  Fr 418 

imimtus  Fr 426 

unpennis  Fr 371 

Impolitus  sp.  nov 419 

inf ractus  Pers.-Bres : 365 

intru.sus  Pk 358 

iodes  R.  &  C 335 

iodioides  .sp.  nov •. 335 

juberiniis  Fr 436 

lanatipcs  Pk 262 

lapidopliilu.s  Pk 363 

lepidopus  Cke 390 

leiicopiis  Fr 439 

lignurius  Pk 440 

lilacinus  Pk 381 

limoneus  Fr 378 

livor  Fr 428 

longipes  Pk 366 

liirorum  Fr 40S 

liiteo-fuscns  Pk 367 

lutescens  Pk 377 

Intoiis  Pk ; 308 

maculipes  Pk 361 

malachiiis  Fr 371 

malicorin.s  Fr 399 

niarnmosiis  sp.  nov 415 

ndcbiganensis  sp.  nov 350 

modestns  Pk 388 

morri.sii  Pk 414 

mnciflnns  Fr 328 

multiformis  Fr. 357 

musrigptnis  Pk • 331 

newfieldiensis  Ellis 377 

nigrillis  Pk 422 

oblifjuus  Pk 382 

obtusus  Fr 430 

orhraceiis  Pk 378 

ochroleunis  Fr '.....  394 

olivaoeo-stramineus  Kauff 341 

olivaceus  Pk 366 

ophiopus  Pk 369 

paleaceus  Fr 425 

paludosus  Pk 415 


INDEX  909 

Page 

Cortlnariue  penlcuUatus  Fr 37g 

pholldeus  Fr 372 

phyllophilus  Pk 354 

plumiger  Fr 405 

praepallens  Pk 436 

prasinus  Fr 353 

privignus  Fr 433 

pulchrifoUus  Pk 383 

punctata  Fr 410 

purpurascens  Fr 345 

purpureophyllus  sp.  nov 348 

raphanoides  Fr 403 

rigens  Fr 440 

rigidus  Fr 423 

rigldus  (Scop.)  Ricken 423 

rlmosus  Pk 383 

robustus  Pk 387 

rubens  sp.  nov 343 

rubricosus  Fr 434 

rubripes  Kauff 412  ,413 

rubrocinereus  Pk 384 

rufooUvaceus  Fr 343 ,357 

saglnus  Fr 368 

salor  Fr 335 

sanguineus  Fr 402 

saturninus  Fr 427 

scandens  Fr 439 

scaurus  Fr 341 ,353 

sciophyllus  Fr 409 

scutulatus  Fr 408 

semisanguineus  (Fr.) 400 

serlcipes  Pk 394 

slnnulans  Pk 391 

sphaerosperma  sp.  nov .' .  347 

sphagnophilus  Pk 362 

sphaerosporus  Pk 332 

splendidus  Pk 331 

spilomeus  Fr 391 

squamulosus  Pk 373 

squarrosus  Clem 379 

sterills  Kauff 334 

subferruginea  Fr.' 427 

subflexipes  Pk 411 

sublanatus  Fr ' 415 

sublateritlus  Pk 357 

submarginalis  Pk 332 

subpulchrlfolius  sp.  nov 371 

subpurpurascens  Fr 346 

subrlgens  sp.  nov 433 

subsimile  (Pers.) 366 

subtabularis  sp.  nov 392 

sulfurinus  Quel 344 

testaceus  Cke 343 ,357 

tophaceus  Fr 376 

torvus  Fr 404 

triumphans  Fr 360 

umidicola  Kauff 407 

urasceus  Fr 435 

valgus  Fr 403 ,415 

varicolor  Fr 360 

velicopla  sp.  nov 339 

vibratilis  Fr 333 

violaceus  Fr 380 

virentophyllus  sp.  nov 353 

white!  Pk 387 

Crepidotus,  genus 28,516 

Crepidotus,  kev  to  species 517 

Crepidotus  albidus  E.  &  E 519 

applanatus  Fr 524 

calolepis 522 

cinnabarlnus  Pk 520 

croceotinctus  Pk 518 

crocophvllus  Berk 525 

distans  Pk 518 

dorsalis  Pk 525 

fulvotomentosus  Pk 521 

haerens  Pk 518 

herbarum  Pk 519 

latifolius  Pk 518,519 

haiistellaris  Fr 525 

malacbius  B.  &  C 523 

mollis  Fr 519 

putrigenus  B.  &  C 523 

ralfsii  B.  &  Br .525 

seplarius  Pk 521 


910  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Page 


Crepidotue  stipitatiis  sp. 
tiliopliila  Pk 


nov. 


524 


D 


vtTsiitus  Pk 520 

Cystliiia,  definition  of ^^ 

D. 

Dlctyolus  retirugis 31 

E. 

Eccilia.  Remis ^^'IIt 

Eccilia,  icey  to  species ^»' 

Eccilia  apiculatus  Fr %%% 

atrides  Fr ^as 

carneoKrisea  B.  &  Br ^°' 

Erriseo-nibella  Fr f  °° 

mordax  Atk 590 

parkensis  Fr ^°' 

pentafTonospora  Atk ^oy 

piriiioidi'S  sp.  nov ^°^ 

polita  Fr -^I^ 

rhodocvlicioides  Atk ^?i. 

rtiodocylix  Fr ^°' 

roseoalbocitriiia  Atk •^°' 

rusticoides  Gill ^°' 

sphaKiiicola  Pk %%' 

-''''''' :::::::::::::::::;::::  29  sll 


Entoloma,  genus 

Entoloma,  key  to  species  . 
Entoloma  clypeatuin  Fr  . . 

cuspidatum  Pk. 

cyaneum  Pk . 


547 
552 
561 
551 

dysthales  Pk ^°" 

grande  Pk '^48 

gravanum  Pk ^^° 

griseum  Pk  . . .      =" 

griseocyaneuin  Fr ^''J 

jubatum  Pk ^^4 

llviduin  Fr =*° 

luteuni  Pk ^48 

nmrinum  Pk ^^ ' 

nlderosum  Fr.  var ^^* 

peckianum  Burt |2" 

priinuloides  Fr ^*' 

rhodopoliuin  Fr ^^'* 

saltiioneiini  I'k ^^" 

scal)rinelluni  Pk ^*^ 

scabrosa  Fr '^'^^ 

sericatum  Britz |^* 

sericelliim  Fr |^" 

sericeum  Fr ^^° 

siniiatum  Fr '^Vq 

spf'fulum  Fr '^'^^ 

strict  ins  Pk %^], 

variabila  Pk ^I^ 

Entoloma,  poisonmg  by **•■'•* 

F. 

"Fairy  rings" A 

Families,  key  to r JJ 

Field,  notes ^„   .L., 

Fammula,  genus -•'•  J%^ 

Fammida,  key  to  species *°* 

Fammula  alnicola  Fr Jaa 

carboiiaria  Fr *°° 

flavida  Fr *^" 

fusa  Fr ^°^ 

gummosa  Fr 72" 

highlandensis  Pk ^2S 

lenta  Fr J°l 

llnulata  Fr ^H 

lubrica  Fr *°^ 

parvifructa  Pk Vl' 

polycbora  Berk 2°* 

sapinoa  Fr Jg^ 

spuiTiosa  Fr *°^ 

Fruit  body,  definition  of | 

parts  of „^ 

Fungi,  classes  of 2r 

outline  of en  402 

Galera,  genus — '  •  In^ 

Galera,  key  to  species 


INDEX  911 

Page 

Galera  antipus  Lasch 495 

bulbifera  sp.  nov 496 

capillaripes  Pk 500 

crispa  Longyear 498 

cyanopes  sp.  nov 500 

hypnorum  Fr 502 

lateritia  (Lasch) 495 

mniophila  (Lasch) 500 

ovahs  Fr 493  ,  494 

paludosa  Fr 494 

pellucida  Fr 494 

phcatelhis  Pk 501 

pubescans  Gill 497 

pygmaea-affinis  Fr 497 

rufipes  Pk 494 

sp ; 497 

spartea  Fr 499 

stagnina  Fr 494 

tenera  Fr 498 

teneroides  Pk 499 

Genera,  key  to 27 

Gills,  definition  of -4,7 

Glossary  of  terms 879 

Goniphidius,  genus 30, 169 

Goniphidius,  key  to  species 170 

Goniphidius  fiavipes  Pk 172 

furcatus  Pk 171 

glutinosus  Fr 169 

gracilis  Berk 171 

macnlatus  Fr 170 

nigricand  Pk 170,171 

vinicolor  Pk • 171 

viscidus  Fr 169 

Gyromitra^esculenta,  poisoning  by 861 

H. 

Hebeloma,  genus , 29  ,  468 

Hebeloma,  key  to  species 470 

Hebeloma  albidulurn  Pk 479 

album  Pk 481 

colvini  Pk .  481 

crustuliniforrae  Fr 476 

fastibile  Fr 472 

firmum  Fr 470 

glutinosum  Fr 471 ,487 

gregarium  Pk 473 

hiemale  Bres 477 

longicaudum  Fr 478 

magniinammum  Fr 482 

mesophaeum  Fr 473 

neurophyllum  Atk 471 ,479 

pascuense  Pk • 474 

sarcophyllum  Pk 480 

simile  sp.  nov 479 

sinapizans  Fr 475 

sinuosum  Fr , 476 

sociale  Pk 471 

syrjense  Karst 482 

testaceum  Fr 471 ,482 

velatum  Pk _ 471 

Hebeloma,  poisoning  by  .  . ". 855 

Heliomyces,  genus 28 ,  81 

Heliomyces  foetans  Pat 73 

nigripes  (Schw.)  Morg 81 

pruinosipes  Pic.  var.  cerebrosus  var.  nov 82 

Herbarium,  notes 18 

specimens 18 

Hygrophoreae 169 

Hygrophorous,  genus 27, 172 

Hygrophorus,  key  to  species 175 

Hygrophorus  agathosmus  Fr 174 

albipes  Pk 177 

arbustus  Fr 186 

aureus  Fr 182 

t)asidiosus  Pk 177 

borealls  Pk 192 

var.  subborealis  var.  nov 192 

bresadolae  Quel 183 

burnhaini  Pk 177 

caerulescens  B.  &  C 195 

ceraceus  Fr 193 

chlorophanus  Fr 198 

chrysodon  Fr 178 

coccineus  Fr 196 


912  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Page 

Hygrophorue  conicus  I"r 200 

coleiiuiiiiiiauus  Blox 193 

coloratus  Pk 183 

cossus  Fr 174 

ebenieus  Fr 17S 

var.  decipiens  Pk 179 

var.  unicolor  Pk 179 

clegaimiliis  Pk '.....  177 

flavodispiis  Frost 180 

foeteiis  Pliil 184 

fonncatus  Fr 189 

friesii  Sacc   201 

fuligineus  P'rost 183,203 

fusco-albus  var.  occldentalis  var.  nov 187 

ghitiiiifer  Fr 183 

hy pot  hejus  Fr 183 

iininutabilis  Pk 177 

lactus  Fr 210 

laririmis  Pk 177 

laurae  Morg 179 

leporiuus  Fr 188 

luridus  B.  &  C 177 

marginatus  Pk 19* 

metapodius  Pk 177 

niiniatus  Fr 195 

var.  oaiitherelliis  Schw 195 

var.  sphagnoijhilus  Pk 196 

minutulus  Pk  .  .  . .  ^ 177 

nitidiis  B.  &  C.  (non  Fr.) 200 

nitratus  Fr 174 

niveus  Fr 191 

olivaceo-albus  Fr 184 

pallidas  Pk 194 

paludosus  Pk 181 

peckianus  Howe 194 

peckii  Atk 202 

pratensis  Fr • 190 

var.  cinerens 190 

var.  pallidas 190 

psitticinus  Ft 202 

pudorinus  Fr 186 

puniceus  Fr 197 

var.  flavescens  Kauff - 197 

ruber  Pk 177 

nihropunctus  Pk '.....  179 

Russula  (Fr.)  nov.  comb 185 

serotinus  Pk 177 

sordidus  Pk 187 

speciosus  Pk 181 

sphoero.sporus  Pk 177 

subrufescens  Pk 177 

subviolaceus  Pk 195 

unquinosus  Fr ; 203 

virgatulus  Pk 177 

virgitieus  Fr 191 

FTygrophorus,  poisoning  by 849 

Hypholoma,  genus 30 ,  254 

Hypholoma,  key  to  species 255 

Hypholoma  aggregatum  Pk 259 

appendiculatum  Fr 264 

candolleanum  F"r _ 264 

rapnoiiies  Fr ' 255 

coronatuin  Ft 265 

elongatum  Pers 278 

epixantlium  Fr 256 

fasciculare  Fr 255 

hydrophiluin  Fr.-Rick 266 

hydroijliilum  Fr.-Sacc 266 

incertuin  Pk 263 

incertum  var  sylvestrus  var.  nov 264 

instratum  Britz * 267 

lachryiiiabundum  Fr.-Quel 259 

peckiaiiuin  sp.  nov 258 

pen>lf>;'im  Pk 257 

populinnin  liritz 261 

rugoceplialnm  Atk 262 

sacchariiiophdum  Pk 267 

sarcoceplialum  Fr 279 

sublatcritiutn  Fr 256 

velufiiiurn  Fr.-Quel 260 

vinosum  sp.  nov •    261 

Hymenium,  definition  of 7 

Hyphae,  definition  of 3 

Inocybe,  genus 29  ,  442 

Inocybe,  key  to  species 445 


INDEX  913 

Page 

Inocybe  iilbodisca,  Pk 462 

asterospora  Qiuel 462 

bongardii  Weiiin 444 

caesariata  Fr 448 

calamistrata  J''r 447 

calospora  Quel 450 

carpta  Bres 461 

Cincinnati  Fr 443 

comatella  Pk 465 

cookei  Bres 458 

curreyi  Berk 458 

decipientoidc-s  Pk 453 

destricta  Fr 456 

dulcamera  Schw 446 

eutheles  Fr 460 

eutheloides  Pk 459 

fallax  Pk 462,465 

fastigiata  Bres 457 

fibrosa  Bres 461 

flocculosa  Berk 453 

frumentacea  Bres 454 

geophila  Fr 465 

glaber  sp.  nov 468 

hirsuta  Lasch 443 

•     hystrix  Fr 447 

incarnata  Bres 444 

infelix  Pk 452 

poisoning  by 855 

infidaPk 443,465 

poisoning  by 854 

lacera  Fr 452 

lanatodisca  sp.  nov 459 

lanuginella  Schroeter 449 

lanuginosa  Fr.-Bres 449 

leptophylla  Atk 449 

lilacina  Fr 466 

pyriodora  Fr 450 

radiata  Pk 460 

repanda  Bres 463 

rigidipes  Pk 450 

rimosa  Fr 455 

scabella  Fr 466 

scabella  var.  rufa 466 

scaber  Fr 45 1 

sindonia  Fr 464 

squamosodisca  Pk 449 

subdecurrens  E.&E 449 

subochracea  Pk 464 

subtomentosa  Pk 449 

trechispora  Berk 467 

trinti  Wein 444 

umbratica  Bres 462 

unibrina  Bres 461 

11  nicolor  Pk 449 

violaceifolia  Pk 445 

Inocybe  poisoning  by 854 

K. 

Keys,  their  use 23 

L. 

Lamallae,  definition  of 4 

Lactarieae 83 

Lactarius,  genus 27 ,  83 

Lactarius,  key  to  species 86 

Lactarius  affinis  Pk 99 

atroviridis  Pk 89 

aurantiacus  Fr 110 

boughtonl  Pk 108 

brevipes  Longvear 98 

brevis  Pk " 08 

camphoratus  Fr 117 

cbrvsorheus  Fr 96 

cilicioides  Fr 91 

cinereus  Pk 108 

colorascens  Pk ." 110 

controversns  Fr 94 

corrugls  Pk : 113 

croceus  Burl 110 

deceptivus  Pk 93 

deliciosus  Fr .  .        ■ 103 

distans  Pk 114 

foetidua  Pk 115 

114 


914  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Pafie 

Lactariufi  fuliKinosus  I'r lOo 

gerardii  Pk                      105 

glvfiosiiuis  I'r                 S7 

grisciis  I'k ■ 108 

irnJi(;()  iSchw.  . 104 

insiilsiis  l'"r 98 

isabellliius  Hurl Ill 

hi'lvus  l"r 106 

lielviis  var.  a<|t>ifli>t<s  Pk  . .  .  , '.  . .  .  107 

livgroplioroidi's  H.  &  (' 114 

hysfriiiiis  I-'r : 100 

liKiivotus  Fr 106 

luteohis  Pk 115 

iiiaciilatiis  Pk 102 

imicidiis  Hurl 109 

oculatiis  Pk.-Hiirl 116 

parvus  Pk Ill 

pergancnus  Fr 95 

])latyphylltis  Pk 99 

piperatus  Fr 95 

var.  fragraus  Burl 05 

pubescens  Fr 94 

pyro^alus  Fr 96 

regalis  Pk 99 

resiiiius  Fr 99 

rimosellus  Pk 117 

rufus  Fr 107 

Rcrobirulatus  Fr 90 

sor<li<ius  Pk 89 

subdulcis  Fr 115 

subi)iir[)ureus  Pk • 102 

theioKalus  Fr 97 

torniiaosus  Fr 91 

poisoning  by S40 

triviaUs  Fr 100 

var.  gracilis  Pk 101 

var.  maculatus  Pk 101 

var.  viridilactus  var.  nov 101 

turpis  Fr 88 

uvidus  Fr 101 

poisoning  by 850 

varius  Pk 112 

vellerlus  Fr •. 92 

vletus  Fr 109 

volemus  Fr 112 

zonarins  Fr 99 

Lactarius,  poisoning  by 845 

Lentimis,  genus 28,49 

Lentinus,  key  to  speriss •.  .  .  .  51 

Lentiuus  americana  Pk 51 

chrysopeplos  B.  &  C 50 , 778 

coclileatus  Fr ■. 55 

haematopus  Herk '. ; 54 

lecomtei  Schw .' 46 

lepldeus  Fr 13 ,  53 

microsperma  Pk 55 

obconicus  Pk 51 

ompbalodes  Fr 54 

spretus  Pk 51 ,  53 

suavissimus  Pk 51 

sulcatus  Berk 51 

tigrinus  Fr 51 

uinbilicaf us  Pk 54 

underwoodii  Pk 51 

ursinus  Fr .' .- 56 

vulpiiuis  Fr 56 

Lentodium  squamulosum  Morg • 52 

Lepiota,  genus 4  ,27,625 

I-epiota,  key  to  species 626 

Lepiota  acerina  Pk 635 

acutaesquamosa  Fr 633 

adnatifolia  Pk 637 

alluviimus  Pk 642 

americana  Pk 645 

amianthina  Fr 628,637 

angustana  Britz 642 

arenicola  Pk 628 

asperula  Atk 635 

badiiami  Berk • 646 

boudieri  Brea 636 

caepestipes  Fr 640 

caerule-scens  Pk 627 

caloceps  Atk 628 

charcarias  Fr 626 

ciypeolaria  Fr 63 1 


INDEX  915 

Page 

Lepiota  cristata  Fr 641 

cristatatellus  Pk 643 

cyano/.onata  Longyear 627 

delicata  Fr 631 

ecitodora  Atk 627 

eriophora  Pk 628 

excoriata  Fr 647 

feliiia  Fr 633 

fischeril  sp.  nov 630 

f  riesii  Lasch 634 

geniciilospora  Atk 677 

glioderma  Fr 629 

gracilis  Pk.  . 628 

granulosa  Fr * 638 

granosa  Morg 636 

haematosperma  Fr.-Bres 262 

helvola  Bres 626 

lenticularis  Fr 630 

illinita  Fr 629 

incarnata  Clem 631 

metulaespora 632 

mlamensis  Morg 642 

morgan!  Pk 15 ,  644 

poisoning  by 844 

naucina  Fr 15 ,  646 

naucinoides  Pk 647 

oblita  Pk 631 

persooni  Fr 630 

procera  Fr " 643 

pulveracea  Pk 638 

purpureoconia  Atk 627 

pusillomyces  Pk 639 

rubrotincta  Pk 640 

ruf escens  Morg 631 

rugoso-retlculata  Lor 636 

rugulosa  Pk 627 

seminuda  Fr 639 

Leptonia,  genus 29 ,  571 

Leptonia,  key  to  species 572 

Leptonia  aeruginosa  Pk 572 

anatina  Fr 579 

asprella  Fr 578 

»    euchroa  Fr - 577 

formosa  Fr 576 

grisea  Pk 572 

incana  Fr 572 

lampropoda  Fr 574 

placida  Fr 573 

rosea  Longyear 575 

serrulata  Fr 577 

seticeps  Atk 575 

solsticialis  Fr 572 

subserrulata  Pk 572 

transformata  Pk 572 

undulatella  Pk 572 

Lucosporae 205 

M. 

Marasmieae 41 

Marasmius,  genus 28 ,  57 

Marasmius,  key  to  species 59 

Marasmius  alliacens  Fr 68 

androsaceus  Fr 79 

bellipes  Morg 66 

calopus  Fr 72^ 

campaniilatus  Pk 77 

candidus  Fr 74 

capillaris  Morg 80 

caricicnla  Kauff 74 

chordalis  Fr 76 

cohoerens  Fr.-Bres 75 

decurrens  Pk 71 

delectans  Morg 67 

elongat  ipes  Pk 75 

epiphyllus  Fr 80 

erythropus  Fr 70 

fagineus  Morg -. 65 

felix  Morg 77 

foetidus  Fr 73 

fuscopurpurea  Fr 69 

glabellus  Pk 66 

graminum  Libert 79 

instititius  Fr 80 

leptopus  Pk 73 

115 


<J16  THE   AGARICACEAE    OF   MICHIGAN 

Page 

Marasmius,  loiigipes  Pk 76 

iiuigiiisporu.s  Miirr 74 

ollieyi  H.  it  C 73 

on'iuies  Fr 15,61 

papilUitus  Pk 76 

perf  oralis 80,73 

perotiat  us  Fr 62 

polypliyllus  Pk 68 

I)rasiosinius  Fr 68 

puklif rripes  Pk 66 

resiiiosus  Pk 71 

rot ula  Ft 78 

scorodoiiius  Fr 72 

seiiiiliirtipes  Pk 67 

siccus  Scliw 77 

spongiosus  ]i.  &  C 65 

sutjiuidus  Ellis-Pk 64 

urens  Fr 63 

varicosus  Fr 69 

vclutipes  B.  it  C 70 

viticola  B.  &  C 64  .(io 

Marasmius,  i)oisoiung  by ; 851 

Melanosporae 205,206 

Mushrooms,  collecting  of • 16 

cultivation 21 

ediljility  of 17 

parts  of 4 

poisoning  by 825,863 

I)reserving  of 16 

Mycelium,  definition  of 3 

Mycena,  geims 28 ,  778 

Mycena,  key  to  species 780 

Mycena  acicula  Fr '. 812 

adonis  Fr 812 

alcalina  Fr 803 

ammoniaca  Fr 804 

atroalba  Fr 807 

atroalboides  Pk 808 

atrocyaneus  Fr 808 

bryophila  Vogl 802 

calorhiza  Bres 803 

capillaripes  Pk 792 

clavicularis  Fr  . .  .  .  .- 788 

var.  alba  Pk 788 

var.  filipes  Pk 788 

var.  lutelpes  var.  nov .  . 788 

cohaerens  Fr 75 

coUariata  Fr 810 

consimilis  Cke - :  .  . .  .  806 

constaus  Pk 804 ,  806 

corticola  Fr 793 

crystallina  Pk 789 

cyaneobasis  Pk  . 802 

cyanothrix  Atk 810 

debilis  Fr 783 

denticulata  Pk .• ; 792 

dissiliens  Fr '. 806 

echinipes  Fr 790 

epipterygia  Fr 787 

excisa  Fr 799 

filopes  Fr ; 783 

galericulata  Fr .> 797 

var.  calopus  Fr 797 

haematopa  Fr 783 

hemispherica  Pk 807 

hiemalis  Fr 793 

immaculata  Pk .* 796 

Inclinata  Fr 798 

iris  Berk i 803 

juncicola  Fr .• 812 

lasiosperma  Bres •. 801 

leajana  Berk 785 

leptocepViala  Fr • 806 

marginella  Fr 803 

metata  Fr , 805 

minutula  Pk 795 

paraboiica  Fr 800 

l)pllanthiiia  Fr 790 

polygrainma  Fr.  var.  alblda  Kauff 801 

])raelonga  Pk 809 

prolifera  Fr •  790 

pterigenus  Fr   812 

rntlcherrima  Pk 811 

piira  Fr 794 

purpureof usca  Fr 792 


INDEX  917 

Page 

Mycena,  raeborhiza  (Lasch.) 802 

receDtibilis  Britz 802 

roseila  Fr 791 

rubromarginata  Fr 792 

saiiguinolenta  Fr 784 

setosa  Fr 794 

stannea  Fr , 807 

stipularis  Fr 812 

stylobates  Fr 789 

subincarriata  Pk 811 

sudora  Fr 801 

viscosa  Maire 788 

vitilis  Fr 783 

vulgaris  Fr 786 

Mycorhiza,  definition  of 10 

N. 

Naucoria,  genus 29  ,  508 

Naucoria,  key  to  species 509 

Naucoria  bellula  Pk 513 

centuncula  Fr 511 

cidaris  Fr 511 

horizontalis  Fr 511 

lignicola  Pk 512 

nimbosa  Fr 510 

pediades  Fr 515 

platysperma  Pk 514 

semiorbicularis  Fr 513 

siparia  Fr 515 

tabacina  Fr 515 

tnscopoda  Fr 512 

verracti  Fr 514 

Nolanea,  genus 29 ,  579 

Nolanea,  key  to  species 580 

Nolanea  babingtonii  Berk 583 

caelestina  var.  violacea  Kauff 585 

conica  Pk 584 

cruenta  Quel 586 

dysthales  Pk.-Atk 580 

fuscogrisella  Pk 585 

mammosa  Fr 583 

nodospora  Atl'C .  580 

papillata  Bres 584 

pascua  Fr 581 

staurospora  Bres 582 

versatilis  Fr 582 

Nomenclature 24 

Nyctalis,  genus 27,31 

Nyctalis  asterosphora • 32 

O. 

Ochrosporae 205 

Omphalia,  genus 28,812 

Omphalia,  key  to  species ' '.  814 

Omphalia  albidula  Pk 820 

caespitosa  Bolt , 824 

campanella  Fr 823 

epichvsium  Fr 818 

fibula  Fr , 821 

fibuloides  Pk 822 

gerardiana  Pk 819 

gracillima  Fr 820 

hepatica  Fr 817 

lilacifolia  Pk 816 

lilacina  Laest 816 

luteola  Pk 816 

muralis  Fr 817 

ollvarla  Pk 815 

anisca  Fr 818 

papillata  Pk 820 

pyxidata  Fr 816 

rugodisca  Pk 817 

scabriuscula  Pk 778 

schwartzii  Fr • 822 

scyphiformis  Fr 815 

scyphoides  Fr 814 

sphagnophila  Berk 819 

stellata  Fr 820 

subclavata  Pk 816 

umbratilis  Fr 824 


918  THE   AGARICACEAE    OP   MICHIGAN 

P. 

Page 

Panaeolus,  genus 30 ,  228 

Panaeolus  campanuh'.tus  Fr 230 

poisoning  by 858 

epiinyces  Pk 253 

papHioiiaceiis  Fr 231 

poisoning  by 859 

retirugis  Fr .• 229 

poisoning  by 858 

solidipes  Pk 228 

sp 231 

spiiinctriniis  Fr 232 

Pamis,  genus 28 ,  43 

Panus,  key  to  species 44 

Panus  albotomentosus  Cke.  <%  Mass 45 

aiignstatus  Herk 48 

betulinus  J'k 45 

coiK'tiatus  l'"r 447 

(lealbat  us  Pk 45 

dorsalis  Pose 45 

laeyis  H.  &  C 44 , 46 

nigrifolius  Pk 45 

operculatus  B.  <fe  C 44 

rudis  Fr 46 

salicinus  Pk 49 

St  ipticus  Fr 48 

strigosus  B.  &  C 45 

torulosus  Fr 47 

Partial  veil,  definition  of '*.'«' 

Paxillus,  genus 28  ,  284 

Paxillus,  key  to  species 285 

Paxillus  atrotoinentosus  Fr 287 

corrugatus  Atk 288 

extrenuatus  Fr "21 

involutus  Fr 286 

lepista  Fr 284 

panuoides  Fr 288 

rbodoxanthus  Schw 285 

Phollota,  genus 4,28,289 

Pholiota,  key  to  species 289 

Pholiota  acericola  Pk 309 

adiposa  Fr 305 

aegerita  Fr 296 

aeruginosa  Pk 308 

aggregata  Pk 207 

aggericola  Pk : 297 

var.  retirugis  Pk 298 

albocrenulata  Pk 301 

autuninalis  Pk : ,.  .    311,312 

poisoning  by 854 

blattaria  Fr 313 

caperata  Fr -. 204 

cerasina  Pk 201 

coinosa  Fr 201 

confragosa  Fr > 310 

ourvipes  Fr • 302 

destruens  Fr.-Bres 298 

detersibiMs  Pk , . .  .  313 

discolor  Pk 310 

dura  Bolt 203  ,  204 

duroides  Pk 202 

erinaceella  Pk .■ 30i 

flamnians  Fr 306 

fulvosqiiamosa  Pk 302 

heterociita  Fr 201 

howeana  Pk 297 

indecens  Pk 208 

johnsoniana  Pk.-Atk 295 

limonel'.a  Pk 200 ,  307 

luf'ifera  Bres 307 

lutea  Pk 201 

lufeofolia  Pk 307 

marginata  Fr 311 

marsrinelta  Pk  . .  .  .' 312 

minima  Pk 201 

inuricata  Fr 304 

mutabilis  Fr 201 

rnycenoides  Fr 314 

ornella  Pk 201 

praecox  Fr 293 

var.  pylvestris  Pk 293 

radlcosa  Fr 240 

rugosa  Pk 312 

spectabili^  Fr 304 

squamosa  Fr 292,300 


INDEX  919 

Page 

Pholiota  squarrusoides  Pk 299 

temnophylla  Pk 294 

togularis  Fr 292,313 

tuberculora  Fr 303 

unlcolor  (Fl.  D.)  Fr 3U 

vermiflua  Pk 294 

verrucolosa  (Lasch)  Fr 300 

Pholiota,  poisoning  by 854 

Photography  of  iiiuKhroomoi. ." 20 

Pileus,  definition  of 4,5 

Pilosace  algeriensis  Fr.-Quel 254 

Pleurotus,  genus , 25 ,  656 

Pleurotus,  key  to  species 658 

Pleurotus  acerosus  Fr .' 670 

albolanatus  Pk.  sp.  nov 45,672 

applicatus  Fr 674 

atrocaeruleus  Fr.  var.  griseus  Pk 673 

atropellitus  Pk -. 675 

borealis 657 

candidlssimus  B.  &  C 670 

circinatus  Fr 666 

corticatus 657 

craspedius  Fr 659 

cyphellaeformis  Berk 658 

dryinus 657 

elongatipes  Pk 661 

euosmus 657 

flmbriatus  var.  regularis  var.  nov 667 

lignatilis  Fr 666 

limpidus  Fr 670 

mastrucatus  Fr 673 

mltis  Fr 670 

nephretus  Ell 671 

niger  Schw 656,659,675 

ostreatus  Fr 663 

petaloides  Fr 49  ,  669 

porrigens  Fr 671 

sapidus  Kalohb 665 

septicus  Fr 671 

serotinus  Fr 668 

spathulatus  Fr.-Pk 669 

striatulus  Fr 656 ,  659 ,  675 

subareolatus  Fr 664 

subpalmatus  Fr 662 

sulfnroides  Pk .- 661 

tremulus  Fr 659 

ulmarius  Fr '. 659 

unibonatus  Pk • ; 658 

Plicatura  alui  (Pk.) 42 

Pluteolus,  genus 29 ,  505 

Pluteolus,  key  to  species 505 

Pluteolus  aleuratus  var.  gracilis  Pk 506 

coprophiUis  Pk 506 

expansus  Pk 507 

var.  terrestris  Pk 507 

reticulatus  Fr 502  ,  508 

Pluteus,  genus 29,535 

Pluteus,  key  to  species 536 

Pluteus  admirabilis  Pk 544 

caloceps  Atk 543 

cervinus  Fr ■ .[............'.  537 

var.  alba  Pk 538 

var.  petastatus  Fr ^ 538 

var.  viscosus  Lloyd 538 

chrysophacens  Fr 537 

ephebius  Fr.  var .• .  .  .  539 

var.  drephanophyllus  Schultz .......  549 

flavofuliginus  Atk 536 

granularis  Pk ....................[..[  541 

var.  umbro.sellus  Atk. 542 

intermedins  var.  nov. .  542 

leotdnus  Pk 545 

longistriatue  Pk 543 

nanus  Fr 542 

var.  lutescens  Fr '.  .  . 543 

pelitus    Fr ]  539 

phlebophorus •      536 

roseocandidufi  Atk. 541 

salicinus  Fr.  var 539 

stercorarius  Pk 536 

sterilomarginatns  Pk 536 

tomentosulus  Pk 540 

umbrosus  Fr 538 

Poisoning  by  mushrooms,  chapter  on .-'.  .                       .  .  .  . '.  825 

statistics  on ...............['.'.  827 


920  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Page 

Poisonous  imishrooins 828 

Amanita  bisporiger 828 

citriiia 836 

cldorinosonia. 837 

cothiinuita 844 

creiuilata 836 

frostiaiia 837 

niajipa : 836 

niorrisii 837 

muscaria 837 

constituents  of  jmison  of 83!) 

l)oisoMiiig  by 837 

clinical  features  of 838 

treatment  of 841 

pantherina 843 

phaUoides 828 

constituents  of  poison  of 833 

poisoiiiiiK  by 828 

treatment  of 832 

porphyria 836 

radicata 836 

spreta 836 

strobiliformis 836 

verna ; 828 

virosa 828 

Boletus  luridus 860 

satanus ; .  860 

spp 860-61 

Clitocybe  illudens 846 

morbifera 848 

sudorifica 847 

Coprinus  spp 858 

Entolonia  cuspidatum 853 

lividuiu 853 

nidorosum 853 

rhodopolium 853 

salmoiieum 853 

sinuatum 853 

strictius 853 

Gyrornitra  esculenta .     861-62 

Hebelonia  fastibile 856 

sinapizans *.  .  .  .  855 

Hysroi)horu.s  conicus 849 

Hypholoma  iiistratum 857 

Inocybe  decipiens ' 855 

infelix •    855 

infida ' 854 

rimosa 856 

Lactarius  spp 850 

tormiiios:is 840 

Lepiota  morgani 044 

Panaeolus  spp ; 858 

PhoMota  autumiialis 854 

Pleurotus  olearius 847 

Psilocyhe  ccrnua 857 

Russula  emetica 850 

spp ^ 851 

Tricholoma  venenatum ■."' 846 

Poisonous  principles  of  Amanitas 843 

Psalliota,  genus 20,232 

Psalliota,  key  to  species T 233 

Psalliota  abruptibulba  Pk 237 

arvensis  Fr 13,15, 236 

augusta  Fr 230 

campestrls  Fr ". 13,  l."),240 

comtula  Fr .,...- 244 

cretacea  Fr 234 

cretacella  Atk 234 

diminutiva  Pk 245 

echinata  Fr 245  ,262 

haemorrhodaria  Fr 243 

halophila  Pk 243 

micromegetba  Pk 243 

perrara  Hres 230  ,  242 

placomvces  Pk 238 

pusijla  Pk 244 

rodiiiani  Pk .  .  . '. 235 

russiopli Vila  liasch 244 

sagata  Fr 244 

snbrnfescens  Pk ,  .  .  .  239 

silvatica  Fr 242 

villatica  Fr.-Bres 242 

Psathyra,  genus 30 ,  268 

Psathyra.  key  to  species 268 


INDEX  921 

Page 

Psathyra  conopilea  Fr 269 

currugis  Fr 269 

data  Mass 269 

microsperma  Pk 271 

obtusata  Fr 27P 

persimplex  Britz 270 

seraivestita  B.  &  Br 271 

umbonata  Pk 269 

vest ita  Pk 271 

Psathyrella,  genus 30 ,  226 

Psathyrella  oreiiata  Fr 227 

disseminata  Fr 227 

subatrata  Fr 269 

Psilocybe,  genus 30 ,  272 

Psilocybe,  key  to  species 273 

Psilocybe  agrariella  Atk 281 

ammophila  Mont 281 

arenuiina  Pk 281 

atrobrunnea  Fr 277 

atrorufa  Fr^ 275 

bullacea  Fr 275 

canofaciens  Cke 276 

cernua  Fr 280 

conissans  Pk 284 

coprinopiiila  Fr 274 

ericaea  Fr 278 

foenisecii  Fr 15,283 

larga  sp.  nov 279 

merdaria  Fr 274 

murcida  Fr 280 

physaloides  Fr 275 

polycephala  Paul.-Sacc 267 

spadicea  Fr 267 ,  279 

submaculata  Atk 282 

subviscida  Pk 275 

uda  Fr.-Batt 277 

R. 

Rhizomorph,  definition  of 3 

Rhodosporae 205 

Russula,  genus 27, 118 

Russnla,  key  to  species 121 

Russula  abietina  Pk 166 

adusta  Fr 128 

aeruginea  Lindb  (non-Fr.) 144 

albella  Pk 154 

albida  Pk 158 

albidula  Pk "  154 

albonigra  fKromb.) 129 

alutacea  Fr ISO 

amygdaloides  sp.  nov 162 

anomala  Pk 159 

atropurpurea  Kromb-Maire  (non  Pk.) 142 

atropurpurea  Pk 145 

aurata  Fr 124 

aurantialutea  KaufT 157 

azurea  Bre.s 141 

barlae  Quel 163 

borealis  KaulT 150 

brevipes  Pk  . 125 

caerulea  Pers  .  .' 165 

chamaeleontina  Fr 165 

chloroides  Bres 126 

claroflava  Grove 158 

compacta  Frost 129 

consohrina  Fr 138 

constans    Karst 148 

crustosa  Pk  .  . , 132 

cutefracta  Cke 140 

cyanoxantha  Fr 141 

decolorans  Fr 146 

var.  rubriceps  KauiT 147 

delica  Fr 15,93.125 

var.  brevipes  Pk 125 

densifolia  Seer ; 127 

depallens  Fr 147 

drimeia  Cke 143 

emetica  Fr ■ 151 

poisoning  by 830,8.50 

var.  gregaria  KaufT 152 

expallens  Fr 143 

fallax  Cke .  .[ 154 

fellea  Pk 1.5g 

flava  Rom ................!!  147 


922  THE  AGARICACEAE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Page 

Uutjsula  flavida  Frost 123 

flaviceiis  Pk 167 

foeteiis  I-'r 136 

foeleiitula  Pk 136 

f ragilis  Fr 153 

furcata  Fr 140 

grainiiiicolor  Quel 144 

granulata  Pk 133 

granulosa  ("ke 133, 158 

graveolens  Rom 145 

heteropliylla  Fr 144 

Incariiata  Morg 130 

Integra  Fr 161 

lactea  Fr 126 

lepida  Fr.  (non  Bres.) 133 

lilacea  (Juel 122 

linnaei  Fr 143 

lutea  Fr 167 

inagiiifica  Pk 121 

manae  Pk 14J 

raelliolens  Quel 162 

nlgrescentipes  Pk 148 

nigricans  Fr 32  ,  126 

nitida  Fr 163 

obscura  Rom 148 

ocliracea  Fr 15S 

ociiraleuca  Fr 133 

ocliraleucoides  sp.  nov 132 

orhrophylla  Pk 12-1 ,150, 151 

olivacea  Fr 145 

oli vascens  Fr 144 

palustris  Pk ; . .  157 

pectinata  Fr 137 

pectinatoides  Pk 137 

psuftdointegra  A.  &  G 160 

puellaris  Fr 169 

pulverulenta  Pk 134 

punctata  Gill 139 

purpurea  Gill 143 

purpuriiia  Q.  &  S 159 

quelletii  Fr 143 

romellii  Malre 162 

rosacea  Fr 155 

roseipes  Sec.-Pres 163 

rubra  Fr 142 

rugulosa  Pk 152 

rubescens  Beards 149 

sanguinea  Fr 155 

sardonia  Fr 156 

sericeo-nitens  Kauff 161 

simillima  Pk 158 

sordida  Pk 129 

sororia  Fr 138 

sphagnophila  Kauff 165 

squalida  Pk 145 

suhdepallens  Pk 159 

subfoetens  Smith 137 

subpunctata  sp.  nov 139 

subsordida  Pk 129 

tenuiceps  Kauff 156 

imcialis  Pk 160 

variata  Bann.  &  Pk  . 140 

vesca  Fr.-Bres 138 

veterno.'sa  Fr 155 

vinosa  Lindb 148 

virescens  Fr 131 

vitellina  Gill 167 

xerampelina  Fr 144 

Riissula,  poisoning  by : 850 

S. 

Rchizophylhim,  genus • 28,42 

Schizophyllum  commune  Fr 43 

Sclerotia,  definition  of 3 

"  Spawn,"  definition  of 3 

Species,  arrangement  of 24 

Spores,  definition  of 7 

Sterigma,  definition  of 7 

Stipe,  definition  of 4 

Stropharia,  genus 4  ,20,246 

Stropharia,  key  to  species 247 


INDEX  923 

Page 

Stropharia  aeruginosa  Fr 247 

alboiiitens  Fr 250 

battaraea  Fr —  .  .  247 

bilemellata  Pk 251 

caputmedusae  Fr 247 

coprinophila  Atk 253 

coroiiilla  Bres 250 

cotonea  Fr 259 

depliata  Fr 249 

epimyces  Pk.-Atk 253 

johsoniana  Pk 295 

melasperma  Fr 251 

paradoxa  P.  Henii 253 

scobinaceum  Fr 247 

semiglobata  Fr 252 

stercoraria  Fr 251 

umbonatescens  Pk 252 

ventricosa  Mass 248 

T. 

Toxic  principles  of  Amanitas 843 

Tncholoma,  genus 28 ,  675 

Tricholoma,  key  to  species 67Q 

Tricholoma  acerbum  Fr 705 

acre  Pk 694 

albellum  Fr 680 

albiflavldum  Pk 764 

album  Fr 704 

aurantia  Fr 651 

boreale  Fr 704 

brevipes  Fr 679,712 

carneum  Fr t 702 

cerinum  Fr 681 

chrysenteroides  Pk 701 

cinerascens  Fr 711 

columbetta  Fr 692 

conglobatum  Fr 704 

corvphaeum  Fr 684 

davisiae  Pk 681 

decorosum  Pk 682 

equestre  Fr 682 

fallax  Pk 681 

flavescens  Pk 680 

fla\'obrunneum  Fr 679  ,  687 

frumentaceum  Fr 687 

fuligineum  Pk 698 

fumescens  Pk 697 

furaosiluteum  Pk 707 

gambosum  Fr 682 

grammoDodlum  Fr 679 ,712 

grande  Pk 680 

grave  Pk 681 

humile  Pk 680 

imbricatum  Fr 693 

intermedium  Pk 679,684 

ionides  Fr 681 ,709 

lasclvium  Fr 680 

laterarium  Pk 706 

laticeps  sp.  nov 700 

leucocephaloides  Pk 713 

leucocephalum  Fr 706 

loricatum  Fr 734 

lugubre  Pk 700 

melaleucum  Fr 713 

multipunctum  Pk 724 

murinaceum  Fr 695 

nobiie  Pk 691 

nudum  Fr 709 

odorum  Pk 702 

paeonium  Pk 703 

pallidum  Pk 699 

panoeolum  var.  caespitosum  Bres 711 

patulum  Fr 682 

peckii  Howe ' 651 

personatum  Fr 707 

pessundatum  Fr 688 

portentosum  Fr 684 

var.  centrale  Pk 685 

putldum  Fr 679 

radicatum  Fk 681 

rancidulurn  Bann 712 

resplendens  Fr 187 ,  686 

rimosum  Pk 679 

Russula  Fr 185 


924  THE  AGARICACEAE   OF   MICHIGAN 

Page 

Tricholoma  rutilaiis  Fr 6S9 

saponaceuni  I'r 699 

scalpturatuin  l'"r 6".>6 

sejunctum  Fr 683 

serratifoliuin  Pk 680,692 

silvaticiiin  Pk 680 

sordidum  Fr 714 

squarnilosum  Bres 606 

subacutum  Pk 68 1 

subhiteuni  Pk 681 

subniaciilatiim  Pk 682,768 

sulphurasceiis  Bres 701 

sulphureum  Pk 681 

terreolens  Pk 680 

terreum  Fr 696 

terriferum  Pk ■. 685 

transmutans  Fr 687 

tricolor  Pk 694 

tiiiiiidiim  Fr 710 

unifactum  Pk 703 

ustale  Fr 688 

vaccinum  Fr 693 

varrigatum  Fr 690,725 

venenata  Alk 690 

virgatuin  Fr .- 681 

viscosum  Pk 679 

Tricholoma,  poisoning  by 846 

Trogia,  peniis 28 ,  41 

Trogia  alni  Pk 42 

crlspa  Fr 41 

Tubarla  genus 29 

U. 

Universal  veil,  definition  of .4 

V. 

Volva,  definition  of 4 

Volvaria.  genus 4,29,526 

Volvaria,  key  to  species 527 

Volvaria  bombycina  Fr 527 

gloiocephala  Fr 529 

hypopitliys  Fr 531 

lovei  iana  Berk 32  ,  726 

murinella  Quel 527.531 

parvula  Fr 532 

pubescentiiies  Pk 530 

pusiUa  Pers.-Fr 531 

speciosa  Fr 528 

striatula  Pk 527 

umbonata  Pk 530 

volvacea  Fr 527 


D-  H.  H/LL  LIBRARY 


^MW'     N.  MANCHESTER 
^*^  INDIANA 


